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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern history of intercollegiate football (1933–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_of_intercollegiate_football_(1933–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernization_of_intercollegiate_American_football_(1933–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization_of_intercollegiate_American_football_(1933–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Modernization of intercollegiate American football (1933–1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization_of_intercollegiate_American_football_(1933–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_intercollegiate_football_(1970–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_intercollegiate_football_(1970–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern intercollegiate football (1970–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_intercollegiate_football_(1970–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_of_bowl_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_bowl_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Growth of bowl games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_bowl_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowl_Championship_Series_(1998–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowl_Championship_Series_(1998–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Bowl Championship Series (1998–2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowl_Championship_Series_(1998–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_Football_Playoff_(2014–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_Football_Playoff_(2014–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>College Football Playoff (2014–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_Football_Playoff_(2014–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_of_professional_football_(1933–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_of_professional_football_(1933–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern history of professional football (1933–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history_of_professional_football_(1933–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern history of professional football (1933–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_of_professional_football_(1933–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_football_(1933–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_football_(1933–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Professional football (1933–1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_football_(1933–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stability_and_growth_of_the_NFL_(1933–1957)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_and_growth_of_the_NFL_(1933–1957)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Stability and growth of the NFL (1933–1957)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_and_growth_of_the_NFL_(1933–1957)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Greatest_Game_Ever_Played_(1958)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Greatest_Game_Ever_Played_(1958)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>The Greatest Game Ever Played (1958)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Greatest_Game_Ever_Played_(1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Football_League,_merger_and_Vince_Lombardi_(1959–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Football_League,_merger_and_Vince_Lombardi_(1959–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>American Football League, merger and Vince Lombardi (1959–1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Football_League,_merger_and_Vince_Lombardi_(1959–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_football_(1970–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_football_(1970–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Professional football (1970–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_football_(1970–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-merger_NFL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-merger_NFL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Post-merger NFL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-merger_NFL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_professional_leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_professional_leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Other professional leagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_professional_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_of_youth_and_high_school_football_(1933–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_of_youth_and_high_school_football_(1933–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern history of youth and high school football (1933–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_of_youth_and_high_school_football_(1933–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_of_American_football_outside_the_United_States_(1933–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_of_American_football_outside_the_United_States_(1933–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern history of American football outside the United States (1933–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history_of_American_football_outside_the_United_States_(1933–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern history of American football outside the United States (1933–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_of_American_football_outside_the_United_States_(1933–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_codes_of_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_codes_of_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar codes of football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_codes_of_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:115%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History of American football</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: lightsteelblue"> Origins of American football</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Princeton_vs._Rutgers_football_game" title="1869 Princeton vs. Rutgers football game">First game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">First pro league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudge_Heffelfinger" title="Pudge Heffelfinger">First pro player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: lightsteelblue"> Close relations to other codes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: lightsteelblue"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">Canadian football comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame (College)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame (Pro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_American_football" title="Homosexuality in American football">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">Rugby league comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">Rugby union comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_football_by_year" title="Category:American football by year">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_football_seasons" title="List of college football seasons">College seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Football League seasons">NFL seasons</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:lightsteelblue 2px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_football" title="Portal:American football">American football Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_American_football" title="Template:History of American football"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_American_football" title="Template talk:History of American football"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_American_football" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of American football"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>modern history of <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a></b> can be considered to have begun after the <a href="/wiki/1932_NFL_Playoff_Game" title="1932 NFL Playoff Game">1932 NFL Playoff Game</a>, which was the first American football game to feature <a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">hash marks</a>, the legalization of the <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a> anywhere behind the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">line of scrimmage</a>, and the movement of the goal posts back to the <a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)" title="Goal line (gridiron football)">goal line</a>; it was also the first indoor game <a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Football_(1902%E2%80%9303)" title="World Series of Football (1902–03)">since 1902</a>. Other innovations to occur in the years after 1932 were the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/AP_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="AP Poll">AP Poll</a> in 1934, the tapering of the ends of the <a href="/wiki/Ball_(gridiron_football)" title="Ball (gridiron football)">football</a> in 1934, the awarding of the first <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> in 1935, the first <a href="/wiki/1936_NFL_draft" title="1936 NFL draft">NFL draft in 1936</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1939_Waynesburg_vs._Fordham_football_game" title="1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game">first televised game in 1939</a>. </p><p>Another important event was <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the 1932 Summer Olympics">the American football game</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Summer Olympics</a>, which combined with a similar demonstration game at the <a href="/wiki/1933_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 World's Fair">1933 World's Fair</a>, led to the first <a href="/wiki/College_All-Star_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="College All-Star Game">College All-Star Game</a> in 1934, which in turn was an important factor in the growth of <a href="/wiki/Professional_football_(gridiron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional football (gridiron)">professional football</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American football's explosion in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/1958_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1958 NFL Championship Game">1958 NFL Championship Game</a>, a contest that has been dubbed the "Greatest Game Ever Played". A rival league to the <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a> (AFL), began play in 1960. In 1966, the NFL initiated the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger" title="AFL–NFL merger">AFL–NFL merger</a> between the two leagues. The merger lead to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, which has become the most watched television event in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on an annual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-popular_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history_of_intercollegiate_football_(1933–present)"><span id="Modern_history_of_intercollegiate_football_.281933.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern history of intercollegiate football (1933–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern history of intercollegiate football (1933–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization_of_intercollegiate_American_football_(1933–1969)"><span id="Modernization_of_intercollegiate_American_football_.281933.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Modernization of intercollegiate American football (1933–1969)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modernization of intercollegiate American football (1933–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg/220px-Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg/330px-Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg/440px-Football_signed_by_Gerald_R._Ford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A leather football used in a 1932 <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> game, signed by former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. president</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg/220px-Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg/330px-Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg/440px-Hutson-Don-1940-grainfix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="2027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Don_Hutson" title="Don Hutson">Don Hutson</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg/220px-College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg/330px-College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg/440px-College_Football_CSU_AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>An October 2003 <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> game between <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_football" title="Colorado State Rams football">Colorado State</a> (in green jerseys) and the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_football" title="Air Force Falcons football">Air Force Academy</a> (in white jerseys)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1930s, the college game continued to grow, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, bolstered by fierce rivalries such as the "<a href="/wiki/South%27s_Oldest_Rivalry" title="South's Oldest Rivalry">South's Oldest Rivalry</a>", between Virginia and North Carolina and the "<a href="/wiki/Deep_South%27s_Oldest_Rivalry" title="Deep South's Oldest Rivalry">Deep South's Oldest Rivalry</a>", between <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football" title="Georgia Bulldogs football">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football" title="Auburn Tigers football">Auburn</a>. Although before the mid-1920s most national powers came from the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, the trend changed when several teams from the South and the West Coast achieved national success. <a href="/wiki/Wallace_William_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace William Wade">Wallace William Wade</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1925_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team#1925" title="1925 Alabama Crimson Tide football team">1925 Alabama</a> team won the <a href="/wiki/1926_Rose_Bowl" title="1926 Rose Bowl">1926 Rose Bowl</a> after receiving its first national title and <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_(coach)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander (coach)">William Alexander</a>'s 1928 <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football" title="Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football">Georgia Tech</a> team defeated <a href="/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football" title="California Golden Bears football">California</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1929_Rose_Bowl" title="1929 Rose Bowl">1929 Rose Bowl</a>. College football quickly became the most popular spectator sport in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several major modern college football conferences rose to prominence during this time period. The <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Athletic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Athletic Conference">Southwest Athletic Conference</a> had been founded in 1915. Consisting mostly of schools from Texas, the conference saw back-to-back national champions with <a href="/wiki/TCU_Horned_Frogs_football" title="TCU Horned Frogs football">Texas Christian University</a> (TCU) in 1938 and <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football" title="Texas A&M Aggies football">Texas A&M</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-1930s_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Conference" title="Pacific Coast Conference">Pacific Coast Conference</a> (PCC), a precursor to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a>, had its own back-to-back champion in the <a href="/wiki/USC_Trojans_football" title="USC Trojans football">University of Southern California</a> which was awarded the title in 1931 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-1930s_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a> (SEC) formed in 1932 and consisted mostly of schools in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in previous decades, the Big Ten continued to dominate in the 1930s and 1940s, with Minnesota winning 5 titles between 1934 and 1941, and Michigan (1933, 1947, and 1948) and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football" title="Ohio State Buckeyes football">Ohio State</a> (1942) also winning titles.<sup id="cite_ref-1930s_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1940s_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1940s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it grew beyond its regional affiliations in the 1930s, college football garnered increased national attention. Four new <a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">bowl games</a> were created: the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Bowl_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Bowl (game)">Orange Bowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Bowl" title="Sugar Bowl">Sugar Bowl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Bowl" title="Sun Bowl">Sun Bowl</a> in 1935, and the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_Classic" title="Cotton Bowl Classic">Cotton Bowl</a> in 1937. In lieu of an actual national championship, these bowl games, along with the earlier Rose Bowl, provided a way to match up teams from distant regions of the country that did not otherwise play. In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> began its <a href="/wiki/AP_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="AP Poll">weekly poll</a> of prominent sports writers, ranking all of the nation's college football teams. Since there was no national championship game, the final version of the AP poll was used to determine who was crowned the <a href="/wiki/Mythical_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythical National Championship">National Champion</a> of college football.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1930s saw growth in the passing game. Though some coaches, such as General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Neyland" title="Robert Neyland">Robert Neyland</a> at Tennessee, continued to eschew its use, several rules changes to the game had a profound effect on teams' ability to throw the ball. In 1934, the rules committee removed two major penalties—a loss of five yards for a second incomplete pass in any series of downs and a loss of possession for an incomplete pass in the end zone—and shrunk the circumference of the ball, making it easier to grip and throw. Players who became famous for taking advantage of the easier passing game included Alabama end <a href="/wiki/Don_Hutson" title="Don Hutson">Don Hutson</a> and TCU passer <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Baugh" title="Sammy Baugh">"Slingin" Sammy Baugh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, New York City's <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Athletic_Club" title="Downtown Athletic Club">Downtown Athletic Club</a> awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> halfback <a href="/wiki/Jay_Berwanger" title="Jay Berwanger">Jay Berwanger</a>, who was also the first ever <a href="/wiki/NFL_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Draft">NFL Draft</a> pick in 1936. The trophy was designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Eliscu" title="Frank Eliscu">Frank Eliscu</a> and modeled after <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> player <a href="/wiki/Ed_Smith_(running_back)" title="Ed Smith (running back)">Ed Smith</a>. The trophy recognizes the nation's "most outstanding" college football player and has become one of the most coveted awards in all of American sports.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> broadcast the <a href="/wiki/1939_Waynesburg_vs._Fordham_football_game" title="1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game">first televised college football game ever</a>, which was between Waynesburg and Fordham on September 30, 1939, on station <a href="/wiki/WNBC#Experimental_operations" title="WNBC">W2XBS</a> with one camera and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Stern" title="Bill Stern">Bill Stern</a> was the sole announcer. Estimates are that the broadcast reached approximately 1,000 television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-broadcasters_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadcasters-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/College_football_on_television" title="College football on television">College football on television</a> continued with the <a href="/wiki/1939_Nebraska_vs._Kansas_State_football_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 Nebraska vs. Kansas State football game">second televised college game</a> just one month later, on October 28, when the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_football" title="Kansas State Wildcats football">Kansas State Wildcats</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/1939_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team" title="1939 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team">Nebraska Cornhuskers</a> for their homecoming contest.<sup id="cite_ref-ksu-neb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ksu-neb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1941, virtually all football players saw action on "both sides of the ball", playing in both offensive and defensive roles. From 1941 to 1952, the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA) allowed unlimited substitution. This change was originally made because of the difficulty in fielding highly skilled players during the years of the Second World War, in which many able-bodied college-age men volunteered for or were drafted into military service.<sup id="cite_ref-one_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, college football players enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">armed forces</a>, some <a href="/wiki/List_of_american_football_games_in_Europe_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of american football games in Europe during World War II">playing in Europe during the war</a>. As most of these players had eligibility left on their college careers, some of them returned to college at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>, bringing Army back-to-back national titles in 1944 and 1945 under coach <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Red Blaik</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doc_Blanchard" title="Doc Blanchard">Doc Blanchard</a> (known as "Mr. Inside") and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Davis_(halfback)" title="Glenn Davis (halfback)">Glenn Davis</a> (known as "Mr. Outside") both won the <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a>, in 1945 and 1946 respectively. On the coaching staff of those 1944–1946 Army teams was future <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a> coach <a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi" title="Vince Lombardi">Vince Lombardi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1940s_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1940s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1950s saw the rise of yet more <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(sports)" title="Dynasty (sports)">dynasties</a> and power programs. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football" title="Oklahoma Sooners football">Oklahoma</a>, under coach <a href="/wiki/Bud_Wilkinson" title="Bud Wilkinson">Bud Wilkinson</a>, won three national titles (1950, 1955, 1956) and all ten <a href="/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference" title="Big Eight Conference">Big Eight Conference</a> championships in the decade while building a record 47-game winning streak. <a href="/wiki/Woody_Hayes" title="Woody Hayes">Woody Hayes</a> led Ohio State to two national titles, in 1954 and 1957, and dominated the Big Ten conference, winning three <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference_football_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Ten Conference football champions">Big Ten titles</a>—more than any other school. Wilkinson and Hayes, along with Robert Neyland of Tennessee, oversaw a revival of the running game in the 1950s. Passing numbers dropped from an average of 18.9 attempts in 1951 to 13.6 attempts in 1955, while teams averaged just shy of 50 running plays per game. Nine out of ten Heisman trophy winners in the 1950s were runners. Notre Dame, one of the biggest passing teams of the decade, saw a substantial decline in success; the 1950s were the only decade between 1920 and 1990 when the team did not win at least a share of the national title. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hornung" title="Paul Hornung">Paul Hornung</a>, Notre Dame quarterback, did, however, win the Heisman in 1956, becoming the only player from a losing team ever to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1950s_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950s-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the NCAA emplaced a set of new rules ending free substitution, and thus requiring the use of the <a href="/wiki/One-platoon_system" title="One-platoon system">one-platoon system</a>, primarily due to financial reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-one_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thumbs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thumbs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system allowed only one player to be substituted between plays, which effectively put an end to the use of separate specialized units.<sup id="cite_ref-border_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-border-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football" title="Tennessee Volunteers football">Tennessee</a> head coach "General" <a href="/wiki/Robert_Neyland" title="Robert Neyland">Robert Neyland</a> praised the change as the end of "chickenshit football".<sup id="cite_ref-one_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the enormous success of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1958_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1958 NFL Championship Game">1958 championship game</a>, college football no longer enjoyed the same popularity as the NFL, at least on a national level. While both games benefited from the advent of television, since the late 1950s, the NFL has become a nationally popular sport while college football has maintained strong regional ties.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCambridge_1999,_pp_171_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCambridge_1999,_pp_171-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greatest_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatest-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As professional football became a national television phenomenon, college football did as well. In the 1950s, Notre Dame, which had a large national following, formed its own network to broadcast its games, but by and large the sport still retained a mostly regional following. In 1952, the NCAA claimed all television broadcasting rights for the games of its member institutions, and it alone negotiated television rights. This situation continued until 1984, when several schools brought a suit under the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_v._Board_of_Regents_of_Univ._of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Oklahoma">ruled against the NCAA</a> and schools are now free to negotiate their own television deals. <a href="/wiki/ABC_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Sports">ABC Sports</a> began broadcasting a national Game of the Week in 1966, bringing key matchups and rivalries to a national audience for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New formations and play sets continued to be developed. <a href="/wiki/Emory_Bellard" title="Emory Bellard">Emory Bellard</a>, an assistant coach under <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Royal" title="Darrell Royal">Darrell Royal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football" title="Texas Longhorns football">University of Texas</a>, developed a three-back <a href="/wiki/Option_offense" title="Option offense">option</a> style offense known as the <a href="/wiki/Wishbone_formation" title="Wishbone formation">wishbone</a>. The wishbone is a run-heavy offense that depends on the quarterback making last second decisions on when and to whom to hand or pitch the ball to. Royal went on to teach the offense to other coaches, including <a href="/wiki/Bear_Bryant" title="Bear Bryant">Bear Bryant</a> at Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fairbanks" title="Chuck Fairbanks">Chuck Fairbanks</a> at Oklahoma and <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Rodgers" title="Pepper Rodgers">Pepper Rodgers</a> at <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football" title="UCLA Bruins football">UCLA</a>; who all adapted and developed it to their own tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategic opposite of the wishbone is the <a href="/wiki/Spread_offense" title="Spread offense">spread offense</a>, developed by professional and college coaches throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Though some schools play a run-based version of the spread, its most common use is as a passing offense designed to "spread" the field both horizontally and vertically.<sup id="cite_ref-formations_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formations-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some teams have managed to adapt with the times to keep winning consistently. In the rankings of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_football_win%E2%80%93loss_records" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I football win–loss records">most victorious programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorn_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Longhorn football">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football">Notre Dame</a> are ranked first, second, and third in total wins. </p><p>After the 1964 season, twelve years since the mandate requiring one-platoon, the NCAA repealed the rules enforcing its use and allowed an unlimited amount of player substitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-border_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-border-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed, starting with the 1965 season,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teams to form separate offensive and defensive units as well as "<a href="/wiki/Special_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Special teams">special teams</a>" which would be employed in kicking situations. The reinstatement of the two-platoon system allowed players to become more specialized by focusing on a limited number of plays and skills related to their specific position.<sup id="cite_ref-border_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-border-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s, however, some university administrators, coaches and others were calling for a return to the days of one-platoon football.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1969 college football season was celebrated as the 100th anniversary of college football. Many schools, at the behest of the NCAA, commemorated the 1969 season by wearing a special decal on their football helmets. The decal consisted of the numeral "100" inside a football shaped outline. The decal was designed to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/1869_New_Jersey_vs._Rutgers_football_game" class="mw-redirect" title="1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game">1869 game</a> between <a href="/wiki/1869_Rutgers_Queensmen_football_team" title="1869 Rutgers Queensmen football team">Rutgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/1869_Princeton_Tigers_football_team" title="1869 Princeton Tigers football team">Princeton</a>, often cited as the first college football game. Decals varied greatly from one team to another. Some teams placed the decals unobtrusively on the front or back of the helmet. Other teams placed them prominently on the side, either in addition to or in place of their regular team logo. Colors and design of the decals also varied greatly between teams; with different numeral styles and color schemes in use.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable exception was <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Harvard</a>, which abstained from the 1969 commemoration, and had its own special helmet decal made for the <a href="/wiki/1974_NCAA_Division_I_football_season" title="1974 NCAA Division I football season">1974 season</a>, which commemorates an 1874 game that Harvard played against <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a> that Harvard claims was the "real" first American football game.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_intercollegiate_football_(1970–present)"><span id="Modern_intercollegiate_football_.281970.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern intercollegiate football (1970–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern intercollegiate football (1970–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_of_bowl_games">Growth of bowl games</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth of bowl games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">Bowl game</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Bowl Game Growth</b><sup id="cite_ref-bowls1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowls1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th># of games </th></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>40<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1940, for the highest level of college football, there were only five bowl games (Rose, Orange, Sugar, Sun, and Cotton). By 1950, three more had joined that number and in 1970, there were still only eight major college bowl games. The number grew to eleven in 1976. At the birth of cable television and cable sports networks like <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>, there were fifteen bowls in 1980. With more national venues and increased available revenue, the bowls saw an explosive growth throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In the thirty years from 1950 to 1980, seven bowl games were added to the schedule. From 1980 to 2008, an additional 20 bowl games were added to the schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-bowls1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowls1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hickok1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hickok1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have criticized this growth, claiming that the increased number of games has diluted the significance of playing in a bowl game. Yet others have countered that the increased number of games has increased exposure and revenue for a greater number of schools, and see it as a positive development.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the growth of bowl games, it became difficult to determine a national champion in a fair and equitable manner. As conferences became contractually bound to certain bowl games (a situation known as a <a href="/wiki/Automatic_bids_to_non-BCS_bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic bids to non-BCS bowls">tie-in</a>), match-ups that guaranteed a consensus national champion became increasingly rare. In 1992, seven conferences and independent Notre Dame formed the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_Coalition" title="Bowl Coalition">Bowl Coalition</a>, which attempted to arrange an annual No.1 versus No.2 matchup based on the final AP poll standings. The Coalition lasted for three years; however, several scheduling issues prevented much success; tie-ins still took precedence in several cases. For example, the Big Eight and SEC champions could never meet, since they were contractually bound to different bowl games. The coalition also excluded the Rose Bowl, arguably the most prestigious game in the nation, and two major conferences—the Pac-10 and Big Ten—meaning that it had limited success. In 1995, the Coalition was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_Alliance" title="Bowl Alliance">Bowl Alliance</a>, which reduced the number of bowl games to host a national championship game to three—the <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Bowl" title="Fiesta Bowl">Fiesta</a>, Sugar, and Orange Bowls—and the participating conferences to five—the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">SEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Conference" title="Southwest Conference">Southwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference" title="Big Eight Conference">Big Eight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979%E2%80%932013)" title="Big East Conference (1979–2013)">Big East</a>. It was agreed that the No.1 and No.2 ranked teams gave up their prior bowl tie-ins and were guaranteed to meet in the national championship game, which rotated between the three participating bowls. The system still did not include the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific-10 Conference">Pac-10</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Bowl (game)">Rose Bowl</a>, and thus still lacked the legitimacy of a true national championship.<sup id="cite_ref-hickok1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hickok1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BCS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bowl_Championship_Series_(1998–2013)"><span id="Bowl_Championship_Series_.281998.E2.80.932013.29"></span>Bowl Championship Series (1998–2013)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bowl Championship Series (1998–2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series" title="Bowl Championship Series">Bowl Championship Series</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">NCAA Division I Football Championship</a></div> <p>In 1998, a new system was put into place called the Bowl Championship Series. For the first time, it included all major conferences (ACC, Big East, Big 12, Big Ten, Pac-10, and SEC) and all four major bowl games (Rose, Orange, Sugar and Fiesta). The champions of these six conferences, along with two "at-large" selections, were invited to play in the four bowl games. Each year, one of the four bowl games served as a national championship game. Also, a complex system of human polls, computer rankings, and strength of schedule calculations was instituted to rank schools. Based on this ranking system, the No.1 and No.2 teams met each year in the national championship game. Traditional tie-ins were maintained for schools and bowls not part of the national championship. For example, in years when not a part of the national championship, the Rose Bowl still hosted the Big Ten and Pac-10 champions.<sup id="cite_ref-BCS_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system continued to change, as the formula for ranking teams was tweaked from year to year. At-large teams could be chosen from any of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> conferences, though only one selection—<a href="/wiki/2004_Utah_Utes_football_team" title="2004 Utah Utes football team">Utah</a> in 2005—came from a non-BCS affiliated conference. Starting with the 2006 season, a fifth game—simply called the <a href="/wiki/BCS_National_Championship_Game" title="BCS National Championship Game">BCS National Championship Game</a>—was added to the schedule, to be played at the site of one of the four BCS bowl games on a rotating basis, one week after the regular bowl game. This opened up the BCS to two additional at-large teams. Also, rules were changed to add the champions of five additional conferences (<a href="/wiki/Conference_USA" title="Conference USA">Conference USA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference" title="Mid-American Conference">Mid-American Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference" title="Sun Belt Conference">Sun Belt Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference" title="Western Athletic Conference">Western Athletic Conference</a>), provided that said champion ranked in the top twelve in the final BCS rankings, or was within the top 16 of the BCS rankings and ranked higher than the champion of at least one of the <a href="/wiki/Power_Five_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Five conferences">"BCS conferences"</a> (also known as "AQ" conferences, for Automatic Qualifying).<sup id="cite_ref-BCS_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several times since this rule change was implemented, schools from non-AQ conferences played in BCS bowl games. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/2009_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team" title="2009 Boise State Broncos football team">Boise State</a> played <a href="/wiki/2009_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team" title="2009 TCU Horned Frogs football team">TCU</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Fiesta_Bowl" title="2010 Fiesta Bowl">Fiesta Bowl</a>, the first time two schools from non-BCS conferences played each other in a BCS bowl game. The final team from the non-AQ ranks to reach a BCS bowl game was <a href="/wiki/2012_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team" title="2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team">Northern Illinois in 2012</a>, which played in (and lost) the <a href="/wiki/2013_Orange_Bowl" title="2013 Orange Bowl">2013 Orange Bowl</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College_Football_Playoff_(2014–present)"><span id="College_Football_Playoff_.282014.E2.80.93present.29"></span>College Football Playoff (2014–present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: College Football Playoff (2014–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the intensification of the <a href="/wiki/College_football_playoff_debate" title="College football playoff debate">college football playoff debate</a> after nearly a decade of the sometimes disputable results of the BCS, the conference commissioners and Notre Dame's president voted to implement a postseason tournament to name a champion, which came to be called the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff" title="College Football Playoff">College Football Playoff</a> (CFP). CFP is the annual postseason tournament for the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision</a> (FBS). Just as its predecessors, such a postseason tournament has failed to receive official sanctioning from the NCAA. </p><p>The CFP system is centered on six major bowl games played on or near New Year's Day, often called the "New Year's Six". Three pairs of games rotate annually as hosts of CFP semifinals. The champions of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Power_Five_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Five conferences">Power Five conferences</a> (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, SEC) all receive guaranteed berths in one of the New Year's Six games, though not necessarily in the CFP semifinals. <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish football">Notre Dame</a>, a football <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools" title="NCAA Division I FBS independent schools">independent</a> but otherwise an ACC member, has its own arrangement for access to the New Year's Six should it meet specified criteria. A selection committee similar to those used by the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_basketball_tournament_selection_process" title="NCAA basketball tournament selection process">NCAA basketball tournaments for men and women</a> releases a weekly ranking concurrently with the <a href="/wiki/AP_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="AP Poll">AP Poll</a> starting with the Monday after Week 10 of the season. After the completion of the regular season, the committee selects the four teams that will compete in the CFP semifinals and the at-large entries to the New Year's Six games. One of the at-large entries is reserved for the top-ranking champion of the so-called "Group of Five" conferences (<a href="/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference" title="American Athletic Conference">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conference_USA" title="Conference USA">Conference USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference" title="Mid-American Conference">MAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference" title="Sun Belt Conference">Sun Belt</a>). The semifinal winners advance to the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship" title="College Football Playoff National Championship">College Football Playoff National Championship game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usat_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usat-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first season of the new system was not without controversy, however, after <a href="/wiki/2014_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team" title="2014 TCU Horned Frogs football team">TCU</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Baylor_Bears_football_team" title="2014 Baylor Bears football team">Baylor</a> (each with only one loss) both failed to receive the support of the College Football Playoff selection committee.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CFP was expanded to 12 teams as of the <a href="/wiki/2024_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season" title="2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season">2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history_of_professional_football_(1933–present)"><span id="Modern_history_of_professional_football_.281933.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern history of professional football (1933–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history of professional football (1933–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Professional_football_(gridiron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional football (gridiron)">Professional football (gridiron)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_football_(1933–1969)"><span id="Professional_football_.281933.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Professional football (1933–1969)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Professional football (1933–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stability_and_growth_of_the_NFL_(1933–1957)"><span id="Stability_and_growth_of_the_NFL_.281933.E2.80.931957.29"></span>Stability and growth of the NFL (1933–1957)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stability and growth of the NFL (1933–1957)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1933_NFL_season" title="1933 NFL season">1933 NFL season</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office,_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_at_his_desk_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_receiving_his_annual_pass_to_National_Football_League..._-_NARA_-_200160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Preston_Marshall" title="George Preston Marshall">George Preston Marshall</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="National Football League Commissioner">National Football League Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bell" title="Bert Bell">Bert Bell</a> (center) with President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in September 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1930s represented an important time of transition for the NFL. League membership was fluid prior to the mid-1930s. 1936 was the first year where there were no franchise moves,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to that year 51 teams had gone defunct.<sup id="cite_ref-hicknfl_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hicknfl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1936, the NFL instituted the first <a href="/wiki/NFL_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Draft">draft</a> of college players. With the first ever draft selection, the Philadelphia Eagles picked Heisman Trophy winner <a href="/wiki/Jay_Berwanger" title="Jay Berwanger">Jay Berwanger</a>, but he declined to play professionally.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in that year, <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1936)" title="American Football League (1936)">another AFL</a> formed, but it also lasted only two seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1931_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1931-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An NFL game was televised for the first time when <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> broadcast the October 22, 1939 <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)" title="Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL)">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> game at <a href="/wiki/Ebbets_Field" title="Ebbets Field">Ebbets Field</a> in Brooklyn (the Dodgers won <a href="/wiki/1939_Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)_season#Schedule" title="1939 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season">23-14</a>). The experimental broadcast was broadcast only to viewers in New York and <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>; regular broadcasting of NFL games would not begin until 1951. </p><p>The football, itself, changed in 1934, with a rule change that tapered the ball at the ends more and reduced the size around the middle. This new, sleeker ball made it much easier to handle, particularly for passers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, the last year of integration, the NFL had two black players, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lillard" title="Joe Lillard">Joe Lillard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kemp" title="Ray Kemp">Ray Kemp</a>. Both were gone by the end of the season: Lillard, due largely to his tendency to get into fights, was not invited back to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals" title="Chicago Cardinals">Chicago Cardinals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_1999,_p._40–45._42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_1999,_p._40–45.-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson,_1997,_p._179._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson,_1997,_p._179.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite in 1933 being responsible for almost half of the Cardinals' points, while Kemp quit on his own accord to pursue a coaching career (one that turned out to be long and successful).<sup id="cite_ref-hof_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hof-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_1999,_p._50._45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_1999,_p._50.-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many observers will attribute the subsequent lockout of black players to the entry of <a href="/wiki/George_Preston_Marshall" title="George Preston Marshall">George Preston Marshall</a> into the league in 1932. Marshall openly refused to have black athletes on his <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Redskins">Boston Braves/Washington Redskins</a> team, and reportedly pressured the rest of the league to follow suit. Marshall, however, was likely not the only reason: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> had stoked an increase in racism and self-inflicted segregation across the country, and internal politics likely had as much of an effect as external pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-hof_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hof-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall's hostility was specifically directed at the black race; he openly allowed (and promoted) Native Americans on his team, including his first head coach, <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Dietz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone Star Dietz">Lone Star Dietz</a>, widely believed to be a Native American at the time. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_name_controversy" title="Washington Redskins name controversy">The choice of Redskins as his team name</a> in 1933 was in part to maintain the native connotations that came with the previous team's name, the <i>Boston Braves</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason for Marshall's anti-black sentiment was to curry favor in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>; Marshall's Redskins had a strong following in that part of the country, which he vigorously defended, and he stood up against the NFL's efforts to put <a href="/wiki/Expansion_team" title="Expansion team">expansion teams</a> in the South until <a href="/wiki/Clint_Murchison_Jr." title="Clint Murchison Jr.">Clint Murchison Jr.</a>'s extortion attempt as he acquired the rights to the <a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hail to the Redskins">Hail to the Redskins</a>, their fight song, and threatened not to let Marshall use it unless he got an expansion team in Dallas, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1934, there were no more black players in the league.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_2005,_p._98._48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_2005,_p._98.-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Algeo,_2006,_p._38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeo,_2006,_p._38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NFL did not have another black player until after World War II. </p><p>In 1941, the NFL named its first Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Layden" title="Elmer Layden">Elmer Layden</a>. The new office replaced that of President. Layden held the job for five years, before being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> co-owner <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bell" title="Bert Bell">Bert Bell</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1941_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1941-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, a player shortage led to a shrinking of the league as several teams folded and others merged. Among the short-lived merged teams were the <a href="/wiki/Steagles" title="Steagles">Steagles</a> (Pittsburgh and Philadelphia) in 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Card-Pitt" title="Card-Pitt">Card-Pitts</a> (Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh) in 1944, and a team formed from the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)" title="Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL)">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Yanks" title="Boston Yanks">Boston Yanks</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-hicknfl_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hicknfl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NFL1941_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1941-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1946 was an important year in the history of professional football, as that was the year when the NFL <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">reintegrated</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams" title="Los Angeles Rams">Los Angeles Rams</a> signed two African American players, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Washington_(American_football)" title="Kenny Washington (American football)">Kenny Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woody_Strode" title="Woody Strode">Woody Strode</a>. Also that year, a competing league, the <a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a> (AAFC), began operation.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1941_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1941-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, additional teams entered the league. In 1950, the AAFC folded, and three teams from that league were absorbed into the NFL: the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> (who had won the AAFC Championship every year of the league's existence), the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers" title="San Francisco 49ers">San Francisco 49ers</a>, and the Baltimore Colts (not the same as the modern franchise, this version folded after one year). The remaining players were chosen by the now 13 NFL teams in a <a href="/wiki/Dispersal_draft" title="Dispersal draft">dispersal draft</a>. Also in 1950, the Los Angeles Rams became the first team to televise its entire schedule, marking the beginning of an important relationship between television and professional football.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1941_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1941-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Texans_(NFL)" title="Dallas Texans (NFL)">Dallas Texans</a> went defunct, becoming the last NFL franchise to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-hicknfl_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hicknfl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year a new <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Colts" title="Baltimore Colts">Baltimore Colts</a> franchise formed to take over the assets of the Texans. The players' union, known as the <a href="/wiki/NFL_Players_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Players Association">NFL Players Association</a>, formed in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1951_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1951-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Greatest_Game_Ever_Played_(1958)"><span id="The_Greatest_Game_Ever_Played_.281958.29"></span>The Greatest Game Ever Played (1958)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Greatest Game Ever Played (1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1958_NFL_Championship_Game" title="1958 NFL Championship Game">1958 NFL Championship Game</a></div> <p>At the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/1958_NFL_season" title="1958 NFL season">1958 NFL season</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indianapolis_Colts" title="History of the Indianapolis Colts">Baltimore Colts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a> met at <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a> to determine the league champion. Tied after 60 minutes of play, it became the first NFL game to go into <a href="/wiki/Sudden_death_(sport)" title="Sudden death (sport)">sudden death</a> <a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)" title="Overtime (sports)">overtime</a>. The final score was <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Colts" title="Baltimore Colts">Baltimore Colts</a> 23, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a> 17. The game has since become widely known as "the Greatest Game Ever Played". It was carried live on the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> television network, and the national exposure it provided the league has been cited as a watershed moment in professional football history, helping propel the NFL to become one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1951_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1951-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Tex Maule said of the contest, "This, for the first time, was a truly epic game which inflamed the imagination of a national audience."<sup id="cite_ref-MacCambridge_1999,_pp_171_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCambridge_1999,_pp_171-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Football_League,_merger_and_Vince_Lombardi_(1959–1969)"><span id="American_Football_League.2C_merger_and_Vince_Lombardi_.281959.E2.80.931969.29"></span>American Football League, merger and Vince Lombardi (1959–1969)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American Football League, merger and Vince Lombardi (1959–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, longtime NFL commissioner <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bell" title="Bert Bell">Bert Bell</a> died of a heart attack while attending an Eagles/Steelers game at <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a>. That same year, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas businessman <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Hunt" title="Lamar Hunt">Lamar Hunt</a> led the formation of the rival <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a>, the fourth such league to bear that name, with war hero and former South Dakota Governor <a href="/wiki/Joe_Foss" title="Joe Foss">Joe Foss</a> as its Commissioner. Unlike the earlier rival leagues, and bolstered by television exposure, the AFL posed a significant threat to NFL dominance of the professional football world. In 1960, the AFL began play with eight teams and a double round-robin schedule of fourteen games. New NFL commissioner <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a> took office the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1951_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1951-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFL generally avoided placing teams in markets where they directly competed with established NFL franchises. Although four inaugural AFL teams shared markets with NFL teams—the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Dallas Texans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers" title="Los Angeles Chargers">Los Angeles Chargers</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">Titans of New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Raiders" title="Oakland Raiders">Oakland Raiders</a> (the latter sharing the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers" title="San Francisco 49ers">San Francisco 49ers</a>)—only the franchises in New York (renamed the New York Jets) and Oakland remained in direct competition with NFL teams after the league's early years. The Chargers moved to San Diego after the 1960 season and the Texans moved to Kansas City after the 1962 season, becoming the Chiefs. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik" title="Chuck Bednarik">Chuck Bednarik</a> retired from playing <a href="/wiki/Linebacker" title="Linebacker">linebacker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)" title="Center (gridiron football)">center</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> in 1962, he became professional football's last full-time two-way player.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his retirement, Bednarik became an outspoken critic of the modern football player's lack of stamina under free substitution.<sup id="cite_ref-one_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AFL was able to become a viable alternative to the NFL as it made a concerted effort to attract established talent away from the NFL, signing half of the NFL's first-round draft choices in 1960. The AFL worked hard to secure top college players, many from sources virtually untapped by the established league: small colleges and <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">predominantly black colleges</a>. Two of the eight coaches of the <a href="/wiki/Foolish_Club" title="Foolish Club">Original Eight</a> AFL franchises, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Stram" title="Hank Stram">Hank Stram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Texans/Chiefs</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sid_Gillman" title="Sid Gillman">Sid Gillman</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers" title="San Diego Chargers">Chargers</a>) eventually were inducted to the Hall of Fame. Led by <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Raiders" title="Oakland Raiders">Oakland Raiders</a> owner and AFL commissioner <a href="/wiki/Al_Davis" title="Al Davis">Al Davis</a>, the AFL established a "war chest" to entice top talent with higher pay than they got from the NFL. Former Green Bay Packers quarterback <a href="/wiki/Babe_Parilli" title="Babe Parilli">Babe Parilli</a> became a star for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Patriots" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Patriots">Boston Patriots</a> during the early years of the AFL, and University of Alabama passer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Namath" title="Joe Namath">Joe Namath</a> rejected the NFL to play for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">New York Jets</a>. Namath became the face of the league as it reached its height of popularity in the mid-1960s. Davis's methods worked, and in 1966, the junior league forced a partial merger with the NFL. The two leagues agreed to have a common <a href="/wiki/NFL_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Draft">draft</a> and play in a common season-ending championship game, known as the AFL-NFL World Championship. Two years later, the game's name was changed to the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1961_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1961-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFL_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFL-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AFL teams won the next two Super Bowls, and in 1970, the two leagues <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger" title="AFL–NFL merger">merged</a> to form a new 26-team league. The resulting newly expanded NFL eventually incorporated some of the innovations that led to the AFL's success, such as including names on player's jerseys, official scoreboard clocks, national television contracts (the addition of <i><a href="/wiki/Monday_Night_Football" title="Monday Night Football">Monday Night Football</a></i> gave the NFL broadcast rights on all of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_television_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three television networks">Big Three television networks</a>), and sharing of gate and broadcasting revenues between home and visiting teams.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1961_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1961-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Washington Redskins had no black players until <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Interior Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> threatened to evict them from <a href="/wiki/RFK_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="RFK Stadium">D. C. Stadium</a> unless they signed a black player. The Redskins first attempted to comply by drafting <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Davis" title="Ernie Davis">Ernie Davis</a>, who refused to play under Marshall; the Redskins in turn traded Davis to the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a>. The Redskins eventually signed <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Mitchell" title="Bobby Mitchell">Bobby Mitchell</a> and two other African American players by 1962, thus making them the last major professional football team in America to integrate. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi" title="Vince Lombardi">Vince Lombardi</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a> as both head coach and general manager during the 1960s, where his efforts led the team to three straight and five total <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> championships in seven years, in addition to winning the first two <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowls" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Bowls">Super Bowls</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1966_NFL_season" title="1966 NFL season">1966</a> and <a href="/wiki/1967_NFL_season" title="1967 NFL season">1967 NFL</a> seasons. Lombardi is considered by many to be one of the best and most successful coaches in Professional Football history.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, even though <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">color barrier</a> still existed in the NFL, as the Redskins at that time still refused to play black players,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1999149_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1999149-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenberg200981_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenberg200981-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Vainisi, the <a href="/wiki/Scout_(sport)" title="Scout (sport)">Scouting Director</a> for the Packers,<sup id="cite_ref-prod.static.packers.clubs.nfl.com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prod.static.packers.clubs.nfl.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lombardi were determined "to ignore the prejudices then prevalent in most NFL front offices in their search for the most talented players."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999237_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999237-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombardi explained his views by saying that he "... viewed his players as neither <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a> nor <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">white</a>, but Packer green".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999240–241_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999240–241-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among professional football head coaches, Lombardi's view on discrimination was not <i>de rigueur</i> in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips200169_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200169-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interracial relationship between one of the Packer rookies and a young woman was brought to the attention of Lombardi by Packer veterans in his first training camp in Green Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenberg200999_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenberg200999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day at training camp, Lombardi, who had a zero tolerance policy towards racism, responded by warning his team that if any player exhibited prejudice, in any manner, then that player would be thrown off the team. Lombardi, who was vehemently opposed to <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow Laws">Jim Crow</a> discrimination, let it be known to all Green Bay establishments that if they did not accommodate his black players equally as well as his white players, then that business would be off-limits to the entire team.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999241_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999241-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the start of the 1960 regular season, he instituted a policy that the Packers would only lodge in places that accepted all his players.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999241–242_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999241–242-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the all-white Oneida Golf and Riding <a href="/wiki/Country_club" title="Country club">Country club</a> in Green Bay, of which Lombardi was a member, Lombardi demanded that he should be allowed to choose a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Caddie" title="Caddie">caddie</a>, even if white caddies were available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999242_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999242-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombardi's view on racial matters was a result of his religious faith and the prejudice he had experienced as an <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian-American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips200170_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200170-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Lombardi was known to treat his players roughly in practices and during games, he insisted on unconditional respect for gay players and front office staff.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demanding "Nothing But Acceptance" from players and coaches toward all people, Lombardi would fire a coach or release a player should they insult the sexual orientation of anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Washington, Lombardi's assistant general manager, David Slatterly, was gay, as was PR director Joe Blair, who was described as Lombardi's "right-hand man."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to son Vince Lombardi, Jr., "He saw everyone as equals, and I think having a gay brother (Hal) was a big factor in his approach ... I think my father would've felt, 'I hope I've created an atmosphere in the locker room where this would not be an issue at all. And if you do have an issue, the problem will be yours because my locker room will tolerate nothing but acceptance.'"<sup id="cite_ref-ESPN_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESPN-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his arrival in Washington, Lombardi was aware of tight end <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Smith_(tight_end)" title="Jerry Smith (tight end)">Jerry Smith's</a> sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Lombardi protected and loved Jerry", said former teammate <a href="/wiki/Dave_Kopay" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Kopay">Dave Kopay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombardi brought Smith into his office and told him that his sexual orientation would never be an issue as long as he was coaching the Redskins; Smith would be judged solely on his on-the-field performance and contribution to the team's success.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Lombardi's leadership Smith flourished, becoming an integral part of Lombardi's offense, and was voted a First Team All-Pro for the first time in his career, which was also Lombardi's only season as Redskin head coach.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lombardi invited other gay players to training camp, and would privately hope they would prove they could earn a spot on the team.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999344_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999344-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Redskins">Washington Redskins</a> <a href="/wiki/Training_camp_(National_Football_League)" class="mw-redirect" title="Training camp (National Football League)">training camp</a> in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Ray_McDonald_(running_back)" title="Ray McDonald (running back)">Ray McDonald</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> player, with sub-par skills,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999469_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999469-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was trying to make the Redskin roster again, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="McDonald made the Redskin roster the previous 2 seasons (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but this time with Lombardi as the Redskins' new head coach. True to his word, Lombardi told running back coach, George Dickson,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999468_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999468-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'I want you to get on McDonald and work on him and work on him – and if I hear <i>one</i> of you people make reference to his manhood, you'll be out of here before your ass hits the ground.'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999471_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaraniss1999471-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> <a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy" title="Vince Lombardi Trophy">trophy</a> is named in Lombardi's honor after he unexpectedly died in 1970 of cancer. He was enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a> in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_football_(1970–present)"><span id="Professional_football_.281970.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Professional football (1970–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Professional football (1970–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-merger_NFL">Post-merger NFL</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-merger NFL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions in American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Denial" title="League of Denial">League of Denial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concussion_(2015_film)" title="Concussion (2015 film)">Concussion (2015 film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jones_scores_TD_for_Jets%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(American_football)" title="Thomas Jones (American football)">Thomas Jones</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Running_back" title="Running back">running back</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">New York Jets</a>, scores a touchdown against the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Rams" title="St. Louis Rams">St. Louis Rams</a> in week 10 of the <a href="/wiki/2008_NFL_season" title="2008 NFL season">2008 NFL season</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The NFL continued to grow, eventually adopting some innovations of the AFL, including the two-point conversion in 1994. It has expanded several times to its current 32-team membership, and the Super Bowl has become a cultural phenomena across the United States. One of the most popular televised events annually in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-popular_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has become a major source of advertising revenue for the television networks that have carried it and it serves as a means for advertisers to debut <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Bowl advertising">elaborate and expensive commercials</a> for their products.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NFL has grown to become the most popular spectator sports league in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the things that have marked the modern NFL as different from other <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports leagues</a> is the apparent parity between its 32 teams. While from time to time, <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(sports)" title="Dynasty (sports)">dominant teams</a> have arisen, the league has been cited as one of the few where every team has a realistic chance of winning the championship from year to year.<sup id="cite_ref-parity_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parity-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The league's complex labor agreement with its <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">players' union</a>, which mandates a hard <a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">salary cap</a> and revenue sharing between its clubs, prevents the richest teams from stockpiling the best players and gives even teams in smaller cities such as <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a> and New Orleans the opportunity to compete for the Super Bowl.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the chief architects of this labor agreement was former NFL commissioner <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue" title="Paul Tagliabue">Paul Tagliabue</a>, who presided over the league from 1989 to 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to providing parity between the clubs, the current labor contract, established in 1993 and renewed in 1998 and 2006, has kept player salaries low—the lowest among the four major league sports in the United States—<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has helped make the NFL the only major American professional sports league since 1993 not to suffer any player strike or work stoppage.<sup id="cite_ref-CBA_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBA-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue" title="Paul Tagliabue">Paul Tagliabue</a> approved the creation of the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) Committee with the stated goal of studying the effects of concussions and sub-concussive injury in NFL players. Tagliabue appointed <a href="/wiki/Rheumatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatologist">rheumatologist</a> Dr. Elliot Pellman to chair the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pellman's appointment was met with harsh criticism, because he is not a neurologist or <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychologist">neuropsychologist</a> and often admitted ignorance about head injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since taking over as commissioner before the <a href="/wiki/2006_NFL_season" title="2006 NFL season">2006 season</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a> has made <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_player_conduct_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Football League player conduct controversy">player conduct</a> a priority of his office. Since taking office, several high-profile players have experienced trouble with the law, from <a href="/wiki/Pacman_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacman Jones">Adam "Pacman" Jones</a> to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Vick" title="Michael Vick">Michael Vick</a>. In these and other cases, Commissioner Goodell has mandated lengthy suspensions for players who fall outside of acceptable conduct limits.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goodell, however, has remained a largely unpopular figure to many of the league's fans, who perceive him attempting to change the NFL's identity and haphazardly damage the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the NFL finally acknowledged that many of its ex-players were suffering from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a> (CTE).<sup id="cite_ref-SchwarzDec09_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchwarzDec09-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 a book written by ESPN reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru, which was initially broadcast as a documentary film, was made about <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), particularly <a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">concussions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a> (CTE). The documentary, entitled <i>League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis</i>, was produced by <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i> and broadcast on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book and film, both devote significant attention to the story of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Webster" title="Mike Webster">Mike Webster</a> and his football-related brain injuries, and the pathologist who examined Webster's brain, <a href="/wiki/Bennet_Omalu" title="Bennet Omalu">Bennet Omalu</a>. The film also looks closely at the efforts of researchers led by <a href="/wiki/Ann_McKee" title="Ann McKee">Ann McKee</a> at Boston University's Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, where the brains of a number of former NFL athletes have been examined.<sup id="cite_ref-Chittum_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chittum-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 30, 2014, it was announced that 76 of the 79 brains of former NFL players studied by Dr. Ann McKee and her colleagues tested positive for CTE. The study conducted was the largest brain bank study to date and was a twofold increase in the number of confirmed cases of CTE.<sup id="cite_ref-Breslow_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breslow-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Playing American football continues to have deadly consequences with 92 players dying between 2005 and 2014, including 8 deaths in 2013, 11 in 2014 and 11 in 2015 as of November 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_professional_leagues">Other professional leagues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other professional leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minor professional leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Football League (1961)">original United Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Football_League" title="Texas Football League">Texas Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Football_League" title="Seaboard Football League">Seaboard Football League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a> existed in abundance in the 1960s and early 1970s, to varying degrees of success. </p><p>Several other professional football leagues have been formed since the AFL–NFL merger, though none have had the success of the AFL. In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a> formed and was able to attract such stars as <a href="/wiki/Larry_Csonka" title="Larry Csonka">Larry Csonka</a> away from the NFL with lucrative contracts. However, most of the WFL franchises were insolvent and the league folded in 1975; the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Southmen" title="Memphis Southmen">Memphis Southmen</a>, the team that had signed Csonka and the most financially stable of the teams, unsuccessfully sued to join the NFL. The <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Association_(1979%E2%80%931982)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football Association (1979–1982)">American Football Association</a> formed as a continuation of the WFL's legacy in 1978, albeit on a much lower pay scale. That league lasted until 1982. </p><p>In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Palinkas" title="Patricia Palinkas">Patricia Palinkas</a> became the first woman to ever play on a men's semipro football team when she joined the Orlando Panthers. In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Football_League" title="National Women's Football League">National Women's Football League</a> was founded, starting play with 7 teams. By the mid-1970s, the average NWFL franchise entry fee was $10,000. The Toledo Troopers had a record from 1971 through 1976 of 39 wins, 1 loss and 1 tie, but folded in 1980 due to financial problems. The NWFL took a year off to restructure in 1987, but by the next year the league had split in two, with the remnants of the NWFL based in Toledo and the new Women's Tackle Football Association based in Grand Rapids, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a> formed as a spring league, and enjoyed moderate success during its first two seasons behind such stars as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly" title="Jim Kelly">Jim Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Walker" title="Herschel Walker">Herschel Walker</a>. It intended to move its schedule to the fall in 1986, and tried to compete with the NFL directly, but despite winning an anti-trust suit against the older league the USFL was only awarded token damages, depriving the league of the funds it needed to stay solvent. The USFL ceased operations a month before its first fall season was to begin. </p><p>The NFL founded a developmental league known as the <a href="/wiki/World_League_of_American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="World League of American Football">World League of American Football</a> with teams based in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The WLAF ran for two years, from 1991 to 1992. The league went on a two-year hiatus before reorganizing as <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Europa">NFL Europe</a> in 1995, with teams only in European cities. The name of the league was changed to NFL Europa in 2006. After the 2007 season, the NFL announced that it was closing down the league to focus its international marketing efforts in other ways, such as playing NFL regular season games in cities outside of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short-lived leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Football_League" title="Regional Football League">Regional Football League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Football_League" title="Spring Football League">Spring Football League</a> formed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com boom">dot-com boom</a> but evaporated in short order after the boom ended. </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a> was formed as a joint venture between the <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">World Wrestling Federation</a> and the NBC television network. It folded after one season in the face of rapidly declining fan interest and a poor reputation. However, XFL stars such as <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Maddox" title="Tommy Maddox">Tommy Maddox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rod_Smart" title="Rod Smart">Rod "He Hate Me" Smart</a> later saw success in the NFL.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL1971_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL1971-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Football League (2009)">United Football League</a> was a four-team fully professional league which played its <a href="/wiki/2009_UFL_season" title="2009 UFL season">first season</a> in October–November 2009. Involved in this league were <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a>, media mogul and owner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hambrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hambrecht">William Hambrecht</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> investor.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UFL_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFL-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UFL was beset with numerous financial problems, some of which stemmed from the inability to sell television rights, insufficient ticket revenue and insurmountable expenses. Midway through its fourth season, the league abruptly shut down, after which several dozen former players and coaches sued to recover unpaid salaries; all remaining teams had folded and shut down their offices by March, 2013. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stars_Football_League" title="Stars Football League">Stars Football League</a> played three seasons as a marginally professional league from 2011 to 2013, with its last two seasons restricted entirely to the state of Florida. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_Experimental_Football_League" title="Fall Experimental Football League">Fall Experimental Football League</a>, an explicitly minor league, played two short seasons in 2014 and 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history_of_youth_and_high_school_football_(1933–present)"><span id="Modern_history_of_youth_and_high_school_football_.281933.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern history of youth and high school football (1933–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern history of youth and high school football (1933–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Stadium_(MHS).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bishop_Stadium_%28MHS%29.JPG/220px-Bishop_Stadium_%28MHS%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bishop_Stadium_%28MHS%29.JPG/330px-Bishop_Stadium_%28MHS%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bishop_Stadium_%28MHS%29.JPG/440px-Bishop_Stadium_%28MHS%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a> stadium in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas" title="Manhattan, Kansas">Manhattan, Kansas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg/220px-Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg/330px-Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg/440px-Legendary_Sentry_at_Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a> convinced <a href="/wiki/Massillon_Washington_High_School" title="Massillon Washington High School">Massillon Washington High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</a> to build a new and bigger football stadium for the team; completed in 1939, the facility is named <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown_Tiger_Stadium" title="Paul Brown Tiger Stadium">Paul Brown Tiger Stadium</a> in his honor.</figcaption></figure> <p>American has become a popular participatory sport among youth. One of the earliest youth football organizations was founded in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, in 1929, as the Junior Football Conference. Organizer Joe Tomlin started the league to provide activities and guidance for teenage boys who were vandalizing the factory he owned. The original four-team league expanded to sixteen teams in 1933 when Pop Warner, who had just been hired as the new coach of the Temple University football team, agreed to give a lecture to the boys in the league. In his honor, the league was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amatimeline_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amatimeline-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popwarnerhist_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popwarnerhist-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Pop Warner Little Scholars, as the program is now known, enrolls over 300,000 young boys and girls ages 5–16 in over 5000 football and <a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading</a> squads, and has affiliate programs in Mexico and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-popwarnerhist_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popwarnerhist-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Police_Athletic_League" title="Police Athletic League">Police Athletic League</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upward,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the National Football League's NFL Youth Football Program<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also manage various youth football leagues. </p><p>American football is a popular sport for high schools in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a> (NFHS) was founded in 1920 as an umbrella organization for state-level organizations that manage high school sports, including <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a>. The NFHS publishes the rules followed by most local high school football associations.<sup id="cite_ref-amatimeline_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amatimeline-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 13,000 high schools participate in football, and in some places high school teams play in stadiums that rival college-level facilities. In <a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton, Texas</a>, for example, a 12,000 seat, $21,000,000 stadium hosts two local high school football teams.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of high school football and its impact on small town communities has been documented by landmark non-fiction works such as the 1990 book <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights:_A_Town,_a_Team,_and_a_Dream" title="Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream">Friday Night Lights</a></i> and the subsequent fictionalized <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(film)" title="Friday Night Lights (film)">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)" title="Friday Night Lights (TV series)">television series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, when future <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football" title="Ohio State Buckeyes football">Ohio State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals" title="Cincinnati Bengals">Cincinnati Bengals</a> coach <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a> was 24 years old and barely two years out of college, he returned to be the head coach at his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Massillon_Washington_High_School" title="Massillon Washington High School">Massillon Washington High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</a>. His assignment was to turn around a Tigers team that had fallen into mediocrity over the six seasons since the departure of Dave Stewart, Brown's old coach. During his nine years at Massillon, Brown invented the <a href="/wiki/Football_playbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Football playbook">playbook</a>, a detailed listing of formations and set plays, and tested his players on their knowledge of it. He also originated the practice of sending in plays to his quarterback from the sideline using hand signals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantor200831_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantor200831-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His overall record at the school was 80–8–2, including a 35-game winning streak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark2003183_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2003183-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeim199919_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeim199919-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1935 and 1940, the team won the state football championship six times and won the <a href="/wiki/High_School_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="High School Football National Championship">High School Football National Championship</a> four times, outscoring opponents by 2,393 points to 168 over that span. After the early losses to archrival <a href="/wiki/Canton_McKinley_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton McKinley High School">Canton McKinley High School</a>, the Tigers beat the Bulldogs six straight times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark2003183_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2003183-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Massillon Tigers are historically the second winningest high school football team in the United States having compiled a current record of 849 wins, 277 losses, and 36 ties as of the end of the 2014 season. Along with the Canton McKinley High School Bulldogs, the Tigers represent one half of what many consider to be the greatest high school football rivalry in the nation. It is the only <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_school_football_rivalries_more_than_100_years_old" title="List of high school football rivalries more than 100 years old">high school contest</a> in America to feature odds in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. In 125 meetings (1894–2014), Massillon leads the series 68-52-5. Massillon and their fierce rivalry with Canton are subjects of the 2001 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Go_Tigers!" title="Go Tigers!">Go Tigers!</a></i>. A total of 23 professional players, 3 NFL coaches and 14 collegiate all-Americans have graduated from Massillon High School. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valdosta_High_School" title="Valdosta High School">Valdosta High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia" title="Valdosta, Georgia">Valdosta, Georgia</a> is home to the winningest high school football program in the United States with a record 893 wins, 217 losses, and 34 ties, for a winning percentage of .791% as of November 14, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1913 to 2010, the Wildcats have won 6 national championships in football, 24 state championships, and 41 regional championships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history_of_American_football_outside_the_United_States_(1933–present)"><span id="Modern_history_of_American_football_outside_the_United_States_.281933.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern history of American football outside the United States (1933–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern history of American football outside the United States (1933–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_leagues_of_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leagues of American football">List of leagues of American football</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the 1932 Summer Olympics">American football was played at the 1932 Summer Olympics</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It remained for a spectacle listed on the program as 'American Football' to provide the Tenth Olympiad with its greatest thrill to date. Chances are the game will become an international pastime before the memory of this night game dies away.</p></blockquote> <p>However, this prediction was wrong because this sport didn't become popular outside the US. The sport in some ways did accelerate in popularity after World War II, especially in countries with large numbers of U.S. military personnel, who often formed a substantial proportion of the players and spectators. After World War II a four-team tournament between <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies on the west coast of Italy was played. </p><p>By 1998, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International Federation of American Football</a> (IFAF), was formed to coordinate international amateur competition. At present, 45 associations from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, Europe, Asia and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> are organized within the IFAF, which claims to represent 23 million amateur athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2007, Japan dominated amateur American football outside of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese national team won the first two world cups—hosted by Italy in <a href="/wiki/1999_IFAF_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 IFAF World Cup">1999</a> and Germany in <a href="/wiki/2003_IFAF_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 IFAF World Cup">2003</a>—defeating Mexico in the play-off on both occasions. Japan had never lost a game until it went down at home, 23–20, to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_American_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national American football team">US Amateur Team</a> in the final of the <a href="/wiki/2007_IFAF_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 IFAF World Cup">2007 World Cup</a>. </p><p>American football was a demonstration sport at the <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2005_World_Games" title="American football at the 2005 World Games">2005 World Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg, Germany</a>. Germany beat Sweden 20 to 6 in the final. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IFAF_Women%27s_World_Championship" title="IFAF Women's World Championship">IFAF Women's World Championship</a> was first held in 2010, in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, with six countries competing. The United States beat Canada 66 to 0 in the final. </p><p>A long-term goal of the IFAF is for American football to be accepted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only time that the sport was played was at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, but as a <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_sport" title="Demonstration sport">demonstration sport</a>. Among the various problems the IFAF has to solve in order to be accepted by the IOC are building a competitive women's division, expanding the sport into Africa, and overcoming the current worldwide competitive imbalance that is in favor of American teams.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American football has been played in Mexico since the early 1920s, and is a strong minority sport at Mexican colleges and universities, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Over successive decades, more universities and colleges joined the championship, and four categories, called <i>fuerzas</i>, were created. The First <i>Fuerza</i> became the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_College_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican College Football">National League</a> in 1970. In 1978, this was reorganized under the name <i>Organización Nacional Estudiantil de Fútbol Americano</i> (ONEFA).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest crowd in NFL history was recorded at the <a href="/wiki/American_Bowl" title="American Bowl">American Bowl</a> game at <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on August 15, 1994, when 112,376 people attended the <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Cup_(Texas)" title="Governor's Cup (Texas)">Governor's Cup</a> game between the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston_Oilers" title="Houston Oilers">Houston Oilers</a>. In 1996 the <a href="/wiki/American_Bowl" title="American Bowl">American Bowl</a> was played in <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Universitario_(UANL)" title="Estadio Universitario (UANL)">Estadio Universitario</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Regular_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular season">regular season</a> NFL game played outside the United States was held on October 2, 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Azteca" title="Estadio Azteca">Estadio Azteca</a> in Mexico City before an NFL regular-season record of 103,467 fans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_American_Football_Association" title="Japan American Football Association">Japan American Football Association</a> was founded by educator and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Japan" title="Anglican Church in Japan">Anglican Church in Japan</a> lay missionary <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rusch" title="Paul Rusch">Paul Rusch</a> in 1934 with three collegiate teams: <a href="/wiki/Rikkyo_University" title="Rikkyo University">Rikkyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiji_University" title="Meiji University">Meiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, an allstar game involving teams representing eastern and western Japan attracted over 25,000 spectators. Recently, the <a href="/wiki/Rice_Bowl" title="Rice Bowl">Rice Bowl</a> has drawn crowds of over 60,000. </p><p>An NFL exhibition games took place in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo, Japan">Tokyo</a> in 1976 called the "Mainichi Star Bowl".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Bowl" title="American Bowl">American Bowl</a> was held in Japan thirteen times between 1990 and 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg/220px-Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg/330px-Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg/440px-Brent_Grimes-Hamburg_Sea_Devils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brent_Grimes" title="Brent Grimes">Brent Grimes</a> of <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Sea_Devils_(NFL_Europe)" title="Hamburg Sea Devils (NFL Europe)">Hamburg Sea Devils</a> intercepts a pass</figcaption></figure> <p>The game began to take hold in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with the first game between two European teams occurring between teams from <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">Legnano</a>. A bowl game called <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Bowl_(American_football)" title="Spaghetti Bowl (American football)">the Spaghetti Bowl</a> was played between <a href="/wiki/Fifth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth United States Army">Fifth Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force" title="Twelfth Air Force">Twelfth Air Force</a> in Florence, Italy, on January 1, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Italia_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italia-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">German Football League</a> was formed in 1979. By 1981, the first international games between European nations occurred, as a two-game series between German and Italian teams.<sup id="cite_ref-Europe_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europe-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first European governing body, the American European Football Federation (AEFF) was formed in 1982 by representatives from Finland, Italy, Germany, Austria, and France. The league expanded in 1985 to include Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Great Britain and changed its name to the European Football League. Now known as the <a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation of American Football">European Federation of American Football</a>, it now is made up of 14 member nations. Today, there are approximately 800 American football clubs throughout Europe, with the <a href="/wiki/American_football_Association_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="American football Association of Germany">American football Association of Germany</a> (AFVD) overseeing more than 230 clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Europe_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europe-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NFL_International_Series" title="NFL International Series">NFL International Series</a> was inaugurated in 2007 to host NFL regular season games outside the United States. Played at the new <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> in London (rebuilt and reopened in 2007), the series increased from one to two games for the 2013 season, and then to three games from the 2014 season, then four games in 2017. Beginning in 2018, the series will move to the <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Development_Project" title="Northumberland Development Project">Northumberland Development Project</a>, although games may still be played at Wembley Stadium. The success of the International Series has led to speculation that <a href="/wiki/Potential_London_NFL_franchise" title="Potential London NFL franchise">London will be chosen as home of an NFL franchise</a> in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Brazil" title="American football in Brazil">American football in Brazil</a></div> <p>American football has been played in Brazil since the 1990s. The official organization governing American football in Brazil is the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Association_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football Association of Brazil">American Football Association of Brazil</a>, in Portuguese Associação de Futebol Americano de Brasil (AFAB).<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_codes_of_football">Similar codes of football</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Similar codes of football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A modern sport that derives from American football is <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a>, designed to be played indoors inside of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a> or basketball arenas. The game was invented in 1981 by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Foster_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Foster (football)">Jim Foster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> was founded in 1987 as the first major professional league to play the sport. Several other indoor football leagues have since been founded and continue to play today.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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union">Comparison of American football and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_and_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Canadian and American football">Comparison of Canadian and American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_American_football" title="Homosexuality in American football">Homosexuality in American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_American_professional_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Black players in American professional football">Black players in American professional football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_football_helmet" title="History of the football helmet">History of the football helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historically_significant_college_football_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historically significant college football games">List of historically significant college football games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_college_football_in_Kansas" title="Timeline of college football in Kansas">Timeline of college football in Kansas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRay_Schmidt2004" class="citation news cs1">Ray Schmidt (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/CFHSN/CFHSNv17/CFHSNv17n3c.pdf">"THE OLYMPICS GAME"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. College Football Historical Society Newsletter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=THE+OLYMPICS+GAME&rft.date=2004-05&rft.au=Ray+Schmidt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la84foundation.org%2FSportsLibrary%2FCFHSN%2FCFHSNv17%2FCFHSNv17n3c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popular-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popular_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popular_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163024/http://www.coldhardfootballfacts.com/Documents/NFL_all_about_SB_1-07.pdf">"NFL:America's Choice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Football League. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coldhardfootballfacts.com/Documents/NFL_all_about_SB_1-07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFL%3AAmerica%27s+Choice&rft.pub=National+Football+League&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coldhardfootballfacts.com%2FDocuments%2FNFL_all_about_SB_1-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancil (2000), pp 24–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1930s-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1930s_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1930s_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1930s_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCambridge (1999), pp 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasalmanac.com/topics/sports/look-back-southwest-conference">"A Look Back at the Southwest Conference"</a>. <i>2006–2007 Texas Almanac</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heisman.com/history/trophy_history.php">the original</a> on December 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heisman+Trophy&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Heisman+Trophy&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heisman.com%2Fhistory%2Ftrophy_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broadcasters-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broadcasters_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/waynesbergarticle.html">"First televised football game, Waynesberg vs Fordham, 1939"</a>. American Sportscasters Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purple+Pride+vs.+Big+Red+%E2%80%93+4%E2%80%930+vs.+4%E2%80%930&rft.pub=Kansas+State+Wildcats&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kstatesports.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F10%2Fpurple-pride-vs-big-red---4-0-vs-4-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-one_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas S. Looney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102061500/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1136503/index.htm">One Is More Like It</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, 3 September 1990, retrieved 20 January 2009. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancil (2000), pp 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancil (2000), pp 41–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1950s-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1950s_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCambridge (1999) pp 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thumbs-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thumbs_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence Munn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102053142/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1128569/index.htm">Thumbs Down On The One Platoon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, 29 November 1954, retrieved 20 January 2009. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-border-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-border_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-border_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-border_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfl.com/insider/story/6032205">the original</a> on June 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NFL.com&rft.atitle=1958+Colts+remember+the+%27Greatest+Game%27&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Barnidge&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Finsider%2Fstory%2F6032205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span> reprinted from Official <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIII" title="Super Bowl XXXIII">Super Bowl XXXIII</a> Game Program.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancil (2000) pp 46–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancil (2000), pp 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formations-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-formations_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett (1976), Appendix pp 209–217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athlonsports.com/college-football/4331/17-reasons-why-knute-rockne-wouldnt-recognize-this-game">17 Reasons Why Knute Rockne Wouldn't Recognize This Game</a>, Athlon Sports, retrieved 20 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Gallagher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITJWCpaunpoC"><i>The Express: The Ernie Davis Story</i></a>, p. 63, Random House, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-51086-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-51086-0">0-345-51086-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19741122&id=_QwQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gYsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2958,1233171">One-platoon football seen as a money saver</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free-Lance_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="The Free-Lance Star">The Free-Lance Star</a></i>, November 22, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArey" class="citation web cs1">Arey, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalchamps.net/Helmet_Project/1969.htm">"The College Football Centennial Logo"</a>. <i>The Helmet Project</i>. NationalChamps.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Helmet+Project&rft.atitle=The+College+Football+Centennial+Logo&rft.aulast=Arey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalchamps.net%2FHelmet_Project%2F1969.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArey" class="citation web cs1">Arey, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalchamps.net/Helmet_Project/ivy.htm">"Ivy League football helmets"</a>. <i>The Helmet Project</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Helmet+Project&rft.atitle=Ivy+League+football+helmets&rft.aulast=Arey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalchamps.net%2FHelmet_Project%2Fivy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowls1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowls1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowls1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCall2006" class="citation news cs1">Call, Jeff (December 20, 2006). 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Los Angeles: National Football League Properties, Inc., Creative Services Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pro+Style%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Understanding+National+Football+League+Strategy&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=National+Football+League+Properties%2C+Inc.%2C+Creative+Services+Division&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor2008" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, George (2008). <i>Paul Brown: The Man Who Invented Modern Football</i>. Chicago: Triumph Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57243-725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57243-725-8"><bdi>978-1-57243-725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Brown%3A+The+Man+Who+Invented+Modern+Football&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Triumph+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57243-725-8&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Eisenberg, John (2009). <i>That First Season: How Vince Lombardi Took the Worst Team in the NFL and Set It on the Path to Glory</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+First+Season%3A+How+Vince+Lombardi+Took+the+Worst+Team+in+the+NFL+and+Set+It+on+the+Path+to+Glory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1996" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Paul (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplestgameinte00gard"><i>The Simplest Game: The Intelligent Fan's Guide to the World of Soccer</i></a>. Macmillan General Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-043225-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-043225-9"><bdi>0-02-043225-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Simplest+Game%3A+The+Intelligent+Fan%27s+Guide+to+the+World+of+Soccer&rft.pub=Macmillan+General+Reference&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-02-043225-9&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimplestgameinte00gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeim1999" class="citation book cs1">Keim, John (1999). <i>Legends by the Lake: The Cleveland Browns at Municipal Stadium</i>. Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884836-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884836-47-3"><bdi>978-1-884836-47-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+by+the+Lake%3A+The+Cleveland+Browns+at+Municipal+Stadium&rft.place=Akron%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=University+of+Akron+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-884836-47-3&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCambridge1999" class="citation book cs1">MacCambridge, Michael (<i>Ed.</i>) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/espnsportscentur00macc"><i>ESPN SportsCentury</i></a>. New York: Hyperion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6471-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6471-0"><bdi>0-7868-6471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESPN+SportsCentury&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7868-6471-0&rft.aulast=MacCambridge&rft.aufirst=Michael+%28%27%27Ed.%27%27%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fespnsportscentur00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss1999" class="citation book cs1">Maraniss, David (1999). <a href="/wiki/When_Pride_Still_Mattered" title="When Pride Still Mattered"><i>When Pride Still Mattered, A Life of Vince Lombardi</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-90499-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-90499-0"><bdi>978-0-618-90499-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Pride+Still+Mattered%2C+A+Life+of+Vince+Lombardi&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-618-90499-0&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough1994" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, Will (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/75seasonscomplet00mcdo"><i>75 Seasons: The Complete Story of the National Football League</i></a>. Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57036-056-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57036-056-1"><bdi>1-57036-056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=75+Seasons%3A+The+Complete+Story+of+the+National+Football+League&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-57036-056-1&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F75seasonscomplet00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1994" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, David M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofgamef00nels"><i>The Anatomy of A Game</i></a>. Newark, New Jersey: University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-455-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-455-2"><bdi>0-87413-455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+A+Game&rft.place=Newark%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87413-455-2&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofgamef00nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2003" class="citation book cs1">Park, Jack (2003). <i>The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia</i>. Champaign, Illinois: Sports Publishing LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58261-695-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58261-695-7"><bdi>978-1-58261-695-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Ohio+State+Football+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Sports+Publishing+LLC&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58261-695-7&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeretz1999" class="citation book cs1">Peretz, Howard (1999). <i>It Ain't Over 'Til The Fat Lady Sings: The 100 Greatest Sports Finishes of All Time</i>. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-1707-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-1707-9"><bdi>0-7607-1707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Ain%27t+Over+%27Til+The+Fat+Lady+Sings%3A+The+100+Greatest+Sports+Finishes+of+All+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7607-1707-9&rft.aulast=Peretz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Donald T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/runtowin00dona"><i>Run to Win</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27298-2"><bdi>978-0-312-27298-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Run+to+Win&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-27298-2&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruntowin00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1999" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Charles K. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outsidelinesafri0000ross"><i>Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League</i></a></span>. New York: New York Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7495-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-7495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outside+the+Lines%3A+African+Americans+and+the+Integration+of+the+National+Football+League&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7495-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutsidelinesafri0000ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVancil2000" class="citation book cs1">Vancil, Mark (<i>Ed.</i>) (2000). <i>ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team</i>. New York: Hyperion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6710-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6710-8"><bdi>0-7868-6710-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+Sports+College+Football+All-Time+All-America+Team&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7868-6710-8&rft.aulast=Vancil&rft.aufirst=Mark+%28%27%27Ed.%27%27%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalthaser2004" class="citation book cs1">Balthaser, Joel D. (2004). <i>Images of America: Pop Warner Little Scholars</i>. Arcadia Publishing SC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-3505-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7385-3505-2"><bdi>0-7385-3505-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+America%3A+Pop+Warner+Little+Scholars&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing+SC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7385-3505-2&rft.aulast=Balthaser&rft.aufirst=Joel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBissinger2004" class="citation book cs1">Bissinger, H. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fridaynightlight00biss"><i>Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81374-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81374-2"><bdi>0-306-81374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friday+Night+Lights%3A+A+Town%2C+a+Team%2C+and+a+Dream&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-306-81374-2&rft.aulast=Bissinger&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffridaynightlight00biss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Parke H. (2010). <i>Football, the American intercollegiate game</i>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-171-91212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-171-91212-5"><bdi>978-1-171-91212-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%2C+the+American+intercollegiate+game&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-171-91212-5&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Parke+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1998" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Stephen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigleagues00step"><i>Big Leagues: Professional Baseball, Football, and Basketball in National Memory</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-09300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-09300-0"><bdi>0-688-09300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Leagues%3A+Professional+Baseball%2C+Football%2C+and+Basketball+in+National+Memory&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-688-09300-0&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigleagues00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCambridge2005" class="citation book cs1">MacCambridge, Michael (<i>Ed.</i>) (2005). <i>ESPN College Football Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Game</i>. New York: Hyperion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4013-3703-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4013-3703-1"><bdi>1-4013-3703-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESPN+College+Football+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Complete+History+of+the+Game&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4013-3703-1&rft.aulast=MacCambridge&rft.aufirst=Michael+%28%27%27Ed.%27%27%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1987" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, Tom (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/footballcollegeh00perr"><i>Football: A College History</i></a>. McFarland & Co Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-294-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-294-6"><bdi>0-89950-294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%3A+A+College+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co+Inc&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-89950-294-6&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffootballcollegeh00perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ronald A. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportsfreedomris0000smit"><i>Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506582-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506582-4"><bdi>0-19-506582-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+and+Freedom%3A+The+Rise+of+Big-Time+College+Athletics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-506582-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportsfreedomris0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatterson2000" class="citation book cs1">Watterson, John Sayle (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collegefootballh0000watt"><i>College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy</i></a></span>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6428-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6428-3"><bdi>0-8018-6428-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Football%3A+History%2C+Spectacle%2C+Controversy&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8018-6428-3&rft.aulast=Watterson&rft.aufirst=John+Sayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollegefootballh0000watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittingham2003" class="citation book cs1">Whittingham, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundaysheroesnfl0000whit_x2j5"><i>Sunday's Heroes</i></a>. Chicago: Triumph Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57243-517-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57243-517-8"><bdi>1-57243-517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunday%27s+Heroes&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Triumph+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57243-517-8&rft.aulast=Whittingham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundaysheroesnfl0000whit_x2j5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+history+of+American+football" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.football-almanac.com/">Football Almanac</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/">Professional Football Researchers Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://footballfoundation.org/">National Football Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegefootball.org/">College Football Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016182814/http://profootballhof.org/">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template talk:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">Rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">American–Canadian comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of Canadian football">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">9-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">8-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">7-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">6-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street/Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powderpuff_(sports)" title="Powderpuff (sports)">Powderpuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Rules of gridiron football codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Youth/midget <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">AYF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_varsity_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior varsity team">Junior varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Club football">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">Hash marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_line" title="End line">End line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)" title="Goal line (gridiron football)">Goal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">Sidelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">Line of scrimmage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">Field goal range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">End zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Red zone (gridiron football)">Red zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Dead zone (gridiron football)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_corner_(American_football)" title="Coffin corner (American football)">Coffin corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(gridiron_football)" title="Flat (gridiron football)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_(American_football)" title="Gap (American football)">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_(American_football)" title="Hole (American football)">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_pocket" title="Passing pocket">Pocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">Touchdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">One-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">Two-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">Field goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">Single (rouge)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (football)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">Forward pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_pass" title="Incomplete pass">Incomplete pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop-back_pass" title="Drop-back pass">Drop-back pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-off" title="Hand-off">Hand-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">Punt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">Drop kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">Kickoff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onside_kick" title="Onside kick">Onside kick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">Turnovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fumble" title="Fumble">Fumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">Interception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffed_punt" title="Muffed punt">Muffed punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillman" title="Charles Tillman">"Peanut Punch"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">Turnover on downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">First down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out" title="Down (gridiron football)">Three-and-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_down_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth down conversion">Fourth down conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football" title="Dead ball">Dead ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">Play clock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Time-out (sport)">Timeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_kneel" title="Quarterback kneel">Kneel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)" title="Spike (gridiron football)">Spike</a></li> <li>Time warnings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-minute_warning" title="Three-minute warning">3 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_warning" title="Two-minute warning">2 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-minute_warning" title="One-minute warning">1 min.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_out_the_clock" title="Running out the clock">Running out the clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">Untimed play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_time" title="Garbage time">Garbage time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-purpose_yardage" title="All-purpose yardage">All-purpose yardage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(American_football)" title="Completion (American football)">Completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Gen_Stats" title="Next Gen Stats">Next Gen Stats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_deflected" title="Pass deflected">Pass deflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passer_rating" title="Passer rating">Passer rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing yards">Passing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Receiving yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_yards" title="Return yards">Return yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Rushing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_sack" title="Quarterback sack">Sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_offense" title="Total offense">Total offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_pass" title="Touchdown pass">Touchdown pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_after_catch" title="Yards after catch">Yards after catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_from_scrimmage" title="Yards from scrimmage">Yards from scrimmage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">Practice squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-a-days_(football)" title="Two-a-days (football)">Two-a-days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_drill" title="Oklahoma drill">Oklahoma drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cone_drill" title="Three-cone drill">Three-cone drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_session" title="Film session">Film session</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official</a> (<a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Canadian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">Penalty flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replay_review_in_gridiron_football" title="Replay review in gridiron football">Instant replay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridiron ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_IQ" title="Football IQ">Football IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">Formations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_in_American_football" title="List of formations in American football">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterman_(sports)" title="Letterman (sports)">Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatorade_shower" title="Gatorade shower">Gatorade shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Overtime (sports)">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_plays" title="American football plays">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_positions" title="American football positions">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_up_the_score" title="Running up the score">Running up the score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_celebration" title="Touchdown celebration">Touchdown celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuck_rule_(American_football)" title="Tuck rule (American football)">Tuck rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">Trading card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_man_(football)" title="12th man (football)">Twelfth man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_football_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Template:American football in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:American football in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American football in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_football_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States" title="American football in the United States">American football in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Union" title="American Football Union">American Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Football_Association" title="Intercollegiate Football Association">Intercollegiate Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">National Football League (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Pro_Football_League" title="New York Pro Football League">New York Pro Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_League" title="Ohio League">Ohio League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Professional_Football_Circuit" title="Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit">Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Football_(1902%E2%80%9303)" title="World Series of Football (1902–03)">World Series of Football (1902–03)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1926)" title="American Football League (1926)">American Football League (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1936)" title="American Football League (1936)">American Football League (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1940)" title="American Football League (1940)">American Football League (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(American_football)" title="American Association (American football)">American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_League" title="Anthracite League">Anthracite League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)" title="Dixie League (American football)">Dixie League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">Midwest Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="United Football League (1961–1964)">United Football League (1961–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">United States Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Call_Football" title="Your Call Football">Your Call Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halls of fame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Arena Football Hall of Fame">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor Football Hall of Fame">Indoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Football_League" title="History of the National Football League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_playoffs" title="NFL playoffs">Playoffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game" title="AFC Championship Game">AFC Championship Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFC_Championship_Game" title="NFC Championship Game">NFC Championship Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Bowl" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_league_football_(gridiron)" title="Minor league football (gridiron)">Other outdoor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">American 7s Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor leagues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Arena_League" title="American Arena League">American Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Association" title="Arena Football Association">Arena Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_West_Football_Conference" title="American West Football Conference">American West Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football" title="American Indoor Football">American Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arena_League" title="National Arena League">National Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football" title="Great Lakes Arena Football">Great Lakes Arena Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Controlled_Football" title="Fan Controlled Football">Fan Controlled Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Patriot_League" title="American Patriot League">American Patriot League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Spring_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Spring Football League">American Spring Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Football_League" title="Freedom Football League">Freedom Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arena_League" title="The Arena League">The Arena League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association" title="Professional Football Researchers Association">Researchers Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">National championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship" title="College Football Playoff National Championship">Playoff National Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff" title="College Football Playoff">Playoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">Bowl game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAIA_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NAIA Football National Championship">National Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association" title="National Junior College Athletic Association">NJCAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJCAA_National_Football_Championship" title="NJCAA National Football Championship">Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Signing_Day" title="National Signing Day">National Signing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Junior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="High School Football National Championship">High School Football National Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Signing_Day" title="National Signing Day">National Signing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth / middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">American Youth Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legends_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Legends Football League">Extreme Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Women%27s_Football_League" title="United States Women's Football League">United States Women's Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Football_Conference" title="Women's National Football Conference">Women's National Football Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA_Football" title="USA Football">USA Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_American_football_team" title="United States men's national American football team">National men's team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_American_football_team" title="United States women's national American football team">National women's team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_football_films" title="List of American football films">List of American football films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">Donald Trump and American football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Category:American football in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_football_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American football in the United States">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_football" title="Portal:American football">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Football_codes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Football_codes" title="Template:Football codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Football_codes" title="Template talk:Football codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Football_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Football codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Football_codes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football codes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">Amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_soccer" title="Crab soccer">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-a-side_football" title="Five-a-side football">Five-a-side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">Footbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic association football">Paralympic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">Powerchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorkyball" title="Jorkyball">Jorkyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_goalie" title="Rush goalie">Rush goalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_football" title="Swamp football">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-sided_football" title="Three-sided football">Three-sided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_football" title="Walking football">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Variations of Australian rules football">Variations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">Eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">Seven-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">Six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">PD Rugby League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_field_game" title="Eton field game">Eton field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and<br /> regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Gridiron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Rules" title="Sheffield Rules">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English school games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and Downies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_association_football" title="History of association football">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australian_rules_football" title="History of Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of American football and Canadian football">American and Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_futsal" title="Comparison of association football and futsal">Association and futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Association and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_Australian_rules_football" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and Australian rules football">Gaelic and Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union">Gaelic and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league and rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorabilia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">American football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_card" title="Association football card">Association football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_card" title="Australian rules football card">Australian rules football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_card" title="Rugby card">Rugby card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games" title="Attempts to ban football games">Attempts to ban football games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&oldid=1257932987">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_history_of_American_football&oldid=1257932987</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_American_football" 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