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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police_interrogation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_interrogation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Police interrogation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_interrogation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_protections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_protections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Constitutional protections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_protections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Push_for_mandatory_recording_of_interrogations_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Push_for_mandatory_recording_of_interrogations_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Push for mandatory recording of interrogations in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Push_for_mandatory_recording_of_interrogations_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="استجواب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استجواب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stintaq" title="İstintaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstintaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Допыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Допыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Допыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Допыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDslech" title="Výslech – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výslech" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forh%C3%B8r" title="Forhør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forhør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernehmung" title="Vernehmung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vernehmung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clekuulamine" title="Ülekuulamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülekuulamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ανακριτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανακριτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridemandado" title="Pridemandado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pridemandado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بازجویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازجویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogatoire_policier" title="Interrogatoire policier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interrogatoire policier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%AC%B8" title="심문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարցաքննություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարցաքննություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionado" title="Questionado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Questionado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interogasi" title="Interogasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interogasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogatorio" title="Interrogatorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interrogatorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C" title="תשאול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשאול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandhedhesan" title="Pandhedhesan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pandhedhesan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Жауап алу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жауап алу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verhoor_(ondervraging)" title="Verhoor (ondervraging) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verhoor (ondervraging)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E8%AA%BF" title="取調 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="取調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forh%C3%B8r" title="Forhør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forhør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBroq" title="Soʻroq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przes%C5%82uchanie_(prawo)" title="Przesłuchanie (prawo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przesłuchanie (prawo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Допрос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Допрос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrja_n%C3%AB_pyetje" title="Marrja në pyetje – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marrja në pyetje" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interrogation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliisikuulustelu" title="Poliisikuulustelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poliisikuulustelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rh%C3%B6r" title="Förhör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förhör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgu" title="Sorgu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sorgu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Допит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Допит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A9m_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Thẩm vấn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thẩm vấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינטעריגאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינטעריגאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%A8s" title="Kompès – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kompès" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q327018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interviews by police, military or intelligence personnel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Interrogation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Interrogation (disambiguation)">Interrogation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_interrogation_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Police_interrogation_room.jpg/220px-Police_interrogation_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Police_interrogation_room.jpg/330px-Police_interrogation_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Police_interrogation_room.jpg/440px-Police_interrogation_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="3169" /></a><figcaption>A police interrogation room in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Interrogation</b> (also called <b>questioning</b>) is <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviewing</a> as commonly employed by <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement officers">law enforcement officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized crime syndicate">organized crime syndicates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organizations">terrorist organizations</a> with the goal of eliciting useful information, particularly information related to suspected crime. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a congenial rapport with the subject to <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deception">Deception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a> can form an important part of effective interrogation. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there is no law or regulation that forbids the interrogator from lying about the strength of their case, from making misleading statements or from implying that the interviewee has already been implicated in the crime by someone else. See case law on trickery and deception (<i><a href="/wiki/Frazier_v._Cupp" title="Frazier v. Cupp">Frazier v. Cupp</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted above, traditionally the issue of deception is considered from the perspective of the interrogator engaging in deception towards the individual being interrogated. By the 2000s, information began appearing in research studies on effective interview methods used to gather information from individuals who score in the medium to high range on measures of psychopathology, and who exhibit deception with interrogators.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_and_non-verbal_cues">Verbal and non-verbal cues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Verbal and non-verbal cues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major aim of this technique is to investigate to what extent verbal and non-verbal features of liars' and truth-tellers' behaviour change during the course of repeated interrogations. It has shown that liars display significantly fewer smiles, self-manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion than truth-tellers. According to Granhag & Strömwall, there are three approaches to non-verbal deceptive behavior. The first is the emotional approach, which suggests that liars will alter their behaviors based on their own emotional feelings. For example, if a subject is lying and they begin to experience guilt, they will shift their gaze. The second approach is the cognitive approach, which suggests that lying requires more thought than telling the truth, which in turn, may result in a liar making more errors in speech. Lastly, the attempted control approach suggests a subject who is lying will attempt to be seemingly normal or honest, and will try to adjust their behaviors to make themselves believable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_cop/bad_cop"><span id="Good_cop.2Fbad_cop"></span>Good cop/bad cop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Good cop/bad cop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Khadr_pulling_his_hair_in_frustration_during_an_interrogation_by_Canadian_officials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Omar_Khadr_pulling_his_hair_in_frustration_during_an_interrogation_by_Canadian_officials.jpg/220px-Omar_Khadr_pulling_his_hair_in_frustration_during_an_interrogation_by_Canadian_officials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Omar_Khadr_pulling_his_hair_in_frustration_during_an_interrogation_by_Canadian_officials.jpg/330px-Omar_Khadr_pulling_his_hair_in_frustration_during_an_interrogation_by_Canadian_officials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Omar_Khadr_pulling_his_hair_in_frustration_during_an_interrogation_by_Canadian_officials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khadr" title="Omar Khadr">Omar Khadr</a> pulling his hair in frustration during a February 2003 interrogation by Canadian officials</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">Good cop/bad cop</a> is a psychological tactic used in <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> and interrogation, in which a team of two interrogators take apparently opposing approaches to the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One adopts a hostile or accusatory demeanor, emphasizing threats of punishment, while the other adopts a more sympathetic demeanor, emphasizing reward, in order to convince the subject to cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotating_interrogators">Rotating interrogators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rotating interrogators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, the "wheel battle" (<i>chelunzhan</i>) tactic involves "unrelenting continuous interrogation by multiple rotating interrogators".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 252">: 252 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind-altering_drugs">Mind-altering drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mind-altering drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of drugs in interrogation is both ineffective and illegal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2024)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> The Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> as resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forbids "methods of interrogation which impair the capacity of decision of judgment." Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/World_Medical_Association" title="World Medical Association">World Medical Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, for example, both forbid participation by physicians in interrogations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture">Torture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Torture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Interrogation##" title="Talk:Interrogation">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hanging.gif/170px-Hanging.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Hanging.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Half-hanging" title="Half-hanging">Half-hanging</a> of suspected <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> by government troops in 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the state use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> in interrogations extends over more than 2,000 years in Europe. It was recognized early on that information extracted under duress was deceptive and untrustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman imperial jurist Ulpian in the third century AD remarked that there is "no means of obtaining the truth" from those who have the strength to resist, while those unable to withstand the pain "will tell any lie rather than suffer it."<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2007-Page16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2007-Page16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of torture as an investigative technique waned with the rise of Christianity since it was considered "antithetical to Christ's teachings," and in 866 Pope Nicholas I banned the practice. But after the 13th century many European states such as Germany, France, Portugal, Italy, and Spain began to return to physical abuse for religious <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">inquisition</a>, and for secular investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2007-Page16_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2007-Page16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century the spreading influence of the Enlightenment led European nations to abandon officially state-sanctioned interrogation by torture. By 1874 <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> could plausibly claim that "torture has ceased to exist." Yet in the 20th century authoritarian states such as Mussolini's Fascist Italy, Hitler's Third Reich, and Lenin's and Stalin's Soviet Union once again resumed the practice, and on a massive scale.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> was a significant influence among world powers regarding torture techniques in its support of anti-Communist regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA adopted methods such as <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a>, sleep deprivation, and the use of electric shock, which were used by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, and North Koreans from their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The CIA also researched 'no-touch' torture, involving sensory deprivation, self-inflicted pain, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA taught its refined techniques of torture through police and military training to American-supported regimes in the Middle East, in Southeast Asia during the bloody <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a>, and throughout Latin America during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Asian and South Pacific nations, such as Malaysia and the Philippines, torture for interrogating and terrorizing opponents became widespread. "In its pursuit of torturers across the globe for the past forty years," writer Alfred McCoy notes, "Amnesty International has been, in a certain sense, following the trail of CIA programs."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the revelation of CIA sponsored torture in the 1970s and the subsequent outcry, the CIA largely stopped its own interrogations under torture. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, it "outsourced" such interrogation through renditions of prisoners to third world allies, often called <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">torture-by-proxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the furor over the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, American authorities cast aside scruples,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legally authorizing some forms of interrogation by torture under euphemisms such as "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "interrogation in depth"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to collect intelligence on Al Qaeda, starting in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately the CIA, the US military, and their contract employees tortured untold thousands at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib" title="Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a>, and other secret <a href="/wiki/CIA_black_site" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA black site">CIA black site</a> prisons scattered around the globe, according to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a> and the bipartisan U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee report<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brutal_Techniques_Report_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brutal_Techniques_Report-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether these interrogations under torture produced useful information is <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques#Effectiveness_and_reliability" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">hotly disputed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_President_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of President Barack Obama">administration of President Barack Obama</a> prohibited so-called enhanced interrogation in 2009, and as of March 2012 there is no longer a nation which openly admits to deliberate abuse of prisoners for purposes of interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-Obama_&_Holder_on_torture_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obama_&_Holder_on_torture-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg/220px-Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg/330px-Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg/440px-Japanese_police_interrogation_room_-_movie_set_-_October_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Film set of a <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> police interrogation room</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statutory law and regulatory law, various legal precedents called '<a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>' also impact interrogation techniques and procedures. One of the first attempts by British Courts to guide and set standards for police officers interrogating suspects was the declaration of the '<a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Rules" title="Judges' Rules">Judges' Rules</a>' in 1912 by the judges of the King's Bench Division in England. These rules, although not law, still have weight in the United Kingdom and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British military personnel were found to have misused a number of techniques during the detention of suspects in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police deception in interrogation was banned in the UK in 1984 with the passage of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Police_interrogation">Police interrogation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Police interrogation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, police interrogations are conducted under an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a>, in which the police seek to obtain material that will aid in convicting a suspect rather than discovering the facts of the case. To this end, a variety of tactics are employed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reid_technique" title="Reid technique">Reid technique</a> is widely used by U. S. law enforcement officers for interrogation purposes. It involves steps to obtaining a confession and methods for detecting signs of deception in the suspect's body language. The technique has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and as eliciting false confessions from innocent people.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is described in the analysis of the Denver police's January 2000 interrogation of 14-year-old Lorenzo Montoya, which took place during its investigation of the murder of 29-year-old Emily Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_protections">Constitutional protections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Constitutional protections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Amendment, which states that one cannot be made to be "a witness against himself", prohibits law enforcement from forcing suspects to offer self-incriminating evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> ruling, police are required to read aloud to suspects under interrogation their <i>Miranda</i> Rights afforded to them by the Fifth Amendment, such as the right to remain silent and the right to seek counsel. If the police fail to administer the <i>Miranda</i> rights, all statements under interrogation are prohibited from being used as evidence in court proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Picard.jpg/220px-Picard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Picard.jpg/330px-Picard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Picard.jpg/440px-Picard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Inquisition <a href="/wiki/Torture_chamber" title="Torture chamber">torture chamber</a>. <i>Mémoires Historiques</i> (1716)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Push_for_mandatory_recording_of_interrogations_in_the_U.S.">Push for mandatory recording of interrogations in the U.S.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Push for mandatory recording of interrogations in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 2000s, a growing movement calls for the mandatory electronic recording of all custodial interrogations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nj_2007_report_on_recording_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj_2007_report_on_recording-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Electronic recording" describes the process of recording interrogations from start to finish. This is in contrast to a "taped" or "recorded confession," which typically only includes the final statement of the suspect. "Taped interrogation" is the traditional term for this process; however, as analog is becoming less and less common, statutes and scholars are referring to the process as "electronically recording" interviews or interrogations. Alaska,<sup id="cite_ref-CFPA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFPA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illinois,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maine,<sup id="cite_ref-maine_chiefs_order_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine_chiefs_order-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minnesota,<sup id="cite_ref-CFPA_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFPA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the only states to require taped interrogation. New Jersey's taping requirement started on January 1, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-nj_3-17_implement_2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj_3-17_implement_2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nj_3-17_rules_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj_3-17_rules-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts allows jury instructions that state that the courts prefer taped interrogations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neil Nelson of the St. Paul Police Department, an expert in taped interrogation,<sup id="cite_ref-neil_nelson_page_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neil_nelson_page-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has described taped interrogation in Minnesota as the "best tool ever forced down our throats".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covert_interrogation" title="Covert interrogation">Covert interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation of Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_34-52_Intelligence_Interrogation" title="FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation">FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_to_interrogation" title="Resistance to interrogation">Resistance to interrogation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces: How The Professionals Fight And Win</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/batna/the-good-cop-bad-cop-negotiation-strategy/">the original</a> on March 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Facing+up+to+what+we+did+in+interrogations&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fgeorge-will-zero-dark-thirty-and-our-interrogation-legacy%2F2013%2F01%2F11%2F4d0e5f66-5b5e-11e2-9fa9-5fbdc9530eb9_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obama_&_Holder_on_torture-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obama_&_Holder_on_torture_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28574408">"Obama: U.S. will not torture"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+U.S.+will+not+torture&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna28574408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2009" class="citation news cs1">Stout, David (2009-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623205130/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/us/politics/16holdercnd.html">"Holder Tells Senators Waterboarding Is Torture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/16/us/politics/16holdercnd.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holder+Tells+Senators+Waterboarding+Is+Torture&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F16holdercnd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Allen2012" class="citation book cs1">Van Allen, Bill (2012). <i>Criminal Investigation: In Search of the Truth</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+UK+Police+Interview+Suspects&rft.pub=Innocence+Project&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finnocenceproject.org%2Fnews%2Fhow-the-uk-police-interview-suspects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo2009" class="citation book cs1">Leo, Richard A. (June 2009). <i>Police Interrogation and American Justice</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674035317" title="Special:BookSources/9780674035317"><bdi>9780674035317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+Interrogation+and+American+Justice&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06&rft.isbn=9780674035317&rft.aulast=Leo&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassinFong1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kassin, Saul; Fong, Christina (1999). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NJCourts.gov&rft.atitle=REPORT+ON+THE+IMPLEMENTATION+OF+THE+REQUIREMENT+FOR+RECORDATION+OF+CUSTODIAL+INTERROGATIONS&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.njcourts.gov%2Fnotices%2Freports%2Freport070802.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFPA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFPA_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFPA_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060601221307/http://www.cfpa.org/issues/issue.cfm/issue/ElectronicRecording.xml">"Electronic Recording of Interrogations"</a>. <i>Center for Policy Alternatives</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.northwestern.edu/depts/clinic/wrongful/documents/SB15ElectronicRecordingBill.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Pritzker+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=Text+of+the+new+Illinois+law+%28SB15%29+requiring+electronic+recording+of+custodial+interrogations+in+murder+case+%28The+Illinois+Criminal+Justice+Information+Act%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.northwestern.edu%2Fdepts%2Fclinic%2Fwrongful%2Fdocuments%2FSB15ElectronicRecordingBill.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maine_chiefs_order-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maine_chiefs_order_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051115032709/http://www.mainechiefs.us/2-23A%20Recording%20of%20Interviews%20of%20Suspects%20in%20Serious%20Crimes.doc">"GENERAL ORDER: RECORDING OF SUSPECTS IN SERIOUS CRIMES Number: 2-23A & THE PRESERVATION OF NOTES & RECORDS"</a>. <i>Maine Chiefs of Police Association</i>. 11 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainechiefs.us/2-23A%20Recording%20of%20Interviews%20of%20Suspects%20in%20Serious%20Crimes.doc">the original</a> on 15 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maine+Chiefs+of+Police+Association&rft.atitle=GENERAL+ORDER%3A+RECORDING+OF+SUSPECTS+IN+SERIOUS+CRIMES+Number%3A+2-23A+%26+THE+PRESERVATION+OF+NOTES+%26+RECORDS&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainechiefs.us%2F2-23A%2520Recording%2520of%2520Interviews%2520of%2520Suspects%2520in%2520Serious%2520Crimes.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820015417/http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reviews/05/05-3-25.htm">"Wisconsin Supreme Court rules that all custodial interrogations of juveniles must be recorded. (In the Interest of Jerrell C.J.) (05-3-25)"</a>. <i>Texas Juvenile Probation Commission</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/publications/reviews/05/05-3-25.htm">the original</a> on 2010-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Juvenile+Probation+Commission&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+Supreme+Court+rules+that+all+custodial+interrogations+of+juveniles+must+be+recorded.+%28In+the+Interest+of+Jerrell+C.J.%29+%2805-3-25%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tjpc.state.tx.us%2Fpublications%2Freviews%2F05%2F05-3-25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nj_3-17_implement_2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nj_3-17_implement_2005_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoritz2005" class="citation web cs1">Poritz, Deborah T. (14 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712170743/https://www.njcourts.gov/notices/2005/n051024a.pdf">"Notice to the Bar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Jersey Courts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.njcourts.gov/notices/2005/n051024a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Jersey+Courts&rft.atitle=Notice+to+the+Bar&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft.aulast=Poritz&rft.aufirst=Deborah+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.njcourts.gov%2Fnotices%2F2005%2Fn051024a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nj_3-17_rules-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nj_3-17_rules_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612124510/https://www.njcourts.gov/attorneys/assets/rules/r3-17.pdf">"RULE 3:17. Electronic Recordation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Jersey Courts</i>. 14 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.njcourts.gov/attorneys/assets/rules/r3-17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Jersey+Courts&rft.atitle=RULE+3%3A17.+Electronic+Recordation&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.njcourts.gov%2Fattorneys%2Fassets%2Frules%2Fr3-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 813 N.E.2d 516, 533–34 (Mass. 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neil_nelson_page-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neil_nelson_page_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314021958/http://neilnelson.com/">"Neil Nelson & Associates"</a>. <i>Neil Nelson & Associates</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neilnelson.com">the original</a> on 14 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neil+Nelson+%26+Associates&rft.atitle=Neil+Nelson+%26+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neilnelson.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2005" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Dennis (December 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016054329/http://www.nlada.org/DMS/Documents/1134061838.85/1206fbitaping.html">"FBI's policy drawing fire"</a>. <i>The Arizona Republic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlada.org/DMS/Documents/1134061838.85/1206fbitaping.html">the original</a> on October 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=FBI%27s+policy+drawing+fire&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlada.org%2FDMS%2FDocuments%2F1134061838.85%2F1206fbitaping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/interrogation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/interrogation">interrogation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interrogation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Interrogation">Interrogation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613112835/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no1/article06.html">"The Man in the Snow White Cell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. April 14, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no1/article06.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+in+the+Snow+White+Cell&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol48no1%2Farticle06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727093433/https://maestrovision.com/2020/08/05/these-11-interrogation-expert-tips-will-improve-your-investigations/">"These 11 Expert Interrogation Tips Will Improve Your Investigations!"</a>. MaestroVision. 6 August 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maestrovision.com/2020/08/05/these-11-interrogation-expert-tips-will-improve-your-investigations/">the original</a> on 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+11+Expert+Interrogation+Tips+Will+Improve+Your+Investigations%21&rft.pub=MaestroVision&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaestrovision.com%2F2020%2F08%2F05%2Fthese-11-interrogation-expert-tips-will-improve-your-investigations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterrogation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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handling">Agent handling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">Agent provocateur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covert_agent" title="Covert agent">Agent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_agent" title="Field agent">Field agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">Sleeper agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Spymaster">Spymaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses" title="Analysis of competing hypotheses">competing hypotheses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices and<br />communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn_notice" title="Burn notice">Burn notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">Covert listening device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_spying" title="Cyber spying">Cyber spying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_drop" title="Dead drop">Dead drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_ink" title="Invisible ink">Invisible ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_station" title="Numbers station">Numbers station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_voice_link" title="One-way voice link">One-way voice link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_surveillance" title="Phone surveillance">Phone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-range_agent_communications" title="Short-range agent communications">Short-range agent communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microdot" title="Microdot">microdot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_tools" title="Surveillance tools">Surveillance tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a> and<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_trap" title="Canary trap">Canary trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">Front organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_hangout" title="Limited hangout">Limited hangout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">Chinese espionage in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">Black operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">black bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetwork" title="Wetwork">wetwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">MASINT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">MINARET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_SHAMROCK" title="Project SHAMROCK">SHAMROCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexpionage" title="Sexpionage">Sexpionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">Sting operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_surveillance" title="Targeted surveillance">Targeted surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intelligence_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Template:Intelligence cycle management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Template talk:Intelligence cycle management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intelligence cycle management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intelligence_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_collection_management" title="Intelligence collection management">Collection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Human (HUMINT)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Reconnaissance_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Special Reconnaissance organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_human_intelligence" title="Clandestine human intelligence">Clandestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Asset recruiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT_and_covert_action" title="Clandestine HUMINT and covert action">Covert action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action_(military)" title="Direct action (military)">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques" title="Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques">Operational techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage#Agents_in_espionage" title="Espionage">Agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_agent" title="Field agent">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">handling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">Black operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">black bag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_drop" title="Dead drop">Dead drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">Defection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">Turncoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">Denial and deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_station" title="Numbers station">Numbers station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_voice_link" title="One-way voice link">One-way voice link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals (SIGINT)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence_by_alliances,_nations_and_industries" title="Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries">By alliances, nations and industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence_in_modern_history" title="Signals intelligence in modern history">In modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence_operational_platforms_by_nation" title="Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation">Operational platforms by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">Direction finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">Traffic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempest_(codename)" title="Tempest (codename)">TEMPEST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">Measurement and<br />signature (MASINT)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-optical_MASINT" title="Electro-optical MASINT">Electro-optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_MASINT" title="Geophysical MASINT">Geophysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_MASINT" title="Nuclear MASINT">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_MASINT" title="Radar MASINT">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_MASINT" title="Radiofrequency MASINT">Radiofrequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_MASINT" title="Materials MASINT">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_estimation" title="Casualty estimation">Casualty estimation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Earthquake_casualty_estimation" title="Earthquake casualty estimation">earthquake</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial (FININT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial (GEOINT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery (IMINT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source (OSINT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_intelligence" title="Technical intelligence">Technical (TECHINT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_analysis_management" title="Intelligence analysis management">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses" title="Analysis of competing hypotheses">Competing hypotheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_(target-centric_approach)" title="Intelligence cycle (target-centric approach)">Target-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_estimative_probability" title="Words of estimative probability">Words of estimative probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-source_intelligence" title="All-source intelligence">All-source intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_intelligence" title="Basic intelligence">Basic intelligence</a></li> <li><a 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