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Common rail – Wikipédia

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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-História" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#História"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>História</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-História-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princíp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princíp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Princíp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princíp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hlavné_časti_systému" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hlavné_časti_systému"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hlavné časti systému</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hlavné_časti_systému-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vlastnosti_systému" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vlastnosti_systému"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vlastnosti systému</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vlastnosti_systému-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Vlastnosti systému</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vlastnosti_systému-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Výhody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Výhody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Výhody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Výhody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevýhody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevýhody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nevýhody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevýhody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_rail_pre_vznetové_motory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_rail_pre_vznetové_motory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Common rail pre vznetové motory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_rail_pre_vznetové_motory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Common rail pre vznetové motory</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_rail_pre_vznetové_motory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vývoj_systému" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vývoj_systému"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vývoj systému</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vývoj_systému-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_rail_pre_zážihové_motory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_rail_pre_zážihové_motory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Common rail pre zážihové motory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_rail_pre_zážihové_motory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Common rail pre zážihové motory</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_rail_pre_zážihové_motory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vývoj_systému_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vývoj_systému_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vývoj systému</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vývoj_systému_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozri_aj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozri_aj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pozri aj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozri_aj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externé_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externé_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Externé odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externé_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Common rail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 27 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemenedrukbuisbrandstofinspuiting" title="Gemenedrukbuisbrandstofinspuiting – afrikánčina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gemenedrukbuisbrandstofinspuiting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Акумулираща горивна система с високо налягане – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акумулираща горивна система с високо налягане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonrail" title="Commonrail – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Commonrail" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-Rail-Einspritzung" title="Common-Rail-Einspritzung – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Common-Rail-Einspritzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-rail" title="Common-rail – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Common-rail" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chisanumsissepritse" title="Ühisanumsissepritse – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühisanumsissepritse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteispaineruiskutus" title="Yhteispaineruiskutus – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteispaineruiskutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_directe_%C3%A0_rampe_commune" title="Injection directe à rampe commune – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Injection directe à rampe commune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injeksi_rel_bersama" title="Injeksi rel bersama – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Injeksi rel bersama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%99%B4%E5%B0%84%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97#コモンレール式" title="噴射ポンプ – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="噴射ポンプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾಮನ್ ರೇಲ್ – kannadčina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಮನ್ ರೇಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel_sepunya" title="Rel sepunya – malajčina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rel sepunya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-rail" title="Common-rail – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Common-rail" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-rail" title="Common-rail – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Common-rail" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp%C4%83_comun%C4%83" title="Rampă comună – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rampă comună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аккумуляторная топливная система – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аккумуляторная топливная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BB" title="Комон рејл – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комон рејл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Common rail" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Rail" title="Common Rail – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Common Rail" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%8B%E5%85%B1%E8%BD%A8" title="高压共轨 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高压共轨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q747223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Common_Rail_Scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Common_Rail_Scheme.png/220px-Common_Rail_Scheme.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Common_Rail_Scheme.png/330px-Common_Rail_Scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Common_Rail_Scheme.png/440px-Common_Rail_Scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Schéma vstrekovacieho zariadenia Common rail</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Common rail</b> resp. <b>vstrekovací systém s tlakovým zásobníkom</b> je systém priameho vysokotlakového vstrekovania paliva s elektronicky riadenými ventilmi pre moderné <a href="/wiki/Piestov%C3%BD_spa%C4%BEovac%C3%AD_motor" title="Piestový spaľovací motor">piestové spaľovacie motory</a>. Pre tento systém je charakteristické oddelenie funkcie vytvárania vysokého tlaku a vstrekovania.<sup id="cite_ref-PSMH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palivo" title="Palivo">Palivo</a> vstrekované do <a href="/wiki/Valec" class="mw-disambig" title="Valec">valca</a> pod vysokým <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlakom</a> je lepšie atomizované (rozprášené na jemnejšie čiastočky) a preto tvorí lepšie zápalnú zmes. Elektronické riadenie ventilov umožňuje lepšie riadenie okamihu, trvania a priebehu otvorenia ventilu, resp. umožňuje rozdeliť množstvo paliva počas vstrekovania pre jeden pracovný cyklus na viac dávok. Súčinnosťou týchto dvoch výhod sa dosahuje vyššia <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5_(technika)" title="Účinnosť (technika)">účinnosť</a> motora, vyšší <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDkon" class="mw-disambig" title="Výkon">výkon</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BAtiaci_moment" title="Krútiaci moment">krútiaci moment</a>. Nezanedbateľnou výhodou je takisto nižšia <a href="/wiki/Spotreba_paliva" class="mw-disambig" title="Spotreba paliva">spotreba paliva</a>, nižšia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlu%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlučnosť (stránka neexistuje)">hlučnosť</a> a nižšie <a href="/wiki/Emisie_dopravn%C3%BDch_prostriedkov" title="Emisie dopravných prostriedkov">emisie</a>. </p><p>Názov systému <i>common rail</i> je odvodený od jeho základnej súčasti, tlakového zásobníka, z ktorého je palivo distribuované pomocou jedného spoločného (<i>common</i>) vedenia/zásobníku (<i>rail</i>) . Systém sa využíva pre: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vznetov%C3%BD_motor" title="Vznetový motor">vznetové motory</a> so vstrekovaním <a href="/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_nafta" title="Motorová nafta">nafty</a> - pri týchto motoroch sa bežne používa označenie <i>common rail</i>, resp. jeho skratky.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1%C5%BEihov%C3%BD_motor_s_priamym_vstrekom" title="Zážihový motor s priamym vstrekom">zážihové motory s priamym vstrekom</a> so vstrekovaním <a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%ADn" title="Benzín">benzínu</a> - pri týchto motoroch sa názov vstrekovacieho systému nepoužíva, čo môže viesť k záveru, že systém je určený len pre vznetové motory.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="História"><span id="Hist.C3.B3ria"></span>História</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: História" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce História"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prototyp common rail systému sa vyvinul koncom <a href="/wiki/60._roky_20._storo%C4%8Dia" title="60. roky 20. storočia">60. rokov</a> Švajčiar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a>. Vo vývoji v období rokov <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> až <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> pokračoval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (stránka neexistuje)">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a>. V polovici 90. rokov Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shohei_Itoh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shohei Itoh (stránka neexistuje)">Shohei Itoh</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masahiko_Miyaki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masahiko Miyaki (stránka neexistuje)">Masahiko Miyaki</a> z firmy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Denso (stránka neexistuje)">Denso</a>, vyvinuli common rail pre veľké nákladné automobily. Prvým prakticky použiteľným systémom označeným <i>ECD-U2 Common Rail</i> bol vybavený automobil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hino (stránka neexistuje)">Hino</a> Raising Ranger. V 90tych rokoch na vývoji spolupracovali firmy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magneti_Marelli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magneti Marelli (stránka neexistuje)">Magneti Marelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat" class="mw-disambig" title="Fiat">Centro Ricerche Fiat</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elasis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elasis (stránka neexistuje)">Elasis</a>, táto fáza skončila v roku <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>. Koncom roku <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> patenty odkúpila nemecká firma <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a> a pokračovala vo <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDskum" title="Výskum">výskume</a> a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDvoj" class="mw-disambig" title="Vývoj">vývoji</a> pre uvedenie do <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9riov%C3%A1_v%C3%BDroba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sériová výroba (stránka neexistuje)">sériovej výroby</a>. V roku <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> prišli na trh prvé modely osobných automobilov vybavené týmto systémom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princíp"><span id="Princ.C3.ADp"></span>Princíp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Princíp" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Princíp"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palivo je pomocou <a href="/wiki/Dopravn%C3%A9_%C4%8Derpadlo" title="Dopravné čerpadlo">dopravného čerpadla</a> dopravované z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palivov%C3%A1_n%C3%A1dr%C5%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palivová nádrž (stránka neexistuje)">palivovej nádrže</a> nízkotlakovým <a href="/wiki/Potrubie" title="Potrubie">potrubím</a> cez jemný <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cisti%C4%8D_paliva&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Čistič paliva (stránka neexistuje)">čistič paliva</a> do vysokotlakového čerpadla. Z vysokotlakového čerpadla je vedené do <a href="/wiki/Vstrekova%C4%8D" title="Vstrekovač">vstrekovača</a> cez zásobník tlaku – <i>rail</i>. V zásobníku je pomocou snímača tlaku a ventilu pre riadenie tlaku zabezpečená dostatočná zásoba paliva pod tlakom, nezávislým od otáčok motora a vstrekovacej dávke. Elektromagnetické, alebo piezoelektrické vstrekovače zabezpečujú vstreknutie paliva v požadovaných okamihoch a množstvách. Vzhľadom na ich rýchlosť a presnosť je možné na jeden pracovný cyklus vstreknúť až 5 presne odmeraných dávok paliva. Správny moment, kedy sa má palivo vstreknúť do valca a jeho množstvo určuje elektronická <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riadiaca_jednotka&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Riadiaca jednotka (stránka neexistuje)">riadiaca jednotka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hlavné_časti_systému"><span id="Hlavn.C3.A9_.C4.8Dasti_syst.C3.A9mu"></span>Hlavné časti systému</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Hlavné časti systému" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Hlavné časti systému"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg/220px-VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg/330px-VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg/440px-VDO_Siemens_Common-Rail_Hochdruckpumpe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Common rail vysokotlakové radiálne čerpadlo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Dopravné čerpadlo</b> - ide o elektrické, alebo mechanické zubové čerpadlo. Vytvára tlak 0,3 - 0,5 MPa. Dopravuje palivo nízkotlakovým okruhom cez filter paliva a odlučovač vody (ak je palivo nafta). Pre zážihový motor je zároveň zdrojom tlaku pre prvé cykly po štarte motora. Je dimenzované na prietok mierne vyšší, ako sa požaduje pre maximálny výkon motora.</li> <li><b>Vysokotlakové čerpadlo</b> - je jedno spoločné. Pre zážihové a malé vznetové motory je obvykle radiálne rotačné trojpiestové. Trojpiestovým usporiadaním sa dosahuje prijateľná miera pulzácie tlaku vo vysokotlakovej časti. Takéto prevedenie je dodávaným palivom aj mastené. Vznetové motory pre nákladné vozidlá mávajú vysokotlakové čerpadlo dvojpiestové radové. Mastenie zabezpečuje <a href="/wiki/Motorov%C3%BD_olej" title="Motorový olej">motorový olej</a>. V závislosti od verzie systému dosahuje vstrekovací tlak pre vznetové motory 135 až 250 MPa a pre zážihové 5 až 20 MPa. <sup id="cite_ref-PSMH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Tlakový zásobník</b> - je malá nádoba jednoduchého tvaru. Jeho úlohou je uložiť zásobu stlačeného paliva a svojím objemom utlmiť tlakové pulzy od čerpadla. Pre zážihové motory, ktoré pracujú s oveľa nižším tlakom je vyrobený z <a href="/wiki/Hlin%C3%ADk" title="Hliník">hliníka</a>.</li> <li><b>Ventil pre riadenie tlaku</b> spája vysokotlakový a nízkotlakový okruh. Pôsobí ako regulátor tlaku vo vysokotlakovom okruhu, pričom prebytočné palivo prepúšťa do nízkotlakového.</li> <li><b>Vstrekovač</b> je posledná časť, cez ktorú palivo opúšťa systém. Jeho úlohou je dávkovať palivo a dosiahnuť dobré rozprášenie paliva. Dávkovanie paliva regulujú elektromagnetické, alebo piezoelektrické členy. Rozprášenie paliva sa dosiahne tlakom v zásobníku, geometriou dýzy a ihly a charakteristikami zdvihu ihly pri jej otváraní a zatváraní.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vlastnosti_systému"><span id="Vlastnosti_syst.C3.A9mu"></span>Vlastnosti systému</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vlastnosti systému" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vlastnosti systému"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Výhody"><span id="V.C3.BDhody"></span>Výhody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Výhody" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Výhody"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>vyššia <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5_(technika)" title="Účinnosť (technika)">účinnosť</a> motora</li> <li>vyšší <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDkon" class="mw-disambig" title="Výkon">výkon</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BAtiaci_moment" title="Krútiaci moment">krútiaci moment</a></li> <li>nižšia <a href="/wiki/Spotreba_paliva" class="mw-disambig" title="Spotreba paliva">spotreba paliva</a></li> <li>nižšia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlu%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlučnosť (stránka neexistuje)">hlučnosť</a></li> <li>nižšie <a href="/wiki/Emisie_dopravn%C3%BDch_prostriedkov" title="Emisie dopravných prostriedkov">emisie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nevýhody"><span id="Nev.C3.BDhody"></span>Nevýhody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Nevýhody" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Nevýhody"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vstrekovací systém <i>common rail</i> má nasledujúce nevýhody: </p> <ul><li>K permanentnému udržaniu vysokého tlaku v systéme sa musí udržovať určitý výkon motora. Podľa druhu motora, systému, otáčok a výkonu motora musí byť akumulovaný potrebný tlak v zásobníku, následkom čoho je zníženie celkovej účinnosti motora, a v mnohých prípadoch nutnosť chladenia paliva.</li> <li>Pri poškodení vstrekovacieho ventilu (zaseknutie alebo zašpinenie trysky) je možné, že palivo začne neustále tiecť do spaľovacieho priestoru (pri klasických systémoch sa to stávalo len počas pracovného taktu). Dodatočné zaistenie systému nie je možné - podľa poruchy sa pri vyskytnutí ("trvalého vstrekovania") v krátkej dobe zničí motor. Vstrekovacie dýzy sa po čase znečistia. Pri mestskej prevádzke, sa to môže vyskytnúť už pri 60 000 km. V tomto prípade sa hovorí o tzv. "zalepení" , čoho výsledkom je zlé vstrekovanie. Následkom toho vzniká nepokojný chod motora alebo zvýšené dymenie vo výfuku. Toto sa dá odstrániť pridávaním čistiacich prísad, ktoré sa dávajú do paliva alebo sa injektor/dýza vymontuje a vyčistí v špeciálnom čistiacom roztoku.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_rail_pre_vznetové_motory"><span id="Common_rail_pre_vznetov.C3.A9_motory"></span>Common rail pre vznetové motory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Common rail pre vznetové motory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Common rail pre vznetové motory"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V súčasnosti vyrábajú systémy common rail spoločnosti <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Orange&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="L&#39;Orange (stránka neexistuje)">L'Orange</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delphi_Corporation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Delphi Corporation (stránka neexistuje)">Delphi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Denso (stránka neexistuje)">Denso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magneti_Marelli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magneti Marelli (stránka neexistuje)">Magneti Marelli</a> a <a href="/wiki/Siemens" class="mw-disambig" title="Siemens">Siemens-VDO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vývoj_systému"><span id="V.C3.BDvoj_syst.C3.A9mu"></span>Vývoj systému</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vývoj systému" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vývoj systému"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1. generácia z roku <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>, tlak 135&#160; MPa, elektromagnetické vstrekovače</li> <li>2. generácia z roku <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, tlak 160&#160; MPa, elektromagnetické vstrekovače</li> <li>3. generácia z roku <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, piezoelektrické vstrekovače</li> <li>4. generácia systému firmy Bosch sa mala vyrábať od roku <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>, piezoelektrické vstrekovače s hydraulickým posilovaním majú zaistiť tlak až 250&#160;MPa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_rail_pre_zážihové_motory"><span id="Common_rail_pre_z.C3.A1.C5.BEihov.C3.A9_motory"></span>Common rail pre zážihové motory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Upraviť sekciu: Common rail pre zážihové motory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Common rail pre zážihové motory"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ako bolo uvedené vyššie, systém sa používa pre <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1%C5%BEihov%C3%BD_motor_s_priamym_vstrekom" title="Zážihový motor s priamym vstrekom">zážihové motory s priamym vstrekom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vývoj_systému_2"><span id="V.C3.BDvoj_syst.C3.A9mu_2"></span>Vývoj systému</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vývoj systému" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vývoj systému"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1. generácia, tlak 5 - 12&#160;MPa, elektromagnetické vstrekovače</li> <li>2. generácia, tlak do 20&#160;MPa, piezoelektrické vstrekovače</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PSMH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-PSMH_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSMH_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hromádko J.,Hromádko J., Hönig V., Miler P.: <i>Spalovací motory</i>. Grada Publishing a.s. 2011</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozri_aj">Pozri aj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pozri aj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pozri aj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vstrekovanie_paliva" title="Vstrekovanie paliva">Vstrekovanie paliva</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externé_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.A9_odkazy"></span>Externé odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Upraviť sekciu: Externé odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_rail&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externé odkazy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rb-k.bosch.de/de/einsatzgebiete/emissionen/dieselsysteme/einspritzmanagementpkw/crs.html">Common-Rail pre osobné vozidlá</a><span style="font-size: 0.95em">(po nemecky)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rb-k.bosch.de/de/einsatzgebiete/emissionen/dieselsysteme/einspritzmanagement-nfz-weniger-42t/crs.html">Common-Rail pre užitkové vozidlá</a><span style="font-size: 0.95em">(po nemecky)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorange.com">Systémy pre veľké motory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061726/http://www.lorange.com/">Archivované</a> 2007-09-29 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span style="font-size: 0.95em">(po nemecky)</span>/<span style="font-size: 0.95em">(po anglicky)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volkswagen.de/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/de3/unternehmen/Innovation/motoren/diesel-hochdruck-einspritzsysteme/common_rail.html">Volkswagen Common-Rail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015554/http://www.volkswagen.de/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/de3/unternehmen/Innovation/motoren/diesel-hochdruck-einspritzsysteme/common_rail.html">Archivované</a> 2007-09-30 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span style="font-size: 0.95em">(po nemecky)</span></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐64cd99f567‐b2jpp Cached time: 20241125163653 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.041 seconds Real time usage: 0.063 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 163/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1273/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 21/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 792/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.006/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 732734/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 30.315 1 -total 77.28% 23.428 2 Šablóna:Webarchive 16.29% 4.938 4 Šablóna:Deu_icon 5.19% 1.572 1 Šablóna:Eng_icon 5.07% 1.537 2 Šablóna:Languageicon --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key skwiki:pcache:175317:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241125163653 and revision id 7948540. 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