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class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iratze" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iratze" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iratze" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iratze" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Deskribapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deskribapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Deskribapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deskribapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Taxonomia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filogenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Filogenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filogenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banaketa_eta_habitata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banaketa_eta_habitata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Banaketa eta habitata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banaketa_eta_habitata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ekologia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bizi-zikloa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizi-zikloa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bizi-zikloa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bizi-zikloa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euskal_Herrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euskal_Herrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Euskal Herrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euskal_Herrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iratze</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 100 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%95" title="ፈርን – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈርን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="سراخس – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سراخس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%DD%A3" title="أفرسيݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أفرسيݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3" title="ফাৰ্ণ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাৰ্ণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicopsida" title="Filicopsida – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filicopsida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papartis" title="Papartis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Papartis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku" title="Paku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Paku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="ফার্ন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden" title="Raden – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujad" title="Bujad – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bujad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgueres" title="Falgueres – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falgueres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filetta_cumuna" title="Filetta cumuna – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filetta cumuna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapra%C4%8Forosty" title="Kapraďorosty – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapraďorosty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhedynen" title="Rhedynen – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhedynen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farne" title="Farne – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Φτέρη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φτέρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicopsida" title="Filicopsida – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filicopsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5najalgtaimed" title="Sõnajalgtaimed – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnajalgtaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87)" title="سرخس (گیاه) – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخس (گیاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saniaiset" title="Saniaiset – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saniaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicophyta" title="Filicophyta – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Filicophyta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearplanten" title="Fearplanten – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fearplanten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicophyta" title="Filicophyta – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filicophyta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fento" title="Fento – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chach%C4%A9" title="Chachĩ – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chachĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renniagh" title="Renniagh – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Renniagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שרכנים – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרכנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="फर्न – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouj%C3%A8" title="Foujè – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Foujè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harasztok" title="Harasztok – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harasztok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan paku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burknar" title="Burknar – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Burknar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%80%E9%A1%9E" title="シダ類 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シダ類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_pakis" title="Paku pakis – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paku pakis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გვიმრანაირნი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვიმრანაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Қырыққұлақтәрізділер – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырыққұлақтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1" title="ಜರೀಗಿಡ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರೀಗಿಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%B9%98%EB%A5%98" title="양치류 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양치류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ошсьӧктан – komi-permyakera" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ошсьӧктан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyakera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redenen" title="Redenen – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Redenen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Папоротник – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Папоротник" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filix" title="Filix – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Filix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faren" title="Faren – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filis" title="Filis – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaarn" title="Vaarn – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vaarn" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misili" title="Misili – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Misili" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papart%C5%ABnai" title="Papartūnai – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papartūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar%C5%BEaugi" title="Paparžaugi – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paparžaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Папрат – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="പന്നൽച്ചെടി – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പന്നൽച്ചെടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B9%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_pakis" title="Paku pakis – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paku pakis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Верьгизэнь пазава – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Верьгизэнь пазава" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9vece" title="Févece – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Févece" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderblad" title="Adderblad – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Adderblad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="उन्यू – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उन्यू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varens" title="Varens – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Varens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregne" title="Bregne – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bregne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregner" title="Bregner – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bregner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgui%C3%A8ra" title="Falguièra – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Falguièra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karroolee" title="Karroolee – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Karroolee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Цил – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprocie" title="Paprocie – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paprocie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samambaia" title="Samambaia – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samambaia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-raki" title="Raki-raki – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raki-raki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridofite" title="Pteridofite – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pteridofite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Папоротники – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папоротники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ферн – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ферн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برسيان – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برسيان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1iske%C5%A1attut" title="Gáiskešattut – iparraldeko samiera" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gáiskešattut" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprati" title="Paprati – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paprati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papra%C4%8Forasty_(vr%C3%A1tane_plav%C3%BA%C5%88orastov)" title="Papraďorasty (vrátane plavúňorastov) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papraďorasty (vrátane plavúňorastov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praprotnice" title="Praprotnice – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Praprotnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiere" title="Fiere – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fiere" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Папрати – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папрати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_Paku" title="Tutuwuhan Paku – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan Paku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormbunksv%C3%A4xter" title="Ormbunksväxter – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ormbunksväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbi_(ngeli_ya_mimea)" title="Jimbi (ngeli ya mimea) – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jimbi (ngeli ya mimea)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Сарахсҳо – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сарахсҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="เฟิร์น – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_tengaefuefu" title="ʻakau tengaefuefu – tongera" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau tengaefuefu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Frelti" title="Eğrelti – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eğrelti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Абагасыманнар – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Абагасыманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96" title="Папороті – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папороті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0nh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_x%E1%BB%89" title="Ngành Dương xỉ – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngành Dương xỉ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetchire" title="Fetchire – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fetchire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E" title="真蕨類 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真蕨類" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" 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220px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(180,250,180);">Iratze</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Filicinae_92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="3363" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="/wiki/Sailkapen_zientifiko" title="Sailkapen zientifiko">Sailkapen zientifikoa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Erreinua</td><td style="font-style:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">Plantae</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">Subdivision <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491997?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </td><td style="font-style:normal;"><b>Polypodiophyta</b><br /><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant:small-caps;"><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant:small-caps;">[[|]]</div></div> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(180,250,180);">Subklaseak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Equisetidae</li> <li>Marattiidae</li> <li>Ophioglossidae</li> <li>Polypodiidae</li> <li>Cladoxylopsida †</li> <li>Zygopteridales †</li> <li>Stauropteropteridales †</li> <li>Rhacophytales †</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(180,250,180);">Sinonimoak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li>Monilophyta</li> <li>Polypodiophyta</li> <li>Filicophyta</li> <li>Filices</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iratzea</b> edo <b>garoa</b> (<i>Polypodiopsida</i> edo <i>Polypodiophyta</i>) <a href="/wiki/Espora" title="Espora">espora</a> bidez ugaltzen den <a href="/wiki/Landare_baskular" title="Landare baskular">landare baskularren</a> taldeko kidea da, hau da, <a href="/wiki/Xilema" title="Xilema">xilema</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Floema" title="Floema">floema</a> duten landareak dira. <a href="/wiki/Goroldio" title="Goroldio">Goroldioetatik</a> eta beste briofitoetatik bereizten dira baskularrak izateagatik, alegia, ura eta mantenugaiak eroaten dituzten ehun espezializatuak dituztelako eta euren bizi zikloko fase nagusia <a href="/wiki/Esporofito" title="Esporofito">esporofitoa</a> delako. Iratzeek megafilo izeneko hosto konplexuak dituzte, eta gehienak iratz <a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae" title="Polypodiidae">leptosporangiatuak</a> dira. Polypodiopsida klase gisa bezala ulertzen da zentzu zabalean. Klase horrek leptosporangiatuak (<a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae" title="Polypodiidae">Polypodiidae</a>) eta eusporangiatuak barne hartzen ditu (<a href="/wiki/Azeri-buztan" title="Azeri-buztan">azeri-buztana</a>, psilotazeoak, iratze maratiazeoak eta iratze ofioglosazeoak). </p><p> Iratzeak duela 360 milioi urte inguru agertu ziren erregistro fosilean Paleozoikoko laugarren garaian, hau da, <a href="/wiki/Devoniar" title="Devoniar">devoniarrean</a>, baina gaur egungo familia eta espezie asko ez ziren agertu duela 145 milioi urte arte, lehen kretazeoetan alegia, loredun landareek hainbat inguru konkistatu ondoren. Ebidentzia paleontologikoa behatuz ikus daiteke <i>Osmunda claytoniar</i> iratzea aldatu gabe egon dela gutxienez 180 milioi urtez nukleo fosilizatuetan, bai, kromosometan ere.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg/220px-Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg/330px-Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg/440px-Dryopteris_celsa_NBG_LR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Iratzearen frondea</figcaption></figure> <p>Iratzeek ez dute garrantzia ekonomiko handirik, baina honako erabilerak ditu: elikagai eta sendagarri gisa, ongarri organikoetan, landare apaingarri gisa eta lurzoru kutsatuen berreskurapenean. Horrez gain, atmosferatik kutsatzaile kimiko batzuk ezabatzeko duten gaitasuna aztertu dute. Iratze-espezie batzuk, hala nola <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> eta <i>Azolla filiculoides</i>, belar garrantzitsuak dira mundu osoan. Zenbait iratze-generok, esaterako Azollak, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenoaren_finkapena" title="Nitrogenoaren finkapena">nitrogenoa finka</a> dezakete eta ekarpen nabarmena egin dezakete arroz-soroen nitrogenoaren elikaduran. </p><p>Hona hemen izen arrunt hori duten taxonak: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haritz-iratze" title="Haritz-iratze">haritz-iratze</a>: <i>Polypodium</i> generoko iratzeen izen arrunta.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iratze_ar" title="Iratze ar">iratze ar</a>: <i>Dryopteris filix-mas.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iratze_arrunt" title="Iratze arrunt">iratze arrunt</a>: abereei azpiak egiteko erabiltzen dena (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iratze_eme" title="Iratze eme">iratze eme</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Iratze_eme" title="Iratze eme">sorgin-iratze</a>: <i>Athyrium filix-femina.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrazi-iratze" title="Orrazi-iratze">orrazi-iratze</a>: <i>Blechnum spicant.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joan_iratze" title="San Joan iratze">San Joan iratze</a>: <i>Osmunda regalis.</i></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deskribapena">Deskribapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Deskribapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Deskribapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haziak garatzen dituzten landareak (<a href="/wiki/Fanerogamo" title="Fanerogamo">espermatofitoak</a>) eta iratzeak zurtoin, hosto eta sustraiez osaturik daude. Iratzeak espermatofitoetatik bereizten dira esporen bidez ugaltzen direlako. Era berean, esporak ekoizten dituzten briofitoetatik bereizten dira, espermatofitoak bezala <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyta" title="Polysporangiophyta">Polisporangiofitoak</a> direlako, hau da, beren esporofitoak adarkatu eta esporangio ugari sortzen dituztelako. Gainera, briofitoak ez bezala, iratzeen esporofitoak bizitza librekoak dira, denbora gutxiz daude amaren <a href="/wiki/Gametofito" title="Gametofito">gametofitoaren</a> mende. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Zurtoin" title="Zurtoin">Zurtoinak</a>:</b> iratzeen zurtoinei <a href="/wiki/Errizoma" title="Errizoma">errizoma</a> esaten zaie askotan. Hala ere, aipagarria da  soilik espezie batzuetan hazten direla zurtoinak lur azpian. Espezie epifitoek eta lurtar askok <a href="/wiki/Estoloi" title="Estoloi">estoloi</a> herrestariak dituzte (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Polypodiaceae" title="Polypodiaceae">Polypodiaceae</a>). Beste talde askok erdi-zurezko enbor tenteak dituzte (adibidez, Cyatheaceae), eta honi esker, espezie gutxi batzuk 20 metrotako altuera har dezakete (adibidez, Cyathea brownii <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_uhartea" title="Norfolk uhartea">Norfolk uhartean</a> eta Cyathea medullaris <a href="/wiki/Zeelanda_Berria" title="Zeelanda Berria">Zeelanda Berrian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Hosto" title="Hosto">Hostoak</a></b>: Landarearen alde <a href="/wiki/Berde" title="Berde">berde</a> fotosintetikoa megafilo bat da teknikoki, eta iratzeetakoari fronde esaten zaio. Frondea hazkunde zirtzinatuz hazten denez egitura kiribilkatu bat osatzen du; eta geroago egitura hori zabaldu egingo da<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hostoak bi motatakoak dira: trofofilo eta esporofiloa. Fronde trofofiloa hosto begetatibo bat da, esporarik sortzen ez duten hazidun landareen ohiko hosto berdeen analogoa, eta fotosintesiaren bidez soilik sortzen dituzte azukreak. Esporofiloa, aldiz, hosto emankorra da, eta soroetan multzokatzen diren <a href="/wiki/Esporangio" title="Esporangio">esporangioetan</a> sortzen ditu esporak. Iratze gehienetan hosto emankorrak antzuen oso antzekoak dira morfologikoki eta fotosintesia modu berean egiten dute. Talde batzuetan hosto emankorrak hosto antzuak baino askoz estuagoak dira, eta baliteke ehun berderik ez izatea (adibidez, Blechnaceae, Lomariopsidaceae). Hostoen anatomia sinplea edo oso zatitua izan daiteke. Horrez gain, iratze zuhaizkaretan hostoa zurtoinarekin lotzen duen zurtoin nagusiak (<a href="/wiki/Estipe" title="Estipe">estipe</a>) askotan hainbat foliolo ere izaten ditu. Estipetik hazten diren hosto-egiturak pina gisa ezagutzen dira eta hauen adarkadurak berriz, pinula gisa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Sustrai" title="Sustrai">Sustraiak</a>:</b> Lur azpiko egitura ez-fotosintetikoak dira eta ura eta elikagaiak xurgatzen dituzte. Haritsuak dira eta egitura aldetik hazidun landareen sustraien oso antzekoak. </p><p>Beste landare baskular guztiek bezala, esporofito <a href="/wiki/Diploide" title="Diploide">diploidea</a> bizi-zikloko fase edo belaunaldi nagusia da. Iratzeetako gametofitoa, ordea, espermatofitoen oso desberdina da. Bizitza librekoak dira eta hepatikoen antzekoak dira; hazi-landareenak, berriz, esporaren paretaren barruan garatzen dira, eta esporofitoaren menpe daude elikatzeko. Iratze gametofitoa honako hauek osatzen dute: </p> <ul><li>Protaloa: egitura berde fotosintetikoa, zelula baten lodierakoa, orokorrean bihotz edo giltzurrun formakoa, 3-10 mm luze eta 2-8 mm zabal. Protaloak egitura hauen bidez sortzen ditu gametoak: <ul><li>Anteridioa: Espermatozoide flagelatua sortzen duten egitura esferiko txikiak.</li> <li>Arkegonioa: obulu bakarra sortzen dute. Espermatozoidea arkegonioaren lepotik behera igeri eginez obulura iritsiko da.</li></ul></li> <li>Errizoidea: oso luzanga den zelula bakar batez osaturiko sustrai-motako egiturak dira. Ura eta gatz mineralak xurgatzen dituzte eta protaloa lurrean ainguratzen dute.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomia">Taxonomia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Taxonomia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Taxonomia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lineo" title="Lineo">Carl Linnaeus</a>-ek (1753) iratzeen artean 15 genero bereizi zituen jatorriz eta honako bi taldeetan banatu zituen: Filices (adibidez: <a href="/wiki/Polypodiidae" title="Polypodiidae"><i>Polipodioa</i></a>) eta Musci (goroldioak).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1806rako sailkapena 38 generora igo zen eta ordutik aurrera pixkanaka handitu egin da.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iratzeak Filices klasean sailkatu izan dira tradizionalki eta geroago Pteridophyta edo Filicophyta izeneko Landare Erreinuaren banaketan. <a href="/wiki/Pteridofito" title="Pteridofito">Pteridofita</a> ez da baliozko <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> gisa ezagutzen, <a href="/wiki/Parafiletiko" title="Parafiletiko">parafiletikoa</a> baita. Iratzeak Polypodiophyta izenaz ere ezagutzen dira edo Polypodiopsida izenaz Tracheophyta (landare baskularrak) subdibisio gisa hartzen direnean (nahiz eta izen hau batzuetan soilik leptoesporangiatuentzako erabili). Esporak sortzen zituzten <a href="/wiki/Landare_baskular" title="Landare baskular">landare baskular</a> guztiei pteridofito esaten zitzaien, eta iratze hitzaren sinonimoa zen. Aurrekoa nahaspilatsua izan daiteke Pteridophyta dibisioko kideei <a href="/wiki/Pteridofito" title="Pteridofito">pteridofito</a> (<i>sensu stricto</i>) ere esaten baitzitzaien. </p><p>Tradizioz, iratzeak hiru taldetan banandu dira: batetik, eusporangiatutako bi talde, Ophioglossaceae familia eta Marattiaceae, eta bestetik, leptosporangiatuak. Marattiaceae familia iratze tropikalen talde primitiboa da eta errizoma mamitsu handiak dituzte. Orain uste da filogenetikoki iratze leptosporangiatuekiko gertu daudela. Lycopodiophyta, Psilotaceae eta Equisetaceae iratzeetatik hurbil dauden espezieak kontsideratu izan dira; baina, taldekatze <a href="/wiki/Polifiletiko" title="Polifiletiko">polifiletikoa</a> denez, espezie horien terminoak baztertu egin behar dira, testuinguru historiko batean izan ezik.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azterketa genetiko berrienek erakutsi zutenez, Lycopodiophytak eta landare baskularrak elkarrengandik urrunago daude, landare baskularraren kladoaren oinarrian irradazioa ebolutiboa gertatu zelako. <i>Psilotum</i> generoko iratzeak eta azeri-buztanak, berriz, lotura estua dute leptosporangiatu iratzeekin, adibidez, Ophioglossaceae eta Marattiaceae iratzekin. Izan ere, demostratuta dago, batetik, Psilotum generoa eta Ophioglossaceae klado bat direla eta, bestetik, azeri-buztana eta Mariattiaceae beste klado mota bat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filogenia">Filogenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filogenia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Filogenia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iratzeak beste taxon batzuekin erlazionatuta daude, hurrengo kladograman azaltzen den bezala:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9216366">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> </p> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a> - Landare baskularrak </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9216366"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a> (Lycopodiopsida) - lycophytes </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphyllophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphyllophyta (sortu gabe)">Euphyllophyta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9216366"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polypodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiophyta">Polypodiophyta</a> (Polypodiopsida) - iratzeak </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a> - hazidun landareak </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9216366"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnospermae">Gymnospermae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Angiospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiospermae">Angiospermae</a> - landare loredunak </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banaketa_eta_habitata">Banaketa eta habitata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Banaketa eta habitata»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Banaketa eta habitata"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iratzeak oso zabalduta daude beren banaketan, hala nola tropikoetan aurkitzen da iratzeen aberastasun handiena, eremu artikoetan, berriz, txikiena. Aniztasun handiena oihan tropikaletan dago.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeelanda Berrian iratzeak sinbolo gisa hartzen dira eta 230 bat espezie daude herrialde osoan banatuta.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologia">Ekologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ekologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iratze-espezieak hainbat habitatetan bizi dira: mendi-altitude garaietan, arroka lehorretan, ur eremuetan edo eremu irekietan. Oro har, iratzeak habitat marjinaletan aurkituko direla pentsa daiteke, baina askotan arrakasta izaten dute loredun landareen arrakasta mugatzen duten ingurumen-faktoreetan. Zenbait iratze espezie belar kaltegarritzat hartzen dira, hala nola Eskoziako lur garaietan hazten den Pteridium generoa, edo laku tropikaletan hazten den <i>Azolla</i> generoa, biek hedapen oldarkorreko kolonia handiak osatzen dituzte. Iratzeek dituzten lau habitat mota berezi daude: <a href="/wiki/Baso" title="Baso">baso</a> hezeak eta itzaldunak; arroketako erlaitzak, batez ere eguzkitik babestuta daudenean; hezegune azidoak, <a href="/wiki/Zingira" title="Zingira">zingirak</a> barne; eta <a href="/wiki/Zuhaitz" title="Zuhaitz">zuhaitz</a> tropikalak, bertan espezie asko <a href="/wiki/Epifito" title="Epifito">epifitak</a> dira.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iratze epifitoak, bereziki, hainbat ornogaberen bizileku dira. Uste da Pteridophytum nidularium espezieak bakarrik oihan tropikaleko hektarea bateko ornogabeen biomasaren erdia hartzen duela.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iratze asko onddo <a href="/wiki/Mikorriza" title="Mikorriza">mikorrizikoekin</a> sortzen dituzten asoziazioen menpekoak dira. Iratze asko pH maila espezifikoen barruan baino ez dira hazten; adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerikako</a> <i>Lygodium palmatum</i> espeziea soilik lurzoru heze eta oso azidoetan hazten da; <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i>, berriz, kareharrizko substratuan baino ez dago. </p><p>Esporek lipido, proteina eta kaloria asko dituzte, horren ondorioz, hainbat ornodunek elikagai gisa hartzen dituzte. Esaterako, Europako <a href="/wiki/Basasagu" title="Basasagu">basasaguak</a> (<i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i>) <i>Culcita macrocarpa</i> iratze espeziearen esporez elikatzen da, eta Azoreetako gailupak (<i><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhula_murina" title="Pyrrhula murina">Pyrrhula murina</a></i>) eta Zeelanda Berriko saguzaharrak (<i><a href="/wiki/Mystacina_tuberculata" title="Mystacina tuberculata">Mystacina tuberculata</a></i>) ere iratze-esporak jaten dituzte.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bizi-zikloa">Bizi-zikloa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bizi-zikloa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bizi-zikloa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie,_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie%2C_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg/218px-Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie%2C_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie%2C_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg/327px-Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie%2C_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie%2C_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg/435px-Polystichum_setiferum_%27Pulcherrimum_Bevis%27._Locatie%2C_Tuinreservaat_Jonkervallei_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="2939" /></a><figcaption><i>Polystichum setiferum-</i>ren frondearen garapen zirtzinatua</figcaption></figure><p>Iratzeak <a href="/wiki/Landare_baskular" title="Landare baskular">landare baskularrak</a> dira, eta likofitoetatik bereizten dira benetako <a href="/wiki/Hosto" title="Hosto">hostoak</a> dituztelako (megafiloak), eta sarritan hostoak pinatuak izaten dira. <a href="/wiki/Hazi" title="Hazi">Hazi</a>ak garatzen dituzten landareetatik (<a href="/wiki/Gimnospermo" title="Gimnospermo">gimnosperma</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun">angiospermoak</a>) desberdintzen dira espora bidezko ugalketan eta ez dute <a href="/wiki/Lore" title="Lore">lore</a> eta hazirik. Lehorreko landare guztiek bezala, belaunaldien txandakatze izeneko bizi-ziklo bat dute, hau da, fase esporfita <a href="/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia">diploideak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia">haploideak</a> txandakatzea dira. Esporofita diploideak <i>2n</i> <a href="/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma">kromosoma</a> pare dituzte eta <i>n</i> kromosoma kopurua espezie batetik bestera aldatzen da. Gametofito haploideak <i>n</i> kromosoma ditu, hau da, esporofito kopuruaren erdia. Iratzeen gametofitoa bizitza askeko organismoa da eta gimnosperma eta angiospermen gametofitoa, berriz, esporofitoaren menpe bizi dira. </p><p>Iratze tipiko baten bizi-zikloa honela sortzen da: </p> <figure typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu&wpDestFile=Iratze_bizi_zikloa.jpg" class="new" title="Fitxategi:Iratze bizi zikloa.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="252" data-height="252">Fitxategi:Iratze bizi zikloa.jpg</span></a><figcaption>Bizi-zikloaren eskema</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Esporofito diploideak <a href="/wiki/Espora" title="Espora">espora</a> haploideak sortzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Meiosi" title="Meiosi">meiosi</a> bidez (zelula-zatiketako prozesu bat da eta kromosoma kopurua erdira murrizten da).</li> <li>Espora bat <a href="/wiki/Mitosi" title="Mitosi">mitosia</a>ren bidez bizitza libreko gametofito haploidea bilakatzen da (kromosoma kopuruari eusten dion zelula-zatiketaren prozesua). Gametofitoa protallo fotosintetiko bat da.</li> <li>Gametofitoak mitosi bidez <a href="/wiki/Gameto" title="Gameto">gametoak</a> sortzen ditu (sarritan espermatozoideak eta obuluak protaloan berean daude ).</li> <li>Espermatozoide flagelatu eta mugikor batek protaloari lotuta dagoen obulu bat ernaltzen du.</li> <li>Momentu horretan ernaldutako arrautza <a href="/wiki/Zigoto" title="Zigoto">zigoto</a> diploidea da eta mitosi bidez hazten da, esporofito diploidea garatuz (iratze-landare tipikoa).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Euskal_Herrian">Euskal Herrian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Euskal Herrian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Euskal Herrian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herri</a>ko espezie ezagunena eta hedatuena, eta giza-erabilpenaren aldetik nagusia, <a href="/wiki/Iratze_arrunt" title="Iratze arrunt">iratze arrunt</a>a (<i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>) da. </p><p>Euskaraz forma asko daude landarea izendatzeko: <i>ire, ira, iratze, iraztor, iñaztor, garo</i>...<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.diariovasco.com/culturas/iratzea-garoa-20180923120335-nt.html">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irail" title="Irail">Iraila</a> hitza ere "ira biltzeko hiletik" dator. Hain zuzen ere, sasoi horretan egiten da iratzearen bilketa <a href="/wiki/Abere" title="Abere">ganaduaren</a> azpiak prestatzeko, eta ondoren hortik <a href="/wiki/Simaur" title="Simaur">simaurra</a> egiteko<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasiako</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Ipar_hemisferio" title="Ipar hemisferio">Ipar Hemisferioko</a> iratze zabalduenak aurkitzen ahal dira Euskal Herrian, baina ez horiek bakarrik. Iratze paleotropikalen espezie batzuk ere badaude, hala nola <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandenboschia_speciosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vandenboschia speciosa (sortu gabe)">Vandenboschia speciosa</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> Iratze paleotropikalak gorde diren ingurune bat <a href="/wiki/Jaizkibel" title="Jaizkibel">Jaizkibel</a> izan da (Gipuzkoa). Euskal Herrian <a href="/wiki/Klima_tropikal" title="Klima tropikal">klima tropikala</a> zeneko landareek iraun egin dute hemen, duela milioika urte zeudenak bezalakoak eta, hori Jaizkibelen ezaugarri bereziengatik da<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLarge2004">Large, M. 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class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e511712010-001">«ODMH Kids News, January/February 2010»</a> <i>PsycEXTRA Dataset</i> 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-10-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahotsak.eus/irun/pasarteak/irn-025-006/">«Iratzea, ganaduaren azpiak egiteko - Ahotsak.eus»</a> <i>ahotsak.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-06-05)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argia.eus/argia-astekaria/2581/vandenboschia-speciosa-iratzea">«Gure erreketako altxor ezkutua»</a> <i>Argia</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-06-05)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teknopolis.elhuyar.org/erreportaiak/iratze-paleotropikalak-jaizkibelen/">«Teknopolis: Iratze paleotropikalak Jaizkibelen»</a> <i>teknopolis.elhuyar.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-06-05)</small></span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iratze&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80005" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q80005">Q80005</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q80005%22">Q80005</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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