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href="#Apartheid_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Apartheid program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Dominion_to_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Dominion_to_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>From Dominion to republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_Dominion_to_republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From Dominion to republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_Dominion_to_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daniël_François_Malan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniël_François_Malan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Daniël François Malan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniël_François_Malan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hans_Strijdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hans_Strijdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hans Strijdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hans_Strijdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hendrik_Verwoerd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hendrik_Verwoerd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hendrik Verwoerd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hendrik_Verwoerd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Division and decline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Division_and_decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Division and decline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Division_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factional_warfare:_"Verkramptes"_and_"Verligtes"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factional_warfare:_"Verkramptes"_and_"Verligtes""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Factional warfare: "<i>Verkramptes"</i> and "<i>Verligtes"</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factional_warfare:_"Verkramptes"_and_"Verligtes"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Party_under_Botha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Party_under_Botha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>National Party under Botha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Party_under_Botha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Party_under_de_Klerk_and_final_years_of_apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Party_under_de_Klerk_and_final_years_of_apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>National Party under de Klerk and final years of apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Party_under_de_Klerk_and_final_years_of_apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Post-apartheid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Re-establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>State Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>House of Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Senate elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Party (South Africa)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionale_Party" title="Nasionale Party – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionale Party" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="الحزب الوطني (جنوب إفريقيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الوطني (جنوب إفريقيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0)" title="Нацыянальная Партыя (ПАР) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальная Партыя (ПАР)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A0%D0%AE%D0%90)" title="Национална партия (РЮА) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална партия (РЮА)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Nacional_(Sud-%C3%A0frica)" title="Partit Nacional (Sud-àfrica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Nacional (Sud-àfrica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party" title="National Party – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="National Party" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionale_Party" title="Nasionale Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nasionale Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Nacional_(Sud%C3%A1frica)" title="Partido Nacional (Sudáfrica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Nacional (Sudáfrica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Partio_de_Sud-Afriko" title="Nacia Partio de Sud-Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Partio de Sud-Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C)" title="حزب ملی (آفریقای جنوبی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب ملی (آفریقای جنوبی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_national_(Afrique_du_Sud)" title="Parti national (Afrique du Sud) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti national (Afrique du Sud)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Nacional_(Sur%C3%A1frica)" title="Partido Nacional (Suráfrica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Nacional (Suráfrica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD)" title="국민당 (남아프리카 공화국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민당 (남아프리카 공화국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasional_(Afrika_Selatan)" title="Partai Nasional (Afrika Selatan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Nasional (Afrika Selatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Nazionale_(Sudafrica)" title="Partito Nazionale (Sudafrica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Nazionale (Sudafrica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="המפלגה הלאומית (דרום אפריקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הלאומית (דרום אפריקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_P%C3%A1rt_(D%C3%A9l-afrikai_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g)" title="Nemzeti Párt (Dél-afrikai Köztársaság) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzeti Párt (Dél-afrikai Köztársaság)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Kebangsaan_(Afrika_Selatan)" title="Parti Kebangsaan (Afrika Selatan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Kebangsaan (Afrika Selatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionale_Party" title="Nasionale Party – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nasionale Party" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A_(%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB)" title="国民党 (南アフリカ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民党 (南アフリカ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalistpartiet_(S%C3%B8r-Afrika)" title="Nasjonalistpartiet (Sør-Afrika) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalistpartiet (Sør-Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਪਾਰਟੀ (ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਪਾਰਟੀ (ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Narodowa_(Po%C5%82udniowa_Afryka)" title="Partia Narodowa (Południowa Afryka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Narodowa (Południowa Afryka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Nacional_(%C3%81frica_do_Sul)" title="Partido Nacional (África do Sul) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Nacional (África do Sul)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%AE%D0%90%D0%A0)" title="Национальная партия (ЮАР) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная партия (ЮАР)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokga_wa_dipolotiki_(Aforika_Borwa)" title="Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa) – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa)" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_South_Africa" title="National Party of South Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Party of South Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licembu_lesive_(iNingizimu_Afrika)" title="Licembu lesive (iNingizimu Afrika) – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Licembu lesive (iNingizimu Afrika)" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%88%D0%90%D0%A0)" title="Национална странка (ЈАР) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална странка (ЈАР)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallispuolue_(Etel%C3%A4-Afrikka)" title="Kansallispuolue (Etelä-Afrikka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallispuolue (Etelä-Afrikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalistpartiet_(Sydafrika)" title="Nationalistpartiet (Sydafrika) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalistpartiet (Sydafrika)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_parti%C3%A4_(KAR)" title="Milli partiä (KAR) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Milli partiä (KAR)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%A3_(%D2%B6%D0%90%D2%B6)" title="Ҳизби миллӣ (ҶАҶ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби миллӣ (ҶАҶ)" 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searchaux" style="display:none">1914–1997 political party known for implementing apartheid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/National_Party_South_Africa" title="National Party South Africa">National Party South Africa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Party%22+South+Africa">"National Party" South Africa</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Party%22+South+Africa+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Party%22+South+Africa&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Party%22+South+Africa+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Party%22+South+Africa">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Party%22+South+Africa&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF9933; border-bottom:2px solid #FF9933; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">National Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Nasionale Party</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>)</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Party_1981_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/National_Party_1981_logo.svg/150px-National_Party_1981_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/National_Party_1981_logo.svg/225px-National_Party_1981_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/National_Party_1981_logo.svg/300px-National_Party_1981_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="295" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official logo in 1981</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">NP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a> (1914–1934)<br /><a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a> (1934–1953)<br /><a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a> (1953–1958)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a> (1958–1966)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a> (1966–1978)<br /><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> (1978–1989)<br /><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> (1989–1997)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1 July 1914<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1914-07-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 September 1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1997-09-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a> (1934–1939)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>1914–1948:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment" title="Anti-British sentiment">Anti-British sentiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Minority_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority politics">Afrikaner minority interests</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a><b><br />1948–1990:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Racialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism">Racialism</a><br /><b>1990–1997:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">South African nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>1914–1948:</b> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><br /><b>1948–1990:</b> <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a><br /><b>1990–1997:</b> <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa">Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a> affiliates</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">Ciskei National Independence Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">Transkei National Independence Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Movement" title="Popular Democratic Movement">Democratic Turnhalle Alliance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ximoko_Party" title="Ximoko Party">Ximoko Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dikwankwetla_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa">Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebowa_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebowa People's Party (page does not exist)">Lebowa People's Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Damara_Council" title="Damara Council">Damara Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_Volksparty" title="Rehoboth Volksparty">Rehoboth Volksparty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seoposengwe_Party" title="Seoposengwe Party">Seoposengwe Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004199; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa_(1928%E2%80%931994)" title="Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)">South African national colours</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_(1936%E2%80%931993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF9933;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Nasionale Party</i>, <b>NP</b>), also known as the <b>Nationalist Party</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from 1914 to 1997, which was responsible for the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid rule</a>. The party was an <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner ethnic nationalist</a> party, which initially promoted the interests of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> but later became a stalwart promoter and enactor of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, for which it is best known.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first became the governing party of the country in 1924. It merged with its rival, the SAP, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and a splinter faction became the <a href="/wiki/Official_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Official opposition">official opposition</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and returned to power. With the National Party governing South Africa from <a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">4 June 1948</a> until <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">9 May 1994</a>, the country for the bulk of this time was only a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> or partial democracy, as from <a href="/wiki/1958_South_African_general_election" title="1958 South African general election">1958</a> onwards non-white people were <a href="/wiki/1958_South_African_general_election#Changes_in_composition_and_franchise" title="1958 South African general election">barred from voting</a>. In 1990, it began to style itself as simply a South African <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic nationalist">civic nationalist</a> party, and after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">fall of apartheid</a> in 1994, attempted to become a moderate conservative one. The party's reputation was damaged irreparably by perpetrating apartheid, and it rebranded itself as the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a> in 1997 before eventually dissolving in 2005. </p><p>Beginning in 1948 following the <a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">general election</a>, the party as the governing party of South Africa began implementing its policy of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> (the Afrikaans term for "separateness"). Although White-minority rule and racial segregation were already in existence in South Africa with non-Whites not having <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> and efforts made to encourage segregation, apartheid intensified the segregation with stern penalties for non-Whites entering into areas designated for Whites-only without having a pass to permit them to do so (known as the <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a>), <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> and sexual relationships were illegal and punishable offences. Black people faced significant restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>. After South Africa was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> for its policies of apartheid, the NP-led government had South Africa leave the Commonwealth, abandon its monarchy led by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a> and become an independent republic. The party's system of apartheid was officially labelled a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on 16 December 1966. </p><p>During the 1970s and 1980s, the NP-led white apartheid government faced internal unrest in South Africa and international pressure for the accommodation of non-Whites in South Africa. It resulted in policies of granting concessions to the non-White population while still retaining the apartheid system, such as the creation of <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a> that were autonomous self-governing Black homelands (criticised for several of them being broken up into unconnected pieces and that they were still dominated by the White minority South African government), removing legal prohibitions on interracial marriage, and legalising certain non-White and multiracial political parties (excluding the very popular <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), which the government still viewed as a terrorist organisation). Those identified as <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a> were granted <a href="/wiki/Tricameral_Parliament" title="Tricameral Parliament">separate legislatures</a> in 1983 alongside the central legislature that represented Whites to provide them self-government while maintaining apartheid, but no such congress was supplied to the Black population as their self-government was to be provided through the Bantustans. The NP-led government began changing laws affected by the apartheid system that had come under heavy domestic and international condemnation, such as removing the pass laws, granting Blacks full property rights that ended previous significant restrictions on Black land ownership, and the right to form trade unions. Following escalating economic sanctions over apartheid, negotiations between the NP-led government led by <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> and the outlawed ANC led by then-imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> began in 1987 with Botha seeking to accommodate the ANC's demands and consider releasing Mandela and legalising the ANC on the condition that it would renounce the use of political violence to attain its aims. </p><p><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> declared in February 1990 the decision to permit the release of Mandela from prison and ending South Africa's ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid movements. In September 1990 the party opened up its membership to all racial groups and rebranded itself as no longer being an ethnic nationalist party only representing Afrikaners, but would henceforth be a civic nationalist and conservative party representing all South Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was significant opposition among hardliner supporters of apartheid that resulted in De Klerk's government responding to them by holding a <a href="/wiki/South_African_apartheid_referendum,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="South African apartheid referendum, 1992">national referendum on Apartheid</a> in 1992 for the White population alone that asked them if they supported the government's policy to end apartheid and establish elections open to all South Africans: a large majority voted in favour of the government's policy. In the <a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1994">1994 elections</a>, it expanded its base to include many non-Whites, including significant support from Coloured and Indian South Africans. It participated in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996. In an attempt to distance itself from its past, the party was renamed the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a> in 1997. The attempt was largely unsuccessful and the new party decided to merge with the ANC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_and_early_history">Founding and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_(1936%E2%80%931993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Party_%281936%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_National_Party" title="Flag of the National Party">Flag of the National Party</a> from 1936 to 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Party was founded in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalists</a> soon after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. Its founding was rooted in disagreements among <a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party</a> politicians, particularly Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> and his first Minister of Justice, <a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a>. After Hertzog began speaking out publicly against the Botha government's "one-stream" policy in 1912, Botha removed him from the cabinet. Hertzog and his followers in the Orange Free State province subsequently moved to establish the National Party to oppose the government by advocating a "two-stream" policy of equal rights for the English and Afrikaner communities. Afrikaner nationalists in the Transvaal and Cape provinces soon followed suit, so that three distinct provincial NP organisations were in existence in time for the <a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1915" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1915">1915 general elections</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The NP first came to power in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party</a> in 1924, with Hertzog as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of South Africa">Prime Minister</a>. In 1930 the Hertzog government worked to undermine the vote of <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> (South Africans of mixed White and non-White ancestry) by granting the right to vote to White women, thus doubling White political power. In 1934, Hertzog agreed to merge his National Party with the rival <a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a>. A hardline faction of Afrikaner nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel François Malan">Daniel François Malan</a> refused to accept the merger and maintained a <a href="/wiki/Rump_party" title="Rump party">rump</a> National Party called the <i>Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party</i> (<a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">Purified National Party</a>). The Purified National Party used opposition to South African participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to stir up anti-British feelings amongst Afrikaners. This led to a reunification of the Purified Nationalists with the faction that had merged with the South African Party; together, they formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">Herenigde Nasionale Party</a></i> (Reunited National Party), which went on to defeat Smuts' United Party in 1948 in coalition with the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a>. In 1951, the two amalgamated to once again become known simply as the National Party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apartheid_program">Apartheid program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apartheid program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Apartheid" title="Category:Apartheid">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DurbanSign1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/150px-DurbanSign1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/225px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/300px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_associated_with_apartheid" title="Category:Events associated with apartheid">Events</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:3px;padding-bottom:1px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1948">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_vote_constitutional_crisis" title="Coloured vote constitutional crisis">Coloured vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">1956 Treason Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street,_Pretoria_bombing" title="Church Street, Pretoria bombing">Church Street, Pretoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaal_uprising" title="Vaal uprising">Vaal uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sinton_Secondary_School#Trojan_Horse_Incident" title="Alexander Sinton Secondary School">Trojan Horse Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches#1988_bombing_of_Khotso_House" title="South African Council of Churches">Khotso House bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_peace_march" title="Cape Town peace march">Cape Town peace march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Chris_Hani" title="Assassination of Chris Hani">Assassination of Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">1994 Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_associated_with_apartheid" title="Category:Organisations associated with apartheid">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau" title="Civil Cooperation Bureau">CCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Broederbond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Branch_(South_Africa)" title="Security Branch (South Africa)">Security Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches" title="South African Council of Churches">SACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">SADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Musicians%27_Alliance" title="South African Musicians' Alliance">SAMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">SACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Council" title="State Security Council">State Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Berrang%C3%A9" title="Vernon Berrangé">Vernon Berrangé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_First" title="Ruth First">Ruth First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Fischer" title="Bram Fischer">Bram Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich" title="Arthur Goldreich">Arthur Goldreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_Holomisa" title="Bantu Holomisa">Bantu Holomisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Joffe,_Baron_Joffe" title="Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe">Joel Joffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Kathrada" title="Ahmed Kathrada">Ahmed Kathrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel François Malan">D. F. Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Benjamin_Moloise" title="Execution of Benjamin Moloise">Benjamin Moloise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gerhardus_Strijdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Suzman" title="Helen Suzman">Helen Suzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Tambo" title="Adelaide Tambo">Adelaide Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Eugène Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B. J. Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Security_Prison,_Robben_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island">Robben Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiatown" title="Sophiatown">Sophiatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun City, North West">Sun City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlakplaas" title="Vlakplaas">Vlakplaas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_popular_culture" title="Apartheid in popular culture">Apartheid in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance to apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairos_Document" title="Kairos Document">Kairos Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_apartheid" title="Nostalgia for apartheid">Nostalgia for apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_principles" title="Sullivan principles">Sullivan Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Apartheid in South Africa">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apartheid" title="Template:Apartheid"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apartheid" title="Template talk:Apartheid"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apartheid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apartheid"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Upon taking power after the <a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1948">1948 general election</a>, the NP began to implement a program of apartheid – the legal system of political, economic and social separation of the races intended to maintain and extend political and economic control of South Africa by the White minority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The party's actions made South Africa for the most part a <a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">pariah state</a> across the world. Apartheid was officially labelled a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on 16 December 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959 the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Self-Government_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu Self-Government Act">Bantu Self-Government Act</a> established so-called Homelands (sometimes pejoratively called <a href="/wiki/Bantustans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantustans">Bantustans</a>) for ten different Black tribes. The ultimate goal of the NP was to move all Black South Africans into one of these homelands (although they might continue to work in South Africa as "guest workers"), leaving what was left of South Africa (about 87 per cent of the land area) with what would then be a White majority, at least on paper. As the apartheid government saw the homelands as embryonic independent nations, all Black South Africans were registered as citizens of the homelands, not of the nation as a whole, and were expected to exercise their political rights only in the homelands. Accordingly, the three token parliamentary seats reserved for White representatives of Black South Africans in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> were scrapped. The other three provinces – <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Free State Province">Orange Free State Province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal Province</a> had never allowed any Black representation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> were removed from the Common Roll of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> in 1953. Instead of voting for the same representatives as White South Africans, they could now vote only for four White representatives to speak for them. Later, in 1968, the Coloureds were disenfranchised altogether. In the place of the four parliamentary seats, a partially elected body was set up to advise the government in an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Separate_Representation_of_Voters_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate Representation of Voters Act">Separate Representation of Voters Act</a>. This made the electorate entirely White, as <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a> had never had any representation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a move unrecognised by the rest of the world, the former German colony of <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), which South Africa had occupied in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, was effectively incorporated into South Africa as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>, with seven members elected to represent its White citizens in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament of South Africa</a>. The White minority of South West Africa, predominantly Germans and Afrikaners, considered its interests akin to those of the Afrikaners in South Africa and therefore supported the National Party in subsequent elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These reforms bolstered the NP politically, as they removed Black and Coloured influence – which was hostile to the NP – from the electoral process and incorporated the pro-nationalist Whites of South-West Africa. The NP increased its parliamentary majority in almost every election between 1948 and 1977.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Numerous segregation laws had been passed before the NP took power in 1948. Among the most significant were the 'Natives Land Act, No 27 of 1913', and the 'Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923'. The former made it illegal for Blacks to purchase or lease land from Whites except in reserves, which restricted Black occupancy to less than eight percent of South Africa's land. The latter laid the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation" title="Residential segregation">residential segregation</a> in urban areas. Apartheid laws passed by the NP after 1948 included the 'Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act', the 'Immorality Act', the 'Population Registration Act', and the 'Group Areas Act', which prohibited non-white males from being in certain areas of the country (especially at night) unless they were employed there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Dominion_to_republic">From Dominion to republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From Dominion to republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">History of South Africa (1815–1910)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%931948)" title="History of South Africa (1910–1948)">History of South Africa (1910–1948)</a></div> <p>The NP strongly advocated <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, a sentiment rooted in Boer history. Beginning in 1836, waves of Boers began to <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">migrate north</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> to live beyond the reach of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial administration</a>. Eventually, the migrating Boers founded three republics in southern Africa: the <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>. British <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">colonial expansion</a> in the 19th century led to the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> by Britain and the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer Wars</a>, which resulted in the South African Republic and the Orange Free State being annexed into the Empire as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite Britain's victory in the Second Boer War, Afrikaners resisted British control in southern Africa. In 1914, a group of anti-British Afrikaners led the <a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; two years later, an NP congress called for South Africa to become a republic before changing its mind and deciding that it was too early. The <i><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></i>, a secret organization founded in 1918 to support the interests of Afrikaners in South Africa, soon became a powerful force in the South African political scene. The Republican Bond was established in the 1930s, and other republican organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">Purified National Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a>, Noodhulpliga (First-Aid League) and the Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurverenigings (Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations) also came into being. There was a widespread outpouring of nationalist sentiment around the 1938 centenary of the Great Trek and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a>. It was seen to signify the perpetuation of white South African culture, and anti-British and pro-republican feelings grew more assertive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was obvious in political circles that the Union of South Africa was headed inevitably towards republicanism. Although it remained a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> after unification in 1910, the country was granted increased amounts of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-government</a>; indeed, it already had complete autonomy on specific issues. It was agreed in 1910 that the South African government would look after domestic matters but that the country's external affairs would remain British-controlled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hertzog's trip to the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> was a definite (if failed) attempt to gain independence. In 1926, however, the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> was passed, affording every British dominion within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> equal rank and bestowing upon them their right of the direction of foreign issues. This resulted the following year in the institution of South Africa's first-ever Department of Foreign Affairs. 1931 saw a backtrack as the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> resolved that British Dominions could not have "total" control over their external concerns, but in 1934 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Status_and_Seals_Acts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Status and Seals Acts (page does not exist)">Status and Seals Acts</a> were passed, granting the South African Parliament even greater power than the British government over the Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The extreme NP members of the 1930s were known collectively as the Republikeinse Bond. The following organisations, parties and events promoted the Republican ideal in the 1930s: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Broederbond" class="mw-redirect" title="Broederbond">Broederbond</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">Purified National Party</a></li> <li>The FAK</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> and <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Noodhulpliga</i></span></li> <li>The 1938 Great Trek Centenary</li> <li>The <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Reddingsdaadbond</i></span></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li>Pirow's <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Nuwe Orde</i></span> (New Order)</li> <li>The adjustment to <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Die Stem</i></span> and the national flag</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniël_François_Malan"><span id="Dani.C3.ABl_Fran.C3.A7ois_Malan"></span>Daniël François Malan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Daniël François Malan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DFMalanPortret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DFMalanPortret.jpg/170px-DFMalanPortret.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DFMalanPortret.jpg/255px-DFMalanPortret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DFMalanPortret.jpg/340px-DFMalanPortret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>D. F. Malan, leader of the NP from 1934 until 1953</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a></div> <p>There was some confusion about the republican ideal during the war years. The <i><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">Herenigde Nasionale Party</a></i>, with Hertzog its leader, pushed the issue into the background. After Hertzog left the party, however, it became republican. In 1942 and 1944, <a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a> introduced a motion in the House of Assembly in favour of the establishment of a republic, but this was defeated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the NP came to power in 1948 (making it the first all-Afrikaner cabinet since 1910), there were two uppermost priorities that it was determined to fulfil: </p> <ul><li>Find a solution to the racial problem.</li> <li>Lead South Africa to independence and republican status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Between 1948 and 1961, Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a> all worked very hard for the latter, implementing a battery of policies and changes in a bid to increase the country's autonomy. Divided loyalty, they felt, was holding South Africa back. They wanted to break the country's ties with the United Kingdom and establish a republic, and many South Africans grew confident that a republic was possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unfortunately for its republicans, the NP was not in a strong parliamentary position. Although it held a majority (only five) of seats, many of these were in rural constituencies, which had far fewer voters than urban constituencies. Malan appealed to many rural voters due to his agricultural policy, meaning black workers relied on white farmers for work, fuelling his quest for a segregated nation. The United Party held a 100,000-vote lead. Consequently, the NP had to rely on the Afrikaner Party's support. It did not, therefore, have the groundswell of public support that it needed to win a referendum, and only when it had that majority on its side could a referendum be held on the republican matter. However, with a small seating majority and a total vote-tally minority, it was impossible for now for Malan and his ardently republican Nats to bring about a republic constitutionally. In the interim, the NP would have to consolidate itself and not antagonise the British.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many English speakers did not want to break their ties with the United Kingdom. However, in 1949, at the <a href="/wiki/1949_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> in London (with Malan in attendance), India requested that, despite its newly attained republican status, it remain a member of the British Commonwealth. When this was granted the following year by the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It roused much debate in South Africa between the pro-republican NP and the anti-republican UP (under Strauss). It meant that, even if South Africa did become a republic, it did not automatically have to sever all of its ties with the UK and the British Commonwealth. This gained the movement further support from the English-speaking populace, which was less worried about being isolated, and the republican ideal looked closer than ever to being fulfilled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although he could not make South Africa a republic, Malan could prepare the country for this eventuality. In his term of office, from 1948 to 1954, Malan took several steps to break ties with the UK: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Citizenship_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Citizenship Act">South African Citizenship Act</a> was passed in 1949. Before, South Africans were not citizens but rather subjects of the British Crown, regardless of whether they were permanent residents or had only recently migrated. The 1949 Act established South African citizenship. Before, British citizens needed a mere two years in the country to qualify as South Africans; now, British immigrants were just like any other immigrant: they would have to register and remain in South Africa for five years to become citizens of the country. It was believed that this could well influence a republican referendum. The Act ensured that the British immigrant population would not reduce the Afrikaner majority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1950, the right of appeal to the British <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> in London was terminated under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Privy_Council_Appeals_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Privy Council Appeals Act (page does not exist)">Privy Council Appeals Act</a>. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> was now South Africa's highest court.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Malan was a crucial player in the move to get the word "British" taken away from "British Commonwealth". This change was taken as an affirmation of the fact that all member countries were voluntary and equal members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1951, pro-republican <a href="/wiki/Ernest_George_Jansen" title="Ernest George Jansen">Ernest George Jansen</a> was assigned the post of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General of South Africa</a>. This endorsed the idea of Afrikaner leadership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The title of the just-crowned Queen was modified in 1953 from "Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas" to "Elizabeth II, Queen of South Africa". This was meant to indicate that the South African upper house had bequeathed the title upon her.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The 1953 ballot votes saw the NP fortify its position considerably, winning comfortably but still falling well short of the clear majority it sought: it had 94 seats in parliament to the UP's 57 and the Labour Party's five.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hans_Strijdom">Hans Strijdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hans Strijdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JG_Strijdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JG_Strijdom.jpg/170px-JG_Strijdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/JG_Strijdom.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a>, leader of the NP from 1953 until 1958</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a></div> <p>Malan retired in 1954 at the age of eighty. The two succession contenders were J. G. Strijdom (Minister of Lands and Irrigation) and Havenga (Minister of Finance). Malan personally preferred the latter and, indeed, recommended him. Malan and Strijdom had clashed frequently over the years, particularly on the question of whether a republican South Africa should be inside or outside the Commonwealth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Strijdom, however, had the support of Verwoerd and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Schoeman" title="Ben Schoeman">Ben Schoeman</a>, and he was eventually voted in as Prime Minister. Strijdom was a passionate and outspoken Afrikaner and republican who wholeheartedly supported apartheid. He was completely intolerant towards non-Afrikaners and liberal ideas, utterly determined to maintain White rule with zero compromise. Known as the "Lion of the North", Strijdom made few changes to his cabinet and pursued with vigour the policy of apartheid. By 1956, he successfully placed the Coloureds on a separate voters' roll, thus further weakening ties with the Commonwealth and gaining support for the NP.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He also took several other steps to make South Africa less dependent on Britain: </p> <ul><li>In 1955, the South African parliament became recognised as the highest authority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1957, following a motion from <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barlow" title="Arthur Barlow">Arthur Barlow</a> MP, the flag of the Union of South Africa became the country's only flag; the Union Jack, alongside which the Union Flag had flown since 1928, was flown no longer, to be hoisted only on special occasions.</li> <li>Likewise, "<a href="/wiki/Die_Stem_van_Suid-Afrika" title="Die Stem van Suid-Afrika">Die Stem van Suid-Afrika</a>" (The Call of South Africa) became South Africa's only national anthem and was also translated into English to appease the relevant population. <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a> would be sung only on occasions relating to the UK or the Commonwealth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1957, the maritime base in Simonstown was reassigned from the command of the British Royal Navy to that of the South African government. The British had occupied Simonstown since 1806.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1958, "<a href="/wiki/On_His_Majesty%27s_Service" title="On His Majesty's Service">OHMS</a>" was replaced by "Official" on all official documents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">C. R. Swart</a>, another staunch Afrikaner republican, became the new Governor-General.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Anti-republican South Africans recognised the shift and distancing from Britain, and the UP grew increasingly anxious, doing all it could to persuade Parliament to retain Commonwealth links. Strijdom, however, declared that South Africa's participation (or otherwise) in the Commonwealth would be determined only by its best interests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hendrik_Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hendrik Verwoerd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a></div> <p>The question of apartheid dominated the 1958 election, and the NP took 55% of the vote, thus winning a clear majority for the first time. When Strijdom died that same year, there was a tripartite succession contest between Swart, Dönges and Verwoerd. The latter, devoted to the cause of a republican South Africa, was the new Prime Minister. Verwoerd, a former Minister of Native Affairs, played a leading role in the institution of the apartheid system. Under his leadership, the NP solidified its control over South African apartheid-era politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To gain the support of the English-identified population of South Africa, Verwoerd appointed several English speakers to his cabinet. He also cited the radical political movements elsewhere in Africa as vindication of his belief that White and Black nationalism could not work within the same system. Verwoerd also presented the NP as the party best equipped to deal with the widely perceived threat of communism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of his term (caused by his assassination), Verwoerd had solidified the NP's domination of South African politics. In the 1966 elections the party won 126 out of the 170 seats in Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1960, however, much of the South African electorate called for withdrawal from the Commonwealth and establishing South Africa as a republic. It was decided that a <a href="/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="South African referendum, 1960">republican referendum</a> was to be held in October. International circumstances made the referendum a growing necessity. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, former British colonies in Africa and Asia were gaining independence and publicising the ills of apartheid. Commonwealth members were determined to isolate South Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were numerous internal factors which had paved the way for and may be viewed as influences on the result:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Harold Macmillan's "<a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">Winds of Change</a>" speech, in which he declared that independence for Black Africans was an inevitability;</li> <li>Many Whites were unwilling to give up apartheid and realised that South Africa would have to go for it alone if it was to pursue its racial policies.</li> <li>The assertion that economic growth and relaxation of racial tensions could be achieved only through a republic;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpeville Massacre">Sharpeville Massacre</a>;</li> <li>The attempted assassination of Verwoerd; and, most importantly,</li> <li>The 1960 census revealed more Afrikaners in the country than English, thus almost guaranteeing the NP victory in a republican referendum.</li></ul> <p>The opposition accused Verwoerd of trying to break from the Commonwealth and the West, thus losing South Africa's trade preferences. The NP, however, launched a vigorously enthusiastic political campaign with widely advertised public meetings. The opposition found it very difficult to fight for the preservation of British links.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were numerous pro-republican arguments:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>It would link more closely the two European language groups.</li> <li>It would eliminate confusion about South Africa's constitutional position.</li> <li>The monarchy was essentially British, with no roots in South Africa.</li> <li>South Africans desired a home-grown Head of State.</li> <li>The Queen of South Africa, living abroad, inherited her title as the United Kingdom's monarch without the assistance or approval of South Africa.</li> <li>In a republic, the Head of State would not be another country's ruler but rather the elected representative of the nation, a unifying symbol.</li> <li>A republic symbolised a sovereign free, and independent state.</li> <li>South Africa could approach its internal problems more realistically since they would be strictly "South African" problems to be solved by South Africans rather than foreign intervention.</li> <li>It would clear the misconception amongst many Blacks in South Africa that foreigners had the final say in their affairs.</li></ul> <p>There were also numerous arguments <em>against</em> the establishment of a republic:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>It could lead to a forced withdrawal from the Commonwealth.</li> <li>With the entire world in a state of political unrest, bordering on turmoil, it was dangerous to change South Africa's political status.</li> <li>It could lead to isolation from allies.</li> <li>A republic would solve none of South Africa's problems; it would only worsen them, especially the racial issue, to which the Commonwealth was increasingly opposed.</li> <li>The NP had supposedly not given one good reason for the change.</li> <li>The ruling party already had twelve years to bring about national unity but had only driven the two White sects further apart.</li> <li>A majority of just one vote could establish a republic. This did not entail unity nor, indeed, democracy.</li> <li>Countries did not generally change their form of government unless the present form was inefficient or unstable due to internal strife or hardship. Nothing like this had happened in (White) South Africa, where so many were so content.</li></ul> <p>On 5 October 1960, 90.5% of the White electorate turned out to vote on the issue. 850,458 (52%) voted in favour of a republic, while 775,878 were against it. The Cape, Orange Free State and Transvaal were all in favour; Natal, a mainly English-speaking province, was not. It was a narrow victory for the republicans. However, a considerable number of Afrikaners did vote against the measure. The few Blacks, Indians and Coloureds allowed to vote were decidedly against the measure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>English speakers who voted for a republic had done so on the condition that their cultural heritage be safeguarded. Many had associated a republic with the survival of the White South Africans. Macmillan's speech illustrated that the British government was no longer prepared to stand by South Africa's racist policies. Nevertheless, the referendum was a significant victory for Afrikaner nationalism as British political and cultural influence waned in South Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, one question remained after the referendum: would South Africa become a republic outside the Commonwealth (the outcome favoured by the most Afrikaner nationalists)? Withdrawal from the Commonwealth would likely alienate English speakers and damage relations with many other countries. Former British colonies such as India, Pakistan and Ghana were all republics within the Commonwealth, and Verwoerd announced that South Africa would follow suit "if possible".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 1961, Verwoerd's government enacted legislation to transform the Union of South Africa into the Republic of South Africa. The constitution was finalised in April. It merged the authority of the British Crown and Governor-General into a new post, <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a>. The State President would have relatively little political power, serving more as the ceremonial head of state. The political power was to lie with the Prime Minister (head of government). The Republic of South Africa would also have its monetary system, employing Rand and Cents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In March 1961, Verwoerd visited the <a href="/wiki/1961_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> in London to discuss South Africa becoming a republic within the Commonwealth, presenting the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a>'s application for a renewal of its membership to the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth had earlier declined to predict how republican status would affect South Africa's membership; it did not want to be seen meddling in its members' domestic affairs. However, many of the Conference's affiliates (prominent among them the Afro-Asia group and Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>) attacked South Africa's racial policies and rebuffed Verwoerd's application; they would go to any lengths to expel South Africa from the Commonwealth. Numerous anti-apartheid movements also campaigned for South Africa's exclusion from the UK. Some member countries warned that they would pull out of the organisation unless South Africa were expelled. Verwoerd disregarded the censure, arguing that his Commonwealth cohorts had no right to question and criticise his country's domestic affairs. On this issue, he even had the support of his parliamentary opposition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, on 15 March 1961, ostensibly to Britain an awkward decision and causing a split within the Commonwealth, but more likely to avoid further condemnation and embarrassment, Verwoerd withdrew his application and announced that South Africa would become a republic outside the Commonwealth. His decision was received with regret by the Prime Ministers of the UK, Australia and New Zealand but was met with obvious approval from South Africa's critics. Verwoerd said the next day that the move would not affect South Africa's relationship with the United Kingdom. On his homecoming, he was met with a rapturous reception. Afrikaner nationalists were not deterred by the relinquishment of Commonwealth membership, for they regarded the Commonwealth as little more than the British Empire in disguise. They believed that South Africa and the United Kingdom had absolutely nothing in common, and even UP leader <a href="/wiki/Sir_De_Villiers_Graaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir De Villiers Graaff">Sir De Villiers Graaff</a> praised Verwoerd for his handling of the situation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 31 May 1961, South Africa became a republic. The date was a significant one in Afrikaner history, as it heralded the anniversary of several historical events, the 1902 Treaty of Vereeniging, which ended the Anglo-Boer War; South Africa's becoming a union in 1910; and the first hoisting of the Union flag in 1928. The Afrikaner republican dream had finally come to reality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The significance of Commonwealth withdrawal turned out to be less than expected. It was not necessary for South Africa to amend its trading preferences, and Prime Minister Macmillan reciprocated Verwoerd's assurance that withdrawal would not alter trade between South Africa and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Africa now had its first independent constitution. However, the only real constitutional change was that the State President, in charge for seven years, would assume the now-vacant position of the Queen as Head of State. <a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">C. R. Swart</a>, the State President-elect, took the first republican oath as <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a> before Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cornelius_Steyn" title="Lucas Cornelius Steyn">L. C. Steyn</a> (DRC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although White inhabitants were generally happy with the republic, united in their support of Verwoerd, the Blacks defiantly rejected the move. Nelson Mandela and his National Action Council demonstrated from 29 to 31 May 1961. The republican issue would strongly intensify resistance to apartheid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 1961, Verwoerd appointed the National Party's two first English-speaking ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NP won most parliamentary seats in all elections during the apartheid era. Its popular vote record was more mixed: While it won the popular vote with a comfortable margin in most general elections, the NP carried less than 50% of the electorate in 1948, 1953, 1961, and 1989. In 1977, the NP got its best-ever result in the elections with the support of 64.8% of the White voters and 134 parliamentary seats out of 165. After this, the party's consent declined as a proliferation of right-wing parties siphoned off important segments of its traditional voter base.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout its reign, the party's support came mainly from <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>, but other White people were courted by and increasingly voted for the NP after 1960. By the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">however, in reaction</a> to the "verligte" reforms of <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a>, the majority of Afrikaners drifted to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andries_Treurnicht" title="Andries Treurnicht">Andries Treurnicht</a>, who called for a return to the traditional policies of the NP. In the 1974 general elections for example 91% of Afrikaners voted for the NP; however, in the 1989 general elections, only 46% of Afrikaners cast their ballot for the National party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_and_decline">Division and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Division and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factional_warfare:_"Verkramptes"_and_"Verligtes""><span id="Factional_warfare:_.22Verkramptes.22_and_.22Verligtes.22"></span>Factional warfare: "<i>Verkramptes"</i> and "<i>Verligtes"</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Factional warfare: "Verkramptes" and "Verligtes""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobus_Albertus_(Jaap)_Marais_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jacobus_Albertus_%28Jaap%29_Marais_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jacobus_Albertus_%28Jaap%29_Marais_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jacobus_Albertus_%28Jaap%29_Marais_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jacobus_Albertus_%28Jaap%29_Marais_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jacobus_Albertus_%28Jaap%29_Marais_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jacobus_Albertus_%28Jaap%29_Marais_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Marais" title="Jaap Marais">Jaap Marais</a> was a powerful member of the party's <i>verkrampte</i> faction, which opposed any reforms to apartheid.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the assassination of Verwoerd, <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a> took over as party leader and Prime Minister. From the 1960s onwards, the NP and the Afrikaner population in general was increasingly divided over the application of apartheid (the legal opposition being similarly divided over its response), leading to the emergence of the "<i>verkramptes</i>" and "<i>verligtes</i>". <i>Verkramptes</i> were members of the party's <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> who opposed any deviation from the rigid apartheid structure. <i>Verligtes</i> took a somewhat more moderate stance towards racial issues, primarily from a pragmatic standpoint over fears of international scrutiny should reforms fail to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the question of apartheid, the two factions were divided over such issues as immigration, language, racially-mixed sporting teams, and engagement with Black African states. In 1969, members of the "<i>verkrampte</i>" faction including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hertzog" title="Albert Hertzog">Albert Hertzog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Marais" title="Jaap Marais">Jaap Marais</a>, formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">Herstigte Nasionale Party</a></i>, which claimed to be the true upholder of pure Verwoerdian apartheid ideology and continues to exist today. While it never had much electoral success, it attracted sufficient numbers to erode support for the government at crucial points, although not to the extent that the Conservative Party would do. Meanwhile, the <i>verligtes</i> began to gain some traction inside the party in response to growing international opposition to apartheid. </p><p>Perhaps a precursor to the split came around 1960 when Japie Basson, a moderate, was expelled for disagreements on racial questions and would form his own National Union Party, he would later join the United Party and Progressive Federal Party before rejoining the NP in the 1980s. Former Interior Minister Theo Gerdener formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">Democratic Party</a> in 1973 to attempt its own verligte solution to racial questions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Party_under_Botha">National Party under Botha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National Party under Botha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the early 1980s, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a>, Prime Minister since 1978, the NP began to reform its policies. Botha legalised interracial marriages and multiracial political parties and relaxed the <a href="/wiki/Group_Areas_Act" title="Group Areas Act">Group Areas Act</a>. Botha also amended the constitution to grant a measure of political representation to Coloureds and Indians by creating separate parliamentary chambers in which they had control of their "own affairs". The amendments also replaced the parliamentary system with a presidential one. The powers of the Prime Minister were essentially merged with those of the <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President</a>, which was vested with sweeping executive powers. Although portraying the new system as a power-sharing agreement, Botha ensured that the real power remained in White hands, and in practice, in the hands of the NP. Whites had large majorities in the electoral college which chose the State President, as well as on the President's Council, which settled disputes between the three chambers and decided which combination of them could consider any piece of legislation. However, Botha and the NP refused to budge on the central issue of granting meaningful political rights to Black South Africans, who remained unrepresented even after the reforms. Most Black political organisations remained banned, and prominent Black leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, remained imprisoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While Botha's reforms did not even begin to meet the opposition's demands, they sufficiently alarmed a segment of his own party to engender a second split. In 1982, hardline NP members including <a href="/wiki/Andries_Treurnicht" title="Andries Treurnicht">Andries Treurnicht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hartzenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Hartzenberg">Ferdinand Hartzenberg</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a>, committed to reversing Botha's reforms, which by 1987 became the largest parliamentary opposition party. The party later merged into the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front</a>, which today represents Afrikaner nationalism. On the other hand, some reformist NP members also left the party, such as <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Worrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Worrall">Dennis Worrall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wynand_Malan" title="Wynand Malan">Wynand Malan</a>, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">Independent Party</a> which later merged into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">Democratic Party</a> (a similar breakaway group existed for a time in the 1970s). The loss of NP support to both the DP and CP reflected the divisions among White voters over continued maintenance of apartheid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Party_under_de_Klerk_and_final_years_of_apartheid">National Party under de Klerk and final years of apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Party under de Klerk and final years of apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/220px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/330px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/440px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>F. W. de Klerk shaking hands with ANC leader Nelson Mandela at the World Economic Forum in 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In the midst of rising political instability, growing economic problems and diplomatic isolation, Botha resigned as NP leader, and subsequently as State President in 1989. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> in this capacity. Although conservative by inclination, De Klerk had become the leader of an "enlightened" NP faction that realised the impracticality of maintaining apartheid forever. He decided that it would be better to negotiate while there was still time to reach a compromise, than to hold out until forced to negotiate on less favourable terms later. He persuaded the NP to enter into negotiations with representatives of the Black community. Late in 1989, the NP won the most bitterly contested election in decades, pledging to negotiate an end to the very apartheid system that it had established. </p><p>On 2 February 1990, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) was legalised, and Nelson Mandela was released after twenty-seven years of imprisonment. In the same year, the NP opened its membership to all racial groups and moves began to repeal the racial legislation which had been the foundations of apartheid. A <a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 South African Referendum">referendum</a> in 1992 gave De Klerk <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary powers</a> to negotiate with Mandela. Following the negotiations, a new interim constitution was drawn up, and non-racial democratic elections were held in <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a>. These elections were won by the African National Congress. The NP remained in government, however, as a coalition partner to the ANC in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a> until 30 June 1996, when it withdrew to become the official opposition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid_era">Post-apartheid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party (South Africa)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SANPLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/SANPLogo.svg/176px-SANPLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/SANPLogo.svg/264px-SANPLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/SANPLogo.svg/352px-SANPLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the National Party during the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RSA_1994_NP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RSA_1994_NP.png/220px-RSA_1994_NP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RSA_1994_NP.png/330px-RSA_1994_NP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RSA_1994_NP.png/440px-RSA_1994_NP.png 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Share of National Party votes in 1994. The areas which voted for the National Party were largely Afrikaans- or English speaking</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Party_flag_1990s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/National_Party_flag_1990s.png/178px-National_Party_flag_1990s.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/National_Party_flag_1990s.png/267px-National_Party_flag_1990s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/National_Party_flag_1990s.png/356px-National_Party_flag_1990s.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the National Party during the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Party won 20.39% of the vote and 82 seats in the National Assembly at the first multiracial election in 1994. This support extended well beyond the White community and into other minority groups. For instance, two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a> voted for the NP.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the official opposition in most provinces and also won a majority in the Western Cape, winning much of the White and Coloured vote. Its Coloured support also earned it a strong second place in the Northern Cape. The party was wracked by internal wranglings whilst it participated in the Government of National Unity, and finally withdrew from the government to become the official opposition in 1996. Despite this, it remained uncertain about its future direction, and was continually outperformed in parliament by the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">Democratic Party</a> (DP), which provided a more forceful and principled opposition stance. In 1997, its voter base began to gradually shift to the DP. The NP renamed itself the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a> towards the end of 1997, to distance itself from the apartheid past.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the NNP would quickly disappear from the political scene, faring poorly at both the 1999 and 2004 general elections. After initially aligning with the DP in 2000 (forming the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a>), the merger was aborted, and after a back and forth on whether to oppose or work with the ANC, the NNP and ANC finally formed an alliance in late-2001. After years of losing members and support to other parties, the NNP's collapse in its previous stronghold in the Western Cape at the 2004 general election proved to be the final straw; its federal council voted to dissolve the party on 9 April 2005, following a decision the previous year to merge with the ANC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Re-establishment">Re-establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Re-establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Party_South_Africa" title="National Party South Africa">National Party South Africa</a></div> <p>On 5 August 2008 a new party using the name of "National Party South Africa" was formed and registered with the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Electoral_Commission_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Electoral Commission (South Africa)">Independent Electoral Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NP-ReturnOfTheNats_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-ReturnOfTheNats-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new party had no formal connection with the now defunct <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a>. The relaunched National Party of 2008 pushes for a non-racial democratic South Africa based on federal principles and the legacy of <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NP-ReturnOfTheNats_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-ReturnOfTheNats-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_presidents">List of presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #AAAAFF transparent"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th width="85px">Portrait </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Term of office </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">1 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-JBM_Hertzog_-_SA_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="388" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1866–1942)</span> </td> <td>1 July 1914<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1914-07-01</span>)</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1934</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">2 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DFMalanPortret_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DFMalanPortret_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-DFMalanPortret_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DFMalanPortret_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-DFMalanPortret_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DFMalanPortret_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-DFMalanPortret_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1874–1959)</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1934</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1953</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">3 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JG_Strijdom_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JG_Strijdom_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-JG_Strijdom_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JG_Strijdom_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-JG_Strijdom_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/JG_Strijdom_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-JG_Strijdom_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="247" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1893–1958)</span> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1953</span> </td> <td>24 August 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1958-08-24</span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">4 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuid Afrikaanse premier dr. H. Verwoerd, Bestanddeelnr 911-1297 (cropped)"><img alt="Zuid Afrikaanse premier dr. H. Verwoerd, Bestanddeelnr 911-1297 (cropped)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1966)</span> </td> <td>24 August 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1958-08-24</span>)</span> </td> <td>6 September 1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1966-09-06</span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">5 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Vorster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/John_Vorster.jpg/80px-John_Vorster.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/John_Vorster.jpg/120px-John_Vorster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/John_Vorster.jpg/160px-John_Vorster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1915–1983)</span> </td> <td>6 September 1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966-09-06</span>)</span> </td> <td>2 October 1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1978-10-02</span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">6 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PW_Botha_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PW_Botha_1962.jpg/80px-PW_Botha_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PW_Botha_1962.jpg/120px-PW_Botha_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PW_Botha_1962.jpg/160px-PW_Botha_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1916–2006)</span> </td> <td>2 October 1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978-10-02</span>)</span> </td> <td>15 August 1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1989-08-15</span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FF9933;">7 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk,_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk%2C_1990.jpg/80px-Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk%2C_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk%2C_1990.jpg/120px-Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk%2C_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk%2C_1990.jpg/160px-Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk%2C_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–2021)</span> </td> <td>15 August 1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989-08-15</span>)</span> </td> <td>8 September 1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1997-09-08</span>)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Presidential_elections">State Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: State Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">State President elected by a joint sitting of both houses of Parliament </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_South_African_presidential_election" title="1961 South African presidential election">1961</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">C. R. Swart</a> </td> <td>139 </td> <td>66.19% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_South_African_presidential_election" title="1967 South African presidential election">1967</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eben_D%C3%B6nges" title="Eben Dönges">Eben Dönges</a> </td> <td>163 </td> <td>75.81% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_South_African_presidential_election" title="1968 South African presidential election">1968</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Jim Fouché">Jim Fouché</a> </td> <td>Unanimous </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1975_South_African_presidential_election" title="1975 South African presidential election">1975</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nico_Diederichs" title="Nico Diederichs">Nico Diederichs</a> </td> <td>Unanimous </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1978_South_African_presidential_election" title="1978 South African presidential election">1978</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a> </td> <td>173 </td> <td>84.8% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_South_African_presidential_election" title="1979 South African presidential election">1979</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a> </td> <td>155 </td> <td>79.49% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">State President elected by an electoral college </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_South_African_presidential_election" title="1984 South African presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> </td> <td>88 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_South_African_presidential_election" title="1989 South African presidential election">1989</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> </td> <td>88 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Assembly_elections">House of Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: House of Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1915_South_African_general_election" title="1915 South African general election">1915</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a> </td> <td>75,623 </td> <td>29.41% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">27 / 130</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3rd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1920_South_African_general_election" title="1920 South African general election">1920</a> </td> <td>90,512 </td> <td>32.62% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 134</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1921_South_African_general_election" title="1921 South African general election">1921</a> </td> <td>105,039 </td> <td>38.15% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">44 / 134</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1924_South_African_general_election" title="1924 South African general election">1924</a> </td> <td>111,483 </td> <td>35.25% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">63 / 135</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">NP-<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour</a> coalition government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1929_South_African_general_election" title="1929 South African general election">1929</a> </td> <td>141,579 </td> <td>41.17% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">78 / 148</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">NP-<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour</a> coalition government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1933_South_African_general_election" title="1933 South African general election">1933</a> </td> <td>101,159 </td> <td>31.61% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">75 / 150</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1938_South_African_general_election" title="1938 South African general election">1938</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a> </td> <td>259,543 </td> <td>31.31% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">27 / 150</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 48 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1943_South_African_general_election" title="1943 South African general election">1943</a> </td> <td>321,601 </td> <td>36.70% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 150</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948</a> </td> <td>401,834 </td> <td>37.70% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">70 / 150</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1953_South_African_general_election" title="1953 South African general election">1953</a> </td> <td>598,718 </td> <td>49.48% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">94 / 156</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1958_South_African_general_election" title="1958 South African general election">1958</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a> </td> <td>642,006 </td> <td>55.54% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">103 / 156</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_South_African_general_election" title="1961 South African general election">1961</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a> </td> <td>370,395 </td> <td>46.44% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">105 / 156</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_South_African_general_election" title="1966 South African general election">1966</a> </td> <td>759,331 </td> <td>58.31% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">126 / 166</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 76%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_South_African_general_election" title="1970 South African general election">1970</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a> </td> <td>820,968 </td> <td>54.89% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">118 / 166</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 71%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_South_African_general_election" title="1974 South African general election">1974</a> </td> <td>638,424 </td> <td>56.14% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">122 / 171</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 71%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_South_African_general_election" title="1977 South African general election">1977</a> </td> <td>685,035 </td> <td>65.34% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">134 / 165</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 81%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1981_South_African_general_election" title="1981 South African general election">1981</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> </td> <td>778,371 </td> <td>57.66% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">131 / 165</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 79%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_South_African_general_election" title="1987 South African general election">1987</a> </td> <td>1,075,505 </td> <td>52.70% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">123 / 166</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 74%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_South_African_general_election" title="1989 South African general election">1989</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> </td> <td>1,039,704 </td> <td>48.19% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">94 / 166</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 29 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a> </td> <td>3,983,960 </td> <td>20.39% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">82 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">NP–<a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a> coalition government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_elections">Senate elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Senate elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1939_South_African_Senate_election" title="1939 South African Senate election">1939</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">D. F. Malan</a> </td> <td>13.64% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 44</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_Senate_election" title="1948 South African Senate election">1948</a> </td> <td>25% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">11 / 44</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background-color:#CCCCFF">Governing minority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1955_South_African_Senate_election" title="1955 South African Senate election">1955</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a> </td> <td>86.52% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">77 / 89</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 87%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 66 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_Senate_election" title="1960 South African Senate election">1960</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a> </td> <td>70.37% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">38 / 54</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 70%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 39 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_South_African_Senate_election" title="1965 South African Senate election">1965</a> </td> <td>75.47% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 53</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 75%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_South_African_Senate_election" title="1970 South African Senate election">1970</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a> </td> <td>75.93% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">41 / 54</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 76%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_South_African_Senate_election" title="1974 South African Senate election">1974</a> </td> <td>77.78% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 54</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 78%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election#Senate" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> </td> <td>18.89% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">17 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF9933; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 25 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">NP–<a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a> governing coalition </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Reitzer" title="Vera Reitzer">Vera Reitzer</a> (1921–2006) Hungarian-born Jewish holocaust survivor, and National Party member<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Party_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrabill2010" class="citation book cs1">Krabill, Ron (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab"><i>Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab/page/n65">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Starring+Mandela+and+Cosby%3A+Media+and+the+End%28s%29+of+Apartheid&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Krabill&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarringmandelac00krab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02562804_938">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02562804_938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233840/http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/98678.htm">"The End of Apartheid"</a>. Information released January 20, 2009 to present. United States Department of State. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/98678.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2009</span>. <q>Apartheid, the Afrikaans name given by the white-ruled South Africa's Nationalist Party in 1948 to the country's harsh, institutionalised system of racial segregation, came to an end in the early 1990s in a series of steps that led to the formation of a democratic government in 1994.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Apartheid&rft.series=Information+released+January+20%2C+2009+to+present&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fpcw%2F98678.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-64">"The prohibition of the African National Congress, the Pan-Africanist Congress, the South African Communist Party and a number of subsidiary organizations is being rescinded"</a>. <i>cvet.org.za</i>. CVET – Community Video Education Trust. 2 February 1990. <q>Organizations: Nationalist Party</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cvet.org.za&rft.atitle=The+prohibition+of+the+African+National+Congress%2C+the+Pan-Africanist+Congress%2C+the+South+African+Communist+Party+and+a+number+of+subsidiary+organizations+is+being+rescinded&rft.date=1990-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvet.org.za%2Fdisplayvideo.php%3Fvid%3D2D-F5-64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?56646-1/south-african-election-speeches">"South African Election Speeches"</a>. <i>C-SPAN.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>Fellow Nationalists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN.org&rft.atitle=South+African+Election+Speeches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F56646-1%2Fsouth-african-election-speeches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsahoboss2011" class="citation web cs1">sahoboss (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420183715/https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/national-party-np">"National Party (NP)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/national-party-np">the original</a> on 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Party+%28NP%29&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.au=sahoboss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Ftopic%2Fnational-party-np&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1990" class="citation news cs1">Kraft, Scott (1 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-01-mn-196-story.html">"De Klerk Opens Ruling Party to All Races"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=De+Klerk+Opens+Ruling+Party+to+All+Races&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-09-01-mn-196-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fordschool.umich.edu/events/2016/de-facto-and-de-jure-apartheid-failure-international-humanitarian-law-20-year">"De Facto & De Jure Apartheid: A failure in international humanitarian law; A 20 year conversation on South Africa's racialized reconciliation | Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy"</a>. <i>fordschool.umich.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fordschool.umich.edu&rft.atitle=De+Facto+%26+De+Jure+Apartheid%3A+A+failure+in+international+humanitarian+law%3B+A+20+year+conversation+on+South+Africa%27s+racialized+reconciliation+%7C+Gerald+R.+Ford+School+of+Public+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffordschool.umich.edu%2Fevents%2F2016%2Fde-facto-and-de-jure-apartheid-failure-international-humanitarian-law-20-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same was subsequently applied to Pakistan, Ceylon and Ghana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1993" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Roberta Balstad (December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079308708377">"Science and society in the early career of H.F. Verwoerd"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern African Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 634–661. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JSAfS..19..634M">1993JSAfS..19..634M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057079308708377">10.1080/03057079308708377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7070">0305-7070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Science+and+society+in+the+early+career+of+H.F.+Verwoerd&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=634-661&rft.date=1993-12&rft.issn=0305-7070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057079308708377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JSAfS..19..634M&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roberta+Balstad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F03057079308708377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1961/mar/22/union-of-south-africa-withdrawal-from">"UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (WITHDRAWAL FROM COMMONWEALTH) (Hansard, 22 March 1961)"</a>. <i>api.parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=UNION+OF+SOUTH+AFRICA+%28WITHDRAWAL+FROM+COMMONWEALTH%29+%28Hansard%2C+22+March+1961%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1961%2Fmar%2F22%2Funion-of-south-africa-withdrawal-from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoway1977" class="citation news cs1">Ottoway, David B. (27 June 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/06/27/south-africas-ruling-house-divided/63258e0e-d8b1-48a1-ba3e-155dfbb94ae1/">"South Africa's Ruling House Divided"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+Ruling+House+Divided&rft.date=1977-06-27&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Ottoway&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1977%2F06%2F27%2Fsouth-africas-ruling-house-divided%2F63258e0e-d8b1-48a1-ba3e-155dfbb94ae1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21727896-century-after-india-ended-system-indentured-labour-its-diaspora-building">"The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 2 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+Indian+migration+to+European+colonies&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21727896-century-after-india-ended-system-indentured-labour-its-diaspora-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781782545491.00012">"Voting Behaviour and Elections"</a>. <i>How Welfare States Shape the Democratic Public</i>: 91–92. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781782545491.00012">10.4337/9781782545491.00012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782545491" title="Special:BookSources/9781782545491"><bdi>9781782545491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=How+Welfare+States+Shape+the+Democratic+Public&rft.atitle=Voting+Behaviour+and+Elections&rft.pages=91-92&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781782545491.00012&rft.isbn=9781782545491&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4337%2F9781782545491.00012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NP-ReturnOfTheNats-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NP-ReturnOfTheNats_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NP-ReturnOfTheNats_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201191607/http://www.nationalparty.co.za/0003.htm">"Return of the Nats"</a>. <i>National Party Press Releases</i>. 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The National Party reregistered as National Party South Africa (NP) and resurfaces as a mainstream political contender in post 1994 South African politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Party+Press+Releases&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+Nats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalparty.co.za%2F0003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Ian (29 August 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/return-of-the-apartheid-party-912336.html">"Return of the apartheid party"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/return-of-the-apartheid-party-912336.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+apartheid+party&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Freturn-of-the-apartheid-party-912336.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Janet (24 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20080824084245354C368343">"NP is back, itching for a fight"</a>. Independent Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NP+is+back%2C+itching+for+a+fight&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fset_id%3D1%26click_id%3D13%26art_id%3Dvn20080824084245354C368343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florin.ms/weblog1.html">"weblog1"</a>. Florin.ms. 21 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=weblog1&rft.pub=Florin.ms&rft.date=2007-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florin.ms%2Fweblog1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Party+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)#Law_and_government" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa</a> (CONTRALESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">Congress of South African Students</a> (COSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(South_Africa)" title="Keep Left (South Africa)">Keep Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">Lesbian and Gay Equality Project</a> (LGEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a> (PAGAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">South African Liberal Students' Association</a> (SALSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">South African Students Congress</a> (SASCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> (ZACF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Suffering,_Oppression_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty">People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty</a> (PASSOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_The_City" title="Reclaim The City">Reclaim the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">Social Justice Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">Unemployed Peoples' Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monopoly_capital" title="White monopoly capital">White monopoly capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungovernability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungovernability">Ungovernability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Indian sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li></ul></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and<br />periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toll_(South_Africa)" title="E-toll (South Africa)">e-tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">Phala Phala robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-<br />apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and<br />social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and<br />terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740718#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740718#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740718#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151866510">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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