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aria-controls="toc-Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_German_occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment of Polish citizens under German occupation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_German_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generalplan_Ost,_Lebensraum_and_expulsion_of_Poles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalplan_Ost,_Lebensraum_and_expulsion_of_Poles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Generalplan Ost, Lebensraum and expulsion of Poles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalplan_Ost,_Lebensraum_and_expulsion_of_Poles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_People's_List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_People's_List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 German People's List </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_People's_List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encouraging_ethnic_strife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encouraging_ethnic_strife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Encouraging ethnic strife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encouraging_ethnic_strife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Forced labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_and_extermination_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_and_extermination_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Concentration and extermination camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_and_extermination_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Cultural genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extermination_of_elites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extermination_of_elites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Extermination of elites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extermination_of_elites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Germanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_plunder_in_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_plunder_in_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Nazi plunder in Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_plunder_in_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_Polish_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_Polish_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Effect on the Polish population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_Polish_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_Soviet_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_Soviet_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Treatment of Polish citizens under Soviet occupation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_Soviet_occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment of Polish citizens under Soviet occupation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_Soviet_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Removal_of_Polish_governmental_and_social_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_Polish_governmental_and_social_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Removal of Polish governmental and social institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_Polish_governmental_and_social_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rule of terror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Deportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploitation_of_ethnic_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation_of_ethnic_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Exploitation of ethnic tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation_of_ethnic_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_(1939-1945)" title="احتلال بولندا (1939-1945) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="احتلال بولندا (1939-1945)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fan%C4%B1n_i%C5%9F%C4%9Fal%C4%B1_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Polşanın işğalı (1939–1945) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşanın işğalı (1939–1945)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n_%C3%AA_chi%C3%A0m-ni%C3%A1_(1939%E2%80%931945_n%C3%AE)" title="Pho-lân ê chiàm-niá (1939–1945 nî) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân ê chiàm-niá (1939–1945 nî)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3_de_Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Ocupació de Polònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocupació de Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Besetzung_Polens_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Deutsche Besetzung Polens 1939–1945 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Besetzung Polens 1939–1945" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1939-1945)" title="Κατοχή της Πολωνίας (1939-1945) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατοχή της Πολωνίας (1939-1945)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_Polonia_(1939-1945)" title="Ocupación de Polonia (1939-1945) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación de Polonia (1939-1945)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B3%DB%B9%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B5)" title="اشغال لهستان (۱۹۳۹–۱۹۴۵) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشغال لهستان (۱۹۳۹–۱۹۴۵)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_de_la_Pologne_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Occupation de la Pologne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation de la Pologne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%98_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%BC_%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8%EC%9D%98_%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%90%EB%A0%B9" title="나치 독일과 소련의 폴란드 점령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나치 독일과 소련의 폴란드 점령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1-%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D6%85%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Լեհաստանի գերմանա-խորհրդային համատեղ օկուպացիա (1939–1945) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստանի գերմանա-խորհրդային համատեղ օկուպացիա (1939–1945)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Polandia_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Pendudukan Polandia (1939–1945) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendudukan Polandia (1939–1945)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupazione_della_Polonia" title="Occupazione della Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occupazione della Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polijas_v%C4%81cu_okup%C4%81cija_(1939%E2%80%941945)" title="Polijas vācu okupācija (1939—1945) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polijas vācu okupācija (1939—1945)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkijos_okupacija_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Lenkijos okupacija (1939–1945) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkijos okupacija (1939–1945)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Pendudukan Poland (1939–1945) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendudukan Poland (1939–1945)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%A8%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98" title="ナチス・ドイツとソビエト連邦によるポーランド占領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナチス・ドイツとソビエト連邦によるポーランド占領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B5_%E2%80%93_%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="د پولينډ نيونه (۱۹۴۵ – ز کلونه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پولينډ نيونه (۱۹۴۵ – ز کلونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okupacja_niemiecka_ziem_polskich_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Okupacja niemiecka ziem polskich (1939–1945) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okupacja niemiecka ziem polskich (1939–1945)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Pol%C3%B3nia_(1939-1945)" title="Ocupação da Polónia (1939-1945) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocupação da Polónia (1939-1945)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8_(1939%E2%80%941945)" title="Немецкая оккупация Польши (1939—1945) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкая оккупация Польши (1939—1945)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA_(1939%E2%80%9345)" title="පෝලන්ත අධිවාසය (1939–45) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්ත අධිවාසය (1939–45)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupied_Poland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">Occupied Poland</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Occupation of Poland during WWII</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the general history of Poland during that period, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland (1939–1945)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Occupation of Poland" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Occupation of Poland (disambiguation)">Occupation of Poland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.2em;">Occupation of Poland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138,_Polen,_Wartheland,_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138%2C_Polen%2C_Wartheland%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138%2C_Polen%2C_Wartheland%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138%2C_Polen%2C_Wartheland%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138%2C_Polen%2C_Wartheland%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138%2C_Polen%2C_Wartheland%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0138%2C_Polen%2C_Wartheland%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="557" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Germany">German expulsion of Poles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">western Poland</a>, 1939</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A,_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="475" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a>, October 1939, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles">mass murder of Polish townsmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">western Poland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#cbd7ff;">1939–1941</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png/250px-Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png/375px-Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png/500px-Occupation_of_Poland_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3354" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Fourth <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">Partition of Poland</a> – aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>; division of Polish territories in the years 1939–1941 prior to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#cbd7ff;">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png/250px-Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png/375px-Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png/500px-Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="3307" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Changes in administration of occupied Polish territories following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The map shows district divisions in 1944</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> The occupation of Poland by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945) began with the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">defeat of Germany by the Allies</a> in May 1945. Throughout the entire course of the occupation, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR), both of which intended to eradicate Poland's culture and subjugate its people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs201410–28-1">[1]</a> In the summer-autumn of 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">lands which were annexed by the Soviets</a> were overrun by Germany in the course of the initially successful German attack on the USSR ("<a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>"). After a few years of fighting, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> drove the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German forces</a> out of the USSR and crossed into Poland from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> argues that both occupying powers were hostile to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland's sovereignty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">people</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">culture</a> and aimed to destroy them.<a href="#cite_note-JOG_quote-2">[2]</a> Before Operation Barbarossa, Germany and the Soviet Union coordinated their Poland-related policies, most visibly in the four <a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a>, where the occupiers discussed their plans to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conquest-3">[3]</a> Around six million Polish citizens—nearly 21.4% of Poland's population—died between 1939 and 1945 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_crimes_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II crimes in Poland">occupation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzarotaMaterski2009-5">[5]</a> half of whom were ethnic Poles and the other half of whom were <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a>. Over 90% of the deaths were non-military losses, because most civilians were deliberately targeted in various actions which were launched by the Germans and Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295-4">[4]</a> Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939–1945, the Germans murdered 5,470,000–5,670,000 Poles, including 3,000,000 Jews in what was described during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> as a deliberate and systematic genocide.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In August 2009, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzarotaMaterski2009-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Polish_territories_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II">Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II</a></div> In September 1939, Poland was invaded and occupied by two powers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, acting in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellars2013145-7">[7]</a> Germany acquired 48.4% of the former Polish territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201125-8">[8]</a> Under the terms of two decrees by <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s agreement (8 and 12 October 1939), <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201127–29-9">[9]</a> The size of these annexed territories was approximately 92,500 square kilometres (35,700 sq mi) with approximately 10.5 million inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201125-8">[8]</a> The remaining block of territory, of about the same size and inhabited by about 11.5 million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201125-8">[8]</a> was placed under a German administration called the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> (in German: Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete), with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. A German lawyer and prominent Nazi, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, was appointed Governor-General of this occupied area on 12 October 1939.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1980216-11">[11]</a> Most of the administration outside strictly local level was replaced by German officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1980216-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreteIon1984135–138-12">[12]</a> Non-German population on the occupied lands were subject to forced <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Germany">resettlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">economic exploitation</a>, and slow but progressive extermination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeslie1980216-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreteIon1984135–138-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerski1996158-13">[13]</a> A small strip of land, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) with 200,000 inhabitants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201125-8">[8]</a> that had been part of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> before 1938, was ceded by Germany to its ally, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeichKováčBrown2011195-14">[14]</a> Poles comprised an overwhelming majority the population of the territories that came under the control of Germany, in contrast the areas annexed by the Soviet Union contained a diverse array of peoples, the population being split into bilingual provinces, some of which had large ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross20054–5-15">[15]</a> many of whom welcomed the Soviets due in part to communist agitation by Soviet emissaries. Nonetheless Poles still comprised a plurality of the population in all territories annexed by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambor,_Kresy,_September_1939;_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sambor%2C_Kresy%2C_September_1939%3B_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg/260px-Sambor%2C_Kresy%2C_September_1939%3B_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sambor%2C_Kresy%2C_September_1939%3B_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg/390px-Sambor%2C_Kresy%2C_September_1939%3B_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sambor%2C_Kresy%2C_September_1939%3B_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg/520px-Sambor%2C_Kresy%2C_September_1939%3B_German_%26_Russian_soldiers_stroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>German and Soviet soldiers stroll around <a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a> after the German-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agresja-17">[17]</a> </figcaption></figure> By the end of the invasion, the Soviet Union had taken over 51.6% of the territory of Poland (about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000 sq mi)), with over 13,200,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201125-8">[8]</a> The ethnic composition of these areas was as follows: 38% Poles (~5.1 million people), 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians, and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees, mostly Jews (198,000), who fled from areas occupied by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrela-Mazur199843,_294-18">[18]</a> All territory invaded by the Red Army was <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union">annexed to the Soviet Union</a> (after a <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_People%27s_Assemblies_of_Western_Ukraine_and_Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus">rigged election</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Sanford2007-47-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kozłowski-20">[20]</a> and split between the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian SSR">Belarusian SSR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%931939)" title="Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939)">Wilno area</a> taken from Poland, which <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty" title="Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty">was transferred</a> to sovereign <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> for several months and subsequently annexed by the Soviet Union in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a> on 3 August 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201125-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkanColeStruve2007155-21">[21]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of the Soviet Union">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941, most of the Polish territories annexed by the Soviets were attached to the enlarged General Government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201130–31-22">[22]</a> The end of the war saw the USSR occupy all of Poland and most of eastern Germany. The Soviets gained recognition of their pre-1941 annexations of Polish territory; as compensation, substantial portions of eastern Germany were ceded to Poland, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial changes of Poland after World War II">whose borders were significantly shifted westwards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201132–34-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_German_occupation">Treatment of Polish citizens under German occupation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalplan_Ost,_Lebensraum_and_expulsion_of_Poles">Generalplan Ost, Lebensraum and expulsion of Poles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany</a></div> For months prior to the beginning of World War II in 1939, German newspapers and leaders had carried out a national and international <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> campaign accusing Polish authorities of organizing or tolerating violent <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">ethnic Germans</a> living in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-German_Editor-24">[24]</a> British ambassador Sir <a href="/wiki/Howard_William_Kennard" title="Howard William Kennard">H. Kennard</a> sent four statements in August 1939 to <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Halifax">Viscount Halifax</a> regarding Hitler's claims about the treatment Germans were receiving in Poland; he came to the conclusion all the claims by Hitler and the Nazis were exaggerations or false claims.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131,_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939–1944)">Expulsion of Poles from western Poland</a>, with Poles led to the trains under German army escort, 1939.</figcaption></figure> From the beginning, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany was intended as fulfilment of the future plan of the German Reich described by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space") for the Germans in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018326–330-26">[26]</a> The goal of the occupation was to turn the former territory of Poland into ethnically German "living space", by deporting and exterminating the non-German population, or relegating it to the status of slave laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200347–48-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia2013276-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018349-352-29">[29]</a> The goal of the German state under Nazi leadership during the war was the complete destruction of the Polish people and nation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The fate of the Polish people, as well as the fate of many other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, was outlined in the genocidal <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (General Plan for the East)<a href="#cite_note-DobroszyckiGurock1993-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fritz2011-33">[33]</a> and the closely related Generalsiedlungsplan (General Plan for Settlement).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153-34">[34]</a> Over a period of 30 years, approximately 12.5 million Germans would be resettled in the Slavic areas, including Poland; with some versions of the plan requiring the resettlement of at least 100 million Germans over a century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153-34">[34]</a> The Slavic inhabitants of those lands would be eliminated as the result of genocidal policies;<a href="#cite_note-DobroszyckiGurock1993-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz2011158-35">[35]</a> and the survivors would be resettled further east, in less hospitable areas of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153-34">[34]</a> At the plan's fulfillment, no Slavs or Jews would remain in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153-34">[34]</a> Generalplan Ost, essentially a grand plan to commit ethnic cleansing, was divided into two parts, the Kleine Planung ("Small Plan"), covered actions which would be undertaken during the war, and the Grosse Planung ("Big Plan"), covered actions which would be undertaken after the war was won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoprzeczny20043,_186–187-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar201359–60-37">[37]</a> The plan envisaged that different percentages of the various conquered nations would undergo Germanization, be expelled and deported to the depths of Russia, and suffer other gruesome fates, including <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">purposeful starvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, the net effect of which would ensure that the conquered territories would take on an irrevocably German character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar201359–60-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEley2013189-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018372–377-39">[39]</a> Over a longer period of time, only about 3–4 million Poles, all of whom were considered suitable for Germanization, would be allowed to reside in the former territory of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_(1939).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_%281939%29.jpg/220px-Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_%281939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_%281939%29.jpg/330px-Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_%281939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_%281939%29.jpg/440px-Public_execution_of_Polish_hostages_in_Bydgoszcz_%281939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Public execution</a> of Polish civilians randomly caught in a street <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup (history)">roundup</a> in German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, September 1939</figcaption></figure> Those plans began to be implemented almost immediately after German troops took control of Poland. As early as October 1939, many Poles <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">were expelled</a> from the annexed lands in order to make room for German colonizers.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006204-41">[41]</a> Only those Poles who had been selected for Germanization, approximately 1.7 million including <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_for_forced_Germanization_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany">thousands of children</a> who had been taken from their parents, were permitted to remain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyçoberry2000228-42">[42]</a> and if they resisted it, they were to be sent to concentration camps, because "German blood must not be utilized in the interest of a foreign nation".<a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> By the end of 1940, at least 325,000 Poles from annexed lands were forced to abandon most of their property and forcibly resettled in the General Government district. There were numerous fatalities among the very young and very old, many of whom either perished en route or perished in makeshift transit camps such as those in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Potulice" title="Potulice">Potulice</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smukal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smukal (page does not exist)">Smukal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>. The expulsions continued in 1941, with another 45,000 Poles forced to move eastwards, but following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the expulsions slowed down, as more and more trains were diverted for military logistics, rather than being made available for population transfers. Nonetheless, in late 1942 and 1943, large-scale expulsions also took place in the General Government, affecting at least 110,000 Poles in the <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Tens of thousands of the expelled, with no place to go, were simply imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> (Oświęcim) and <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> By 1942, the number of new German arrivals in pre-war Poland had already reached two million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuikerSpielvogel1997794-44">[44]</a> The Nazi plans also called for Poland's 3.3 million Jews to be <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Poland">exterminated</a>; the non-Jewish majority's extermination was planned for the long term and initiated through the <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">mass murder of its political, religious, and intellectual elites</a> at first, which was meant to make the formation of any organized top-down resistance more difficult. Further, the populace of occupied territories was to be relegated to the role of an unskilled labour-force for German-controlled industry and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> This was in spite of racial theory that falsely regarded most Polish leaders as actually being of "German blood",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001-45">[45]</a> and partly because of it, on the grounds that German blood must not be used in the service of a foreign nation.<a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> After Germany lost the war, the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> and Poland's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland – the extermination of Poles and Jews – had "all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_People's_List">German People's List</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg/180px-Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg/270px-Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg/360px-Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Nur für Deutsche</a> ("For Germans only") sign, on <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> line-8 streetcar</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></div> The German People's List (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a>) classified the willing Polish citizens into four groups of people with ethnic Germanic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> Group One included so-called ethnic Germans who had taken an active part in the struggle for the Germanization of Poland. Group Two included those ethnic Germans who had not taken such an active part, but had "preserved" their German characteristics. Group Three included individuals of alleged German stock who had become "Polonized", but whom it was believed, could be won back to Germany. This group also included persons of non-German descent married to Germans or members of non-Polish groups who were considered desirable for their political attitude and racial characteristics. Group Four consisted of persons of German stock who had become politically merged with the Poles. After registration in the List, individuals from Groups One and Two automatically became German citizens. Those from Group Three acquired German citizenship subject to revocation. Those from Group Four received German citizenship through naturalization proceedings; resistance to Germanization constituted treason because "German blood must not be utilized in the interest of a foreign nation," and such people were sent to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> Persons ineligible for the List were classified as stateless, and all Poles from the occupied territory, that is from the Government General of Poland, as distinct from the incorporated territory, were classified as non-protected.<a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encouraging_ethnic_strife">Encouraging ethnic strife</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/1931_Polish_census" title="1931 Polish census">1931 Polish census</a>, out of a prewar population of 35 million, 66% spoke the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> as their mother tongue, and most of the Polish native speakers were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>. With regards to the remainder, 15% were Ukrainians, 8.5% Jews, 4.7% Belarusians, and 2.2% Germans.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSL-48">[48]</a> Germans intended to exploit the fact that the Second Polish Republic was an ethnically diverse territory, and their policy aimed to "<a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a>" the ethnically diverse population of the occupied Polish territory, to prevent any unified resistance from forming. One of the attempts to divide the Polish nation was a creation of a new ethnicity called "<a href="/wiki/Goralenvolk" title="Goralenvolk">Goralenvolk</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Some minorities, like <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a>, were forcefully enrolled into the Deutsche Volksliste, as a measure to compensate for the losses in the Wehrmacht (unlike Poles, Deutsche Volksliste members were eligible for military conscription).<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003240-49">[49]</a> In addition, Germans encouraged Ukrainians and Poles to kill each other during the <a href="/wiki/Volyn_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Volyn massacre">Volyn massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jarema-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolina_smierci_Bydgoszcz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dolina_smierci_Bydgoszcz.jpg/220px-Dolina_smierci_Bydgoszcz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dolina_smierci_Bydgoszcz.jpg/330px-Dolina_smierci_Bydgoszcz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Dolina_smierci_Bydgoszcz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Polish teachers guarded by members of <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">ethnic German</a> <a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> battalion before execution</figcaption></figure> In a top-secret memorandum, "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", dated 25 May 1940, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS), wrote: "We need to divide the East's different ethnic groups up into as many parts and splinter groups as possible".<a href="#cite_note-BurleighWippermann1991-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> Almost immediately after the invasion, Germans began forcibly conscripting laborers. Jews were drafted to repair war damage as early as October, with women and children 12 or older required to work; shifts could take half a day and with little compensation.<a href="#cite_note-ushmmfl-54">[54]</a> The labourers, Jews, Poles and others, were employed in SS-owned enterprises (such as the German Armament Works, Deutsche Ausrustungswerke, DAW), but also in many private German firms – such as <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junkers_(Aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers (Aircraft)">Junkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmmfl-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerencz200224–25-55">[55]</a> Forced labourers were subject to harsh discriminatory measures. Announced on 8 March 1940 was the <a href="/wiki/Polish_decrees" title="Polish decrees">Polish decrees</a> which were used as a legal basis for foreign labourers in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018356–357-57">[57]</a> The decrees required Poles to wear identifying purple P's on their clothing, made them subject to a curfew, and banned them from using public transportation as well as many German "cultural life" centres and "places of amusement" (this included churches and restaurants).<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018357–358-58">[58]</a> Sexual relations between Germans and Poles were forbidden as <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> (race defilement) under penalty of death.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018357-59">[59]</a> To keep them segregated from the German population, they were often housed in segregated barracks behind barbed wire.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Nonetheless, many Polish women were sexually enslaved in German <a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">military brothels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenten200033–34-60">[60]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Polenabzeichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish-forced-workers' badge"><img alt="Polish-forced-workers' badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Polenabzeichen.jpg/117px-Polenabzeichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Polenabzeichen.jpg/176px-Polenabzeichen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Polenabzeichen.jpg/235px-Polenabzeichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="562" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polish-forced-workers' badge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pflichten_der_polen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster in German and Polish listing decrees of labour obligations"><img alt="Poster in German and Polish listing decrees of labour obligations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pflichten_der_polen.jpg/120px-Pflichten_der_polen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pflichten_der_polen.jpg/180px-Pflichten_der_polen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pflichten_der_polen.jpg/240px-Pflichten_der_polen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2687" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster in German and Polish listing decrees of labour obligations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Notice of death penalty for Poles refusing to work during harvest"><img alt="Notice of death penalty for Poles refusing to work during harvest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG/120px-Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG/180px-Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG/240px-Verordnung_30_september_1939.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="1980" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notice of death penalty for Poles refusing to work during harvest</div> </li> </ul> Labor shortages in the German war economy became critical especially after German defeat in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> in 1942–1943. This led to the increased use of prisoners as forced labourers in German industries.<a href="#cite_note-Merten2013-61">[61]</a> Following the German invasion and occupation of Polish territory, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens, including teenagers, became labourers in Germany, few by choice.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Historian Jan Gross estimates that "no more than 15 per cent" of Polish workers volunteered to go to work in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2002127-62">[62]</a> A total of 2.3 million Polish citizens, including 300,000 POWs, were deported to Germany as forced laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski199822-63">[63]</a> They tended to have to work longer hours for lower wages than their German counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration_and_extermination_camps">Concentration and extermination camps</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg/150px-Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg/225px-Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg/300px-Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Polish Franciscan, Saint <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, volunteered to die in place of another prisoner.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_camps_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="German camps in occupied Poland during World War II">German camps in occupied Poland during World War II</a></div> A network of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> were established on German-controlled territories, many of them in occupied Poland, including one of the largest and most infamous, Auschwitz (Oświęcim).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196-64">[64]</a> Those camps were officially designed as labor camps, and many displayed the motto <a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a> ("Work brings freedom").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerencz200224–25-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196-64">[64]</a> Only high-ranking officials knew that one of the purposes of some of the camps, known as <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> (or death camps), was mass murder of the undesirable minorities;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENobleStraussOsheimNeuschel2007880-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox2013-66">[66]</a> officially the prisoners were used in enterprises such as production of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, as was the case of a plant owned by IG Farben, whose laborers came from Auschwitz III camp, or <a href="/wiki/Monowice" class="mw-redirect" title="Monowice">Monowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmmfl-54">[54]</a> Laborers from concentration camps were literally worked to death. in what was known as <a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination through labor">extermination through labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmmfl-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ushmmnzs-67">[67]</a> Auschwitz received the first contingent of 728 Poles on 14 June 1940, transferred from an overcrowded prison at <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>. Within a year the Polish inmate population was in thousands, and begun to be exterminated, including in the first gassing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">experiment</a> in September 1941.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> According to Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a>, approximately 140,000–150,000 Poles went through Auschwitz, with about half of them perishing there due to executions, medical experiments, or due to starvation and disease.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> About 100,000 Poles were imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> camp, with similar fatality rate. About 30,000 Poles died at <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a>, 20,000 at <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-Rosen">Gross-Rosen</a> each, 17,000 at <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravensbrueck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravensbrueck">Ravensbrueck</a> each, 10,000 at <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, and tens of thousands perished in other camps and prisons.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/170px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/255px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg/340px-Death_penalty_for_Jews_outside_ghetto_and_for_Poles_helping_Jews_anyway_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>1941 announcement of death penalty for Jews caught outside the Ghetto, and for Poles helping Jews</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></div> Following the invasion of Poland in 1939, most of the approximately 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> were rounded up and put into <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">newly established ghettos</a> by Nazi Germany. The ghetto system was unsustainable, as by the end of 1941 the Jews had no savings left to pay the SS for food deliveries and no chance to earn their own keep.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> At 20 January 1942 <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, held near Berlin, new plans were outlined for the total genocide of the Jews, known as the "Final Solution of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish Question</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Vogelsang-69">[69]</a> The extermination program was codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CFCA-70">[70]</a> Three secret <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> set up specifically for Operation Reinhard; <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-71">[71]</a> In addition to the Reinhard camps, mass killing facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> using <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> were added to the Majdanek concentration camp in March 1942<a href="#cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-71">[71]</a> and at Auschwitz and <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_genocide">Cultural genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">Polish culture during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></div> Nazi Germany engaged in <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">a concentrated effort to destroy Polish culture</a>. To that end, numerous cultural and educational institutions were closed or destroyed, from schools and universities, through monuments and libraries, to laboratories and museums. Many employees of said institutions were arrested and executed as part of wider persecutions of the Polish intellectual elite. Schooling of Polish children was curtailed to a few years of elementary education, as outlined by Himmler's May 1940 memorandum: "The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500; writing one's name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans. ... I do not think that reading is desirable".<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018333-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extermination_of_elites">Extermination of elites</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_Book_of_Poland_(21%E2%80%9324).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Black_Book_of_Poland_%2821%E2%80%9324%29.jpg/220px-The_Black_Book_of_Poland_%2821%E2%80%9324%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Black_Book_of_Poland_%2821%E2%80%9324%29.jpg/330px-The_Black_Book_of_Poland_%2821%E2%80%9324%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Black_Book_of_Poland_%2821%E2%80%9324%29.jpg/440px-The_Black_Book_of_Poland_%2821%E2%80%9324%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Photos from <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Poland" title="The Black Book of Poland">The Black Book of Poland</a>, published in London in 1942 by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>.</figcaption></figure> The extermination of the Polish elites was the first stage of the Nazis' plan to destroy the Polish nation and its culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018331-73">[73]</a> The disappearance of the Poles' leadership was seen as necessary to the establishment of the Germans as the Poles' sole leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018331-73">[73]</a> Proscription lists (<a href="/wiki/Sonderfahndungsbuch_Polen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen">Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen</a>), prepared before the war started, identified more than 61,000 members of the Polish elite and <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> leaders who were deemed unfriendly to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEberhardt201146-74">[74]</a> Already during the 1939 German invasion, dedicated units of SS and police (the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>) were tasked with arresting or outright killing of those resisting the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> They were aided by some regular German army units and "self-defense" forces composed of members of the German minority in Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi regime">Nazi regime</a>'s policy of murdering or suppressing the ethnic Polish elites was known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaptaTuptaMoskal2009104-77">[77]</a> This included not only those resisting actively, but also those simply capable of doing so by the virtue of their <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> As a result, tens of thousands of people found "guilty" of being educated (members of the intelligentsia, from clergymen to government officials, doctors, teachers and journalists) or wealthy (landowners, business owners, and so on) were either executed on spot, sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Mass_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass execution">mass executions</a>, or imprisoned, some destined for the concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Some of the mass executions were reprisal actions for actions of the Polish resistance, with German officials adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Collective_guilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective guilt">collective guilt</a> principle and holding entire communities responsible for the actions of unidentified perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> One of the most infamous German operations was the <a href="/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferordentliche_Befriedungsaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion">Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion</a> (AB-Aktion in short, German for Special Pacification), a German campaign during World War II aimed at Polish leaders and the intelligentsia, including many university professors, teachers and priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013101-79">[79]</a> In the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the German authorities of German-occupied Poland.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136-78">[78]</a> Several thousands were executed outside Warsaw, in the <a href="/wiki/Kampinos" title="Kampinos">Kampinos</a> forest near <a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a>, and inside the city at the <a href="/wiki/Pawiak" title="Pawiak">Pawiak</a> prison.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013101-79">[79]</a> Most of the remainder were sent to various <a href="/wiki/German_concentration_camps" title="German concentration camps">German concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136-78">[78]</a> Mass arrests and shootings of Polish intellectuals and academics included <a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Lw%C3%B3w_professors" title="Massacre of Lwów professors">massacre of Lwów professors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenk2007-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg/220px-Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg/330px-Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg/440px-Bydgoszcz_1939_Polish_priests_and_civilians_at_the_Old_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Public execution of Polish priests and civilians in Bydgoszcz's Old Market Square on 9 September 1939.</figcaption></figure> The Nazis also <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">persecuted the Catholic Church in Poland</a> and other, smaller religions. Nazi policy towards the Catholic Church was at its most severe in the territories it annexed to Greater Germany, where they set about systematically dismantling the Church – arresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents. Many clergymen and nuns were murdered or sent to concentration and labor camps.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libionka2004-84">[84]</a> Already in 1939, 80% of the Catholic clergy of the Warthegau region had been deported to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-catholicculture-85">[85]</a> Primate of Poland, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/August_Hlond" title="August Hlond">August Hlond</a>, submitted an official account of the persecutions of the Polish Church to the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_pp._34-51-86">[86]</a> In his final observations for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, Hlond wrote: "Hitlerism aims at the systematic and total destruction of the Catholic Church in the... territories of Poland which have been incorporated into the Reich...".<a href="#cite_note-catholicculture-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_pp._34-51-86">[86]</a> The smaller Evangelical churches of Poland also suffered. The entirety of the Protestant clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn region of Silesia</a> were arrested and deported to concentration camps at Mauthausen, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a>, Dachau and Oranienburg.<a href="#cite_note-catholicculture-85">[85]</a> Protestant clergy leaders who perished in those purges included charity activist <a href="/wiki/Karol_Kulisz" title="Karol Kulisz">Karol Kulisz</a>, theology professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Bursche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Bursche (page does not exist)">Edmund Bursche</a>, and Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Bursche" title="Juliusz Bursche">Juliusz Bursche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-catholicculture-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinder_Kz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kinder_Kz.jpg/260px-Kinder_Kz.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kinder_Kz.jpg/390px-Kinder_Kz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kinder_Kz.jpg/520px-Kinder_Kz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Boys' roll call at main children's concentration camp in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kinder_KZ" title="Kinder KZ">Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt</a>). A sub-camp was <a href="/wiki/Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship">KZ Dzierżązna</a>, for Polish girls as young as eight.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanization">Germanization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_in_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)">Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939–1944)">Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939–1944)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kinder_KZ" title="Kinder KZ">Kinder KZ</a></div> In the territories annexed to Nazi Germany, in particular with regards to the westernmost incorporated territories—the so-called <a href="/wiki/Wartheland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartheland">Wartheland</a>— the Nazis aimed for a complete "Germanization", i.e. full cultural, political, economic and social assimilation. The Polish language was forbidden to be taught even in elementary schools; landmarks from streets to cities were renamed en masse (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> became Litzmannstadt, and so on). All manner of Polish enterprises, up to small shops, were taken over, with prior owners rarely compensated.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Signs posted in public places prohibited non-Germans from entering these places warning: "Entrance is forbidden to Poles, Jews, and dogs.", or <a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Nur für Deutsche</a> ("Only for Germans"), commonly found on many public utilities and places such as trams, parks, cafes, cinemas, theaters, and others.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Nazis kept an eye out for Polish children who possessed <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a> racial characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> An estimated total of 50,000 children, majority taken from orphanages and foster homes in the annexed lands, but some separated from their parents, were taken into a special Germanization program.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-spoliation-43">[43]</a> Polish women deported to Germany as forced labourers and who bore children were a common victim of this policy, with their infants regularly taken.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gumkowkski-90">[90]</a> If the child passed the battery of racial, physical and psychological tests, they were sent on to Germany for "Germanization".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006250-91">[91]</a> At least 4,454 children were given new German names,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006249-92">[92]</a> forbidden to use the Polish language,<a href="#cite_note-Eddy-93">[93]</a> and reeducated in Nazi institutions.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Few were ever reunited with their original families. Those deemed as unsuitable for Germanization for being "not <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> enough" were sent to orphanages or even to concentration camps like Auschwitz, where many were murdered, often by intracardiac injections of <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> For Polish forced laborers, in some cases if an examination of the parents suggested that the child might not be "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">racially valuable</a>", the mother was <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced to have an abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gumkowkski-90">[90]</a> Infants who did not pass muster would be removed to a state orphanage (<a href="/wiki/Ausl%C3%A4nderkinder-Pflegest%C3%A4tte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte">Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte</a>), where many were murdered through calculated malnourishment, neglect, and unhygienic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006400–401-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_plunder_in_Poland">Nazi plunder in Poland</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939 and the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland">occupation of Poland</a> by German forces, the Nazi regime attempted to destroy Polish culture.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> As part of that policy, the Nazis confiscated Polish national heritage assets and much private property.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Acting on the legal decrees of 19 October and 16 December (Verordnung über die Beschlagnahme Kunstgegeständen im Generalgouvernement), several German agencies began the process of looting Polish museums and other collections, ostensibly considered necessary for the "securing" of German national interests.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a> included private and public art collections, artefacts, precious metals, books, and personal possessions. Hitler and Göring in particular were interested in acquiring looted art treasures from occupied Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960945-101">[101]</a> the former planning to use the stolen art to fill the galleries of the planned <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrermuseum" title="Führermuseum">Führermuseum</a> (Leader's Museum),<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and the latter for his personal collection. Göring, having stripped almost all of occupied Poland of its artworks within six months of Germany's invasion, ultimately grew a collection valued at over 50 million Reichsmarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960945-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance">Resistance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubal3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/250px-Hubal3.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/375px-Hubal3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/500px-Hubal3.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Earliest World War II partisan unit, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk "Hubal" Dobrzański</a>, winter 1939</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></div> Despite the military defeat of the Polish Army in September 1939, the Polish government itself never surrendered, instead evacuating West, where it formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in Exile">Polish government in Exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> The government in exile was represented in the occupied Poland by the Government Delegation for Poland, headed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Government_Delegates_for_Poland" title="List of Government Delegates for Poland">Government Delegate for Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ostasz-103">[103]</a> The main role of the civilian branch of the Underground State was to preserve the continuity of the Polish state as a whole, including its institutions. These institutions included <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">the police, the courts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salm37-46-104">[104]</a> By the final years of the war, the civilian structure of the Underground State included an underground parliament, administration, judiciary (<a href="/wiki/Underground_court" title="Underground court">courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panstwowy_Korpus_Bezpieczenstwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Panstwowy Korpus Bezpieczenstwa">police</a>), secondary and higher-level education, and supported various cultural activities such as publishing of newspapers and books, underground theatres, lectures, exhibitions, concerts and safeguarded various works of art.<a href="#cite_note-Ostasz-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gar220-223-105">[105]</a> It also dealt with providing <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>, including to the destitute Jewish population (through the council to Aid Jews, or <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ostasz-103">[103]</a> Through the Directorate of Civil Resistance (1941–1943) the civil arm was also involved in lesser acts of resistance, such as <a href="/wiki/Minor_sabotage" title="Minor sabotage">minor sabotage</a>, although in 1943 this department was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Covert_Resistance" title="Directorate of Covert Resistance">Directorate of Covert Resistance</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Underground_Resistance" title="Directorate of Underground Resistance">Directorate of Underground Resistance</a>, subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (AK) (Polish Home Army).<a href="#cite_note-Gar220-223-105">[105]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg/250px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg/375px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg/500px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Wacek_Platoon_-_15911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tank</a> captured by the Poles during 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Batalion_Zo%C5%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Zośka">Batalion Zośka</a> armored platoon commanded by <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Micuta" title="Wacław Micuta">Wacław Micuta</a></figcaption></figure> In response to the occupation, Poles formed one of the largest underground movements in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski1987-106">[106]</a> Resistance to the Nazi German <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> began almost at once. The Armia Krajowa, loyal to the Polish government in exile in London and a military arm of the Polish Underground State, was formed from a number of smaller groups in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-107">[107]</a> There was also the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Armia Ludowa</a> (AL) (Polish People's Army), backed by the Soviet Union and controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> (Polish Polska Partia Robotnicza or PPR), though significantly less numerous than the Home Army.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-AL-PWN-108">[108]</a> In February 1942, when AK was formed, it numbered about 100,000 members. In the beginning of 1943, it had reached a strength of about 200,000. In the summer of 1944, when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> begun AK reached its highest membership numbers. Estimates of AK membership in the first half of 1944 and summer that year vary, with about 400,000 being common.<a href="#cite_note-AK-WIEM-109">[109]</a> With the imminent arrival of the Soviet army, the AK launched the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> against the German army on 1 August 1944. The uprising, receiving little assistance from the nearby Soviet forces, eventually failed, significantly reducing the Home Army's power and position.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> About 200,000 Poles, most of them civilians, lost their lives in the Uprising.<a href="#cite_note-AB1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_the_Polish_population">Effect on the Polish population</h3></div> The Polish civilian population suffered under German occupation in many ways. Large numbers were expelled from land intended for German colonisation, and forced to resettle in the General-Government area. Hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported to Germany for forced labour in industry and agriculture, where many thousands died. Poles were also conscripted for labour in Poland, and were held in labour camps all over the country, again with a high death rate. There was a general shortage of food, fuel for heating and medical supplies, and there was a high death rate among the Polish population as a result. Finally, thousands of Poles were killed as reprisals for resistance attacks on German forces or for other reasons. In all, about three million Poles died as a result of the German occupation, more than 10% of the pre-war population. When this is added to the three million Polish Jews who were killed as a matter of policy by the Germans, Poland lost about 22% of its population, the highest proportion of any European country in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Jones2006-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998305-112">[112]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg/200px-The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg/300px-The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg/400px-The_Wall_of_ghetto_in_Warsaw_-_Building_on_Nazi-German_order_August_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Walling-off <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Świętokrzyska Street, Warsaw">Świętokrzyska Street</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82kowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw">Marszałkowska Street</a> on the 'Aryan side' of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> Poland had a large Jewish population, and according to Davies, more Jews were both killed and rescued in Poland, than in any other nation, the rescue figure usually being put at between 100,000 and 150,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003200-113">[113]</a> Thousands of Poles have been honoured as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> – constituting the largest national contingent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003594-114">[114]</a> When AK Home Army Intelligence discovered the true fate of transports leaving the Jewish Ghetto, the council to Aid Jews (<a href="/wiki/Zegota" class="mw-redirect" title="Zegota">Zegota</a>) was established in late 1942, in cooperation with church groups. The organisation saved thousands. Emphasis was placed on protecting children, as it was nearly impossible to intervene directly against the heavily guarded transports. The Germans implemented several different laws to separate Poles and Jews in the ghettos with Poles living on the "Aryan Side" and the Jews living on the "Jewish Side", despite the risk of death many Poles risked their lives by forging "Aryan Papers" for Jews to make them appear as non-Jewish Poles so they could live on the Aryan side and avoid Nazi persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia2013114-115">[115]</a> Another law implemented by the Germans was that Poles were forbidden from buying from Jewish shops in which, if they did, they were subject to execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogonowski199899-116">[116]</a> Jewish children were also distributed among safe houses and church networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003200-113">[113]</a> Jewish children were often placed in church orphanages and convents.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some three million gentile <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> citizens perished during the course of the war, over two million of whom were ethnic Poles (the remainder being mostly <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>). The vast majority of those killed were civilians, mostly killed by the actions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-projectinposterum.org-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Aside from being sent to Nazi concentration camps, most ethnic Poles died through shelling and bombing campaigns, mass executions, forced starvation, revenge murder, ill health, and slave labour. Along with <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>, the main six extermination camps in occupied Poland were used predominantly to exterminate Jews. <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a> was used for mass extermination of Poles. A number of civilian labour camps (Gemeinschaftslager) for Poles (Polenlager) were established inside Polish territory. Many Poles died in German camps. The first non-German prisoners at Auschwitz were Poles who were the majority of inmates there until 1942 when the systematic killing of the Jews began. The first killing by poison gas at Auschwitz involved 300 Poles and 700 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>. Many Poles and other Central and Eastern Europeans were also sent to concentration camps in Germany: over 35,000 to Dachau, 33,000 to the camp for women at <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, 30,000 to Mauthausen and 20,000 to Sachsenhausen.<a href="#cite_note-subcamps40-120">[120]</a> The population in the General Government's territory was initially about 12 million in an area of 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi), but this increased as about 860,000 Poles and Jews were expelled from the German-annexed areas and "resettled" in the General Government. Offsetting this was the German campaign of extermination of the Polish intelligentsia and other elements thought likely to resist (e.g. Operation Tannenberg). From 1941, disease and hunger also began to reduce the population. Poles were deported in large numbers to work as forced labour in Germany: eventually about a million were deported, and many died in Germany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_Polish_citizens_under_Soviet_occupation">Treatment of Polish citizens under Soviet occupation</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A,_Russland,_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-150-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Identifizierung_ermordeter_Volksdeutscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Identifying <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">ethnic German</a> prisoners massacred by Soviet secret police <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> near Tarnopol, July 1941</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Eastern_Galicia_and_Volhynia" title="Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia">Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia</a></div> By the end of the initial invasion of Poland (the "Polish Defensive War"), the Soviet Union took over 52.1% of Poland's territory (~200,000 km2), with over 13,700,000 people. The estimates vary; Prof. <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Trela-Mazur" title="Elżbieta Trela-Mazur">Elżbieta Trela-Mazur</a> gives the following numbers in regards to the ethnic composition of these areas: 38% Poles (ca. 5.1 million people), 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrela-Mazur199843,_294-18">[18]</a> Areas occupied by the USSR were annexed to Soviet territory, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> area, which <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#The_deal_with_the_Soviets_(Soviet_armies_are_based_in_Lithuania),_1939" title="History of Lithuania">was transferred</a> to Lithuania, although it was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#First_Soviet_occupation" title="History of Lithuania">soon attached to the USSR</a> once Lithuania became a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republic</a>. Initially the Soviet occupation gained support among some members of the linguistic minorities who had chafed under the nationalist policies of the Second Polish Republic. Much of the Ukrainian population initially welcomed the unification with the Soviet Ukraine because twenty years earlier their <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">attempt at self-determination</a> failed during both the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> There were large groups of prewar Polish citizens, notably Jewish youth and, to a lesser extent, the Ukrainian peasants, who saw the Soviet power as an opportunity to start political or social activity outside their traditional ethnic or cultural groups. Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all groups equally, regardless of their political stance.<a href="#cite_note-From_Peace-122">[122]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> states that Soviet terror in the occupied eastern Polish lands was as cruel and tragic as the Nazis' in the west. Soviet authorities brutally treated those who might oppose their rule, deporting by 10 November 1940 around 10% of total population of Kresy, with 30% of those deported dead by 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2003313-123">[123]</a> They arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles during 1939–1941, including former officials, officers, and natural "enemies of the people" like the clergy, but also noblemen and intellectuals. The Soviets also executed about 65,000 Poles. Soldiers of the Red Army and their officers behaved like conquerors, looting and stealing Polish treasures. When Stalin was told about it, he answered: "If there is no ill will, they [the soldiers] can be pardoned".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2003312-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg/170px-Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg/255px-Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg/340px-Sssr_polsha_1939_plakat.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> propaganda poster addressed to the Ukrainian population residing within Polish borders. The text reads "Electors of the working people! Vote for joining of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a>"</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union had ceased to recognize the Polish state at the start of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-SCHULENBURG-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-note-126">[126]</a> As a result, the two governments never officially declared war on each other. The Soviets therefore did not classify Polish military prisoners as prisoners of war but as rebels against the new legal government of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_nnone">[n]</a> The Soviets killed tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939)">Polish prisoners of war</a>. Some, like General <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Olszyna-Wilczy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński">Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński</a>, who was captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, were executed during the campaign itself.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-JOWIPN-128">[128]</a> On 24 September, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of <a href="/wiki/Grabowiec,_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_County" title="Grabowiec, Zamość County">Grabowiec</a>, near Zamość.<a href="#cite_note-Grabowiec-129">[129]</a> The Soviets also executed all the Polish officers they captured after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Szack" title="Battle of Szack">Battle of Szack</a>, on 28 September.<a href="#cite_note-Interia-Szack-130">[130]</a> Over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-132">[132]</a> The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the <a href="/wiki/Sikorski-Mayski_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorski-Mayski Agreement">Sikorski-Mayski Agreement</a>; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Soviets then lobbied the Western Allies to recognize the pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Patriot%C3%B3w_Polskich" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Patriotów Polskich">Polish puppet government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Wasilewska" title="Wanda Wasilewska">Wanda Wasilewska</a> in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. They moved Lithuania into the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> and shifted the border in Poland to the east, giving Germany more territory.<a href="#cite_note-PWN_KW_old-134">[134]</a> By this arrangement, often described as a fourth <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">partition of Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sanford-132">[132]</a> the Soviet Union secured almost all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug and San. This amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres of land, inhabited by 13.5 million Polish citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200517-135">[135]</a> The Red Army had originally sowed confusion among the locals by claiming that they were arriving to save Poland from the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19961001–1003-136">[136]</a> Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion. Polish and Jewish citizens may at first have preferred a Soviet regime to a German one,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200524,_32–33-137">[137]</a> but the Soviets soon proved as hostile and destructive towards the Polish people and their <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish culture">culture</a> as the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Stach-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> They began confiscating, <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalising</a> and redistributing all private and state-owned Polish property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295-4">[4]</a> During the two years following the annexation, they arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and deported between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 150,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_b2">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-expatica-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzarotaMaterski2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rieber14,32-37-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_Polish_governmental_and_social_institutions">Removal of Polish governmental and social institutions</h3></div> While Germans enforced their policies based on racism, the Soviet administration justified their <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> policies by appealing to the Soviet ideology,<a href="#cite_note-Roszkowski-143">[143]</a> which in reality meant the thorough <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> of the area. Immediately after their conquest of eastern Poland, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of Sovietization<a href="#cite_note-Sowietyzacja-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton_Russell2001308–315-145">[145]</a> of the newly acquired areas. No later than several weeks after the last Polish units surrendered, on 22 October 1939, the Soviets organized staged elections to the Moscow-controlled <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Soviets</a> (legislative body) of Western Byelorussia and Western Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Kozłowski-20">[20]</a> The result of the staged voting was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005396-146">[146]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg/250px-Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg/375px-Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg/500px-Belarus_1939_Greeting_Soviets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Residents of a town in <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Eastern Poland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="West Belarus">West Belarus</a>) assembled to greet the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. The Russian text reads "Long Live the great theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin-Stalin" and contains a spelling error. Such welcomings were organized by the activists of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_West_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of West Belarus">Communist Party of West Belarus</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a>, delegalized in both countries by 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-147">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> Subsequently, all institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened under the Soviet appointed supervisors. <a href="/wiki/Lwow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwow University">Lwow University</a> and many other schools were reopened soon but they were restarted anew as Soviet institutions rather than continuing their old legacy. Lwow University was reorganized in accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Higher Schools. The tuition, that along with the institution's Polonophile traditions, kept the university inaccessible to most of the rural Ukrainophone population, was abolished and several new chairs were opened, particularly the chairs of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">literature</a>. The chairs of <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>, Dialectical and Historical Materialism aimed at strengthening of the Soviet ideology were opened as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrela-Mazur199843,_294-18">[18]</a> Polish literature and language studies ware dissolved by Soviet authorities. Forty-five new faculty members were assigned to it and transferred from other institutions of Soviet Ukraine, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv University">Kharkiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev University">Kiev</a> universities. On 15 January 1940 the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv</a> University was reopened and started to teach in accordance with Soviet curricula.<a href="#cite_note-LUsite-148">[148]</a> Simultaneously, Soviet authorities attempted to remove the traces of Polish history of the area by eliminating much of what had any connection to the Polish state or even Polish culture in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrela-Mazur199843,_294-18">[18]</a> On 21 December 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish currency</a> was withdrawn from circulation without any exchange to the newly introduced rouble, which meant that the entire population of the area lost all of their life savings overnight.<a href="#cite_note-Lanckoronska-149">[149]</a> All the media became controlled by Moscow. Soviet authorities implemented a political regime similar to a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dutton-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish199699–101-151">[151]</a></ref><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland19929-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kravchenko-153">[153]</a> based on terror. All Polish parties and organizations were disbanded. Only the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Bolshevik)_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine">Communist Party</a> was allowed to exist along with organizations subordinated to it. All organized religions were persecuted. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pwn_Okupacja_Sowiecka_w_Polsce_1939–41-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_terror">Rule of terror</h3></div> An inherent part of the Sovietization was a rule of terror started by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and other Soviet agencies. The first victims of the new order were approximately 250,000 Polish <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> captured by the USSR during and after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">Polish Defensive War</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners of war in Soviet Union (after 1939)">Polish prisoners of war in Soviet Union (after 1939)</a>).<a href="#cite_note-PWN_KW-155">[155]</a> As the Soviet Union did not sign any international convention on <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of war">rules of war</a>, they were denied the status of prisoners of war and instead almost all of the captured officers were then murdered (see Katyn massacre) or sent to a <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chodakiewicz-156">[156]</a> Ordinary soldiers who were ethnic minorities living in the territories that the Soviet Union planned to annex were released and allowed to go home. Those who lived in the German zone of occupation were transferred to the Germans. "Military settlers" were excluded from home release. About 23,000 of POWs were separated from the rest and sent to construct a highway, with a planned release in December 1939.<a href="#cite_note-IPN_decision-157">[157]</a> Thousands of others would fall victim to <a href="/wiki/NKVD_massacres_of_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD massacres of prisoners">NKVD massacres of prisoners</a> in mid-1941, after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Similar policies were applied to the civilian population as well. The Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution"<a href="#cite_note-Grudzinski-158">[158]</a> and "counter-revolutionary activity",<a href="#cite_note-Anders-159">[159]</a> and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish intelligentsia, politicians, civil servants and scientists, but also ordinary people suspected of posing a threat to the Soviet rule. Among the arrested members of the Polish intelligentsia were former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Leon_Koz%C5%82owski" title="Leon Kozłowski">Leon Kozłowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Prystor" title="Aleksander Prystor">Aleksander Prystor</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Stanisław Grabski">Stanisław Grabski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C4%85bi%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Głąbiński">Stanisław Głąbiński</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baczewski" title="Baczewski">Baczewski</a> family. Initially aimed primarily at possible political opponents, by January 1940 the NKVD aimed its campaign also at its potential allies, including the Polish communists and socialists. Among the arrested were <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Broniewski" title="Władysław Broniewski">Władysław Broniewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wat" title="Aleksander Wat">Aleksander Wat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Peiper" title="Tadeusz Peiper">Tadeusz Peiper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Lewin" title="Leopold Lewin">Leopold Lewin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Stern" title="Anatol Stern">Anatol Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teodor_Parnicki" title="Teodor Parnicki">Teodor Parnicki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_Czuchnowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Czuchnowski (page does not exist)">Marian Czuchnowski</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-Lwowskie_okupacje-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation">Deportation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg/220px-Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg/330px-Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg/440px-Polish_memorial_Karachi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>During 1942–1945, nearly 30,000 Poles were deported by the Soviet Union to <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> (then under British rule). This photo shows a memorial to the refugees who died in Karachi and were buried at the Karachi graveyard.</figcaption></figure> In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the Soviets deported more than 1,200,000 Poles, most in four mass deportations. The first deportation took place 10 February 1940, with more than 220,000 sent to northern European Russia; the second on 13 April 1940, sending 320,000 primarily to Kazakhstan; a third wave in June–July 1940 totaled more than 240,000; the fourth occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. Upon resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations in 1941, it was determined based on Soviet information that more than 760,000 of the deportees had died – a large part of those dead being children, who had comprised about a third of deportees.<a href="#cite_note-ACEN1ST-161">[161]</a> Approximately 100,000 former Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Karta-162">[162]</a> The prisons soon got severely overcrowded.<a href="#cite_note-From_Peace-122">[122]</a> with detainees suspected of anti-Soviet activities and the NKVD had to open dozens of ad hoc prison sites in almost all towns of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005-163">[163]</a> The wave of arrests led to forced resettlement of large categories of people (<a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>, Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors or <a href="/wiki/Osadnik" title="Osadnik">osadniks</a>, for instance) to the Gulag <a href="/wiki/Labour_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camps">labour camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union">exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton_Russell2001308–315-145">[145]</a> Altogether roughly a million people were sent to the east in four major waves of deportations.<a href="#cite_note-Number_of_deportees-164">[164]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Playground-165">[165]</a> almost half of them were dead by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_quoted-166">[166]</a> According to the Soviet law, all residents of the annexed area, dubbed by the Soviets as citizens of former Poland,<a href="#cite_note-KARTA-167">[167]</a> automatically acquired Soviet citizenship. However, actual conferral of citizenship still required the individual's consent and the residents were strongly pressured for such consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005396-146">[146]</a> The refugees who opted out were threatened with repatriation to Nazi controlled territories of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998295-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005188-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gitelman-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation_of_ethnic_tensions">Exploitation of ethnic tensions</h3></div> In addition, the Soviets exploited past ethnic tension between Poles and other ethnic groups, inciting and encouraging violence against Poles calling the minorities to "rectify the wrongs they had suffered during twenty years of Polish rule".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200535-170">[170]</a> Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. Soviet propaganda claimed that unfair treatment of non-Poles by the Second Polish Republic was a justification of its dismemberment. Soviet officials openly incited mobs to perform killings and robberies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200536-171">[171]</a> The death toll of the initial Soviet-inspired terror campaign remains unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_Poland" title="World War II casualties of Poland">World War II casualties of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG/250px-Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG/375px-Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG/500px-Pomnik_Poleg%C5%82ym_i_Pomordowanym_na_Wschodzie_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Fallen_and_Murdered_in_the_East" title="Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East">Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East</a>, Warsaw</figcaption></figure> Around six million Polish citizens – nearly 21.4% of the pre-war population of the Second Polish Republic — died between 1939 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Jessica_rev-172">[172]</a> Over 90% of the death toll involved non-military losses, as most civilians were targets of various deliberate actions by the Germans and Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Jessica_rev-172">[172]</a> Both occupiers wanted not only to gain Polish territory, but also to destroy Polish culture and the Polish nation as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-JOG_quote-2">[2]</a> Tadeusz Piotrowski, Professor of Sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a> has provided a reassessment of Poland's losses in World War II. Polish war dead included 5,150,000 victims of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles">Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers included 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles were killed in 1943–44 in Ukraine. Of the 100,000 Poles killed in Ukraine, 80,000 perished during the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians.<a href="#cite_note-projectinposterum.org-118">[118]</a> In August 2009, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzarotaMaterski2009-5">[5]</a> The official Polish government report prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war deaths out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. However some historians in Poland now believe that Polish war losses were at least two million ethnic Poles and three million Jews as a result of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Łuczak_Kersten-173">[173]</a> Another assessment, Poles as Victims of the Nazi Era, prepared by <a href="/wiki/USHMM" class="mw-redirect" title="USHMM">USHMM</a>, lists 1.8 to 1.9 million <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Polish">ethnic Polish</a> dead in addition to three million Polish Jews.<a href="#cite_note-ushmm-10">[10]</a> Prisoner of war deaths totaled 250,000; in Germany (120,000) and in the USSR (130,000).<a href="#cite_note-VM-174">[174]</a> The genocide of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">porajmos</a>) was 35,000 persons.<a href="#cite_note-DK-175">[175]</a> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> victims totaled 3,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-AH-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsamt_in_occupied_Poland" title="Arbeitsamt in occupied Poland">Arbeitsamt in occupied Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Terror" title="Chronicles of Terror">Chronicles of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in Germany">Polish minority in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in the Soviet Union">Polish minority in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs201410–28-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs201410–28_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs2014">Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2014</a>, pp. 10–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-JOG_quote-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JOG_quote_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JOG_quote_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlsak-Glass1999" class="citation journal cs1">Olsak-Glass, Judith (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/199/glass.html">"Review of Piotrowski's Poland's Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a>. <q>Piotrowski argues that from the very beginning, it was Stalin's aim to ensure that an independent Poland would never reemerge in the postwar period. The prisons, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a>, transit, labor and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>, roundups, mass deportations, <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">mobile killing units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a>, deprivation, hunger, disease, and exposure all testify to the 'inhuman policies of both <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> and 'were clearly aimed at the total extermination of Poland's citizens, both Jews and Christians. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/imt/nca/ftp.py?imt/nca/nca-06/nca-06-3469-ps-04">the original</a> on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nizkor.org&rft.atitle=German+newspaper+editor+outlining+the+claims+of+Polish+atrocities+against+minorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fftp.cgi%2Fimt%2Fnca%2Fftp.py%3Fimt%2Fnca%2Fnca-06%2Fnca-06-3469-ps-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/blbkmenu.asp">"The British War Bluebook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a>. Yale Law School. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=The+British+War+Bluebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fsubject_menus%2Fblbkmenu.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018326–330-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018326–330_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, pp. 326–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff200347–48-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff200347–48_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolff2003">Wolff 2003</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia2013276-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia2013276_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2013">Niewyk & Nicosia 2013</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018349-352-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018349-352_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, p. 349-352. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413024247/http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe: Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Plans+for+Eastern+Europe%3A+Selections+from+Janusz+Gumkowski+and+Kazimierz+Leszczynski+Poland+Under+Nazi+Occupation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsweb.neu.edu%2Fholocaust%2FHitlers_Plans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> The ultimate goal of Nazi policy was to destroy the Polish nation on Polish soil as a whole, regardless of whether it was annexed by the Reich or whether it was incorporated into the Government General. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, p. 331: "The Nazis' intent was to maintain the Polish population in a state of such cultural backwardness that they would never have the capacity to gain any self-awareness, any comprehension of their identity or their condition, or any understanding that they would, over the mid- and long-term, be exploited like livestock to serve German economic needs." </li> <li id="cite_note-DobroszyckiGurock1993-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DobroszyckiGurock1993_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DobroszyckiGurock1993_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobroszyckiGurock1993" class="citation book cs1">Dobroszycki, Lucjan; Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzMHYBaH5G8C&pg=PA36">The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-173-4"><bdi>978-1-56324-173-4</bdi></a>. <q>General Plan Ost, which provided for the liquidation of the Slavic peoples</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Studies+and+Sources+on+the+Destruction+of+the+Jews+in+the+Nazi-Occupied+Territories+of+the+USSR%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-173-4&rft.aulast=Dobroszycki&rft.aufirst=Lucjan&rft.au=Gurock%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzMHYBaH5G8C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritz2011-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Fritz2011_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritz2011">Fritz 2011</a>, p. 158: Since the ultimate destination of those who would be displaced remained unclear, "natural wastage" on a vast scale must have been assumed, so genocide was implicit in Generalplan Ost from the very beginning </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer2009152–153_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeyer2009">Geyer 2009</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz2011158-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritz2011158_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritz2011">Fritz 2011</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoprzeczny20043,_186–187-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoprzeczny20043,_186–187_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoprzeczny2004">Poprzeczny 2004</a>, pp. 3, 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar201359–60-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtar201359–60_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtar201359–60_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFButtar2013">Buttar 2013</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEley2013189-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEley2013189_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEley2013">Eley 2013</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018372–377-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018372–377_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, pp. 372–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413024247/http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Plans+for+Eastern+Europe+Selections+from+Janusz+Gumkowski+and+Kazimierz+Leszczynski+Poland+Under+Nazi+Occupation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsweb.neu.edu%2Fholocaust%2FHitlers_Plans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> The provisions of the Plan stated that 80–85 per cent of the Poles would have to be deported from the German area of settlement – to regions in the East. This, according to German calculations, would involve about 20 million people. About 3–4 million – all of them peasants – suitable for Germanization as far as "racial values" were concerned – would be allowed to remain. They would be distributed as slave laborers among the German majority and Germanized within a single generation (...) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006204-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2006204_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholas2006">Nicholas 2006</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyçoberry2000228-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyçoberry2000228_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyçoberry2000">Ayçoberry 2000</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-spoliation-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spoliation_43-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031203151512/http://fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com/c9052.htm">"Chapter XIII – Germanization and Spoliation"</a>. fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com/c9052.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIII+%E2%80%93+Germanization+and+Spoliation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com%2Fc9052.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuikerSpielvogel1997794-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuikerSpielvogel1997794_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel1997">Duiker & Spielvogel 1997</a>, p. 794. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2001-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2001_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukas2001">Lukas 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Case no. 37: The Trial of Haupturmfuhrer Amon Leopold Goeth". Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, the United Nations War Crimes Commission. VII. London: HMSO: 9. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law-Reports+of+Trials+of+War+Criminals%2C+the+United+Nations+War+Crimes+Commission&rft.atitle=Case+no.+37%3A+The+Trial+of+Haupturmfuhrer+Amon+Leopold+Goeth&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> The Tribunal accepted these contentions and in its judgment against Amon Goeth stated the following: 'His criminal activities originated from general directives that guided the criminal Fascist-Hitlerite organization, which under the leadership of Adolf Hitler aimed at the conquest of the world and at the extermination of those nations which stood in the way of the consolidation of its power.... The policy of extermination was in the first place directed against the Jewish and Polish nations.... This criminal organization did not reject any means of furthering their aim of destroying the Jewish nation. The wholesale extermination of Jews and also of Poles had all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/count3.asp">"The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany"</a>. avalon.law.yale.edu. <q>They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+trial+of+German+major+war+criminals+%3A+proceedings+of+the+International+Military+Tribunal+sitting+at+Nuremberg+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2Fcount3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSL-48"><a href="#cite_ref-PSL_48-0">^</a> Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003240-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003240_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajer2003">Majer 2003</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarema-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Jarema_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiriczuk2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kiriczuk, Jurij (23 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/dyskusija/volyn/gw2304-pol.htm">"Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa"</a> [Just like in the days of Jarema and Krzywonos]. Gazeta Wyborcza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft.atitle=Jak+za+Jaremy+i+Krzywonosa&rft.date=2003-04-23&rft.aulast=Kiriczuk&rft.aufirst=Jurij&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ji-magazine.lviv.ua%2Fdyskusija%2Fvolyn%2Fgw2304-pol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2003). "The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943". Past & Present (179): 223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F179.1.197">10.1093/past/179.1.197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+Ukrainian-Polish+Ethnic+Cleansing+1943&rft.issue=179&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F179.1.197&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurleighWippermann1991-52"><a href="#cite_ref-BurleighWippermann1991_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiber1957" class="citation journal cs1">Heiber, Helmut (1957). "Denkschrift Himmler Uber die Behandlung der Fremdvolkischen im Osten" [Himmler’s memorandum on the treatment of foreign nationals in the East]. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Denkschrift+Himmler+Uber+die+Behandlung+der+Fremdvolkischen+im+Osten&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Heiber&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleighWippermann1991" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich">The racial state: Germany, 1933–1945</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. (337–). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-39802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+racial+state%3A+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=%28337-%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39802-2&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wippermann%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialstate00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmmfl-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmmfl_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmmfl_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmmfl_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmmfl_54-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/forced-labor">"Forced Labor"</a>. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forced+Labor&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fforced-labor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerencz200224–25-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerencz200224–25_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerencz200224–25_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerencz2002">Ferencz 2002</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbertTempler199771-73_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbertTempler1997">Herbert & Templer 1997</a>, p. 71-73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018356–357-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018356–357_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, pp. 356–357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018357–358-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018357–358_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, pp. 357–358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018357-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapoutot2018357_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapoutot2018">Chapoutot 2018</a>, pp. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenten200033–34-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenten200033–34_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLenten2000">Lenten 2000</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Merten2013-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Merten2013_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerten2013" class="citation book cs1">Merten, Ulrich (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXxUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II</a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-5258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-5258-6"><bdi>978-1-4128-5258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Voices%3A+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+from+Eastern+Europe+after+World+War+II&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-5258-6&rft.aulast=Merten&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXxUAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2002127-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately2002127_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGellately2002">Gellately 2002</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski199822-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski199822_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski 1998</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubensteinRoth2003195–196_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubensteinRoth2003">Rubenstein & Roth 2003</a>, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENobleStraussOsheimNeuschel2007880-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENobleStraussOsheimNeuschel2007880_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNobleStraussOsheimNeuschel2007">Noble et al. 2007</a>, p. 880. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox2013-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox2013_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox2013_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2013" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Elaine Saphier (31 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zfPJvAmUSYC&pg=PA275">Out of Chaos: Hidden Children Remember the Holocaust</a>. Northwestern University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-6661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-6661-5"><bdi>978-0-8101-6661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Chaos%3A+Hidden+Children+Remember+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-6661-5&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Elaine+Saphier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zfPJvAmUSYC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmmnzs-67"><a href="#cite_ref-ushmmnzs_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007720">"Nazi Camp System"</a>. 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The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antisemitism.org.il/eng/Holocaust">the original</a> on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014. <q>From diary of Reich Propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, dated 12 December 1941.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust&rft.pub=The+Coordination+Forum+for+Countering+Antisemitism&rft.date=2013&rft.au=CFCA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantisemitism.org.il%2Feng%2FHolocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV-Reinhard-pdf-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YV-Reinhard-pdf_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashemfile2013" class="citation web cs1">Yad Vashemfile (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205724.pdf">"Aktion Reinhard"</a> (PDF). 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(2013). Die Berichte der Einsatzgruppen aus Polen 1939. Vollständige Edition [The reports of the Einsatzgruppen from Poland 1939. Complete edition]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3863311384" title="Special:BookSources/978-3863311384"><bdi>978-3863311384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Berichte+der+Einsatzgruppen+aus+Polen+1939.+Vollst%C3%A4ndige+Edition&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3863311384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthäusBöhlerMallmann2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Jürgen Matthäus">Matthäus, Jürgen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jochen_B%C3%B6hler" title="Jochen Böhler">Böhler, Jochen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Klaus-Michael_Mallmann" title="Klaus-Michael Mallmann">Mallmann, Klaus-Michael</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z1jAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6">War, Pacification, and Mass Murder, 1939: The Einsatzgruppen in Poland</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442231412" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442231412"><bdi>978-1442231412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Pacification%2C+and+Mass+Murder%2C+1939%3A+The+Einsatzgruppen+in+Poland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442231412&rft.aulast=Matth%C3%A4us&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=B%C3%B6hler%2C+Jochen&rft.au=Mallmann%2C+Klaus-Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Z1jAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaptaTuptaMoskal2009104-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaptaTuptaMoskal2009104_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaptaTuptaMoskal2009">Rapta, Tupta & Moskal 2009</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrybyla2010133,_136_78-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrybyla2010">Prybyla 2010</a>, pp. 133, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013101-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013101_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERozettSpector2013101_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRozettSpector2013">Rozett & Spector 2013</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugust1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">August, Jochen (1997). Sonderaktion Krakau. Die Verhaftung der Krakauer Wissenschaftler am 6. November 1939 [Special Operation Krakow. The arrest of the Krakow scientists on November 6, 1939] (in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, HIS Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonderaktion+Krakau.+Die+Verhaftung+der+Krakauer+Wissenschaftler+am+6.+November+1939&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Hamburger+Edition%2C+HIS+Verlagsgesellschaft+GmbH&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=August&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaczyńska2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paczyńska, Irena (2019). Aktion gegen Universitäts-Professoren (Kraków, 6 listopada 1939 roku) i okupacyjne losy aresztowanych [Action against university professors (Kraków, November 6, 1939) and the fate of those arrested during the occupation] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323346326" title="Special:BookSources/9788323346326"><bdi>9788323346326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aktion+gegen+Universit%C3%A4ts-Professoren+%28Krak%C3%B3w%2C+6+listopada+1939+roku%29+i+okupacyjne+losy+aresztowanych&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Jagiello%C5%84skiego&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788323346326&rft.aulast=Paczy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Irena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albert, Zygmunt (1989). Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty [Execution of Lviv professors - July 1941 / studies, reports and documents] (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-229-0351-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-229-0351-0"><bdi>83-229-0351-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ka%C5%BA%C5%84+profesor%C3%B3w+lwowskich+%E2%80%93+lipiec+1941+%2F+studia+oraz+relacje+i+dokumenty&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=83-229-0351-0&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenk2007-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenk2007_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchenk2007">Schenk 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Libionka2004-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Libionka2004_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibionka2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Libionka" title="Dariusz Libionka">Libionka, Dariusz</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf">"The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945"</a> (PDF). In Rittner, Carol; Smith, Stephen D.; Steinfeldt, Irena (eds.). The Holocaust and the Christian World: Reflections on the Past Challenges for the Future. New Leaf Press. pp. 74–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89221-591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89221-591-1"><bdi>978-0-89221-591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+Poland+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+the+Christian+World%3A+Reflections+on+the+Past+Challenges+for+the+Future&rft.pages=74-78&rft.pub=New+Leaf+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89221-591-1&rft.aulast=Libionka&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fdownload%2Fabout_holocaust%2Fchristian_world%2Flibionka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicculture-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholicculture_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholicculture_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholicculture_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholicculture_85-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraughwell" class="citation web cs1">Craughwell, Thomas J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=472">"The Gentile Holocaust"</a>. Catholic Culture. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Gentile+Holocaust&rft.aulast=Craughwell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Church_pp._34-51-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Church_pp._34-51_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Church_pp._34-51_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church. Washington D.C.: National Catholic Welfare Conference. 1942. pp. 34–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+War+Against+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=34-51&rft.pub=National+Catholic+Welfare+Conference&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXFpAAAAMAAJ">Polish Western Affairs</a>. Instytut Zachodni. 1989. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Western+Affairs&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Instytut+Zachodni.&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbMsAQAAIAAJ">Alma Mater</a> (in Polish). Alma Mater, Issue 64. November 2004. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alma+Mater&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Alma+Mater%2C+Issue+64&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbMsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shoaheducation.com/aryan.html">Lebensraum, Aryanization, Germanization and Judenrein, Judenfrei: concepts in the holocaust or shoah</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Gumkowkski-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gumkowkski_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gumkowkski_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527021449/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">"Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"</a>. 27 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War%3B+Hitler%27s+Plans+for+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2012-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dac.neu.edu%2Fholocaust%2FHitlers_Plans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006250-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2006250_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholas2006">Nicholas 2006</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006249-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2006249_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholas2006">Nicholas 2006</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eddy-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2007" class="citation news cs1">Eddy, Melissa (8 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213151226/http://www.starnewsonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070508%2FNEWS%2F705080331%2F-1%2FState">"Stolen: The Story of a Polish Child 'Germanized' by the Nazis"</a>. StarNewsOnline (Wilmington, NC). Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starnewsonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070508/NEWS/705080331/-1/State">the original</a> on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2022. <q>If they met racial guidelines, they were taken; one girl got back home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StarNewsOnline+%28Wilmington%2C+NC%29&rft.atitle=Stolen%3A+The+Story+of+a+Polish+Child+%27Germanized%27+by+the+Nazis&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starnewsonline.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20070508%2FNEWS%2F705080331%2F-1%2FState&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2006400–401-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2006400–401_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholas2006">Nicholas 2006</a>, pp. 400–401. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Mediathek/nordholz_spieka_2021_Geschichtstafel.pdf">"Geschichts und Erinnerungstafel Nordholz Spieka"</a> [Historical and Memorial Plaque in Nordholz-Spieka] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/German_War_Graves_Commission" title="German War Graves Commission">German War Graves Commission</a>. July 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2023. <q>Die Sterberate war in dem Heim sehr hoch. Mangelernährung, bewusste Vernachlässigung und die unzureichende Hygiene führten in den primitiven Örtlichkeiten zu einer „schnellen" Sterblichkeit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+War+Graves+Commission&rft.atitle=Geschichts+und+Erinnerungstafel+Nordholz+Spieka&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volksbund.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fredaktion%2FMediathek%2Fnordholz_spieka_2021_Geschichtstafel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wendland-net.de/post/tapr-himmlers-pflegestaetten-brachten-kindern-den-tod">"Himmlers "Pflegestätten" brachten Kindern den Tod"</a> [Himmler's "Foster Homes" Brought Death to Children]. wendland-net (in German). 18 December 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2023. <q>Das Projekt „Krieg gegen Kinder" resümiert in diesem Zusammenhang: „Die Anweisung Himmlers, die Kinder möglichst wenige Tage nach der Geburt von den Müttern zu trennen und in 'Ausländerpflegestätten einfachster Art' unterzubringen, kam einer Mordempfehlung gleich". [...] Wohl aber waren es die Krankheit fördernden Zustände, die [...] zum Tode von Kindern führten. Heutzutage würde die Justiz in solchen Fällen vermutlich Tötungsdelikte „durch Unterlassen" gegeben sehen. [The project "War against Children" sums up in this context: "Himmler's instruction to separate the children from their mothers as soon as possible a few days after birth and to place them in 'foreigners' care centers of the simplest kind' was tantamount to a murder recommendation". [...] However, it was the conditions promoting illness that led to the death of children [...]. Nowadays, the judiciary would presumably regard such cases as homicides "by neglect".]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wendland-net&rft.atitle=Himmlers+%22Pflegest%C3%A4tten%22+brachten+Kindern+den+Tod&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwendland-net.de%2Fpost%2Ftapr-himmlers-pflegestaetten-brachten-kindern-den-tod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsak-Glass1999" class="citation web cs1">Olsak-Glass, Judith (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/199/glass.html">"Review of Piotrowski's Poland's Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sarmatian+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Piotrowski%27s+Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Olsak-Glass&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sarmatia%2F199%2Fglass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth2003" class="citation book cs1">Knuth, Rebecca (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1deR-jiYJgC&pg=PA86">Libricide: The Regime-Sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98088-7"><bdi>978-0-275-98088-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libricide%3A+The+Regime-Sponsored+Destruction+of+Books+and+Libraries+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98088-7&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1deR-jiYJgC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadajczyk1970" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Madajczyk" title="Czesław Madajczyk">Madajczyk, Czesław</a> (1970), Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce, Tom II (Politics of the Third Reich in Occupied Poland, Part Two) (in Polish), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, p. 122</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polityka+III+Rzeszy+w+okupowanej+Polsce%2C+Tom+II+%28Politics+of+the+Third+Reich+in+Occupied+Poland%2C+Part+Two%29&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Madajczyk&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029204701/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/28%20Article.htm">"E28. Jasinski G"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/28%20Article.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E28.+Jasinski+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishresistance-ak.org%2F28%2520Article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960945-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960945_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1960945_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. 945. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpotts2002" class="citation book cs1">Spotts, Frederic (2002). Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics. New York: Overlook Press. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-345-2"><bdi>978-1-58567-345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+Power+of+Aesthetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=377-378&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-345-2&rft.aulast=Spotts&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostasz-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostasz_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostasz_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostasz_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstasz" class="citation web cs1">Ostasz, Grzegorz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410025043/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/17%20Article.htm">"The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature"</a>. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/17%20Article.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Government-in-Exile%27s+Home+Delegature&rft.pub=London+Branch+of+the+Polish+Home+Army+Ex-Servicemen+Association&rft.aulast=Ostasz&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishresistance-ak.org%2F17%2520Article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salm37-46-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Salm37-46_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonowicz1994" class="citation book cs1">Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ1nAAAAMAAJ">Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939–45</a>. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05500-3"><bdi>978-83-02-05500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polskie+Pa%C5%84stwo+Podziemne%3A+z+dziej%C3%B3w+walki+cywilnej%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Szkolne+i+Pedagogiczne&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-83-02-05500-3&rft.aulast=Salmonowicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQ1nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988">, p. 37-46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gar220-223-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gar220-223_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gar220-223_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarliński1975" class="citation journal cs1">Garliński, Józef (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945". Journal of Contemporary History. 10 (2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 219–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947501000202">10.1177/002200947501000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260146">260146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159844616">159844616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+State+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-259&rft.date=1975-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159844616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947501000202&rft.aulast=Garli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988">, p. 220-223 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski1987-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski1987_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamoyski1987">Zamoyski 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MNK-107"><a href="#cite_ref-MNK_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNey-Krwawicz" class="citation web cs1">Ney-Krwawicz, Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103204054/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">"The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)"</a>. Translated by Bohdanowicz, Antoni. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">the original</a> on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+State+and+The+Home+Army+%281939%E2%80%9345%29&rft.pub=London+Branch+of+the+Polish+Home+Army+Ex-Servicemen+Association&rft.aulast=Ney-Krwawicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishresistance-ak.org%2F2%2520Article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL-PWN-108"><a href="#cite_ref-AL-PWN_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231936/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871193">"Armia Ludowa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871193">the original</a> on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Armia+Ludowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D3871193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AK-WIEM-109"><a href="#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101000346/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">"Armia Krajowa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_WIEM" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyklopedia WIEM">Encyklopedia WIEM</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+WIEM&rft.atitle=Armia+Krajowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F59129%2C%2C%2C%2Carmia_krajowa%2Chaslo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AB1-110"><a href="#cite_ref-AB1_110-0">^</a> Borowiec, Andrew (2001). Destroy Warsaw! Hitler's punishment, Stalin's revenge. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97005-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97005-1">0-275-97005-1</a>. p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2006-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2006_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (27 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnO_Z3y5elgC&pg=PA175">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a>. Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25980-9"><bdi>978-1-134-25980-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25980-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnO_Z3y5elgC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998305-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski1998305_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski 1998</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003200-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003200_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003200_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003594-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003594_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies 2003</a>, p. 594. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia2013114-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia2013114_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2013">Niewyk & Nicosia 2013</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogonowski199899-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogonowski199899_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPogonowski1998">Pogonowski 1998</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Zegota.html">"The Żegota"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+%C5%BBegota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2FZegota.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-projectinposterum.org-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-projectinposterum.org_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-projectinposterum.org_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Piotrowski, Tadeusz</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm">"Project InPosterum: Poland World War II Casualties"</a>. projectposterum.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=projectposterum.org&rft.atitle=Project+InPosterum%3A+Poland+World+War+II+Casualties&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectinposterum.org%2Fdocs%2Fpoland_WWII_casualties.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁuczak1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_%C5%81uczak" title="Czesław Łuczak">Łuczak, Czesław</a> (1994). "Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficcznego Polski w latach 1939–1945" [Opportunities and difficulties of Poland's demographic balance in the years 1939–1945]. Dzieje Najnowsze (in Polish) (1994/2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzieje+Najnowsze&rft.atitle=Szanse+i+trudno%C5%9Bci+bilansu+demograficcznego+Polski+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=1994%2F2&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%C5%81uczak&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-subcamps40-120"><a href="#cite_ref-subcamps40_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/cclist.html#pola">"Full Listing of Camps in occupied Poland"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Full+Listing+of+Camps+in+occupied+Poland&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fcclist.html%23pola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> Source: "Atlas of the Holocaust" by Martin Gilbert (1982). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stutthof.html">"Stutthof: History & Overview"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Stutthof%3A+History+%26+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fstutthof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> With archival photos. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowski1998">Piotrowski 1998</a>, pp. 177–259: How are we ... to explain the phenomenon of Ukrainians rejoicing and collaborating with the Soviets? Who were these Ukrainians? That they were Ukrainians is certain, but were they communists, Nationalists, unattached peasants? The Answer is "yes" – they were all three" </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Peace-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-From_Peace_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Peace_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitargeschichtliches_ForschungsamtSchramm1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Militargeschichtliches_Forschungsamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt">Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt</a>; Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Wegner, Bernd (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7odfDAlO64UC&q=Norman+Davies&pg=PA76">From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939–1941</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-882-0"><bdi>1-57181-882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Peace+to+War%3A+Germany%2C+Soviet+Russia+and+the+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=47-79&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-57181-882-0&rft.au=Militargeschichtliches+Forschungsamt&rft.au=Schramm%2C+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7odfDAlO64UC%26q%3DNorman%2BDavies%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2003313-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2003313_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2003">Sebag Montefiore 2003</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2003312-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2003312_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2003">Sebag Montefiore 2003</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHULENBURG-125"><a href="#cite_ref-SCHULENBURG_125-0">^</a> Telegrams sent by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Werner_von_der_Schulenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg">Schulenburg</a>, German ambassador to the Soviet Union, from Moscow to the German Foreign Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns069.htm">No. 317</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107175858/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns069.htm">Archived</a> 7 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 10 September 1939, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns073.htm">No. 371</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430203034/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns073.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 16 September 1939, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns074.htm">No. 372</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430142631/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/ns074.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 17 September 1939. The <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. Retrieved 14 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-note_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibidem.com.pl/zrodla/1939-1945/polityka-miedzynarodowa/1939-09-17-nota-sowiecka-grzybowskiemu.html">"1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego"</a> [Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939, refused by Polish ambassador <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Grzybowski" title="Wacław Grzybowski">Wacław Grzybowski</a>] (in Polish). Retrieved 15 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1939+wrzesie%C5%84+17%2C+Moskwa+Nota+rz%C4%85du+sowieckiego+nie+przyj%C4%99ta+przez+ambasadora+Wac%C5%82awa+Grzybowskiego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibidem.com.pl%2Fzrodla%2F1939-1945%2Fpolityka-miedzynarodowa%2F1939-09-17-nota-sowiecka-grzybowskiemu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306151813/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3950966">"Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3950966">the original</a> on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Olszyna-Wilczy%C5%84ski+J%C3%B3zef+Konstanty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D3950966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JOWIPN-128"><a href="#cite_ref-JOWIPN_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050107121610/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/sled_bialystok_9.html">"Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)"</a> [Investigation into the murder on September 22, 1939, near the town of Sopoćkinie, of Brigadier General of the Polish Army Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński and his adjutant Captain Mieczysław Strzemski by soldiers of the former Soviet Union. (S 6/02/Zk)] (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/sled_bialystok_9.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2005. Retrieved 7 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aledztwo+w+sprawie+zab%C3%B3jstwa+w+dniu+22+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1939+r.+w+okolicach+miejscowo%C5%9Bci+Sopo%C4%87kinie+genera%C5%82a+brygady+Wojska+Polskiego+J%C3%B3zefa+Olszyny-Wilczy%C5%84skiego+i+jego+adiutanta+kapitana+Mieczys%C5%82awa+Strzemskiego+przez+%C5%BCo%C5%82nierzy+b.+Zwi%C4%85zku+Radzieckiego.+%28S+6%2F02%2FZk%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fsled_bialystok_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> Polish <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabowiec-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Grabowiec_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamojski2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zamojski, Tygodnik (15 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307143816/http://www.grabowiec.pl/portal/publikacje/epizod_roztrzelany_szpital.pdf">"Rozstrzelany Szpital"</a> [Executed Hospital] (PDF) (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grabowiec.pl/portal/publikacje/epizod_roztrzelany_szpital.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rozstrzelany+Szpital&rft.date=2004-09-15&rft.aulast=Zamojski&rft.aufirst=Tygodnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grabowiec.pl%2Fportal%2Fpublikacje%2Fepizod_roztrzelany_szpital.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interia-Szack-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Interia-Szack_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=106003">"Szack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Interia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyklopedia Interia">Encyklopedia Interia</a> (in Polish). Retrieved 28 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+Interia&rft.atitle=Szack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.interia.pl%2Fhaslo%3Fhid%3D106003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fischer_(historian)" title="Benjamin Fischer (historian)">Fischer, Benjamin B.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324185250/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html">"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field"</a>. Studies in Intelligence (Winter 1999–2000). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Katyn+Controversy%3A+Stalin%27s+Killing+Field&rft.issue=Winter+1999%E2%80%932000&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fwinter99-00%2Fart6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_132-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Sanford_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sanford (scholar)">Sanford</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZXvUuvfv-oC&dq=Soviet+invasion+of+Poland+1939&pg=PA20">p. 20–24.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Sanford, p. 127; Martin Dean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdzTU1Uj3zcC&dq=Wanda+Wasilewska&pg=PA144">Collaboration in the Holocaust.</a> Retrieved 15 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-PWN_KW_old-134"><a href="#cite_ref-PWN_KW_old_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509003357/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html">"Kampania wrześniowa 1939"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kampania+wrze%C5%9Bniowa+1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2F33490_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> (September Campaign 1939) from <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">PWN Encyklopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, mid-2006. Retrieved 16 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200517-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200517_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies19961001–1003-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies19961001–1003_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1996">Davies 1996</a>, pp. 1001–1003. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200524,_32–33-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200524,_32–33_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>, pp. 24, 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stach-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Stach_138-0">^</a> Stachura, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkKuir9oQYMC&dq=Soviet+looting+Poland&pg=PA132">p.132.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Piotrowski, pp. 1, 11–13, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOśrodek_Karta" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ośrodek Karta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021190059/http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html">"Represje 1939–41. Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich"</a> [Repressions 1939–41: Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Represje+1939%E2%80%9341.+Aresztowani+na+Kresach+Wschodnich&rft.au=O%C5%9Brodek+Karta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indeks.karta.org.pl%2Frepresje_sowieckie_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-expatica-141"><a href="#cite_ref-expatica_141-0">^</a> AFP/Expatica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Polish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html">Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406115752/http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Polish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html">Archived</a> 6 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, expatica.com, 30 August 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rieber14,32-37-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Rieber14,32-37_142-0">^</a> Rieber, pp. 14, 32–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roszkowski-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Roszkowski_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszkowski1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Roszkowski" title="Wojciech Roszkowski">Roszkowski, Wojciech</a> (1998). Historia Polski 1914–1997 [History of Poland 1914–1997] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwa_Naukowe_PWN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN</a>. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-12693-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-12693-0"><bdi>83-01-12693-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski+1914%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=83-01-12693-0&rft.aulast=Roszkowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sowietyzacja-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Sowietyzacja_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudoł1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sudoł, Adam, ed. (1998). Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 września 1939 [Sovietization of the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic after September 17, 1939] (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7096-281-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-7096-281-5"><bdi>83-7096-281-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowietyzacja+Kres%C3%B3w+Wschodnich+II+Rzeczypospolitej+po+17+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1939&rft.place=Bydgoszcz&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Pedagogiczna&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=83-7096-281-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton_Russell2001308–315-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton_Russell2001308–315_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton_Russell2001308–315_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanton_Russell2001">Stanton Russell 2001</a>, pp. 308–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005396-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2005396_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2005396_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stosunki-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Stosunki_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWierzbicki2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wierzbicki, Marek (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406173221/http://bialorus.pl/index.php?secId=49&docId=60&&Rozdzial=historia">"Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941)"</a> [Polish-Belarusian relations under Soviet occupation (1939–1941)]. Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne (in Polish). 20. НА СТАРОНКАХ КАМУНІКАТУ, Biełaruski histaryczny zbornik: 186–188. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bialorus.pl/index.php?secId=49&docId=60&&Rozdzial=historia">the original</a> on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bia%C5%82oruskie+Zeszyty+Historyczne&rft.atitle=Stosunki+polsko-bia%C5%82oruskie+pod+okupacj%C4%85+sowieck%C4%85+%281939%E2%80%931941%29&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=186-188&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wierzbicki&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbialorus.pl%2Findex.php%3FsecId%3D49%26docId%3D60%26%26Rozdzial%3Dhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LUsite-148"><a href="#cite_ref-LUsite_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210220310/http://www.franko.lviv.ua/general/about.html">"Ivan Franko National University of L'viv"</a>. 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Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945 [War memories; September 22, 1939 – April 5, 1945] (in Polish). Kraków: ZNAK. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-240-0077-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-240-0077-1"><bdi>83-240-0077-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+Lw%C3%B3w&rft.btitle=Wspomnienia+wojenne%3B+22+IX+1939+%E2%80%93+5+IV+1945&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=ZNAK&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=83-240-0077-1&rft.aulast=Lanckoro%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwow.com.pl%2Fkarolina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutton-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutton_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson-Dutton1950" class="citation book cs1">Thompson-Dutton, Craig (1950). "The Police State & The Police and the Judiciary". The Police State: What You Want to Know about the Soviet Union. Dutton. pp. 88–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Police+State+%26+The+Police+and+the+Judiciary&rft.btitle=The+Police+State%3A+What+You+Want+to+Know+about+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=88-95&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Thompson-Dutton&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish199699–101-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish199699–101_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParrish1996">Parrish 1996</a>, pp. 99–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland19929-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland19929_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutland1992">Rutland 1992</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kravchenko-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Kravchenko_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKravchenko1988" class="citation book cs1">Kravchenko, Victor A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KK8guKbfqkC&q=Soviet+Union+police+state+NKVD&pg=PA310">I Chose Justice</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-756-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-756-X"><bdi>0-88738-756-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Chose+Justice&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88738-756-X&rft.aulast=Kravchenko&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KK8guKbfqkC%26q%3DSoviet%2BUnion%2Bpolice%2Bstate%2BNKVD%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pwn_Okupacja_Sowiecka_w_Polsce_1939–41-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Pwn_Okupacja_Sowiecka_w_Polsce_1939–41_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420212451/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html">"Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41"</a> [Soviet occupation in Poland 1939–41]. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Okupacja+Sowiecka+w+Polsce+1939%E2%80%9341&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2F53025_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWN_KW-155"><a href="#cite_ref-PWN_KW_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509003357/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html">"Kampania Wrześniowa 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Kampania+Wrze%C5%9Bniowa+1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2F33490_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chodakiewicz-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Chodakiewicz_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodakiewicz2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan</a> (2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0484-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0484-5"><bdi>0-7391-0484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Nazis+and+Soviets%3A+Occupation+Politics+in+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7391-0484-5&rft.aulast=Chodakiewicz&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPN_decision-157"><a href="#cite_ref-IPN_decision_157-0">^</a> Out of the original group of Polish prisoners of war sent in large number to the labour camps were some 25,000 ordinary soldiers separated from the rest of their colleagues and imprisoned in a work camp in <a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Równe</a>, where they were forced to build a road. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719230921/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_news_high_katyn_decision.html">"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre"</a>. Institute of National Remembrance website. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_news_high_katyn_decision.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+National+Remembrance+website&rft.atitle=Decision+to+commence+investigation+into+Katyn+Massacre&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Feng%2Feng_news_high_katyn_decision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grudzinski-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Grudzinski_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerling-Grudziński1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustaw_Herling-Grudzi%C5%84ski" title="Gustaw Herling-Grudziński">Herling-Grudziński, Gustaw</a> (1996). A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025184-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025184-7"><bdi>0-14-025184-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Apart%3A+Imprisonment+in+a+Soviet+Labor+Camp+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-14-025184-7&rft.aulast=Herling-Grudzi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Gustaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anders-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Anders_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders" title="Władysław Anders">Anders, Władysław</a> (1995). Bez ostatniego rozdziału [Without the last chapter] (in Polish). Lublin: Test. p. 540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7038-168-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-7038-168-5"><bdi>83-7038-168-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bez+ostatniego+rozdzia%C5%82u&rft.place=Lublin&rft.pages=540&rft.pub=Test&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=83-7038-168-5&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lwowskie_okupacje-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Lwowskie_okupacje_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGizella2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gizella, Jerzy (10 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427041108/http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/07-12-01/pp-11-09-02.html">"Lwowskie okupacje"</a>. Przegląd polski (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/07-12-01/pp-11-09-02.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+polski&rft.atitle=Lwowskie+okupacje&rft.date=2001-11-10&rft.aulast=Gizella&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dziennik.com%2Fwww%2Fdziennik%2Fkult%2Farchiwum%2F07-12-01%2Fpp-11-09-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACEN1ST-161"><a href="#cite_ref-ACEN1ST_161-0">^</a> Assembly of Captive European Nations, First Session </li> <li id="cite_note-Karta-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Karta_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021190059/http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html">"Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich"</a> [Repressions 1939–41: Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). Ośrodek Karta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Represje+1939%E2%80%9341+Aresztowani+na+Kresach+Wschodnich&rft.pub=O%C5%9Brodek+Karta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indeks.karta.org.pl%2Frepresje_sowieckie_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2005_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Number_of_deportees-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Number_of_deportees_164-0">^</a> The actual number of deported in the period of 1939–1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000 (in Polish) <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html">'Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420212451/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, last retrieved on 14 March 2006, Polish language) to over two million (mostly World War II estimates by the underground). The earlier number is based on records made by the NKVD and does not include roughly 180,000 prisoners of war, also in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by the Soviet Union during this period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000. For example R. J. Rummel gives the number of 1,200,000, Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox give 1,500,000 in their Refugees in an Age of Genocide, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iehSAirzqQC&dq=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA219">p.219</a>; in his Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sK5CJFpb2DAC&dq=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA132">p.132</a>. See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_WierzbickiTadeusz_M._Płużański2001" class="citation journal cs1">Marek Wierzbicki; Tadeusz M. Płużański (March 2001). "Wybiórcze traktowanie źródeł". <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Tygodnik Solidarność">Tygodnik Solidarność</a> (2 March 2001).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tygodnik+Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.atitle=Wybi%C3%B3rcze+traktowanie+%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82&rft.issue=2+March+2001&rft.date=2001-03&rft.au=Marek+Wierzbicki&rft.au=Tadeusz+M.+P%C5%82u%C5%BCa%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGłowacki2003" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Głowacki, Albin (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031003093600/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/a_140803_przemysl_konf.html">"Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polaków w latach 1939–1941"</a>. In Piotr Chmielowiec (ed.). Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–1941 (in Polish). Rzeszów-Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Instytut_Pami%C4%99ci_Narodowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Instytut Pamięci Narodowej">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89078-78-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-89078-78-3"><bdi>83-89078-78-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/a_140803_przemysl_konf.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Formy%2C+skala+i+konsekwencje+sowieckich+represji+wobec+Polak%C3%B3w+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=Okupacja+sowiecka+ziem+polskich+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Rzesz%C3%B3w-Warsaw&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.date=2003-09&rft.isbn=83-89078-78-3&rft.aulast=G%C5%82owacki&rft.aufirst=Albin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fa_140803_przemysl_konf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playground-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Playground_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1982). <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground</a>. A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 449–455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4"><bdi>0-19-925340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground.+A+History+of+Poland%2C+Vol.+2%3A+1795+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=449-455&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-925340-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_quoted-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_quoted_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegner1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Wegner" title="Bernd Wegner">Wegner, Bernd</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7odfDAlO64UC&dq=Davies+million+Sikorski&pg=PA78">From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-882-0"><bdi>1-57181-882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Peace+to+War%3A+Germany%2C+Soviet+Russia%2C+and+the+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-57181-882-0&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7odfDAlO64UC%26dq%3DDavies%2Bmillion%2BSikorski%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KARTA-167"><a href="#cite_ref-KARTA_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiesielskiMaterskiPaczkowski2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciesielski, Stanisław; Materski, Wojciech; <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Paczkowski" title="Andrzej Paczkowski">Paczkowski, Andrzej</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222073214/http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_1.html">"Represje 1939–1941"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_1.html">Indeks represjonowanych</a> (in Polish) (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Ośrodek KARTA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-88288-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-88288-31-8"><bdi>83-88288-31-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_5.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Represje+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=Indeks+represjonowanych&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%C5%9Brodek+KARTA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=83-88288-31-8&rft.aulast=Ciesielski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Materski%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Paczkowski%2C+Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indeks.karta.org.pl%2Frepresje_sowieckie_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2005188-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2005188_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitelman-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Gitelman_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitelman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Gitelman" title="Zvi Gitelman">Gitelman, Zvi</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crBhRHqSlJYC&q=1939+Soviet+citizenship+Poland&pg=PA116">A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21418-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21418-1"><bdi>0-253-21418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Ambivalence%3A+The+Jews+of+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1881+to+the+Present&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-253-21418-1&rft.aulast=Gitelman&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrBhRHqSlJYC%26q%3D1939%2BSoviet%2Bcitizenship%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200535-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200535_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200536-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200536_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGross2005">Gross 2005</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jessica_rev-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jessica_rev_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jessica_rev_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Jager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jessica Jager (page does not exist)">Jager, Jessica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm">"Review of Piotrowski's "Poland's Holocaust""</a>. UC Santa Barbara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+Piotrowski%27s+%22Poland%27s+Holocaust%22&rft.pub=UC+Santa+Barbara&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Fprojects%2Fholocaust%2FResources%2FBookReviews%2Fjessica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Łuczak_Kersten-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Łuczak_Kersten_173-0">^</a> This revision of estimated war losses was the topic of articles in the Polish academic journal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzieje_Najnowsze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzieje Najnowsze (page does not exist)">Dzieje Najnowsze</a> # 2-1994 by <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_%C5%81uczak" title="Czesław Łuczak">Czesław Łuczak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Kersten" title="Krystyna Kersten">Krystyna Kersten</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-174"><a href="#cite_ref-VM_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlikman2004" class="citation book cs1">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1"><bdi>5-93165-107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poteri+narodonaseleniia+v+XX+veke+%3A+spravochnik&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-93165-107-1&rft.aulast=Erlikman&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-175"><a href="#cite_ref-DK_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendrick1972" class="citation book cs1">Kendrick, Donald (1972). The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-01611-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-01611-1"><bdi>0-465-01611-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destiny+of+Europe%27s+Gypsies&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-465-01611-1&rft.aulast=Kendrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-176"><a href="#cite_ref-AH_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1988). Atlas of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-12364-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-12364-3"><bdi>0-688-12364-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-688-12364-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyçoberry2000" class="citation book cs1">Ayçoberry, Pierre (2000). The Social History of the Third Reich: 1933–1945. New Press (NY). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-635-7"><bdi>978-1-56584-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=New+Press+%28NY%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-635-7&rft.aulast=Ay%C3%A7oberry&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkanColeStruve2007" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Elazar; Cole, Elizabeth A.; Struve, Kai (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA155">Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939–1941</a>. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-240-5"><bdi>978-3-86583-240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+History%2C+Divided+Memory%3A+Jews+and+Others+in+Soviet-occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Leipziger+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-86583-240-5&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Elazar&rft.au=Cole%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Struve%2C+Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_BbvQbiaqAEC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2013" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (21 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN4Ysfah9aoC&pg=PT59">Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0288-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0288-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-0288-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Giants%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Baltics+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0288-0&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN4Ysfah9aoC%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapoutot2018" class="citation book cs1">Chapoutot, Johann (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti1QDwAAQBAJ">The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674660434" title="Special:BookSources/9780674660434"><bdi>9780674660434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Blood%3A+Thinking+and+Acting+as+a+Nazi&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780674660434&rft.aulast=Chapoutot&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTi1QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1991" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. New York, N.Y.: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84089-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84089-0"><bdi>0-670-84089-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Breaker+of+Nations&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-670-84089-0&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0"><bdi>0-19-820171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-820171-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2003). Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143035404" title="Special:BookSources/9780143035404"><bdi>9780143035404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+%2744%3A+the+Battle+for+Warsaw&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780143035404&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel1997" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1997). World History. West Publishing Company, College & School Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780314041845" title="Special:BookSources/9780314041845"><bdi>9780314041845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Company%2C+College+%26+School+Division&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780314041845&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Spielvogel%2C+Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf">"Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950)"</a> (PDF). Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Monographies. 12. Polish Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Leszczycki+Institute+of+Geography+and+Spatial+Organization+Monographies&rft.atitle=Political+Migrations+on+Polish+Territories+%281939%E2%80%931950%29&rft.volume=12&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Eberhardt&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F15652%2FWA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Eley" title="Geoff Eley">Eley, Geoff</a> (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYSi8GKV08MC&pg=PA189">Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04481-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04481-7"><bdi>978-1-135-04481-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazism+as+Fascism%3A+Violence%2C+Ideology%2C+and+the+Ground+of+Consent+in+Germany+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04481-7&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYSi8GKV08MC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellately2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a> (2002). Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192802917" title="Special:BookSources/0192802917"><bdi>0192802917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backing+Hitler%3A+Consent+and+Coercion+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0192802917&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerencz2002" class="citation book cs1">Ferencz, Benjamin B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2T5CPGvAGB4C&pg=PA25">Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21530-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21530-7"><bdi>0-253-21530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Less+Than+Slaves%3A+Jewish+Forced+Labor+and+the+Quest+for+Compensation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-253-21530-7&rft.aulast=Ferencz&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2T5CPGvAGB4C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz2011" class="citation book cs1">Fritz, Stephen G. (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxGxGgzxKHsC&pg=PT158">Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4050-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4050-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-4050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostkrieg%3A+Hitler%27s+War+of+Extermination+in+the+East&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4050-6&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxGxGgzxKHsC%26pg%3DPT158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Geyer, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcB3oASHnkAC&pg=PA152">Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+Compared&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89796-9&rft.aulast=Geyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcB3oASHnkAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tomasz_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Tomasz Gross">Gross, Jan Tomasz</a> (2005). Revolution from Abroad. Princeton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09603-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09603-1"><bdi>0-691-09603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+from+Abroad&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-691-09603-1&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jan+Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertTempler1997" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Ulrich; Templer, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007075743/https://sslvpn.pitt.edu/,DanaInfo=books.google.com+books?hl=en&lr=&id=uifw3BgBDU4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Polenerlasse+&ots=tudl0NntfL&sig=6vSH_hgWPsJU7bmtFLy8XTWFyHw">Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47000-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47000-5"><bdi>0-521-47000-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sslvpn.pitt.edu/,DanaInfo=books.google.com+books?hl=en&lr=&id=uifw3BgBDU4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Polenerlasse+&ots=tudl0NntfL&sig=6vSH_hgWPsJU7bmtFLy8XTWFyHw">the original</a> on 7 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+foreign+workers%3A+enforced+foreign+labor+in+Germany+under+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-47000-5&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Templer%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsslvpn.pitt.edu%2F%2CDanaInfo%3Dbooks.google.com%2Bbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3Duifw3BgBDU4C%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPR11%26dq%3DPolenerlasse%2B%26ots%3Dtudl0NntfL%26sig%3D6vSH_hgWPsJU7bmtFLy8XTWFyHw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenten2000" class="citation book cs1">Lenten, Ronit (2000). Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-775-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-775-1"><bdi>1-57181-775-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Daughters+of+the+Shoah%3A+Reoccupying+the+Territories+of+Silence&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57181-775-1&rft.aulast=Lenten&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA158">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTUTqE2difgC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1980" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, R. F. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&pg=PA216">The History of Poland Since 1863</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27501-9"><bdi>978-0-521-27501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Poland+Since+1863&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27501-9&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tYVKUsnw9IC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas2001" class="citation book cs1">Lukas, Richard C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/lucas2.htm">Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945</a>. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781802420" title="Special:BookSources/9780781802420"><bdi>9780781802420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+the+Children+Cry%3F+Hitler%27s+War+against+Jewish+and+Polish+Children%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780781802420&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projectinposterum.org%2Fdocs%2Flucas2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2003" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut (2003). "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6493-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6493-3"><bdi>0-8018-6493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8018-6493-3&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2013" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; <a href="/wiki/Francis_R._Nicosia" title="Francis R. Nicosia">Nicosia, Francis R.</a> (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzJAXkfozW8C&pg=PT276">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52878-8"><bdi>978-0-231-52878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52878-8&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzJAXkfozW8C%26pg%3DPT276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_H._Nicholas" title="Lynn H. Nicholas">Nicholas, Lynn H.</a> (9 May 2006). Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77663-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-77663-X"><bdi>0-679-77663-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+World%3A+The+Children+of+Europe+in+the+Nazi+Web&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft.isbn=0-679-77663-X&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleStraussOsheimNeuschel2007" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen; Accampo, Elinor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mb8HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA880">Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume II: Since 1560</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-80948-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-80948-5"><bdi>978-1-111-80948-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Beyond+Boundaries%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1560&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-111-80948-5&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.+X.&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&rft.au=Osheim%2C+Duane&rft.au=Neuschel%2C+Kristen&rft.au=Accampo%2C+Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmb8HAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Parrish_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Parrish (historian) (page does not exist)">Parrish, Michael</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDgv5ognePgC&q=Soviet+Union+police+state+NKVD">The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953</a>. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95113-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95113-8"><bdi>0-275-95113-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesser+Terror%3A+Soviet+State+Security%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-275-95113-8&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDgv5ognePgC%26q%3DSoviet%2BUnion%2Bpolice%2Bstate%2BNKVD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Piotrowski, Tadeusz</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA305">Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4FlatJCro4C%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogonowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Pogonowski, Iwo (1998). Jews in Poland. Hippocrene. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0604-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0604-6"><bdi>0-7818-0604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Poland&rft.pub=Hippocrene&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7818-0604-6&rft.aulast=Pogonowski&rft.aufirst=Iwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs2014" class="citation book cs1">Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2014). The German Occupation of Poland. Washington, D.C.: Dale Street Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781941656105" title="Special:BookSources/9781941656105"><bdi>9781941656105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Occupation+of+Poland&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Dale+Street+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781941656105&rft.au=Polish+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoprzeczny2004" class="citation book cs1">Poprzeczny, Joseph (19 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC&pg=PA186">Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8146-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8146-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8146-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odilo+Globocnik%2C+Hitler%27s+Man+in+the+East&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004-02-19&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8146-0&rft.aulast=Poprzeczny&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2arPruq8lhIC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreteIon1984" class="citation book cs1">Prete, Roy A.; Ion, A. Hamish (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXE2uchaN3kC&pg=PA136">Armies of Occupation</a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-156-9"><bdi>978-0-88920-156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+Occupation&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-156-9&rft.aulast=Prete&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rft.au=Ion%2C+A.+Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXE2uchaN3kC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrybyla2010" class="citation book cs1">Prybyla, Jan S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYDpK1cH76oC&pg=PA134">When Angels Wept: The Rebirth and Dismemberment of Poland and Her People in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century</a>. Wheatmark, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60494-325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60494-325-2"><bdi>978-1-60494-325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Angels+Wept%3A+The+Rebirth+and+Dismemberment+of+Poland+and+Her+People+in+the+Early+Decades+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Wheatmark%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60494-325-2&rft.aulast=Prybyla&rft.aufirst=Jan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYDpK1cH76oC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaptaTuptaMoskal2009" class="citation book cs1">Rapta, Michał; Tupta, Wojciech; Moskal, Grzegorz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4fuS9igVIEC&pg=PA104">Mroczne sekrety willi "Tereska": 1939–1945</a> [The dark secrets of the "Tereska" villa: 1939–1945]. Historia Rabki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60817-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60817-33-9"><bdi>978-83-60817-33-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mroczne+sekrety+willi+%22Tereska%22%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Historia+Rabki&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-60817-33-9&rft.aulast=Rapta&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Tupta%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Moskal%2C+Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4fuS9igVIEC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozettSpector2013" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Dr Robert; Spector, Dr Shmuel (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5EuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96950-9"><bdi>978-1-135-96950-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96950-9&rft.aulast=Rozett&rft.aufirst=Dr+Robert&rft.au=Spector%2C+Dr+Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5EuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubensteinRoth2003" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC&pg=PA195">Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22353-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22353-3"><bdi>978-0-664-22353-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Auschwitz%3A+The+Holocaust+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22353-3&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Roth%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfoBx6skMCkC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutland1992" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Peter (1992). "Introduction". The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39241-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39241-1"><bdi>0-521-39241-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Economic+Stagnation+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-39241-1&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schenk, Dieter (2007). Der Lemberger Professorenmord und der Holocaust in Ostgalizien [The Lviv Professor Murder and the Holocaust in Eastern Galicia] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8012-5033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8012-5033-1"><bdi>978-3-8012-5033-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/839060671">839060671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Lemberger+Professorenmord+und+der+Holocaust+in+Ostgalizien&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F839060671&rft.isbn=978-3-8012-5033-1&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2003" class="citation book cs1">Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-7678-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-7678-1"><bdi>1-4000-7678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4000-7678-1&rft.aulast=Sebag+Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars2013" class="citation book cs1">Sellars, Kirsten (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQh-F9kT-yoC&pg=PA145">'Crimes Against Peace' and International Law</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02884-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02884-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02884-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Crimes+Against+Peace%27+and+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02884-5&rft.aulast=Sellars&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQh-F9kT-yoC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0"><bdi>978-0-671-62420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-671-62420-0&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton_Russell2001" class="citation book cs1">Stanton Russell, Sharon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9nuv7MGQ5MC&q=Sovietization&pg=PA309">"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Myron_Weiner" title="Myron Weiner">Weiner, Myron</a> (ed.). Demography and National Security. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-339-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-339-X"><bdi>1-57181-339-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalinist+Forced+Relocation+Policies&rft.btitle=Demography+and+National+Security&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57181-339-X&rft.aulast=Stanton+Russell&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9nuv7MGQ5MC%26q%3DSovietization%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzarotaMaterski2009" class="citation book cs1">Szarota, Tomasz; Materski, Wojciech, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Personal losses and victims of repression under two occupations]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-067-6"><bdi>978-83-7629-067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska+1939%E2%80%931945.+Straty+osobowe+i+ofiary+represji+pod+dwiema+okupacjami&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7629-067-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm">Introduction reproduced here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201065133/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm">Archived</a> 1 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichKováčBrown2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Teich" title="Mikuláš Teich">Teich, Mikuláš</a>; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrC1HFgjJxsC&pg=PA195">Slovakia in History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49494-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49494-6"><bdi>978-1-139-49494-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovakia+in+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49494-6&rft.aulast=Teich&rft.aufirst=Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft.au=Brown%2C+Martin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrC1HFgjJxsC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrela-Mazur1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Trela-Mazur" title="Elżbieta Trela-Mazur">Trela-Mazur, Elżbieta</a> (1998) [1997]. Bonusiak, Włodzimierz; Ciesielski, Stanisław Jan; Mańkowski, Zygmunt; Iwanow, Mikołaj (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGq1AAAAIAAJ&q=38%25+Polak%C3%B3w">Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941</a> [Sovietization of educational system in the eastern part of Lesser Poland under the Soviet occupation, 1939–1941] (in Polish). Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 43, 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7133-100-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-7133-100-2"><bdi>83-7133-100-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowietyzacja+o%C5%9Bwiaty+w+Ma%C5%82opolsce+Wschodniej+pod+radzieck%C4%85+okupacj%C4%85+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Kielce&rft.pages=43%2C+294&rft.pub=Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Pedagogiczna+im.+Jana+Kochanowskiego&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=83-7133-100-2&rft.aulast=Trela-Mazur&rft.aufirst=El%C5%BCbieta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGq1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D38%2525%2BPolak%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Stefan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7aRRFdOSpn0C&pg=PA47">The German Question Since 1919: An Analysis with Key Documents</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97269-1"><bdi>978-0-275-97269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Question+Since+1919%3A+An+Analysis+with+Key+Documents&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97269-1&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7aRRFdOSpn0C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski1987" class="citation book cs1">Zamoyski, Adam (1987). The Polish Way. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0781802008" title="Special:BookSources/0781802008"><bdi>0781802008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Way&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0781802008&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Poland+%281939%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Poland" title="Bibliography of the history of Poland">Bibliography of the history of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of Poland during World War II">Bibliography of Poland during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm">A review of the Piotrowski book Poland's Holocaust</a></li> <li>Michael Phayer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_7_132/ai_n15660325">'Et Papa tacet': the genocide of Polish Catholics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070504125150/http://www.library.uiuc.edu/spx/webct/Biography/Polishbio/polvictims2.htm">Research guide to biographical sources for victims of World War II in Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclesofterror.pl/dlibra#">Testimonies concerning German occupation of Poland in testimony database 'Chronicles of Terror'</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative divisions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and German occupations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Baden-Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen" title="Gau Cologne-Aachen">Cologne–Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Eastern Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Electoral Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia" title="Gau Main Franconia">Main Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria" title="Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria">Munich–Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Southern Hanover–Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westphalia-North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westphalia-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinz-Eugen Gau (page does not exist)">Prinz-Eugen</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsfestung Belgrad">Reichsfestung Belgrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gau Holland (page does not exist)">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig–West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Upper Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tyrol–Vorarlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Banat (page does not exist)">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Beskidenland (page does not exist)">Beskidland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Brabant (page does not exist)">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Burgund (page does not exist)">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Galizien (page does not exist)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Gotenland (page does not exist)">Gothland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Nordmark (page does not exist)">Nordmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Vandalenland (page does not exist)">Vandalland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Weichselland (page does not exist)">Vistulaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Westland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Gelderland and Overijssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Holland and Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">South Holland and Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Brabant and Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Partial annexations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General_Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District" title="Kraków District">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy" title="New Order (Nazism)">Burgundy (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Province of Holland (page does not exist)">Holland (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Lombardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German occupations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Civil Administration Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Alsace (page does not exist)">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Carinthia and Carniola (page does not exist)">Carinthia and Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Gebiet Bialystok (page does not exist)">Gebiet Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine" title="Civil Administration Area of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Lower Styria (page does not exist)">Lower Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Posen (page does not exist)">Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of the Sudetenland (page does not exist)">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of West Prussia (page does not exist)">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Zichenau (page does not exist)">Zichenau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone" title="Zone interdite">Atlantic Wall</a> ‧ <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">zone réservée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia" title="German Zone of Protection in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg" title="Military Administration of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Banat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943–1945)" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Puppet administrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th–20th_centuries" title="Aš">Asch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemish Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepel Republic (page does not exist)">Lepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias#World_War_II" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)" title="Administrative Council (Norway)">Norway (Administrative Council)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Serbia (Commissioner Government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia (Council of Ministers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)" title="Ukrainian national government (1941)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuyev_Republic" title="Zuyev Republic">Zuyev Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Exiled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile" title="Bulgarian government-in-exile">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack Central Office (page does not exist)">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" title="German-occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile" title="Horia Sima">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russia (ODNR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Russia (KONR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy" class="extiw" title="pl:Turkiestański Komitet Narodowy">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding" class="extiw" title="nl:Vlaamsche Landsleiding">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">Brittany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasien">Caucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga (page does not exist)">Don-Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Ural (page does not exist)">Ural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)" title="Schatzgräber (weather station)">Schatzgräber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzauge" title="Holzauge">Holzauge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassgeiger (page does not exist)">Bassgeiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss base (page does not exist)">Edelweiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordstern_(city)" title="Nordstern (city)">Nordstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">holiday resorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_occupations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_occupation" title="Template:Soviet occupation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_occupation" title="Template talk:Soviet occupation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_occupation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet occupation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Transcarpathia" title="Soviet annexation of Transcarpathia">Transcarpathia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">East Prussia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Eastern_Galicia_and_Volhynia" title="Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet hammer-and-sickle symbol"><img alt="Soviet hammer-and-sickle symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Northern Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Northern half of the Korean Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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