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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emile Berliner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="إميل برلينر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إميل برلينر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Берлинер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емил Берлинер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1" title="امیل برلینر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امیل برلینر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%88" title="에밀 베를리너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에밀 베를리너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="אמיל ברלינר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמיל ברלינר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C4%ABls_Berliners" title="Emīls Berliners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emīls Berliners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Берлинер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емил Берлинер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Berliner" title="Émile Berliner – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Émile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="اميل برلينر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اميل برلينر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="エミール・ベルリナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エミール・ベルリナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1" title="امیل برلنر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امیل برلنر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emil Berliner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Берлинер, Эмиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлинер, Эмиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Берлинер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емил Берлинер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еміль Берлінер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еміль Берлінер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Emile Berliner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emile+Berliner%22">"Emile Berliner"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emile+Berliner%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emile+Berliner%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emile+Berliner%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emile+Berliner%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emile+Berliner%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Emile Berliner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emile_Berliner.jpg/220px-Emile_Berliner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emile_Berliner.jpg/330px-Emile_Berliner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Emile_Berliner.jpg/440px-Emile_Berliner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-05-20</span>)</span>May 20, 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 3, 1929<span style="display:none">(1929-08-03)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a><br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German, American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Union Institute">Cooper Union Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">Inventor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">Disc record</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Cora Adler</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1881⁠–⁠1929)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7 including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Berliner" title="Henry Berliner">Henry Berliner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1913)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emile Berliner</b> (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) originally <b>Emil Berliner</b>, was a German-American inventor. He is best known for inventing the lateral-cut flat disc <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">record</a> (called a "gramophone record" in British and American English) used with a <a href="/wiki/Gramophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone">gramophone</a>. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Gramophone" title="Berliner Gramophone">United States Gramophone Company</a> in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berliner was born in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany, in 1851 into a Jewish merchant family. Though Jewish, he eventually became agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed an apprenticeship to become a merchant, as was family tradition. While his real hobby was invention, he worked as an accountant to make ends meet. To avoid being drafted in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, Berliner migrated to the United States of America in 1870 with a friend of his father's, in whose shop he worked in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to New York and, living off temporary work such a paper route and cleaning bottles, he studied physics at night at the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Union Institute">Cooper Union Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After some time working in a livery stable, Berliner became interested in the new <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> technology of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>. He invented an improved telephone transmitter, one of the first types of <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>. The patent was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i>), but contested, in a long legal battle, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. On February 27, 1901, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> would declare Berliner's patent void and awarded Edison full rights to the invention. "Edison preceded Berliner in the transmission of speech," the court would write. "The use of carbon in a transmitter is, beyond controversy, the invention of Edison".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berliner moved to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1877, where he became a United States citizen four years later. He worked for Bell Telephone until 1883, when he returned to Washington and established himself as a private researcher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_engine_and_helicopters">Rotary engine and helicopters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rotary engine and helicopters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berliner also developed a rotary engine and an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. According to a July 1, 1909, report in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, a helicopter built by Berliner and J. Newton Williams of <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Connecticut" title="Derby, Connecticut">Derby, Connecticut</a>, had Williams "from the ground on three occasions" at Berliner's laboratory in the <a href="/wiki/Brightwood_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Brightwood (Washington, D.C.)">Brightwood</a> neighborhood of Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1907 and 1926, Berliner worked on technologies for vertical flight, including a lightweight rotary engine. Berliner obtained automobile engines from the <a href="/wiki/Adams_Company" title="Adams Company">Adams Company</a> in Dubuque, Iowa, whose Adams-Farwell automobile used <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled</a> three- or five-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary engines</a> developed in-house by <a href="/wiki/Fay_Oliver_Farwell" title="Fay Oliver Farwell">Fay Oliver Farwell</a> (1859–1935). Berliner, his assistant R.S. Moore, and Farwell developed a 36-hp rotary engine for use in helicopters, an innovation on the heavier inline engines then in use.<sup id="cite_ref-nasmberl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmberl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Berliner founded the <a href="/wiki/Gyro_Motor_Company" title="Gyro Motor Company">Gyro Motor Company</a> in Washington, D.C. The company's principals included Berliner, president; Moore, designer and engineer; and Joseph Sanders (1877–1944), inventor, engineer, and manufacturer. The manager of the company was <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Heath" title="Spencer Heath">Spencer Heath</a> (1876–1963), a mechanical engineer who was connected with the <a href="/wiki/American_Propeller_Manufacturing_Company" title="American Propeller Manufacturing Company">American Propeller Manufacturing Company</a>, a manufacturer of aeronautical related mechanisms and products in Baltimore, Maryland. By 1910, Berliner was experimenting with the use of a vertically mounted tail rotor to counteract torque on his single-main-rotor design, a configuration that led to practical helicopters of the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-nasmberl_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmberl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building used for these operations exists at 774 Girard Street NW, Washington, D.C., where its principal facade is in the Fairmont-Girard alleyway.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 16, 1922, Berliner and his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Berliner" title="Henry Berliner">Henry</a>, demonstrated a helicopter for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. </p><p>Henry became disillusioned with helicopters in 1925, and the company shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-nasmberl_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmberl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, Henry Berliner founded the Berliner Aircraft Company,<sup id="cite_ref-nasmberl_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmberl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which merged to become <a href="/wiki/Berliner-Joyce" title="Berliner-Joyce">Berliner-Joyce Aircraft</a> in 1929. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berliner's other inventions include a new type of <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> for mass-production of cloth and an <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">acoustic tile</a>. </p><p>Berliner, who suffered a nervous breakdown in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-tr1921_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also advocated for improvements in public health and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>. He also advocated for women's equality and, in 1908, established a scholarship program, the <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Berliner_Research_Fellowship" title="Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship">Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship</a>, in honor of his mother. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 3, 1929, Berliner died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> at his home at the <a href="/wiki/Marriott_Wardman_Park" title="Marriott Wardman Park">Wardman Park Hotel</a> in Washington, D.C., at the age of 78.<sup id="cite_ref-caso_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caso-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a> in Washington, D.C., alongside his wife and a son, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Berliner" class="extiw" title="de:Herbert Berliner">Herbert Samuel Berliner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmileBerliner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EmileBerliner.jpg/220px-EmileBerliner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EmileBerliner.jpg/330px-EmileBerliner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EmileBerliner.jpg/440px-EmileBerliner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Emile Berliner with a <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veiled</a> woman</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Conclusions</i>, 1899, Levytype Corporation, Philadelphia</li> <li><i>The Milk Question and Mortality Among Children Here and in Germany: An Observation</i>, 1904, The Society for Prevention of Sickness</li> <li><i>Some Neglected Essentials in the Fight against Consumption</i>, 1907, The Society for Prevention of Sickness</li> <li><i>A Study Towards the Solution of Industrial Problems in the New Zionist Commonwealth</i>, 1919, N. Peters</li> <li><i>Muddy Jim and other rhymes: 12 illustrated health jingles for children</i>, 1919, Jim Publication Company.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patents">Patents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner-marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berliner-marker.jpg/220px-Berliner-marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berliner-marker.jpg/330px-Berliner-marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Berliner-marker.jpg/440px-Berliner-marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Marker for the Berliner family in <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery" title="Rock Creek Cemetery">Rock Creek Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Patent images in <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format">Tag Image File Format</a></i> </p> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US199141">U.S. patent 199,141</a></span> <i>Telephone</i> (induction coils), filed October 1877, issued January 1878</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US222652">U.S. patent 222,652</a></span> <i>Telephone</i> (carbon diaphragm microphone), filed August 1879, issued December 1879</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US224573">U.S. patent 224,573</a></span> <i>Microphone</i> (loose carbon rod), filed September 1879, issued February 1880</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US225790">U.S. patent 225,790</a></span> <i>Microphone</i> (spring carbon rod), filed Nov 1879, issued March 1880</li> <li>UK Patent 15232 filed November 8, 1887</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US372786">U.S. patent 372,786</a></span> <i>Gramophone</i> (horizontal recording), original filed May 1887, refiled September 1887, issued November 8, 1887</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US382790">U.S. patent 382,790</a></span> <i>Process of Producing Records of Sound</i> (recorded on a thin wax coating over metal or glass surface, subsequently chemically etched), filed March 1888, issued May 1888</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US463569">U.S. patent 463,569</a></span> <i>Combined Telegraph and Telephone</i> (microphone), filed June 1877, issued November 1891</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US548623">U.S. patent 548,623</a></span> <i>Sound Record and Method of Making Same</i> (duplicate copies of flat, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> disks by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>), filed March 1893, issued October 1895</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US564586">U.S. patent 564,586</a></span> <i>Gramophone</i> (recorded on underside of flat, transparent disk), filed November 7, 1887, issued July 1896</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LoC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlgramo.html">"Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry: The Gramophone"</a>. Retrieved 2017-01-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Concerning Emile Berliner, The Jew TO BE a Jew may mean one of several identities. For example, the Jew, Emile Berliner, the late inventor, called himself agnostic." B'nai B'rith, <i>The National Jewish monthly: Volume 43; Volume 43</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1899, Berliner wrote a book, Conclusions, that speaks of his agnostic ideas on religion and philosophy." Seymour Brody, <i>Jewish heroes & heroines of America: 151 true stories of Jewish American heroism</i> (2003), page 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netzwelt.de/news/86810-emil-berliner-google-wuerdigt-schallplatten-erfinder.html">"Emil Berliner: Google würdigt den Schallplatten-Erfinder – NETZWELT"</a>. Netzwelt.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emil+Berliner%3A+Google+w%C3%BCrdigt+den+Schallplatten-Erfinder+%E2%80%93+NETZWELT&rft.pub=Netzwelt.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netzwelt.de%2Fnews%2F86810-emil-berliner-google-wuerdigt-schallplatten-erfinder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/kultur/musik/emil-berliners-160-geburtstag-google-doodle-fuer-den-erfinder-der-schallplatte-1687091.html">"Emil Berliners 160. Geburtstag: Google Doodle für den Erfinder der Schallplatte – Kultur"</a>. Stern.De. 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emil+Berliners+160.+Geburtstag%3A+Google+Doodle+f%C3%BCr+den+Erfinder+der+Schallplatte+%E2%80%93+Kultur&rft.pub=Stern.De&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fkultur%2Fmusik%2Femil-berliners-160-geburtstag-google-doodle-fuer-den-erfinder-der-schallplatte-1687091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/13.html">Inventors Hall of Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610035645/http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/13.html">Archived</a> June 10, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, E. Berliner, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US463569">U.S. patent 0,463,569</a></span> filed June 1877, issued November 1891</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Telephones#Variable_Resistance_Transmitters">"Engineering and Technology History Wiki: Telephones – Variable Resistance Transmitters"</a>. 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki%3A+Telephones+%E2%80%93+Variable+Resistance+Transmitters&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FTelephones%23Variable_Resistance_Transmitters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MbJIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=koEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4676,522421&dq=brightwood+washington+-coxey&hl=en">"Helicoptre Lifts Itself and Man"</a>. <i>Youngstown Vindicator</i>. July 1, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youngstown+Vindicator&rft.atitle=Helicoptre+Lifts+Itself+and+Man&rft.date=1909-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DMbJIAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DkoEMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4676%2C522421%26dq%3Dbrightwood%2Bwashington%2B-coxey%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasmberl-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasmberl_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasmberl_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasmberl_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasmberl_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408231605/http://nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19240006000">"Berliner Helicopter, Model 1924"</a>. National Air and Space Museum. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19240006000">the original</a> on 8 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berliner+Helicopter%2C+Model+1924&rft.pub=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasm.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fartifact.cfm%3Fid%3DA19240006000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/7881860d-b897-4f92-9eb2-0ae8969b8da9">"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Standard Material Company/Gyro Motor Company"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of the Interior</i>. August 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Registration+Form%3A+Standard+Material+Company%2FGyro+Motor+Company&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FGetAsset%2F7881860d-b897-4f92-9eb2-0ae8969b8da9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tr1921-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tr1921_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"In the Public Eye". <i>Technology Review</i>. <b>23</b>: 60–61. January 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+Public+Eye&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=60-61&rft.date=1921-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caso-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caso_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2011" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Caso (June 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=34">"Emile Berliner (1851–1929)"</a>. <i>Immigrant Entrepreneurship</i>. German Historical Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Immigrant+Entrepreneurship&rft.atitle=Emile+Berliner+%281851%E2%80%931929%29&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Caso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigrantentrepreneurship.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Scott (2016). <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed</i> (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-476-62599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-476-62599-7"><bdi>978-1-476-62599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons%2C+3d+ed.&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-476-62599-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerliner,_EmileBerliner_Gramophone_Company1871" class="citation book cs1">Berliner, Emile; Berliner Gramophone Company (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/berl0190/"><i>Gramophone: invented by Emile Berliner, "reproducing the human voice"</i></a>. Philadelphia: Berliner Gramophone Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramophone%3A+invented+by+Emile+Berliner%2C+%22reproducing+the+human+voice%22.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Berliner+Gramophone+Company&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Berliner%2C+Emile&rft.au=Berliner+Gramophone+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fberl0190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1912" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Wells F. (October 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4pgvOJ2Xx8C&pg=PA673">"Dr. Berliner, Master Inventor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XXIV</b>: 673–675<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Dr.+Berliner%2C+Master+Inventor&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.pages=673-675&rft.date=1912-10&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Wells+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4pgvOJ2Xx8C%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurinsky" class="citation web cs1">Kurinsky, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp027-1_berliner.htm">"Emile Berliner – An Unheralded Genius: Part I – The Early Years"</a>. Fact Paper 27-I. Hebrew History Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emile+Berliner+%E2%80%93+An+Unheralded+Genius%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+The+Early+Years&rft.series=Fact+Paper+27-I&rft.pub=Hebrew+History+Foundation&rft.aulast=Kurinsky&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewhistory.info%2Ffactpapers%2Ffp027-1_berliner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurinsky" class="citation web cs1">Kurinsky, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp027-2_berliner.htm">"Emile Berliner – An Unheralded Genius: Part II – The Later Years"</a>. Fact Paper 27-II. Hebrew History Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emile+Berliner+%E2%80%93+An+Unheralded+Genius%3A+Part+II+%E2%80%93+The+Later+Years&rft.series=Fact+Paper+27-II&rft.pub=Hebrew+History+Foundation&rft.aulast=Kurinsky&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewhistory.info%2Ffactpapers%2Ffp027-2_berliner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurinsky" class="citation web cs1">Kurinsky, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp002_phone.htm">"The Telephone"</a>. Fact Paper 2. Hebrew History Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Telephone&rft.series=Fact+Paper+2&rft.pub=Hebrew+History+Foundation&rft.aulast=Kurinsky&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewhistory.info%2Ffactpapers%2Ffp002_phone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWile,_Frederic_William1974" class="citation book cs1">Wile, Frederic William (1974). <i>Emile Berliner Maker of the Microphone</i>. Ayer Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06062-5"><bdi>978-0-405-06062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emile+Berliner+Maker+of+the+Microphone&rft.pub=Ayer+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-405-06062-5&rft.au=Wile%2C+Frederic+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmile+Berliner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Berliner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1900 <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Berliner,_Emile" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Berliner, Emile">Berliner, Emile</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emile_Berliner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/1195427">Emile Berliner</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71004#P1953" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlhome.html">Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> including audio archive and family tree</li> <li>Emile Berliner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlsp.html">Inventor of the Gramophone</a> (Library of Congress)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/berliner-inventor-gramophone-and-flat-record">Berliner - Inventor of the Gramophone and the "flat" record - Canadian Communication Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020212445/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/berliner-inventor-gramophone-and-flat-record">Archived</a> 2021-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215182843/http://www.audioannals.com/berlinere.htm">Berliner timeline</a> and patent list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715020638/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/berliner.htm">The Berliner helicopters</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020074440/http://pgparks.com/places/historic/cpam/inside.html">Berliner helicopter at College Park, Maryland</a></li> <li>Berliner in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610035645/http://invent.org/hall_of_fame/13.html">Inventor's Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.att.net/~Berliner-Ultrasonics/berlemil.html">Illustrated Berliner page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424071537/http://home.att.net/~Berliner-Ultrasonics/berlemil.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315120928/http://fi.edu/case_files/berliner/">Contents of Berliner's case file</a> at The Franklin Institute contains evidence and correspondence with Berliner regarding the award of his 1929 Franklin Medal for acoustic engineering and development of the gramophone</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moeb.ca">Musée des ondes Emile Berliner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a> contains over 30,000 recordings and other artifacts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emil-berliner-studios.com/en/chronik1.html">Website Emil Berliner Studios in Berlin, Germany</a> – The History of the Record by Peter K. Burkowitz (the other side)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gramophone Hall of Fame">Gramophone Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_selected_discography" title="Thomas Beecham selected discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/<br />woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/<br />record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emile Berliner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Culshaw" title="John Culshaw">John Culshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Alain Lanceron</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ted Perry</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082359869">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54892311">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/133672/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmmK6qpghH74Y497kkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116136146">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84804050">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140019473">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140019473">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk2017962911&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p125269552">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813249847405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258395605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12028390?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emile Berliner"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4de55402-e369-4c48-9850-7248403f507a">MusicBrainz</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emile Berliner"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/50dcf508-ce8f-4bc4-bb8f-e3a3d758dfbb">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104759">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116136146.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116136146">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tg0q17">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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