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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Scientific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dry_ice_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_ice_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dry ice bombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_ice_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extraterrestrial occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dry ice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolsuursneeu" title="Koolsuursneeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolsuursneeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81" title="ثلج جاف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثلج جاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelu_seco" title="Xelu seco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xelu seco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quru_buz" title="Quru buz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quru buz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Сухі лёд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сухі лёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Сух лед – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сух лед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhi_led" title="Suhi led – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Suhi led" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_sec" title="Gel sec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gel sec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%C4%95_%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%80" title="Типĕ пăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Типĕ пăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Such%C3%BD_led" title="Suchý led – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Suchý led" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8ris" title="Tøris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tøris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockeneis" title="Trockeneis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trockeneis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiv_j%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Kuiv jää – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuiv jää" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ξηρός πάγος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξηρός πάγος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hielo_seco" title="Hielo seco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hielo seco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotz_lehor" title="Izotz lehor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izotz lehor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="یخ خشک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یخ خشک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="드라이아이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라이아이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Չոր սառույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չոր սառույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhi_led" title="Suhi led – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suhi led" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es_kering" title="Es kering – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Es kering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacie_sic" title="Glacie sic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Glacie sic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiaccio_secco" title="Ghiaccio secco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghiaccio secco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A9" title="קרח יבש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרח יבש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88s_garing" title="Ès garing – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ès garing" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88_%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%88_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಡ್ರೈ ಐಸ್ (ಘನೀಭವಿಸಿದ ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಡೈ ಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡ್ರೈ ಐಸ್ (ಘನೀಭವಿಸಿದ ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಡೈ ಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მშრალი ყინული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მშრალი ყინული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausais_ledus" title="Sausais ledus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sausais ledus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1razj%C3%A9g" title="Szárazjég – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szárazjég" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഡ്രൈ ഐസ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡ്രൈ ഐസ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_kering" title="Ais kering – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ais kering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Коське эй – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Коське эй" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droogijs" title="Droogijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Droogijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ドライアイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドライアイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8rris" title="Tørris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tørris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8rris" title="Tørris – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tørris" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quruq_muz" title="Quruq muz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quruq muz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸੁੱਕੀ ਬਰਫ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁੱਕੀ ਬਰਫ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchy_l%C3%B3d" title="Suchy lód – Polish" lang="pl" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Solid form of carbon dioxide</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Ice_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dry_Ice_1.jpg/220px-Dry_Ice_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dry_Ice_1.jpg/330px-Dry_Ice_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dry_Ice_1.jpg/440px-Dry_Ice_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Subliming dry ice pellet, with <a href="/wiki/White_frost" class="mw-redirect" title="White frost">white frost</a> on the surface</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dry ice</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. It is commonly used for temporary refrigeration as CO<sub>2</sub> does not have a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid state">liquid state</a> at normal atmospheric pressure and <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> directly from the solid state to the <a href="/wiki/Gas_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas state">gas state</a>. It is used primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Cooling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling agent">cooling agent</a>, but is also used in <a href="/wiki/Fog_machine" title="Fog machine">fog machines</a> at theatres for dramatic effects. Its advantages include lower temperature than that of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> and not leaving any residue (other than incidental frost from moisture in the atmosphere). It is useful for preserving <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen foods</a> (such as ice cream) where <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">mechanical cooling</a> is unavailable. </p><p>Dry ice sublimes at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.2 °F) at Earth <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>. This extreme cold makes the solid dangerous to handle without protection from <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a> injury. While generally not very toxic, the <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> from it can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a> (abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood) due to buildup in confined locations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For supplementary chemical data, see <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide data">Carbon dioxide data</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/350px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/525px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/700px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagrams</a> of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) as a log-lin chart with phase transitions points at 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a> pressure</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry ice is the solid form of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), a molecule consisting of a single <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">bonded</a> to two <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. Dry ice is colorless, odorless, and non-flammable, and can lower the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of a solution when dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-Yaws_2001_p=125_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yaws_2001_p=125-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At pressures below 5.13 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a> and temperatures below −56.4 °C (216.8 K; −69.5 °F) (the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>), CO<sub>2</sub> changes from a solid to a gas with no intervening liquid form, through a process called <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposite process is called <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a>, where CO<sub>2</sub> changes from the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure, sublimation/deposition occurs at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of dry ice increases with decreasing temperature and ranges between about 1.55 and 1.7 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (97 and 106 lb/cu ft) below 195 K (−78 °C; −109 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice an effective <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a>, since it is colder than <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> and leaves no residue as it changes state.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_sublimation" title="Enthalpy of sublimation">enthalpy of sublimation</a> is 571 kJ/kg (25.2 kJ/mol, 136.5 calorie/g). </p><p>Dry ice is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity#Nonpolar_molecules" title="Chemical polarity">non-polar</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">dipole moment</a> of zero, so attractive <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">intermolecular</a> <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a> operate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition results in low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally accepted that dry ice was first observed in 1835 by French inventor <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Jean-Pierre_Thilorier" title="Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier">Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier</a> (1790–1844), who published the first account of the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his experiments, he noted that when opening the lid of a large cylinder containing <a href="/wiki/Liquid_carbon_dioxide" title="Liquid carbon dioxide">liquid carbon dioxide</a>, most of the liquid carbon dioxide quickly evaporated. This left only solid dry ice in the container. In 1924, Thomas B. Slate applied for a US <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> to sell dry ice commercially. Subsequently, he became the first to make dry ice successful as an <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Industry_Dry_ice_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industry_Dry_ice-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, this solid form of CO<sub>2</sub> was trademarked by the DryIce Corporation of America as "Dry ice", leading to its common name.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Dry_ice_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Dry_ice-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year the DryIce Co. sold the substance commercially for the first time, marketing it for refrigeration purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Industry_Dry_ice_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industry_Dry_ice-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/220px--Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm/Dry_ice_sublimation_march_29_2021.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">Sublimation</a> of dry ice when placed on water at room temperature</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry ice is easily manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uigi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uigi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common industrial method of manufacturing dry ice starts with a gas having a high concentration of carbon dioxide. Such gases can be a <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a> of another process, such as producing <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, oil refinery activities or large-scale <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uigi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uigi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the carbon dioxide-rich gas is pressurized and refrigerated until it liquefies. Next, the pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, causing a rapid lowering of temperature of the remaining liquid. As a result, the extreme cold causes the liquid to solidify into a snow-like consistency. Finally, the snow-like solid carbon dioxide is compressed into small pellets or larger blocks of dry ice.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hsw_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry ice is typically produced in three standard forms: large blocks, small (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> or <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in [13 or 16 mm] diameter) cylindrical pellets and tiny (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch [3.2 mm] diameter) cylindrical, high surface to volume pellets that float on oil or water and do not stick to skin because of their high radii of curvature. Tiny dry ice pellets are used primarily for <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry ice blasting">dry ice blasting</a>, quick freezing, fire fighting, oil solidifying and have been found to be safe for experimentation by middle school students wearing appropriate <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> such as gloves and safety glasses. A standard block weighing approximately 30 kg (66 lb)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> covered in a taped paper wrapping is most common. These are commonly used in shipping, because they sublime relatively slowly due to a low ratio of surface area to volume. Pellets are around 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter and can be bagged easily. This form is suited to small scale use, for example at <a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">grocery stores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratories</a> where it is stored in a thickly insulated chest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Density of pellets is 60–70% of the density of blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry ice is also produced as a byproduct of cryogenic <a href="/wiki/Air_separation" title="Air separation">air separation</a>, an industry primarily concerned with manufacturing extremely cold liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>. In this process, carbon dioxide liquefies or freezes at a far higher temperature compared to that needed to liquefy <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. The carbon dioxide must be removed during the process to prevent dry ice from fouling the equipment, and once separated can be processed into commercial dry ice in a manner similar to that described above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg/220px-Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg/330px-Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg/440px-Ice_cream_cart_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1485853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An ice cream cart</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common use of dry ice is to preserve food,<sup id="cite_ref-Yaws_2001_p=125_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yaws_2001_p=125-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration#Non-cyclic_refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">non-cyclic refrigeration</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg/220px-Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg/330px-Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg/440px-Dry_ice_in_cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Sublimation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg/220px-Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg/330px-Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg/440px-Dry_Ice_in_Water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Dry ice in water</figcaption></figure> <p>It is frequently used to package items that must remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream or biological samples, in the absence of availability or practicality of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">mechanical cooling</a>. </p><p>Dry ice is critical in the deployment of some vaccines, which require storage at ultra-cold temperatures along their supply line.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry ice can be used to <a href="/wiki/Flash_freezing" title="Flash freezing">flash-freeze</a> food<sup id="cite_ref-flashfreeze_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flashfreeze-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or laboratory biological samples,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">carbonate</a> beverages,<sup id="cite_ref-flashfreeze_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flashfreeze-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> make <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solidify <a href="/wiki/Oil_spills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil spills">oil spills</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stop <a href="/wiki/Ice_sculptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sculptures">ice sculptures</a> and ice walls from melting. </p><p>Dry ice can be used to arrest and prevent insect activity in closed containers of grains and grain products, as it displaces oxygen, but does not alter the taste or quality of foods. For the same reason, it can prevent or retard food oils and fats from becoming <a href="/wiki/Rancidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancidity">rancid</a>. </p><p>When dry ice is placed in water, <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a> is accelerated, and low-sinking, dense clouds of smoke-like fog are created. This is used in <a href="/wiki/Fog_machine" title="Fog machine">fog machines</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theatres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haunted_house_attractions" class="mw-redirect" title="Haunted house attractions">haunted house attractions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> for dramatic effects. Unlike most artificial <a href="/wiki/Fog_machine" title="Fog machine">fog machines</a>, in which fog rises like smoke, fog from dry ice hovers near the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-hsw_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ice is useful in theatre productions that require dense fog effects.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fog originates from the bulk water into which the dry ice is placed, and not from atmospheric water vapor (as is commonly assumed).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is occasionally used to freeze and remove <a href="/wiki/Warts" class="mw-redirect" title="Warts">warts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> performs better in this role, as it is colder, thereby requiring less time to act, and needs less pressure to store.<sup id="cite_ref-aa1317_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa1317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ice has fewer problems with storage, since it can be generated from compressed carbon dioxide gas as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-aa1317_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa1317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>, dry ice is used to cut off water flow to pipes to allow repairs to be made without shutting off water mains. Pressurised liquid CO<sub>2</sub> is forced into a jacket wrapped around a pipe, which in turn causes the water inside to freeze and block the pipe. When the repairs are done, the jacket is removed and the ice plug melts, allowing the flow to resume. This technique can be used on pipes up to 4 inches or 100 mm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-plumbing2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plumbing2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry ice can be used as <a href="/wiki/Bait_(luring_substance)" title="Bait (luring substance)">bait</a> to trap <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">bedbugs</a>, and other insects, due to their attraction to carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can be used to exterminate rodents. This is done by dropping pellets into rodent tunnels in the ground and then sealing off the entrance, thus suffocating the animals as the dry ice sublimates.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiny dry ice pellets can be used to fight fire by both cooling fuel and suffocating the fire by excluding oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extreme temperature of dry ice can cause <a href="/wiki/Viscoelastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscoelastic">viscoelastic</a> materials to change to <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass</a> phase. Thus, it is useful for removing many types of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensitive_adhesive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensitive adhesive">pressure sensitive adhesives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubbermold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Rubbermold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Dry ice blasting used for cleaning a <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> mold</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg/220px-%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg/330px-%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg/440px-%C4%8Ci%C5%A1%C4%87enje_instalacija_suhim_ledom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Dry ice blasting used for cleaning electrical installations</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry ice can be used for loosening asphalt floor tiles or car sound deadening material, making them easy to prise off,<sup id="cite_ref-PM169_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as freezing water in valveless pipes to enable repair.<sup id="cite_ref-PM159_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM159-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the largest mechanical uses of dry ice is <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry ice blasting">blast cleaning</a>. Dry ice pellets are shot from a nozzle with <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>, combining the power of the speed of the pellets with the action of the sublimation. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO<sub>2</sub>, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, blast cleaning has been introduced as a method of removing smoke damage from structures after fires. </p><p>Dry ice is also useful for the de-gassing of flammable vapours from storage tanks — the sublimation of dry ice pellets inside an emptied and vented tank causes an outrush of CO<sub>2</sub> that carries with it the flammable vapours.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The removal and fitting of <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_liner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder liner">cylinder liners</a> in large engines requires the use of dry ice to chill and thus shrink the liner so that it freely slides into the engine block. When the liner then warms up, it expands, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Interference_fit" title="Interference fit">interference fit</a> holds it tightly in place. Similar procedures may be used in fabricating mechanical assemblies with a high resultant strength, replacing the need for pins, keys or welds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry ice has found its application in construction for <a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">freezing soil</a>, serving as an effective alternative to <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method reduces the soil temperature to approximately -70 to -74 °C, rapidly freezing the groundwater. As a result, the soil's strength and impermeability significantly increase,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is essential for the safe execution of underground construction projects.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also useful as a <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid#CO2_Coolant" title="Cutting fluid">cutting fluid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratories">laboratories</a>, a slurry of dry ice in an <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organic solvent</a> is a useful <a href="/wiki/Freezing_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezing mixture">freezing mixture</a> for cold <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactions">chemical reactions</a> and for condensing solvents in <a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">rotary evaporators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-House_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ice and <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> forms a cold bath of −78 °C (−108 °F; 195 K), which can be used for instance to prevent <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">thermal runaway</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Swern_oxidation" title="Swern oxidation">Swern oxidation</a>. </p><p>The process of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">altering cloud precipitation</a> can be done with the use of dry ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Keyescs_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyescs-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was widely used in experiments in the US in the 1950s and early 1960s before it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keyescs_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyescs-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ice has the advantage of being relatively cheap and completely non-toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-Keyescs_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyescs-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main drawback is the need to be delivered directly into the <a href="/wiki/Supercooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercooled">supercooled</a> region of clouds being seeded.<sup id="cite_ref-Keyescs_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyescs-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_ice_bombs">Dry ice bombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dry ice bombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice_bomb" title="Dry ice bomb">Dry ice bomb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg/220px-Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg/330px-Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg/440px-Dry_Ice_Bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dry_ice_bomb" title="Dry ice bomb">Dry ice bomb</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A "dry ice bomb" is a balloon-like device using dry ice in a sealed container such as a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">plastic bottle</a>. Water is usually added to accelerate the sublimation of the dry ice. As the dry ice <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimes</a>, pressure increases, causing the bottle to burst with a loud noise. The screw cap can be replaced with a rubber stopper to make a <a href="/wiki/Water_rocket" title="Water rocket">water rocket</a>. </p><p>The dry ice bomb device was featured on <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i>, episode 57 <a href="/wiki/MythBusters_(2006_season)#Episode_57_.E2.80.93_.22Diet_Coke_and_Mentos.22" title="MythBusters (2006 season)">Mentos and Soda</a>, which first aired on August 9, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also featured in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Warp_(TV_series)" title="Time Warp (TV series)">Time Warp</a></i>, as well as in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)" title="Archer (2009 TV series)">Archer</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_occurrence">Extraterrestrial occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Mars flyby of the <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> spacecraft in 1966, scientists concluded that <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Mars' polar caps</a> consist entirely of dry ice.<sup id="cite_ref-NGMars_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGMars-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, findings made in 2003 by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> have shown that Mars' polar caps are almost completely made of water ice, and that dry ice only forms a thin surface layer that thickens and thins seasonally.<sup id="cite_ref-NGMars_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGMars-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceJournal_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceJournal-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A phenomenon named dry ice storms was proposed to occur over the polar regions of Mars. They are comparable to Earth's thunderstorms, with crystalline CO<sub>2</sub> taking the place of water in the clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-NGMars2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGMars2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ice is also proposed as a mechanism for the <a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">geysers on Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LPS2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPS2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> probe detected a cold layer in the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> where temperatures are close to the triple point of carbon dioxide and it is possible that flakes of dry ice precipitate.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observations from the <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> flyby by <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> indicates that dry ice is present on the surface of its large moons <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundy_Young_et_al._2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists speculate that the magnetic field of Uranus contributes to the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> ice on the surfaces of its moons.<sup id="cite_ref-CartwrightEmery2015_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CartwrightEmery2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 2</i> observations of Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> suggested the presence of dry ice on the surface, though followup observations indicate that the carbon ices on the surface are carbon monoxide but that the moon's crust is composed of a significant quantity of dry ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Lellouchde_Bergh2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lellouchde_Bergh2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#Toxicity" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide § Toxicity</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Dry ice </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS04: Compressed Gas"><img alt="GHS04: Compressed Gas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Warning</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H280: Contains gas under pressure: may explode if heated">H280</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P403: Store in a well ventilated place.">P403</abbr> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p>Prolonged exposure to dry ice can cause severe skin damage through <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> produced may also hinder attempts to withdraw from contact in a safe manner. Because it sublimes into large quantities of carbon dioxide gas, which could pose a danger of <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a>, dry ice should only be exposed to open air in a well-ventilated environment.<sup id="cite_ref-PM169_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, in the context of laboratory safety dry ice is assigned label precaution <span class="monospaced" style="font-family: monospace;">P403</span>: "Store in a well ventilated place." Industrial dry ice may contain contaminants that make it unsafe for direct contact with food.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Tiny dry ice pellets used in dry ice blast cleaning do not contain oily residues. </p><p>Dry ice is assigned a <a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a>, a code for hazardous substances: <a href="/wiki/List_of_UN_numbers_1801_to_1900" title="List of UN numbers 1801 to 1900">UN 1845</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_Technology-2019_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_Technology-2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ice is not classified as a dangerous substance by the <a href="/wiki/CLP_Regulation" title="CLP Regulation">European Union</a>, or as a hazardous material by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> for ground transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-32008R1272_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32008R1272-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lion_Technology-2019_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_Technology-2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the US, it is regulated as a dangerous good when shipped by air or water. <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA) regulations require specific diamond-shaped black-and white labelling to be placed on the package. The package must have adequate ventilation so that it will not rupture from pressure in the event that the Dry Ice begins to sublime in the packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_Technology-2019_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_Technology-2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> in the US allows airline passengers to carry up to 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) per person either as <a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">checked baggage</a> or carry-on baggage, when used to refrigerate perishables.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one person has been killed by carbon dioxide gas subliming off dry ice in coolers placed in a car.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, three people were killed at a party in Moscow after 25 kg of dry ice was dumped in a pool; carbon dioxide is heavier than air, and so can linger near the ground, just above water level.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dry ice pellet subliming in water, releasing thick white fog"><img alt="Dry ice pellet subliming in water, releasing thick white fog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg/200px-Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg/300px-Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg/400px-Dry_ice_pellet_subliming_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dry ice pellet subliming in water, releasing thick white fog</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A UN 1845 label for dry ice"><img alt="A UN 1845 label for dry ice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg/185px-UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg/277px-UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg/370px-UN1845_Dry_Ice_Label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/List_of_UN_numbers_1801_to_1900" title="List of UN numbers 1801 to 1900">UN 1845 label</a> for dry ice</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drink">Drink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry ice is sometimes used to give a fog effect to <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>. One bar patron who accidentally ingested pellets from a drink suffered severe burns to his <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, causing permanent problems with eating.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid sublimation could cause gas buildup that ruptures digestive organs or suffocation. Products that contain dry ice and prevent it from being accidentally ingested eliminate these risks while producing the desired fog effect.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Above</i> the triple point, CO<sub>2</sub> goes through the more familiar transitions via a liquid phase.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yaws_2001_p=125-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yaws_2001_p=125_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yaws_2001_p=125_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYaws2001">Yaws 2001</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarber1966" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, C R (March 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0508-3443/17/3/312">"The sublimation temperature of carbon dioxide"</a>. <i>British Journal of Applied Physics</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>397. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966BJAP...17..391B">1966BJAP...17..391B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F17%2F3%2F312">10.1088/0508-3443/17/3/312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0508-3443">0508-3443</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629110924/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0508-3443/17/3/312">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=The+sublimation+temperature+of+carbon+dioxide&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.date=1966-03&rft.issn=0508-3443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F17%2F3%2F312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966BJAP...17..391B&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F17%2F3%2F312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganSalzmannPlaneMurray2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mangan, T.P.; Salzmann, C.G.; Plane, J.M.C.; Murray, B.J. (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.03.012">"CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> ice structure and density under Martian atmospheric conditions"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>294</b>: <span class="nowrap">201–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..294..201M">2017Icar..294..201M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.03.012">10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.012</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+ice+structure+and+density+under+Martian+atmospheric+conditions&rft.volume=294&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.03.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Icar..294..201M&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rft.au=Salzmann%2C+C.G.&rft.au=Plane%2C+J.M.C.&rft.au=Murray%2C+B.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.icarus.2017.03.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYaws2001">Yaws 2001</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermaKhannaKapila2008">Verma, Khanna & Kapila 2008</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermaKhannaKapila2008">Verma, Khanna & Kapila 2008</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThilorier1835" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thilorier (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29606/f194.table">"Solidification de l'Acide carbonique"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus</i> (in French). <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">194–</span>196. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905095920/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29606/f194.table">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Solidification+de+l%27Acide+carbonique&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Thilorier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k29606%2Ff194.table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GwqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446">"Solidification of carbonic acid,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502065711/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GwqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446">Archived</a> 2016-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine</i>, <b>8</b> : 446–447 (1836).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: <ul><li>The <i>Bulletin des Lois du Royaume de France</i> (Bulletin of the laws of the kingdom of France), 9th series, part ii, no. 92, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zSoUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74">page 74</a> (February 1832) lists: "24° M. Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre) employé à l'administration des postes, demeurant à Paris, place Vendôme, n<sup>o</sup> 21, auquel il a été délivré le 16 mai dernier, le certificat de sa demande d'un brevet d'invention de dix ans pour le perfectionnement d'une machine à comprimer le gaz; …" (24th Mr. Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre) employed at the Post Office, residing in Paris, Place Vendôme, no. 21, where was delivered May 16th last, the certificate, by his request, for a patent of invention for ten years for the improvement of a machine to compress gas; … )</li> <li>In a patent (no. 2896) which was filed on May 16, 1831 and which was published in 1836, Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier, an employee of the French "Administration des postes" (i.e., Post Office) in Paris is identified explicitly as the inventor of a machine for compressing gases which in 1829 won the French Academy of Sciences' Montyon prize for mechanics. The patent describes the machine and its performance in detail. See: (French Ministry of Commerce), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251">"Pour le perfectionnement d'une machine à comprimer le gaz, …"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231104115/http://books.google.com/books?id=KaFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251">Archived</a> 2013-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (For the improvement of a machine to compress gas, …), <i>Description des Machines et Procédés consignés dans les brevets d'invention</i>, <b>30</b> : 251–267 (1836).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Industry_Dry_ice-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Industry_Dry_ice_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Industry_Dry_ice_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilleffer1930" class="citation journal cs1">Killeffer, D.H. (October 1930). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Ship+Dry+Ice+by+Air&rft.pub=Lion+Technology&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lion.com%2FLion-News%2FOctober-2019%2FHow-to-Ship-Dry-Ice-by-Air-with&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32008R1272-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32008R1272_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R1272:EN:NOT">"Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805181030/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R1272:en:NOT">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulation+%28EC%29+No+1272%2F2008+of+the+European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32008R1272%3AEN%3ANOT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/hazmat_safety/more_info/?hazmat=13">"Hazardous Materials Information for Passengers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220192133/http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/hazmat_safety/more_info/?hazmat=13">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazardous+Materials+Information+for+Passengers&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Finitiatives%2Fhazmat_safety%2Fmore_info%2F%3Fhazmat%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRettner2018" class="citation web cs1">Rettner, Rachael (August 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/63241-dry-ice-death.html">"A Woman Died from Dry Ice Fumes. Here's How It Can Happen"</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=A+Woman+Died+from+Dry+Ice+Fumes.+Here%27s+How+It+Can+Happen&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Rettner&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F63241-dry-ice-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51680049">"Three die in dry-ice incident at Moscow pool party"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Three+die+in+dry-ice+incident+at+Moscow+pool+party&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-51680049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irwinmitchell.com/news-and-insights/newsandmedia/2017/september/specialist-lawyers-instructed-after-dry-ice-cocktail-leaves-man-with-severe-stomach-burns-jq-624530">"Specialist Public Health Lawyers Instructed After Dry Ice Cocktail Drank at The Alchemist 'Leaves Man With Severe Stomach Burns'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Irwin Mitchell. 19 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specialist+Public+Health+Lawyers+Instructed+After+Dry+Ice+Cocktail+Drank+at+The+Alchemist+%27Leaves+Man+With+Severe+Stomach+Burns%27&rft.pub=Irwin+Mitchell&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irwinmitchell.com%2Fnews-and-insights%2Fnewsandmedia%2F2017%2Fseptember%2Fspecialist-lawyers-instructed-after-dry-ice-cocktail-leaves-man-with-severe-stomach-burns-jq-624530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiKoTsaiSu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Wen-Chieh; Ko, Sheung-Fat; Tsai, Chia-Chang; Su, Chin-Tien; Huang, Chao-Cheng; Tiao, Mao-Meng (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(04)00183-X/fulltext">"Gastric hypothermic injury caused by accidental ingestion of dry ice: endoscopic features"</a>. <i>Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</i>. <b>59</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">737–</span>738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-5107%2804%2900183-X">10.1016/S0016-5107(04)00183-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15114328">15114328</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastrointestinal+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=Gastric+hypothermic+injury+caused+by+accidental+ingestion+of+dry+ice%3A+endoscopic+features&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-5107%2804%2900183-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15114328&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wen-Chieh&rft.au=Ko%2C+Sheung-Fat&rft.au=Tsai%2C+Chia-Chang&rft.au=Su%2C+Chin-Tien&rft.au=Huang%2C+Chao-Cheng&rft.au=Tiao%2C+Mao-Meng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giejournal.org%2Farticle%2FS0016-5107%2804%2900183-X%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chillistick.com/dry-ice-faqs.html">"Chillistick – Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>Chillistick</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chillistick&rft.atitle=Chillistick+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chillistick.com%2Fdry-ice-faqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_ice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuaneThilorier1952" class="citation journal cs1">Duane, H. D. Roller; Thilorier, M. (1952). "Thilyorier and the First Solidification of a "Permanent" Gas (1835)". <i>Isis</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349402">10.1086/349402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227174">227174</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144091865">144091865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Thilyorier+and+the+First+Solidification+of+a+%22Permanent%22+Gas+%281835%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144091865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F227174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349402&rft.aulast=Duane&rft.aufirst=H.+D.+Roller&rft.au=Thilorier%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorollMulley2009" class="citation book cs1">Goroll, Allan H; Mulley, Albert G (2009). <i>Primary Care Medicine: Office evaluation and management of the adult patient</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7513-7"><bdi>978-0-7817-7513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Care+Medicine%3A+Office+evaluation+and+management+of+the+adult+patient&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7513-7&rft.aulast=Goroll&rft.aufirst=Allan+H&rft.au=Mulley%2C+Albert+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.C3.A4ring2008" class="citation book cs1">Häring, Heinz-Wolfgang (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93SPB4v1Lk8C"><i>Industrial Gases Processing</i></a>. Christine Ahner. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31685-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31685-4"><bdi>978-3-527-31685-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Gases+Processing&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-31685-4&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4ring&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93SPB4v1Lk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousecroft2001" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, Catherine; Sharpe, Alan G (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sy4ZAP4EGAC&pg=PA410"><i>Inorganic chemistry</i></a>. Harlow: Prentice Hall. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31080-3"><bdi>978-0-582-31080-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31080-3&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+Alan+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3sy4ZAP4EGAC%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2006" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Conrad G (2006). <i>Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation</i>. American Society of Civil Engineers. ASCE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0819-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0819-3"><bdi>978-0-7844-0819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Cloud+Seeding+to+Augment+Precipitation&rft.series=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-0819-3&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Conrad+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermaKhannaKapila2008" class="citation book cs1">Verma, N. K.; Khanna, S. K.; Kapila, B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQQcOhxHdxoC&q=%22dry+ice%22+%22non-polar%22&pg=PA161"><i>Comprehensive Chemistry for Class XI</i></a>. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7008-596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7008-596-6"><bdi>978-81-7008-596-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Chemistry+for+Class+XI&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Laxmi+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7008-596-6&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=N.+K.&rft.au=Khanna%2C+S.+K.&rft.au=Kapila%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQQcOhxHdxoC%26q%3D%2522dry%2Bice%2522%2B%2522non-polar%2522%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1992" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Robert E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4applRToVQC"><i>Secrets of Hollywood Special Effects</i></a>. Boston: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80108-7"><bdi>978-0-240-80108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Hollywood+Special+Effects&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80108-7&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4applRToVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra2004" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, Somenath (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1RZ9HD6hcC"><i>Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry</i></a>. Wiley-IEEE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-32845-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-32845-2"><bdi>978-0-471-32845-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sample+Preparation+Techniques+in+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-0-471-32845-2&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Somenath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyk1RZ9HD6hcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+ice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreloar2003" class="citation book cs1">Treloar, Roy D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEyW2EkaogEC&pg=PA175"><i>Plumbing Encyclopaedia</i></a> (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0613-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0613-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0613-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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