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id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Rudolf Hess</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 54 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B3" title="فالتر هس - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالتر هس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B3" title="فالتر هس - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فالتر هس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%B3" title="والتر رودلف هس - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والتر رودلف هس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Вальтэр Гес - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вальтэр Гес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Валтер Хес - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валтер Хес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="ওয়াল্টার রুডোলফ হেস - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াল্টার রুডোলফ হেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%86%DA%B5%D9%81_%DA%BE%D8%B3" title="واڵتەر ڕۆدۆڵف ھس - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="واڵتەر ڕۆدۆڵف ھس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%B3" title="والتر رودلف هس - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر رودلف هس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A1" title="וולטר רודולף הס - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולטר רודולף הס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%82%B9" title="ヴァルター・ヘス - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルター・ヘス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Уолтер Гесс - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уолтер Гесс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಾಲ್ಟರ್ ರೂಡೋಲ್ಫ್ ಹೆಸ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಲ್ಟರ್ ರೂಡೋಲ್ಫ್ ಹೆಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%84%B0_%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%97%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="발터 루돌프 헤스 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발터 루돌프 헤스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualtherius_Hess" title="Gualtherius Hess - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gualtherius Hess" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%87%D8%B3" title="والتر رودلف هس - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="والتر رودلف هس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="والٹر روڈلف ہیس - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="والٹر روڈلف ہیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гесс, Вальтер - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гесс, Вальтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Валтер Хес - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валтер Хес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hess" title="Walter Hess - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walter Hess" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Вальтер Рудольф Һесс - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вальтер Рудольф Һесс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Вальтер Гесс - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вальтер Гесс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="والٹر روڈلف ہیس - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والٹر روڈلف ہیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Walter Rudolf Hess" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" 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1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Walter Rudolf Hess<hr /><small><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medaglia del Premio Nobel"><img alt="Medaglia del Premio Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Premio Nobel per la medicina">Premio Nobel per la medicina</a> <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a></small></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Walter Rudolf Hess</b> (<a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_marzo" title="17 marzo">17 marzo</a> <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a> – <a href="/wiki/Locarno" title="Locarno">Locarno</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_agosto" title="12 agosto">12 agosto</a> <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>) è stato un <a href="/wiki/Medico" title="Medico">medico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologo</a> <a href="/wiki/Svizzera" title="Svizzera">svizzero</a>. </p><p>Insegnò dal <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> all'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Zurigo" title="Università di Zurigo">Università di Zurigo</a> e nel <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> vinse il <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Premio Nobel per la medicina">premio Nobel per la medicina</a> per la scoperta delle funzioni del <a href="/wiki/Tronco_cerebrale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tronco cerebrale">tronco cerebrale</a> e del suo ruolo nel sincronismo indipendente nei vari processi adempiuti dagli organi interni.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condivise il Nobel del 1949 con <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Egas Moniz">Egas Moniz</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vita">Vita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Vita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Vita"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walter Rudolf Hess nacque a <a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a> come il secondo di tre figli da Clemens Hess e Gertrud Hess. Suo padre la incoraggiò a perseguire una carriera scientifica e con lui condusse esperimenti nel suo laboratorio di fisica. Walter Rudolf iniziò a studiare medicina a <a href="/wiki/Losanna" title="Losanna">Losanna</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a> e successivamente a <a href="/wiki/Berlino" title="Berlino">Berlino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Zurigo" title="Zurigo">Zurigo</a>. Ottenne la laurea in medicina all'Università di Zurigo nel <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> e si formò come chirurgo a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterlingen" title="Münsterlingen">Münsterlingen</a> (nello stesso cantone della sua città natale, Frauenfeld) sotto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Brunner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Brunner (la pagina non esiste)">Conrad Brunner</a> (1859-1927). Durante questo periodo sviluppò un viscosimetro, uno strumento atto a misurare la <a href="/wiki/Viscosit%C3%A0" title="Viscosità">viscosità</a> del sangue, e pubblicò la sua tesi nel 1906 intitolata "Zum Thema Viskosität des Blutes und Herzarbeit".<sup id="cite_ref-hess_diss_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hess_diss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a>, andò all'Università di Zurigo per studiare nell'équipe di Otto Haab, al fine di addestrarsi come <a href="/wiki/Oftalmologo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oftalmologo">oftalmologo</a> e aprì il suo studio privato a <a href="/wiki/Rapperswil_(Rapperswil-Jona)" title="Rapperswil (Rapperswil-Jona)">Rapperswil</a>. In questi anni sviluppò lo "schermo Hess" (che nei decenni successivi fu migliorato divenendo noto come <a href="/wiki/Schermo_di_Hess-Lancaster" title="Schermo di Hess-Lancaster">schermo di Hess-Lancaster</a>, sposò Louise Sandmeier e nel <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> nacque la figlia Gertrud Hess. Nel <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> nacque il figlio Rudolf Max Hess.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> lasciò il suo lucroso studio privato di oftalmologo e iniziò a fare ricerca scientifica sotto Justus Gaule (1849-1939), abilitandolo nel <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> come <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> (un titolo accademico che viene conferito in alcune università europee, in particolare nei paesi di lingua tedesca). I suoi principali interessi erano la regolazione del flusso sanguigno e il controllo della respirazione. Durante la <a href="/wiki/Prima_guerra_mondiale" title="Prima guerra mondiale">prima guerra mondiale</a> trascorse un anno presso l'Istituto di fisiologia dell'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Bonn" title="Università di Bonn">Università di Bonn</a> nella équipe di Max Verworn. Nel 1916, Gaule andò in pensione e Hess divenne prima direttore <a href="/wiki/Ad_interim" title="Ad interim">ad interim</a> del Dipartimento di Istituto di Fisiologia dell'Università di Zurigo e nel <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> fu ufficialmente promosso a professore ordinario e direttore dell'istituto, fino al suo pensionamento nel <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negli anni '30 iniziò a mappare le parti del diencefalo che controllano gli organi interni eseguendo le sue ricerche sui <a href="/wiki/Felis_silvestris_catus" title="Felis silvestris catus">gatti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questi studi gli valsero il premio Nobel per la fisiologia e la medicina nel 1949. Hess contribuì anche a fondare la fondazione per la ricerca meteorologica <i>Fondazione Internazionale per la ricerca alpina, stazione di Jungfraujoch</i> nel 1930 e ne fu il direttore fino al 1937. Egli fu anche noto per una sua campagna politica contro gli anti-vivisezionisti che volevano proibire la sperimentazione animale.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hess si pensionò nel 1951, ma continuò a lavorare in un ufficio, lasciato a suo uso, all'università. Nel 1967, si trasferì ad <a href="/wiki/Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a> e morì di infarto nel <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> all'età di 92 anni a <a href="/wiki/Locarno" title="Locarno">Locarno</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Svizzera" title="Svizzera">Svizzera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La sua vedova morì nel <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attività_di_ricerca"><span id="Attivit.C3.A0_di_ricerca"></span>Attività di ricerca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Attività di ricerca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Attività di ricerca"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walter Rudolf Hess ha utilizzato tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale sviluppate alla fine degli anni '20, ricorrendo a elettrodi per stimolare il cervello in regioni anatomiche ben definite. Ciò gli ha permesso di mappare le regioni del cervello a specifiche risposte fisiologiche. Egli sviluppò una tecnica speciale che ha chiamò "stimolazione a corrente continua (DC) interrotta" basata su stimolazioni di lunga durata (in genere 12,5 o 25 ms) con pendenze ascendenti e discendenti molto brusche (simili a rampe). Gli stimoli utilizzati erano di potenziale elettrico piuttosto debole (circa 0,5-1,5 V) e inoltre di bassa frequenza (range 2-12 Hz, di solito 8 Hz); lo studioso ricorse anche all'utilizzo di elettrodi molto sottili con un diametro di 0,25 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hess scoprì che stimolando l'<a href="/wiki/Ipotalamo" title="Ipotalamo">ipotalamo</a>, poteva indurre comportamenti variabili dall'eccitazione all'apatia; a seconda della regione di stimolazione. Scoprì che poteva indurre diversi tipi di risposta quando stimolava l'ipotalamo anteriore (laterale) rispetto alla stimolazione dell'ipotalamo posteriore (ventromediale). Quando stimolava la parte anteriore poteva indurre la caduta della pressione sanguigna, il rallentamento della respirazione e alcune risposte come la <a href="/wiki/Fame" title="Fame">fame</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Sete" title="Sete">sete</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Minzione" title="Minzione">minzione</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Defecazione" title="Defecazione">defecazione</a>. D'altra parte, la stimolazione della parte posteriore comportava un'eccitazione estrema e un comportamento molto simile a quello di difesa.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hess scoprì anche che con determinate stimolazioni poteva indurre il <a href="/wiki/Sonno" title="Sonno">sonno</a> nei gatti: questa fu una scoperta che, all'epoca, fu ritenuta dubbia e fonte di molte controversie, ma successivamente fu confermata da altre ricerche, tra cui quelle eseguite dal figlio Rudolf, Max Hess.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onorificenze">Onorificenze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Onorificenze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Onorificenze"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Premio scientifico svizzero Marcel Benoist - 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dottorato onorario all'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Berna" title="Università di Berna">Università di Berna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Ginevra" title="Università di Ginevra">Università di Ginevra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_McGill" title="Università McGill">Università McGill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Friburgo" title="Università di Friburgo">Università di Friburgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Premio Nobel per la Medicina">Premio Nobel per la Medicina</a> e la Fisiologia - 1949<sup id="cite_ref-cw_hess_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">La sua Lettura al Premio Nobel "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/hess-lecture.html">The Central Control of the Activity of Internal Organs</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hess_diss-2"><a href="#cite_ref-hess_diss_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Hess WR., <span style="font-style:italic;">Zum Thema Viskosität des Blutes und Herzarbeit. Dissertation</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Vierteljahresschr Natur forsch Ges Zürich</span>, vol. 51, 1906, pp. 236–51.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cw_hess-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-6">g</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-7">h</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-8">i</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cw_hess_3-9">j</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Christian W. Hess, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanp.ch/docs/2008/2008-04/2008-04-006.PDF"><span style="font-style:italic;">W.R. Hess Biography</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;">Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie</span>, vol. 159, n. 4, pp. 255–261. <small>URL consultato il 19 aprile 2018</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R. Douglas Fields, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whywesnapunderst0000fiel"><span style="font-style:italic;">Why We Snap: Understanding the Rage Circuit in Your Brain</span></a>, Dutton, 2016, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whywesnapunderst0000fiel/page/14">14</a>, 30, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-525-95483-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-525-95483-5">978-0-525-95483-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" class="extiw" title="q:Walter Rudolf Hess">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Walter Rudolf Hess"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walter_Rudolf_Hess?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni di o su <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" class="extiw" title="q:Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Rudolf Hess</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walter_Rudolf_Hess?uselang=it">Walter Rudolf Hess</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rudolf_Hess&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/walter-rudolf-hess"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hess, Walter Rudolf</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115470#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDSS" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr>, <abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr>, <abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/it/articles/014404"><span style="font-style:italic;">Walter Rudolf Hess</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">hls-dhs-dss.ch</span>, <a href="/wiki/Dizionario_storico_della_Svizzera" title="Dizionario storico della Svizzera">Dizionario storico della Svizzera</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115470#P902" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walter-Rudolf-Hess"><span style="font-style:italic;">Walter Rudolf Hess</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115470#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFnobelprize.org" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/347"><span style="font-style:italic;">Walter Rudolf Hess</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nobelprize.org</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115470#P8024" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDictionary_of_Art_Historians" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistorians.info/hessw"><span style="font-style:italic;">Walter Rudolf Hess</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Dictionary of Art Historians</span>, Lee Sorensen.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115470#P2332" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Template:Premio Nobel per la medicina"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Premio Nobel per la medicina (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vincitori_del_premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la medicina">Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la medicina</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1901 - 1925</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a> (1901) • <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> (1902) • <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a> (1903) • <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1904) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> (1905) • <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> (1906) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran</a> (1907) • <a href="/wiki/Il%27ja_Il%27i%C4%8D_Me%C4%8Dnikov" title="Il'ja Il'ič Mečnikov">Il'ja Il'ič Mečnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> (1908) • <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Theodor Kocher</a> (1909) • <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a> (1910) • <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a> (1911) • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> (1912) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Richet" title="Charles Robert Richet">Charles Robert Richet</a> (1913) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Robert Bárány</a> (1914) • <a href="/wiki/Jules_Jean_Baptiste_Vincent_Bordet" title="Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet">Jules Bordet</a> (1919) • <a href="/wiki/Schack_August_Steenberg_Krogh" title="Schack August Steenberg Krogh">August Krogh</a> (1920) • <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Archibald Vivian Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a> (1922) • <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Grant_Banting" title="Frederick Grant Banting">Frederick Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">John James Rickard Macleod</a> (1923) • <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> (1924)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1926 - 1950</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a> (1926) • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jules_Henri_Nicolle" title="Charles Jules Henri Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a> (1928) • <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Hopkins</a> (1929) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a> (1930) • <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a> (1931) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1932) • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1933) • <a href="/wiki/George_Hoyt_Whipple" title="George Hoyt Whipple">George Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Richards_Minot" title="George Richards Minot">George Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Parry_Murphy" title="William Parry Murphy">William Murphy</a> (1934) • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a> (1935) • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a> (1936) • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937) • <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Heymans" title="Corneille Jean François Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a> (1938) • <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a> (1939) • <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Carl_Peter_Dam" title="Henrik Carl Peter Dam">Henrik Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a> (1943) • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Spencer Gasser</a> (1944) • <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey" title="Howard Walter Florey">Howard Walter Florey</a> (1945) • <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a> (1946) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Ferdinand Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Theresa_Cori" title="Gerty Theresa Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" title="Bernardo Alberto Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a> (1947) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Hermann Müller</a> (1948) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Rudolf Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Egas_Moniz" title="Antonio Egas Moniz">Antonio Egas Moniz</a> (1949) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Calvin Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Showalter Hench</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1951 - 1975</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a> (1951) • <a href="/wiki/Selman_Abraham_Waksman" title="Selman Abraham Waksman">Selman Waksman</a> (1952) • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Adolf Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a> (1953) • <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Huckle Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Chapman Robbins</a> (1954) • <a href="/wiki/Axel_Hugo_Theodor_Theorell" title="Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a> (1955) • <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Frédéric Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Richards" title="Dickinson Richards">Dickinson Richards</a> (1956) • <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a> (1957) • <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">George Wells Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Edward Lawrie Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> (1958) • <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a> (1959) • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1960) • <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a> (1961) • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">James Dewey Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> (1962) • <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">John Carew Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1963) • <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a> (1964) • <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">André Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> (1965) • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Peyton Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a> (1966) • <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a> (1967) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley">Robert W. Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a> (1968) • <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Luria" title="Salvatore Luria">Salvador Luria</a> (1969) • <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a> (1970) • <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland" title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland">Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.</a> (1971) • <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a> (1972) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (1973) • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a> (1974) • <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a> (1975)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">1976 - 2000</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Blumberg" title="Baruch Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Carleton Gajdusek</a> (1976) • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viktor_Schally" title="Andrew Viktor Schally">Andrew Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a> (1977) • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Hamilton Smith</a> (1978) • <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan McLeod Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a> (1979) • <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Snell" title="George Snell">George Snell</a> (1980) • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Roger Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" title="David Hubel">David Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a> (1981) • <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Bengt Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a> (1982) • <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Kaj Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges Köhler">Georges Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1984) • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Stuart Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Joseph Goldstein</a> (1985) • <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochimico)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochimico)">Stanley Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986) • <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a> (1987) • <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">James W. Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Hitchings" title="George Herbert Hitchings">George Herbert Hitchings</a> (1988) • <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">John Michael Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a> (1989) • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Edward Donnall Thomas</a> (1990) • <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Fischer" title="Edmond Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Krebs" title="Edwin Krebs">Edwin Krebs</a> (1992) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Richard Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Sharp" title="Phillip Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman">Alfred Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bok_Lewis" title="Edward Bok Lewis">Edward Bok Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wieschaus" title="Eric Wieschaus">Eric Wieschaus</a> (1995) • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Charles_Doherty" title="Peter Charles Doherty">Peter Charles Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Zinkernagel" title="Rolf Zinkernagel">Rolf Zinkernagel</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Stanley Prusiner</a> (1997) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Furchgott" title="Robert Furchgott">Robert Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a> (1998) • <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a> (1999) • <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> (2000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">2001 - oggi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Leland_Hartwell" title="Leland Hartwell">Leland Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2001) • <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a> (2002) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Buck" title="Linda Buck">Linda Buck</a> (2004) • <a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Marshall" title="Barry J. Marshall">Barry J. Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a> (2005) • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zachary_Fire" title="Andrew Zachary Fire">Andrew Z. Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a> (2006) • <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a> (2007) • <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> (2008) • <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a> (2009) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Geoffrey_Edwards" title="Robert Geoffrey Edwards">Robert Geoffrey Edwards</a> (2010) • <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Jules Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Ralph Steinman</a> (2011) • <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ya_Yamanaka" title="Shin'ya Yamanaka">Shin'ya Yamanaka</a> (2012) • <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Thomas Südhof</a> (2013) • <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">John O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard I. Moser</a> (2014) • <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil_Campbell" title="William Cecil Campbell">William Cecil Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015) • <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_%C5%8Csumi" title="Yoshinori Ōsumi">Yoshinori Ōsumi</a> (2016) • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Connor_Hall" title="Jeffrey Connor Hall">Jeffrey Connor Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Warren_Young" title="Michael Warren Young">Michael Warren Young</a> (2017) • <a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Allison" title="James Patrick Allison">James Patrick Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a> (2018) • <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Ratcliffe" title="Peter John Ratcliffe">Peter John Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> (2019) • <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Michael Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a> (2020) • <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a> (2021) • <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2022) • <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (2023) • <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> (2024)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/91726335">91726335</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000109978169">0000 0001 0997 8169</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_apostolica_vaticana" title="Biblioteca apostolica vaticana">BAV</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/495_155523">495/155523</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80165274">n80165274</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129010634">129010634</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007580792605171">987007580792605171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00522579">00522579</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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