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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Ogaden_War_(1978–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Ogaden_War_(1978–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Post-Ogaden War (1978–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Ogaden_War_(1978–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_of_Derg_regime_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_of_Derg_regime_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Collapse of Derg regime (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_of_Derg_regime_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_insurgency_(1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_insurgency_(1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Outbreak of insurgency (1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_insurgency_(1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_ONLF_(1993–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_ONLF_(1993–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Rise of ONLF (1993–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_ONLF_(1993–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgent_build_up_(2000–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgent_build_up_(2000–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Insurgent build up (2000–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgent_build_up_(2000–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Somalia_and_escalation_of_insurgency_(2006–07)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Somalia_and_escalation_of_insurgency_(2006–07)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>War in Somalia and escalation of insurgency (2006–07)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Somalia_and_escalation_of_insurgency_(2006–07)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abole_oil_field_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abole_oil_field_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Abole oil field raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abole_oil_field_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crackdown_in_the_Ogaden_(2007–08)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crackdown_in_the_Ogaden_(2007–08)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Crackdown in the Ogaden (2007–08)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crackdown_in_the_Ogaden_(2007–08)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_peace_agreement_and_post-ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_peace_agreement_and_post-ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>2018 peace agreement and post-ceasefire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_peace_agreement_and_post-ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rising_tensions_(2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_tensions_(2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Rising tensions (2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_tensions_(2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human rights situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstand_im_Ogaden" title="Aufstand im Ogaden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufstand im Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_dans_l%27Ogaden" title="Insurrection dans l'Ogaden – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection dans l'Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogadeni_v%C3%A1ls%C3%A1g" title="Ogadeni válság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ogadeni válság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_Ogaden" title="Konflik Ogaden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konflik Ogaden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelia_w_Ogadenie" title="Rebelia w Ogadenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rebelia w Ogadenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurg%C3%AAncia_em_Ogad%C3%AAnia" title="Insurgência em Ogadênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Insurgência em Ogadênia" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Armed conflict for self determination in the Ogaden region from 1992 to 2018</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden" title="Battle of the Ogaden">Battle of the Ogaden</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insurgency in Ogaden</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_in_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Conflicts in the Horn of Africa">conflicts in the Horn of Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg/220px-Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg/330px-Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg/440px-Column_of_ONLF_rebels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><br />A column of ONLF insurgents</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11 August 1992<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 12 August 2018<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (26 years and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace agreement</a> reached</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> <br />(until 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1992–97) <br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mulatu_Teshome" title="Mulatu Teshome">Mulatu Teshome</a></b> <br />(2018)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Girma_Wolde-Giorgis" title="Girma Wolde-Giorgis">Girma Wolde-Giorgis</a> <br />(2001–18)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Negasso_Gidada" title="Negasso Gidada">Negasso Gidada</a> <br />(1995–2001)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mulatu_Teshome" title="Mulatu Teshome">Mulatu Teshome</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></b> <br />(2018)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam Desalegn</a> <br />(2012–18)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> <br />(1995–2012)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seare_Mekonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Seare Mekonen">Seare Mekonen</a> <br />(2018–19)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samora_Yunis" title="Samora Yunis">Samora Yunis</a> <br />(2001–18)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsadkan_Gebretensae" title="Tsadkan Gebretensae">Tsadkan Gebretensae</a> <br />(1994–2001)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Mohamoud_Omar" title="Abdi Mohamoud Omar">Abdi Illey</a><br /> (2010–18)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Mahdi" title="Abdirahman Mahdi">Abdirahman Mahdi</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sirad_Dolal" title="Mohamed Sirad Dolal">Mohamed Sirad Dolal</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Omar_Osman" title="Mohammed Omar Osman">Mohammed Omar Osman</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdulahi_Mohamed_Sa%27adi" title="Abdulahi Mohamed Sa'adi">Abdulahi Mohamed Sa'adi</a> </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Hersi_%22Turki%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Hersi "Turki"">Hassan Turki</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gouled_Hassan_Dourad" title="Gouled Hassan Dourad">Gouled Hassan Dourad</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Aero" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Hashi Farah Aero">Adan Ayrow</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 182,500 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 2,000–3,000 </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> 1,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 1,300 killed<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 1,430 killed<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> 248 killed<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-1960_conflictsin_the_Horn_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Post-1960 <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_in_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Conflicts in the Horn of Africa">conflicts<br />in the Horn of Africa</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean civil wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bale_revolt" title="Bale revolt">Bale revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamu_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamu Incident">Rhamu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ogaden_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 Ogaden Rebellion">1963 Ogaden Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 Al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Ethiopian_crackdown_in_Ogaden" title="2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden">2007–08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo%E2%80%93Guji_clashes" title="Gedeo–Guji clashes">Gedeo–Guji clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa"><i>OEF – Horn of Africa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fashaga_conflict" title="Al-Fashaga conflict">Al-Fashaga conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eritrean–Ethiopian_border_conflict" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Eritrean–Ethiopian conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eritrean–Ethiopian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eritrean–Ethiopian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eritrean–Ethiopian_border_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict"><span class="wrap">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> (1998–2000):</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_attack_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean attack of Ethiopia">Eritrean attack of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunset" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sunset"><i>Sunset</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="be:Аперацыя «Заход»">be</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1999_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_aerial_clashes" title="February 1999 Eritrean–Ethiopian aerial clashes">February 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=May-June_2000_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May-June 2000 offensive (page does not exist)">May-June 2000</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(2000)" class="extiw" title="be:Майска-чэрвеньскае наступленне (2000)">be</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aider" title="Operation Aider">Aider</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Post-2000 conflicts:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Afar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_skirmish" title="2010 Eritrean–Ethiopian border skirmish">2010 border skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsorona" title="Battle of Tsorona">Tsorona</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Agreements:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Agreement_(2000)" title="Algiers Agreement (2000)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">Asmera</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Aspects:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_campaign_of_the_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air campaign of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War (page does not exist)">Air campaign</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Авиация эфиопо-эритрейского конфликта">ru</a>]</span></li> <li>Military specialists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Russian involvement in the Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_involvement_in_the_Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Ukrainian involvement in the Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UNMEE</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Insurgency in Ogaden</b> was an armed conflict that took place from 1992 to 2018. It was waged by nationalist and islamist Somali insurgent groups seeking <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self determination</a> for the region, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> (ONLF) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya</a> (AIAI). The war in the region began in 1992, when the Ethiopian government attacked AIAI in an attempt to suppress the growth of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the ONLF commenced its armed struggle and began publicly calling for an independent 'Ogadenia' state.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">Ethiopian invasion of Somalia</a> in late 2006, the insurgency in the Ogaden significantly escalated after a decade of <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> in Somalia coincided with the large scale <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Ethiopian_crackdown_in_Ogaden" title="2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden">2007–08 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defence Force</a> (ENDF) perpetrated grave human rights abuses against the civilian population in the region, including the widespread burning of villages, extensive <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime sexual violence</a>, and mass civilian killings. International agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> were expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali region</a> by the Ethiopian government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported the ENDF engaged in <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics to fight the ONLF.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Regional_Special_Forces" title="Ethiopian Regional Special Forces">Ethiopian Regional Special Forces</a> in the mid-2000s, which soon proliferated across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After raging for over 25 years, the conflict ended in a peace agreement during 2018 as part of Ethiopian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a>'s reforms. During October 2024, the ONLF announced announced it is reassessing the 2018 agreement, citing a lack of progress on key provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg/330px-Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg/440px-Somali_in_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Somali Region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coinciding with the European colonial advances in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> during the late 1880s, Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II%27s_conquests" title="Menelik II's conquests">invasions into Somali inhabited territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region faced the brunt of the imperial military campaigns, during which the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> imported a significant amount of firearms from European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135–36_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi202135–36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large scale importation of European arms completely upset the balance of power between the Somalis and the Ethiopian Empire, as the colonial powers blocked Somalis from receiving firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian administration of the Ogaden was "sketchy in the extreme". Sporadic tax raids into the region often failed and Ethiopian administrators and military personnel only resided in major cities of <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts at taxation in the region were called off following the massacre of 150 Ethiopian troops in January 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> in 1935, the Ethiopian hold on the Ogaden remained tenuous.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to native hostility, the region had nearly no Ethiopian presence until the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in 1934 and the <a href="/wiki/Wal_Wal_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal Wal incident">Wal Wal incident</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ogaden region was formally incorporated into Ethiopia after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was ceded by the British to Ethiopia by 1955 despite protests of the Somalis, who saw the region as a geographical and political continuation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>. Hopes of a unified Somali state were not put into practice as Ogaden was gradually reincorporated into Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent Somalia later supported the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF), a group formed out of the <a href="/wiki/1963%E2%80%931965_Ogaden_rebellion" title="1963–1965 Ogaden rebellion">1963–1965 Ogaden rebellion</a>. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> invaded the Ogaden to support the WSLF and unify the region with the Somali state. After the Somali defeat in 1978, the Ogaden was turned into a militarized zone where population transfers were conducted in order to quell any signs of sedition.<sup id="cite_ref-CruX_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruX-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Ogaden_War_(1978–1991)"><span id="Post-Ogaden_War_.281978.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Post-Ogaden War (1978–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-Ogaden War (1978–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>, many supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">WSLF</a> became disillusioned with the organizations increasing reliance on Mogadishu and were frustrated by international portrayals of the struggle in the Ogaden as merely a border matter between Ethiopia and Somalia. A new organization, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> (ONLF) was founded in 1984 by six disaffected members of the WSLF and the organization was immediately banned by the government of <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021147-148_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021147-148-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1980's, the newly formed Somali Islamist group <a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya</a> (AIAI) focused on providing welfare to refugee camps housing Somalis displaced from the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region following the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">1977–1978 war</a> with Ethiopia. While the organization had initially begun as a relief organization among Ogaden Somali populations, its ultimate goal was to free the Ogaden region from what Al-Itihaad and other Somali factions like the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">WSLF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">ONLF</a> perceived to be Ethiopian colonial rule. AIAI opened <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Islamic schools</a> across refugee camps and mobilizing youth. Consequently the organization had a significant following in the Ogaden region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021149-150_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021149-150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_of_Derg_regime_(1991)"><span id="Collapse_of_Derg_regime_.281991.29"></span>Collapse of Derg regime (1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Collapse of Derg regime (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the meantime the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%E2%80%99s_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean People’s Liberation Front">Eritrean People’s Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrayan People's Liberation Front">Tigrayan People's Liberation Front</a> overthrew the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> dictatorship, leading to a period of political instability. The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> assumed power by creating a coalition of ethno-nationalist movements from across the country, choosing the previously marginalised <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> as its ally in Ogaden. ONLF's previously exiled leadership returned from exile, gaining the support of local population. <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> attained independence in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>, inspiring ONLF to pursue a similar goal for Ogaden.<sup id="cite_ref-CruX_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruX-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During June 1991, the first general conference from <a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya</a> was held in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region, publicly establishing the organization and leadership in the territory. While AIAI had never renounced the use of violence, it first took a policy of cooperating with the directives of the newly formed post-<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> government. In October 1991, Al-Itihaad formerly registered as an Ethiopian political party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmi201080-81_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmi201080-81-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization also revealed the existence of its military wing to the government and delivered documents describing its political programme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 January 1992, at Garigo'an near <a href="/wiki/Gerbo_(woreda)" title="Gerbo (woreda)">Garbo</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> central committee led by Sheikh Ibrahim Abdallah was elected. This would lay the foundation for an organized and cohesive organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021149_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021149-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_insurgency_(1992)"><span id="Outbreak_of_insurgency_.281992.29"></span>Outbreak of insurgency (1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outbreak of insurgency (1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 August 1992, Ethiopian government forces ambushed Al-Itihaad, killing the organizations top leaders and two dozen other high ranking figures. Recent success in curbing the rise of organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">Oromo Liberation Front</a> encouraged the Ethiopian government to eradicate Al-Itihaad before it had grown firm roots in the region. Following the killing AIAI quickly regrouped and elected Sheikh Abdulsalam Osman to replace Sheikh Abdulahi Bade, who had been assassinated in the ambush. This marked the beginning of a conflict lasting several months in 1992 that would see a total of nine battle between AIAI and the Ethiopian military, ending in a ceasefire by the end of the year. The ceasefire would hold in the region until 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021192-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_ONLF_(1993–2000)"><span id="Rise_of_ONLF_.281993.E2.80.932000.29"></span>Rise of ONLF (1993–2000)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise of ONLF (1993–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray Peoples Liberation Front</a> (TPLF) dominated EPRDF sought to curb Somali demands for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> by influencing politics in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlönen202225_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlönen202225-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1993, ONLF candidate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdillahi_Mohammed_Sadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdillahi Mohammed Sadi (page does not exist)">Abdillahi Mohammed Sadi</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Regional</a> president by receiving 70% of the votes, Sadi was however sacked by <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">TPLF</a> officials seven months later creating a power vacuum. Tensions between the TPLF and ONLF escalated in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-CruX_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruX-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, fighting between Ethiopian forces and the ONLF began at <a href="/wiki/Werder,_Ethiopia" title="Werder, Ethiopia">Werder</a>, resulting in several days of clashes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlönen202225_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlönen202225-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-1995, armed conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> sharply increased. During military confrontations between the ONLF and the military, government forces enacted brutal measures that included <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>, extensive detentions without prosecution, disappearances and torture in a bid to crush the insurgency. In response to heavy handed measures, the ONLF began reaching out to the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">Oromo Liberation Front</a> (OLF) and the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Revolutionary_Democratic_Unity_Front" title="Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front">Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front</a> (ARDUF). Agreements to coordinate activities with both groups were signed. In response to this development, the EPRDF intensified operations and began labelling these groups 'terrorists'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYlönen202226_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYlönen202226-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a bid to gain control of the region, different Somali leaders were imprisoned or assassinated by the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AIAI began fighting alongside the ONLF when <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> banned the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmi201080-81_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmi201080-81-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite an intensive government military campaign against the ONLF from 1994 to 1996, the organization survived and grew in strength. While the ONLF was effectively composed of numerous differing groups, the governments political interference and brutal <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> measures led many Somalis in the Ogaden to rally behind it. Previous internal fractures within the organization greatly dissipated in this period, resulting in the ONLF becoming a more cohesive force than it had ever previously been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021204_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021204-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgent_build_up_(2000–2006)"><span id="Insurgent_build_up_.282000.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Insurgent build up (2000–2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insurgent build up (2000–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the early 2000's the ONLF's military capabilities expanded and the organization began stepping up attacks against Ethiopian military positions in the Ogaden, with a significant escalation in armed conflict occurring during 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021205-206_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdi2021205-206-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 April 2003, ONLF initiated the Operation Mandad, aiming the expulsion of government troops from the districts of Korahey and Dolo. Two days later a battle took place in the towns of Alen and Garas Qalo, security forces suffered 60 fatalities and lost 2 army trucks, 41 rebels were also killed in the fighting. Authorities responded by imposing curfews on the towns of Kebri Dehar, Warder, and Shilabo, 36 suspected militants were also arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 2005, insurgents launched attacks against government troops stationed in the towns of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamarro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamarro (page does not exist)">Hamarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiq_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiq Zone">Fik</a>, killing 4 and injuring 5 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-VaC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October 2005, the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasan,_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gasan, Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Gasan</a> and an army base located in the district of Kebri Dehar came under a militant attack, 5 soldiers were slain and 6 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-VaC_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 October 2005, rebels attacked an army encampment in the area of Kudunbur, 11 soldiers were killed and 13 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-VaC_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VaC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 November 2005, Ethiopian troops allegedly committed a massacre of 30 civilians and prisoners after the later demanded better treatment from their captors.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 March 2006, an ONLF delegation conducted a briefing with officials representing the Danish foreign ministry, human rights abuses were discussed during the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Somalia_and_escalation_of_insurgency_(2006–07)"><span id="War_in_Somalia_and_escalation_of_insurgency_.282006.E2.80.9307.29"></span>War in Somalia and escalation of insurgency (2006–07)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War in Somalia and escalation of insurgency (2006–07)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)">Ethiopian invasion of Somalia</a></div> <p>On 23 July 2006, the ONLF announced the downing of an ENDF transport helicopter heading for Somalia and warned that Ethiopian military movements in the region pointed towards an imminent large scale operation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During November 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">ONLF</a> declared that it would not allow <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian National Defence Force">Ethiopian troops</a> to stage into <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">their territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG/220px-016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG/330px-016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG/440px-016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A group of ONLF rebels in 2006.</figcaption></figure><p>On December 23, the ONLF reported attacking Ethiopian column near Baraajisale that was heading to Somalia, destroying 4 of 20 vehicles, inflicting casualties and driving the convoy back.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of 2007, the group publicly condemned the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">Ethiopian invasion of Somalia</a>, stating that <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a>'s invasion of Somalia demonstrated that his government had been an active participant in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali conflict</a> with a clear agenda aimed at undermining the Somali sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-Abole2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abole2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ONLF forces started escalating their attacks on Ethiopian military forces during early 2007 in reaction to the invasion of Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 15, <a href="/wiki/ONLF" class="mw-redirect" title="ONLF">ONLF</a> rebels attacked <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian National Defence Force">Ethiopian soldiers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kebri_Dahar" title="Kebri Dahar">Kebri Dahar</a>, Gerbo, and <a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Ethiopia" title="Fiq, Ethiopia">Fiq</a>. Five <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian National Defence Force">Ethiopian soldiers</a> and one <a href="/wiki/ONLF" class="mw-redirect" title="ONLF">ONLF</a> rebel were reported killed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abole_oil_field_raid">Abole oil field raid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abole oil field raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abole_oil_field_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abole oil field raid">Abole oil field raid</a></div> <p>On 24 April 2007, the ONLF attacked the Abole oil field, killing 74 Ethiopian troops and several Chinese workers. The Ethiopian government claimed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> fighters fought alongside the ONLF during the attack on the refinery.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crackdown_in_the_Ogaden_(2007–08)"><span id="Crackdown_in_the_Ogaden_.282007.E2.80.9308.29"></span>Crackdown in the Ogaden (2007–08)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crackdown in the Ogaden (2007–08)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ethiopian_crackdown_in_Ogaden" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–08 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden">2007–08 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden</a></div> <p>In response to the April 2007 ONLF attack, Ethiopian security forces initiated a large scale counter insurgency campaign against the ONLF. Between June 2007 – May 2008 approximately 1,000 people were killed as the opposing faction engaged in combat and committed human rights abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 July 2007, an ONLF ambush outside the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilaabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilaabo (page does not exist)">Shilaabo</a> resulted in the deaths of 43 soldiers, the separatists suffered 5 casualties and 8 rebels were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 January 2008, a government official announced the death of former top guerrilla commander <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sirad_Dolal" title="Mohamed Sirad Dolal">Mohamed Sirad Dolal</a>, following an operation in the Denan woreda of the Gode zone. By the time of his death Sirad had left ONLF and operated as a commander of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Itihad_Al-Islami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Itihad Al-Islami (page does not exist)">Al-Itihad Al-Islami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sir_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 August 2009, an Ethiopian court convicted Bashir Ahmed Makhtal, an Ethiopian born Canadian citizen to life in prison, on charges of belonging to ONLF. Makhtal denied all allegations, stating that the reason behind his prosecution is his relation to one of ONLF's founding members.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 October 2009, an ONLF spokesman accused the governments of <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> of handing over ONLF rebels to the Ethiopean security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 2011, Ethiopian authorities freed 402 previously imprisoned ONLF members as part of a peace deal, previously signed with one of ONLF's factions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 July 2011, government troops killed 15 and detained 6 rebels, 2 Swedish journalists accompanying the militants were also wounded during the engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September 2011, a band of ONLF rebels attacked a military convoy escorting Chinese oil workers, outside the city of Jijiga. The insurgents claimed to have killed 25 soldiers while suffering several casualties, a government spokesman denied the ambush took place.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 16–17 March 2012, according to a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report, Ethiopian special police forces executed 10 civilians and looted dozens of shops in the village of Raqda, the attack came as a retaliation for the recent death of several policemen.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 10 – 24 October 2013, ONLF carried out attacks on 13 military outposts in the Korehey and Nogob zones, the faction claimed to have killed 24 soldiers during the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 December 2013, government troops engaged insurgents in the Banbaas, Qolaji and Hora-hawd villages, a rebel spokesman declared that 45 soldiers were killed in the battle, as rebels captured caches of weaponry and other equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1 June – 9 July 2014, five Ethiopian nationals were gunned down in the city of <a href="/wiki/Garissa" title="Garissa">Garissa</a>, Kenya. Investigations into the murders revealed the victims to be ONLF members or sympathizers, three Ethiopians and two Kenyans were detained in connection with the murders. The perpetrators allegedly belong to Ethiopian government militias. An ONLF official accused the militias of killing at least 10 Ogadenian refugees between 2010–2011.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 February 2015, a Liyuu police unit skirmished with ONLF rebels in the Las-Galol village south-east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>. A day earlier clashes took place in Galalshe, <a href="/wiki/Jigjiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigjiga">Jigjiga</a> area. The incident took place amidst an escalation in fighting following the death of ONLF commander Mustafe Haybe, two journalists and allegedly 120 government soldiers in recent engagements.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_peace_agreement_and_post-ceasefire">2018 peace agreement and post-ceasefire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2018 peace agreement and post-ceasefire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the Ethiopian government launched a number of reforms, part of which were removing the ONLF from its list of banned movements and offering the rebels more attractive peace deals. The ONLF declared a ceasefire in August and signed an official peace deal in October, promising to disarm and transform into a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2,000 fighters disarmed in the next months, and were given lessons as well as offers to either switch to civilian jobs or become part of security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rising_tensions_(2024)"><span id="Rising_tensions_.282024.29"></span>Rising tensions (2024)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rising tensions (2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the peace deal holding and the ONLF being a legally recognized party, in September 2024 Ethiopian military chief Field Marshall <a href="/wiki/Birhanu_Jula" title="Birhanu Jula">Birhanu Jula</a> accused the front of being an 'enemy of the state' which had been allegedly created by Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month the ONLF announced it was reassessing the 2018 agreement, citing a lack of progress on key provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During October 2024 leaders of the ONLF claimed that only 20% of the 2018 peace agreement’s commitments, such as reintegrating former fighters and resettling displaced communities, have been met. The group’s spokesperson, Abdiqadir Hassan Hirmooge (Adani), voiced frustration with Ethiopian government inaction, declaring, 'We maintained peace as agreed, but the government’s failure to uphold its obligations raises serious questions about its dedication to lasting reconciliation.' The ONLF also claims cultural suppression in the Somali region, alleging that Somali elders face pressure to renounce their identity and expressing concern over rumors that Ethiopia might alter the region's official name and flag, perceiving this as a threat to Somali cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October 2024, the ONLF withdrew from the Ethiopian National Dialogue commission.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_situation">Human rights situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human rights situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG/220px-OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG/330px-OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG/440px-OgadenVillageFest2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A group of Ogaden self-determination activists during the 2015 <a href="/wiki/World_Village_Festival" title="World Village Festival">World Village Festival</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of non-government organisations have accused the Ethiopian military and police of committing human rights violations. A <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> representative compared the actions of Ethiopian security forces to crimes against humanity. Ethiopian soldiers and policemen have reportedly participated in numerous instances of rape, arbitrary detention, selective killings, torture and vandalism. In 2005, Ethiopian troops allegedly destroyed a village populated by the Armak minority, killing the denizens with metal bars. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> journalists reporting on the story were detained without charges and had their equipment confiscated. Ethiopia's tight control on the access of independent journalists into the region, has complicated the examination of assertions made by both sides of the conflict. ONLF activists have also claimed that Ethiopian officials used foreign aid as a form of blackmail, purposefully starving thousands of people. The above accusations have been dismissed by the Ethiopian government, which accused NGOs of acting as propaganda tools while completely ignoring abuses committed by the guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror (Ethiopia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911723-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911723-10-3"><bdi>978-1-911723-10-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abiy+Project%3A+God%2C+Power+and+War+in+the+New+Ethiopia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-911723-10-3&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX8ZEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Oct/198524/onlf_reassesses_2018_peace_deal_with_ethiopia_citing_unmet_promises.aspx">"ONLF reassesses 2018 peace deal with Ethiopia, citing unmet promises"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hiiraan_Online" title="Hiiraan Online">Hiiraan Online</a></i>. 18 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6"><bdi>978-1-85521-486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+peace+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+federalism+and+its+alternatives&rft.place=Dartmouth&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85521-486-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictpeaceinh00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrons2013" class="citation book cs1">Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9MVBAAAQBAJ"><i>Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-380-0"><bdi>978-1-78346-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+the+Mad+Mullah+of+Somaliland%3A+Betrayal+and+Redemption+1899-1921&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-380-0&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9MVBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardForsyth1994" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/conflictpeaceinh00pete"><i>Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives</i></a>. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85521-486-6"><bdi>978-1-85521-486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+peace+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+federalism+and+its+alternatives&rft.place=Dartmouth&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85521-486-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictpeaceinh00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrysdale1964" class="citation book cs1">Drysdale, John Gordon Stewart (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGsMAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Somali Dispute</i></a>. Pall Mall Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somali+Dispute&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Pall+Mall+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Drysdale&rft.aufirst=John+Gordon+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGsMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruX-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruX_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruX_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruX_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050453/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/files/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/207-ethiopia-prospects-for-peace-in-ogaden.pdf">"Ethiopia: Prospects for Peace in Ogaden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crisis Group</i>. 6 August 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+sentences+Canadian+to+life+on+terrorism+charges&rft.date=2009-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle32025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32929">"Ogaden rebels accuse Puntland of handing over youth to Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 27 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202235735/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32929">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ogaden+rebels+accuse+Puntland+of+handing+over+youth+to+Ethiopia&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle32929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article37629">"Ethiopia releases hundreds of jailed ONLF rebels"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 11 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202235546/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article37629">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+releases+hundreds+of+jailed+ONLF+rebels&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle37629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article39426">"Ethiopia: Army kills 15 rebels, wounds Swedish journalists"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 4 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203014013/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article39426">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Army+kills+15+rebels%2C+wounds+Swedish+journalists&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle39426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14763076">"Ethiopia denies troops killed by Ogaden rebels"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 2 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816153824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14763076">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+signs+peace+deal+with+former+Ogaden+rebels&rft.date=2019-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2Fethiopia-signs-peace-deal-ogaden-rebels-190413150450692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Sept/198010/onlf_condemns_ethiopian_military_chief_s_accusations_as_threat_to_2018_peace_agreement.aspx">"ONLF condemns Ethiopian military chief's accusations as threat to 2018 peace agreement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hiiraan_Online" title="Hiiraan Online">Hiiraan Online</a></i>. 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hiiraan+Online&rft.atitle=ONLF+condemns+Ethiopian+military+chief%27s+accusations+as+threat+to+2018+peace+agreement&rft.date=2024-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiiraan.com%2Fnews4%2F2024%2FSept%2F198010%2Fonlf_condemns_ethiopian_military_chief_s_accusations_as_threat_to_2018_peace_agreement.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addisstandard.com/onlf-withdraws-from-national-dialogue-accusing-somali-authorities-of-unilateral-and-exclusionary-actions/">"ONLF withdraws from National Dialogue, accusing Somali authorities of 'unilateral' and 'exclusionary' actions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Addis_Standard" title="Addis Standard">Addis Standard</a></i>. 21 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=ONLF+withdraws+from+National+Dialogue%2C+accusing+Somali+authorities+of+%27unilateral%27+and+%27exclusionary%27+actions&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fonlf-withdraws-from-national-dialogue-accusing-somali-authorities-of-unilateral-and-exclusionary-actions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/09/201291611594965136.html">"New fighting force in Ethiopia's Ogaden"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 16 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525020318/http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/09/201291611594965136.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=New+fighting+force+in+Ethiopia%27s+Ogaden&rft.date=2012-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fvideo%2Fafrica%2F2012%2F09%2F201291611594965136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/24/ethiopia.somalia">"The Ogaden: a forgotten war draining a forgotten people"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 24 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525022534/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/24/ethiopia.somalia">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Ogaden%3A+a+forgotten+war+draining+a+forgotten+people&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fmar%2F24%2Fethiopia.somalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Gettleman2007" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey Gettleman (18 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/world/africa/18ethiopia.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"In Ethiopia, Fear and Cries of Army Brutality"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525013926/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/18/world/africa/18ethiopia.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Ethiopia%2C+Fear+and+Cries+of+Army+Brutality&rft.date=2007-06-18&rft.au=Jeffrey+Gettleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F18%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F18ethiopia.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi2021" class="citation book cs1">Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/165059930"><i>A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300-2007)</i></a> (2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906342-39-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906342-39-5"><bdi>978-1-906342-39-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165059930">165059930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ogaden+%28Western+Somali%29+Struggle+for+Self-Determination%3A+Part+I+%281300-2007%29&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Safis+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165059930&rft.isbn=978-1-906342-39-5&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Mohamud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F165059930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmi2010" class="citation book cs1">Elmi, Afyare Abdi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingsom0000elmi"><i>Understanding the Somalia Conflagration: Identity, Political Islam and Peacebuilding</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745329741" title="Special:BookSources/9780745329741"><bdi>9780745329741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Somalia+Conflagration%3A+Identity%2C+Political+Islam+and+Peacebuilding&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780745329741&rft.aulast=Elmi&rft.aufirst=Afyare+Abdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingsom0000elmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlönen2022" class="citation book cs1">Ylönen, Aleksi (2022). "The Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and the dilemma of liberation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780429426957-4"><i>Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Routledge Handbooks. pp. 21–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429426957-4">10.4324/9780429426957-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429426957" title="Special:BookSources/9780429426957"><bdi>9780429426957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ogaden+National+Liberation+Front+%28ONLF%29+and+the+dilemma+of+liberation&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=21-31&rft.pub=Routledge+Handbooks&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429426957-4&rft.isbn=9780429426957&rft.aulast=Yl%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Aleksi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehandbooks.com%2Fdoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429426957-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency+in+Ogaden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogadentoday.com/news.php">Ogaden Today</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template talk:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 in Somalia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 in Somalia">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 in Somalia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932006)" title="History of Somalia (1991–2006)">History of Somalia (1991–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Factions in the Somali Civil War">Factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_in_Somalia" title="Disarmament in Somalia">Disarmament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamic_Courts_Union_offensive" title="2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive">2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2006)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2006)">2006 Battle of Mogadishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_at_reconciliation_in_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932004)" title="Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)">Somali Reconciliation Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_National_Reconciliation_in_Somalia" title="Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Somali_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Somali_National_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2007 Somali National Reconciliation Conference">2007</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baidoa" title="Battle of Baidoa">Battle of Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bandiradley" title="Battle of Bandiradley">Battle of Bandiradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2006)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2006)">Battle of Beledweyne (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jowhar" title="Battle of Jowhar">Battle of Jowhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Fall of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jilib" title="Battle of Jilib">Battle of Jilib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo" title="Fall of Kismayo">Fall of Kismayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March%E2%80%93April_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)">Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Battle of Bargal (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(November_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)">Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2008)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2008)">Battle of Mogadishu (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2008)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2008)">Battle of Beledweyne (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baidoa" title="Siege of Baidoa">Siege of Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2008)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2008)">Battle of Kismayo (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF–HOA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Battle of Bargal (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobley_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobley airstrike">Dobley airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhusamareb_airstrike" title="Dhusamareb airstrike">Dhusamareb airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Mogadishu_TransAVIAexport_Airlines_Il-76_crash" title="2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash">2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_Bosaso_bombings" title="February 2008 Bosaso bombings">February 2008 Bosaso bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2008 Mogadishu bombing">2008 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Hargeisa%E2%80%93Bosaso_bombings" title="2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings">2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabre_Heard" title="Gabre Heard">Gabre Heard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Farah Aero</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Restoration_of_Peace_and_Counter-Terrorism" title="Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism">ARPCT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale" title="Abdi Hasan Awale">Abdi Hasan Awale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Omar_Habeb" title="Mohamed Omar Habeb">Mohamed Omar Habeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_federal_parliament_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional federal parliament of Somalia">Transitional Federal Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Mohammed Ghedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamud_Muse_Hersi" title="Mohamud Muse Hersi">Mohamud Muse Hersi</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Warsame_Ali" title="Mohamed Warsame Ali">Mohamed Warsame Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jendayi_Frazer" title="Jendayi Frazer">Jendayi Frazer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Next phase: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&oldid=1256911536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_Ogaden&oldid=1256911536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Category:Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Civil wars 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