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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Arina V. Tankanag</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Arina V. Tankanag"> <meta name="keywords" content="Arina V. Tankanag"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Arina V. 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Tankanag"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Arina V. Tankanag</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Phase Synchronization of Skin Blood Flow Oscillations under Deep Controlled Breathing in Human</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arina%20V.%20Tankanag">Arina V. Tankanag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gennady%20V.%20Krasnikov"> Gennady V. Krasnikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolai%20K.%20Chemeris"> Nikolai K. Chemeris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of respiration-dependent oscillations in the peripheral blood flow may occur by at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism is related to the change of venous pressure due to mechanical activity of lungs. This phenomenon is known as ‘respiratory pump’ and is one of the mechanisms of venous return of blood from the peripheral vessels to the heart. The second mechanism is related to the vasomotor reflexes controlled by the respiratory modulation of the activity of centers of the vegetative nervous system. Early high phase synchronization of respiration-dependent blood flow oscillations of left and right forearm skin in healthy volunteers at rest was shown. The aim of the work was to study the effect of deep controlled breathing on the phase synchronization of skin blood flow oscillations. 29 normotensive non-smoking young women (18-25 years old) of the normal constitution without diagnosed pathologies of skin, cardiovascular and respiratory systems participated in the study. For each of the participants six recording sessions were carried out: first, at the spontaneous breathing rate; and the next five, in the regimes of controlled breathing with fixed breathing depth and different rates of enforced breathing regime. The following rates of controlled breathing regime were used: 0.25, 0.16, 0.10, 0.07 and 0.05 Hz. The breathing depth amounted to 40% of the maximal chest excursion. Blood perfusion was registered by laser flowmeter LAKK-02 (LAZMA, Russia) with two identical channels (wavelength 0.63 µm; emission power, 0.5 mW). The first probe was fastened to the palmar surface of the distal phalanx of left forefinger; the second probe was attached to the external surface of the left forearm near the wrist joint. These skin zones were chosen as zones with different dominant mechanisms of vascular tonus regulation. The degree of phase synchronization of the registered signals was estimated from the value of the wavelet phase coherence. The duration of all recording was 5 min. The sampling frequency of the signals was 16 Hz. The increasing of synchronization of the respiratory-dependent skin blood flow oscillations for all controlled breathing regimes was obtained. Since the formation of respiration-dependent oscillations in the peripheral blood flow is mainly caused by the respiratory modulation of system blood pressure, the observed effects are most likely dependent on the breathing depth. It should be noted that with spontaneous breathing depth does not exceed 15% of the maximal chest excursion, while in the present study the breathing depth was 40%. Therefore it has been suggested that the observed significant increase of the phase synchronization of blood flow oscillations in our conditions is primarily due to an increase of breathing depth. This is due to the enhancement of both potential mechanisms of respiratory oscillation generation: venous pressure and sympathetic modulation of vascular tone. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20controlled%20breathing" title="deep controlled breathing">deep controlled breathing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peripheral%20blood%20flow%20oscillations" title=" peripheral blood flow oscillations"> peripheral blood flow oscillations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20synchronization" title=" phase synchronization"> phase synchronization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20phase%20coherence" title=" wavelet phase coherence"> wavelet phase coherence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98130/phase-synchronization-of-skin-blood-flow-oscillations-under-deep-controlled-breathing-in-human" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98130.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Behavioral and EEG Reactions in Children during Recognition of Emotionally Colored Sentences That Describe the Choice Situation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuiana%20A.%20Aiusheeva">Tuiana A. Aiusheeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20S.%20Tamozhnikov"> Sergey S. Tamozhnikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20E.%20Saprygin"> Alexander E. Saprygin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arina%20A.%20Antonenko"> Arina A. Antonenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20V.%20Stepanova"> Valentina V. Stepanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20N.%20Tolstykh"> Natalia N. Tolstykh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20N.%20Savostyanov"> Alexander N. Savostyanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Situation of choice is an important condition for the formation of essential character qualities of a child, such as being initiative, responsible, hard-working. We have studied the behavioral and EEG reactions in Russian schoolchildren during recognition of syntactic errors in emotionally colored sentences that describe the choice situation. Twenty healthy children (mean age 9,0±0,3 years, 12 boys, 8 girls) were examined. Forty sentences were selected for the experiment; the half of them contained a syntactic error. The experiment additionally had the hidden condition: 50% of the sentences described the children's own choice and were emotionally colored (positive or negative). The other 50% of the sentences described the forced-choice situation, also with positive or negative coloring. EEG were recorded during execution of error-recognition task. Reaction time and quality of syntactic error detection were chosen as behavioral measures. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) was applied to characterize the oscillatory brain activity of children. There were two time-frequency intervals in EEG reactions: (1) 500-800 ms in the 3-7 Hz frequency range (theta synchronization) and (2) 500-1000 ms in the 8-12 Hz range (alpha desynchronization). We found out that behavioral and brain reactions in child brain during recognition of positive and negative sentences describing forced-choice situation did not have significant differences. Theta synchronization and alpha desynchronization were stronger during recognition of sentences with children's own choice, especially with negative coloring. Also, the quality and execution time of the task were higher for this types of sentences. The results of our study will be useful for improvement of teaching methods and diagnostics of children affective disorders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=choice%20situation" title="choice situation">choice situation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroencephalogram%20%28EEG%29" title=" electroencephalogram (EEG)"> electroencephalogram (EEG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotionally%20colored%20sentences" title=" emotionally colored sentences"> emotionally colored sentences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schoolchildren" title=" schoolchildren"> schoolchildren</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70367/behavioral-and-eeg-reactions-in-children-during-recognition-of-emotionally-colored-sentences-that-describe-the-choice-situation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Effect of Psychological Stress to the Mucosal IL-6 and Helicobacter pylori Activity in Functional Dyspepsia and Myocytes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eryati%20Darwin">Eryati Darwin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arina%20Widya%20Murni"> Arina Widya Murni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnil%20Edwin%20Nurdin"> Adnil Edwin Nurdin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a highly prevalent and heterogeneous disorder. Most patients with FD complain of symptoms related to the intake of meals. Psychological stress may promote peptic ulcer and had an effect on ulcers associated Hp, and may also trigger worsen symptoms in inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal. Cells in mucosal gastric stimulate the production of several cytokines, which might associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The cascade of biological events leading to stress-induced FD remains poorly understood. Aim of Study: To determine the prion-flammatory cytokine IL-6, and Helicobacter pylori activity on mucosal gastric of FD and their association with psychological stress. Methods: The subjects of this study were dyspeptic patients who visited M. Djamil General Hospital and in two Community Health Centers in Padang. On the basis of the stress index scale to identify psychological stress by using Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 42), subjects were divided into two groups of 20 each, stress groups and non-stress groups. All diagnoses were confirmed by review of cortisol and esophagogastroduodenoscopy reports. Gastric biopsy samples and peripheral blood were taken during diagnostic procedures. Immunohistochemistry methods were used to determine the expression of IL-6 and Hp in gastric mucosal. The data were statistically analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis. All procedures of this study were approved by Research Ethics Committee of Medical Faculty Andalas University. Results: In this study, we enrolled 40 FD patients (26 woman and 14 men) in range between 35-56 years old. Cortisol level of blood FD patients as parameter of stress hormone which taken in the morning was significantly higher in stress group than non-stress group. The expression of IL-6 in gastric mucosa was significantly higher in stress group in compared to non-stress group (p<0,05). Helicobacter pylori activity in gastric mucosal in stress group were significantly higher than non-stress group. Conclusion: The present study showed that psychological stress can induce gastric mucosal inflammation and increase of Helicobacter pylori activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20dyspepsia" title="functional dyspepsia">functional dyspepsia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helicobacter%20pylori" title=" Helicobacter pylori"> Helicobacter pylori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interleukin-6" title=" interleukin-6"> interleukin-6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20stress" title=" psychological stress"> psychological stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62095/effect-of-psychological-stress-to-the-mucosal-il-6-and-helicobacter-pylori-activity-in-functional-dyspepsia-and-myocytes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Pioneering Technology of Night Photo-Stimulation of the Brain Lymphatic System: Therapy of Brain Diseases during Sleep</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya%20Oxana">Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya Oxana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fedosov%20Ivan"> Fedosov Ivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Blokhina%20Inna"> Blokhina Inna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terskov%20Andrey"> Terskov Andrey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evsukova%20Arina"> Evsukova Arina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elovenko%20Daria"> Elovenko Daria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adushkina%20Viktoria"> Adushkina Viktoria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dubrovsky%20Alexander"> Dubrovsky Alexander</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%BCrgen%20Kurths"> Jürgen Kurths</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In modern neurobiology, sleep is considered a novel biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for brain diseases. This is due to recent discoveries of the nighttime activation of the brain lymphatic system (BLS), playing an important role in the removal of wastes and toxins from the brain and contributes neuroprotection of the central nervous system (CNS). In our review, we discuss that night stimulation of BLS might be a breakthrough strategy in a new treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, stroke, brain trauma, and oncology. Although this research is in its infancy, however, there are pioneering and promising results suggesting that night transcranial photostimulation (tPBM) stimulates more effectively lymphatic removal of amyloid-beta from mouse brain than daily tPBM that is associated with a greater improvement of the neurological status and recognition memory of animals. In our previous study, we discovered that tPBM modulates the tone and permeability of the lymphatic endothelium by stimulating NO formation, promoting lymphatic clearance of wastes and toxins from the brain tissues. We also demonstrate that tPBM can also lead to angio- and lymphangiogenesis, which is another mechanism underlying tPBM-mediated stimulation of BLS. Thus, photo-augmentation of BLS might be a promising therapeutic target for preventing or delaying brain diseases associated with BLS dysfunction. Here we present pioneering technology for simultaneous tPBM in humans and sleep monitoring for stimulation of BLS to remove toxins from CNS and modulation of brain immunity. The wireless-controlled gadget includes a flexible organic light-emitting diode (LED) source that is controlled directly by a sleep-tracking device via a mobile application. The designed autonomous LED source is capable of providing the required therapeutic dose of light radiation at a certain region of the patient’s head without disturbing of sleeping patient. To minimize patients' discomfort, advanced materials like flexible organic LEDs were used. Acknowledgment: This study was supported by RSF project No. 23-75-30001. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20diseases" title="brain diseases">brain diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20lymphatic%20system" title=" brain lymphatic system"> brain lymphatic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phototherapy" title=" phototherapy"> phototherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleep" title=" sleep"> sleep</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166239/pioneering-technology-of-night-photo-stimulation-of-the-brain-lymphatic-system-therapy-of-brain-diseases-during-sleep" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Swimming Pool Hygiene and Assessment of Microbial Contamination in Educational Institution in Selangor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zarini%20Ismail">Zarini Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mas%20Ayu%20Arina%20Mohd%20Anuwar"> Mas Ayu Arina Mohd Anuwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ling%20Chai%20Ying"> Ling Chai Ying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tengku%20Zetty%20Maztura%20Tengku%20Jamaluddin"> Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Azmawati%20Mohamed"> Nurul Azmawati Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadeeya%20Ayn%20Umaisara%20Mohamad%20Nor"> Nadeeya Ayn Umaisara Mohamad Nor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The transmission of infectious diseases can occur anywhere, including in the swimming pools. A large number of swimmers turnover and poor hygienic behaviours will increase the occurrence of direct and indirect water contamination. A wide variety of infections such as the gastrointestinal illnesses, skin rash, eye infections, ear infections and respiratory illnesses had been reported following the exposure to the contaminated water. Understanding the importance of pool hygiene with a healthy practice will reduce the risk of infection. The aims of the study are to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practices on pool hygiene among swimming pool users and to determine the microbial contaminants in swimming pools. A cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaires to 600 swimming pool users from four swimming pools belong to the three educational institutions in Selangor. Data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 22.0 for Windows. The knowledge, attitude and practice of the study participants were analyzed using the sum score based on Bloom’s cut-off point (80%). Having a score above the cut-off point was classified as having high levels of knowledge, positive attitude and good practice. The association between socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude with practice on pool hygiene was determined by Chi-Square test. The physicochemical parameters and the microbial contamination were determined using a standard method for examination of waste and wastewater. Of the 600 respondents, 465 (77.5%) were females with the mean age of 21 years old. Most of the respondents are the students (98.8%) which belong to the three educational institutions in Selangor. Overall, the majority of the respondents (89.2%) had low knowledge on pool hygiene, but had positive attitudes (91.3%). Whereas only half of the respondents (50%) practice good hygiene while using the swimming pools. There was a significant association between practice level on pool hygiene with knowledge (p < 0.001) and also the attitude (p < 0.001). The measurements of the physicochemical parameters showed that all 4 swimming pools had low levels of pH and two had low levels of free chlorine. However, all the water samples tested were negative for Escherichia coli. The findings of this study suggested that high knowledge and positive attitude towards pool hygiene ensure a good practice among swimming pool users. Thus, it is recommended that educational interventions should be given to the swimming pool users to increase their knowledge regarding the pool hygiene and this will prevent the unnecessary outbreak of infectious diseases related to swimming pool. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude" title="attitude">attitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pool%20hygiene" title=" pool hygiene"> pool hygiene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practice" title=" practice"> practice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67187/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-on-swimming-pool-hygiene-and-assessment-of-microbial-contamination-in-educational-institution-in-selangor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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