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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_[ɛ],_[ɛː]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_[ɛ],_[ɛː]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vowels <span>[ɛ]</span>, <span>[ɛː]</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_[ɛ],_[ɛː]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_[ɔ],_[ɔː]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_[ɔ],_[ɔː]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Vowels <span>[ɔ]</span>, <span>[ɔː]</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_[ɔ],_[ɔː]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasalization_of_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalization_of_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Nasalization of vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phonology of Hindi and Urdu</div> <p> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and through its two standardized <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, a co-official language of India and co-official and national language of Pakistan respectively. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hindi_vowel_chart.svg/280px-Hindi_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hindi_vowel_chart.svg/420px-Hindi_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hindi_vowel_chart.svg/560px-Hindi_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The oral vowel phonemes of Hindi according to <a href="#CITEREFOhala1999">Ohala (1999</a>:102)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> Hindustani vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a></small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hindustani natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɪ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʊ]</span> are always short in length, while the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span> are usually considered long, in addition to an eleventh vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> which is found in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. The distinction between short and long vowels is often described as <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a>, with short vowels being lax, and long vowels being tense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKachru200615_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKachru200615-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowels are somewhat longer before voiced stops than before voiceless stops.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> occur as conditional allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_[ə]"><span id="Vowel_.5B.C9.99.5D"></span>Vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowel [ə]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is often realized more open than mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span>, i.e. as near-open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohala102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohala102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is subject to <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa deletion">schwa deletion</a> word-medially in certain contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_[aː]"><span id="Vowel_.5Ba.CB.90.5D"></span>Vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowel [aː]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The open central vowel is transcribed in IPA by either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span>. </p><p>In Urdu, there is further short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> (spelled <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">ہ</span></span>, as in <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">کمرہ</span></span> <i>kamra</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[kəmra]</a></span>) in word-final position, which contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> (spelled <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">ا</span></span>, as in <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لڑکا</span> <i>laṛkā</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ləɽkaː]</a></span>). This contrast is often not realized by Urdu speakers, and always neutralized in Hindi (where both sounds uniformly correspond to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelkar196847_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelkar196847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2003293,_310_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2003293,_310-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_[ɪ],_[ʊ],_[iː],_[uː]"><span id="Vowels_.5B.C9.AA.5D.2C_.5B.CA.8A.5D.2C_.5Bi.CB.90.5D.2C_.5Bu.CB.90.5D"></span>Vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʊ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels [ɪ], [ʊ], [iː], [uː]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a>, what in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> are thought to have been primarily distinctions of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> (that is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>), have become in Hindustani distinctions of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">quality</a>, or length accompanied by quality (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition of length in the close vowels has been neutralized in word-final position, only allowing long close vowels in final position. As a result, Sanskrit loans which originally have a short close vowel are realized with a long close vowel, e.g. <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">śakti</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">शक्ति</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شکتی</span></span></span> 'energy') and <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">vastu</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">वस्तु</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">وستو</span></span></span> 'item') are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃəktiː]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋəstuː]</span>, not *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃəktɪ]</span> and *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋəstʊ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_[ɛ],_[ɛː]"><span id="Vowels_.5B.C9.9B.5D.2C_.5B.C9.9B.CB.90.5D"></span>Vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels [ɛ], [ɛː]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel represented graphically as <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऐ</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَے</span></span></span> (romanized as <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">ai</i></span>) has been variously transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among sources for this article, <a href="#CITEREFOhala1999">Ohala (1999)</a>, pictured to the right, uses <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span>, while <a href="#CITEREFShapiro2003">Shapiro (2003</a>:258) and <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:110) use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː]</span>. Furthermore, an eleventh vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> is found in English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bæːʈ/</span> ('<a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat" title="Cricket bat">bat</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hereafter, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऐ</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَے</span></span></span> (romanized as <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">ai</i></span>) will be represented as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span> to distinguish it from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span>, the latter. </p><p>In addition, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> occurs as a conditioned <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>) within the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əɦə/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əɦ/</span> before the next syllable or word-finally due to <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa deletion">schwa deletion</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change is part of the prestige dialect of Delhi, but may not occur for every speaker. Here are some examples of this process: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hindi/Urdu</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>Phonemic</th> <th>Phonetic </th></tr> <tr> <td>कहना / <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کہنا</span> "to say"</td> <td>kahnā</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəɦ.nɑː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛɦ.nɑː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>शहर / <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شہر</span> "city"</td> <td>śahar</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃə.ɦəɾ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɛ.ɦɛɾ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ठहरना / <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھہرنا</span> "to wait"</td> <td>ṭhaharnā</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰə.ɦəɾ.nɑː/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈʰɛ.ɦɛɾ.nɑː]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, the fronting of schwa does not occur in words with a schwa only on one side of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> such as <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">kahānī</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəɦaːniː/</span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कहानी</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کہانی</span></span></span> 'a story') or <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">bāhar</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baːɦər/</span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">बाहर</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">باہر</span></span></span> 'outside'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_[ɔ],_[ɔː]"><span id="Vowels_.5B.C9.94.5D.2C_.5B.C9.94.CB.90.5D"></span>Vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels [ɔ], [ɔː]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> occurs in proximity to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> if the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> is surrounded on one of the sides by a schwa and on other side by a round vowel (due to Hindustani phonotactics, this generally only occurs in the sequences <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əɦʊ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊɦə/</span>). It differs from the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span> in that it is a short vowel. For example, in <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">bahut</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bəɦʊt/</span> the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> is surrounded on one side by a schwa and a round vowel on the other side. One or both of the schwas will become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> giving the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔɦɔt]</span>. </p><p>Some Eastern dialects keep <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː/</span> as diphthongs, pronouncing them as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ~əɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>aʊ~əʊ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardonaJain2003283_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardonaJain2003283-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasalization_of_vowels">Nasalization of vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nasalization of vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, there are nasalized vowels in Hindustani. There is disagreement over the issue of the nature of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalization</a> (barring English-loaned <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> which is never nasalized<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:117) presents four differing viewpoints: </p> <ol><li>there are no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[ẽː]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[õː]</span>, possibly because of the effect of nasalization on vowel quality;</li> <li>there is phonemic nasalization of all vowels;</li> <li>all vowel nasalization is predictable (i.e. allophonic);</li> <li>Nasalized long vowel phonemes (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>ũː<span class="wrap"> </span>ẽː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>õː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̃ː/</span>) occur word-finally and before voiceless stops; instances of nasalized short vowels (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̃]</span>) and of nasalized long vowels before voiced stops (the latter, presumably because of a deleted <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>) are allophonic.</li></ol> <p>Masica<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports this last view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_orthography_with_diacritics_and_English_approximations">Vowel orthography with diacritics and English approximations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowel orthography with diacritics and English approximations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal vowel phonemes may be organised as follows to demonstrate the orthographic conventions for vowels. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th colspan="2">Hindi </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></small> </th> <th colspan="3">Urdu<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small>Approximate English<br />equivalent</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Initial </th> <th>Combining </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></big> </td> <td>अ </td> <td bgcolor="CCCCCC"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـہ</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـ◌َـ</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَ</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>a</b>bout </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></big> </td> <td>आ</td> <td>ा</td> <td>ā </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـا</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>a</b>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></big> </td> <td>इ </td> <td>ि</td> <td>i </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌ِی</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـ◌ِـ</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اِ</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">st<b>i</b>ll </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></big> </td> <td>ई </td> <td>ी</td> <td>ī </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌ِـیـ</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اِیـ</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>ee</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></big> </td> <td>उ </td> <td>ु</td> <td>u </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌ُو</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـ◌ُـ</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُ</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">b<b>oo</b>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span></big> </td> <td>ऊ </td> <td>ू </td> <td>ū </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌ُو</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُو</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">m<b>oo</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></big> </td> <td>ए </td> <td>े</td> <td>ē </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ے</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـیـ</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ایـ</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">m<b>a</b>te </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span></big> </td> <td>ऐ </td> <td>ै</td> <td>ai </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌َـے</span> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌َـیـ</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَیـ</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>ai</b>ry </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span></big> </td> <td>ओ </td> <td>ो</td> <td>ō </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌و</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">او</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">f<b>o</b>rce </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span></big> </td> <td>औ </td> <td>ौ</td> <td>au </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">◌َـو</span></td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اَو</span></td> <td style="text-align: left;">l<b>o</b>t (Received Pronunciation) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC"><sup id="cite_ref-aspiration_orthography_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspiration_orthography-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>h </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ھ</span><sup id="cite_ref-aspiration_orthography_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspiration_orthography-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="CCCCCC" style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">aspiration of the preceding consonant, as in <b>c</b>ake </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a></span></big> </td> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="CCCCCC"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ँ </td> <td>m̐ </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ں</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ـن٘ـ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="CCCCCC"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">heavy nasalisation of the preceding vowel, like c<b>an</b>'t in rapid <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="CCCCCC"><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ं </td> <td>ṁ </td> <td style="text-align: left;">homorganic nasal before the succeeding consonant, like ju<b>n</b>gle or bra<b>n</b>ch, and light vowel nasalisation </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Hindustani stops<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" title="File:Hi-पाल फाल बाल भाल.ogg">Bilabial stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Hi-पाल_फाल_बाल_भाल.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Hi-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Hi-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">पाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پال</span>, फाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پھال</span>, बाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بال</span>, भाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بھال</span></span></span><br /><span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">pāl phāl bāl bhāl</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[paːl<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰaːl<span class="wrap"> </span>baːl<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱaːl]</a></span><br />'take care of, knife blade, hair, forehead'</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0.ogg" title="File:Hi-ताल थाल दाल धार.ogg">Dental stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Hi-ताल_थाल_दाल_धार.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Hi-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Hi-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ताल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تال</span>, थाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تھال</span>, दाल</span></span>/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دال</span>, धार/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دھار</span><br /><span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">tāl thāl dāl dhār</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[t̪aːl<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ʰaːl<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪aːl<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪ʱaːɾ]</a></span><br />'rhythm, plate, lentil, knife'</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" title="File:Hi-टाल ठाल डाल ढाल.ogg">Retroflex stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Hi-टाल_ठाल_डाल_ढाल.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">टाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹال</span>, ठाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھال</span>, डाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈال</span>, ढाल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈھال</span></span></span><br /><span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʈaːl<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʰaːl<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖaːl<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʱaːl]</a></span><br />'postpone, wood shop, branch, shield'</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2.ogg" title="File:Hi-चल छल जल झल.ogg">Palatal stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Hi-चल_छल_जल_झल.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Hi-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Hi-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">चल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چل</span>, छल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چھل</span>, जल/<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">جل</span></span>, झल/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جھل</span></span></span><br /><span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">cal chal jal jhal</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[tʃəl<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃʰəl<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒəl<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒʱəl]</a></span><br />'walk, deceit, water, glimmer'</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8.ogg" title="File:Hi-कान खान गान घान.ogg">Velar stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Hi-कान_खान_गान_घान.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Hi-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Hi-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कान/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کان</span>, खान/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کھان</span>, गान/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گان</span>, घान/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گھان</span></span></span><br /><span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">kān khān gān ghān</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[kaːn<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰaːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡaːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʱaːn]</a></span><br />'ear, mine, song, bundle'</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Hindustani has a core set of 28 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> inherited from earlier <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>. Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu). </p><p>Most native consonants may occur <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> (doubled in length; exceptions are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦ/</span>). Geminate consonants are always medial and preceded by one of the interior vowels (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span>). They all occur monomorphemically except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃː]</span>, which occurs only in a few Sanskrit loans where a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundary could be posited in between, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɪʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>+<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃiːl/</span> for <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">niśśīl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɪˈʃːiːl]</span> ('without shame').<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the English speaker, a notable feature of the Hindustani consonants is that there is a four-way distinction of <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> among <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>, rather than the two-way distinction found in English. The phonations are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, which is like <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> in English <i>spin</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, which is like <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> in English <i>bin</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>, which is like <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> in English <i>pin</i>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ/</span>.</li></ol> <p>The last is commonly called "voiced aspirate", though <a href="#CITEREFShapiro2003">Shapiro (2003</a>:260) notes that, </p> <blockquote><p>"Evidence from experimental <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, however, has demonstrated that the two types of sounds involve two distinct types of voicing and release mechanisms. The series of so-called voice aspirates should now properly be considered to involve the voicing mechanism of murmur, in which the air flow passes through an aperture between the <a href="/wiki/Arytenoid_cartilage" title="Arytenoid cartilage">arytenoid cartilages</a>, as opposed to passing between the ligamental vocal bands."</p></blockquote> <p>The murmured consonants are believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction#Reflex" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reflex</a> of murmured consonants in Proto-Indo-European, a phonation that is absent in all branches of the Indo-European family except Indo-Aryan and Armenian. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Hindustani </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪ʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʒʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>) </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>) </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɽʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ul><li>Marginal and non-universal phonemes are in parentheses.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> is lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a>]</span> for some speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i>[[Wikipedia:Cleanup|<span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup (July 2015)">can the aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ɽʱ)</span> also be lateral?</span>]]</i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Post-velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-velar">post-velar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> are mostly replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in Hindi respectively, except in the careful speech of educated speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulshreshthaMathur2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dover1981_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dover1981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKachru200620_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKachru200620-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> is found in Urdu and is rarer in Hindi, often being replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> (or further by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span>) in the latter; an example of a word containing this sound is <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">aždahā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʒ.d̪ə.ɦɑː]</span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अझ़दहा</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اژدہا</span></span></span> 'dragon').<sup id="cite_ref-Morelli2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morelli2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rekhta2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>/ŋ/ mostly only occurs in clusters before velars as in <i>aṅkit</i> but there are also words like <i>tinkā, ākramaṇkārī, mumkin</i> making it phonemic. Sanskritic loans with ṅ occurring elsewhere is made ṅg as in Sanskrit <i>vāṅmaya</i> being pronounced /ʋaːŋ(ɡ)mɛː/.</li></ul> <p>Stops in final position are not released, although they continue to maintain the four-way phonation distinction in final position. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> varies freely with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, and can also be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is usually flapped or trilled.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In intervocalic position, it may have a single contact and be described as a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it may also be a clear trill, especially in word-initial and syllable-final positions, and geminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rː/</span> is always a trill in Arabic and Persian loanwords, e.g. <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">zarā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zəɾaː]</span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज़रा</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذرا</span></span></span> 'little') versus well-trilled <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">zarrā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zəraː]</span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ज़र्रा</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ذرّہ</span></span></span> 'particle').<sup id="cite_ref-ohala102_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohala102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasals</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ]</span> occur only in consonant clusters, where each nasal is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> stop, as an allophone of a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a> followed by a stop, and in Sanskrit loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohala102_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohala102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However /n/ + velar clusters also occur, eg. /ʊn.kaː/ making /ŋ/ phonemic. There are murmured <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>rʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>mʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>nʱ]</span>, but these are considered to be consonant clusters with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> in the analysis adopted by <a href="#CITEREFOhala1999">Ohala (1999)</a>. </p><p>The fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> in Hindustani is typically voiced (as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>), especially when surrounded by vowels, but there is no phonemic difference between this voiced fricative and its voiceless counterpart <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>. </p><p>Hindustani also has a phonemic difference between the dental plosives and the so-called retroflex plosives. The dental plosives in Hindustani are laminal denti-alveolar as in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and the tongue-tip must be well in contact with the back of the upper front teeth. The retroflex series is not purely retroflex; it actually has an apico-postalveolar (also described as apico-pre-palatal) articulation, and sometimes in words such as <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">ṭūṭā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈuːʈaː/</span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">टूटा</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹوٹا</span></span></span> 'broken') it even becomes alveolar.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, the plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʱ]</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flaps</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽʱ]</span> are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>, with the former occurring in initial, geminate and postnasal positions and the latter occurring in intervocalic and final positions. However, in Standard Hindi they contrast in similar positions, as in <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">nīṛaj</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">नीड़ज</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نیڑج</span></span></span> 'bird') vs <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">niḍar</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">निडर</span></span> – <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نڈر</span></span></span> 'fearless').<sup id="cite_ref-masicapage97_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masicapage97-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophony_of_[v]_and_[w]"><span id="Allophony_of_.5Bv.5D_and_.5Bw.5D"></span>Allophony of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Allophony of [v] and [w]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindustani does not distinguish between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">conditional</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> in Hindustani (written <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">व</span></span>⟩</span> in Hindi or <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span></span></span>⟩</span> in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> and when it is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> in onglide position, i.e. between an onset consonant and a following vowel, as in <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">pakwān</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">पकवान</span></span> <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پکوان</span></span></span>, 'food dish'), and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> elsewhere, as in <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">vrat</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">व्रत</span></span> <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ورت</span></span></span>, 'vow'). Native Hindi speakers are usually unaware of the allophonic distinctions, though these are apparent to native English speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-ref25lojir_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref25lojir-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most situations, the allophony is <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">non-conditional</a>, i.e. the speaker can choose <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, or an intermediate sound based on personal habit and preference, and still be perfectly intelligible, as long as the meaning is constant. This includes words such as <i>advait</i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अद्वैत</span></span> <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ادویت</span></span></span>) (pronounced [əd̪ˈʋɛːt̪]), which can be pronounced equally correctly as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əd̪ˈwɛːt̪]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əd̪ˈvɛːt̪]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref25lojir_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref25lojir-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_borrowing">External borrowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External borrowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> borrowing has reintroduced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span> into formal Modern Standard Hindi. They occur primarily in Sanskrit loanwords and proper nouns. In casual speech, they are sometimes replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> does not occur word-initially and has a nasalized flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ̃]</span> as a common <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (including some words which Persian itself borrowed from Arabic or Turkish) introduced six consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>q,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ/</span>. Being Persian in origin, these are seen as a defining feature of Urdu, although these sounds officially exist in Hindi and modified <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> characters are available to represent them.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Association_for_Computational_Linguistics_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Association_for_Computational_Linguistics-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>z/</span>, also found in English and Portuguese loanwords, are now considered well-established in Hindi; indeed, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> appears to be encroaching upon and replacing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> even in native (non-Persian, non-English, non-Portuguese) Hindi words as well as many other Indian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, as happened in Greek with <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> shift also occasionally occurs in Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While [z] is a foreign sound, it is also natively found as an allophone of /s/ beside voiced consonants. </p><p>The other three Persian loans, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ/</span>, are still considered to fall under the domain of Urdu, and are also used by some Hindi speakers; however, other Hindi speakers may assimilate these sounds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>g/</span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Dover1981_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dover1981-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> is found in loanwords from all sources (Arabic, English, Portuguese, Persian, Sanskrit) and is well-established.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindi speakers (especially those from rural areas) pronounce the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> sounds as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s/</span>, though these same speakers, having a Sanskritic education, may hyperformally uphold <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro1989_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro1989-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulshreshthaMathur2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, for native speakers of Urdu, the maintenance of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> is not commensurate with education and sophistication, but is characteristic of all social levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>, found in loanwords from Persian, Portuguese, and English, is very rare and is considered to fall under the domain of Urdu; although it is officially present in Hindi, many speakers of Hindi assimilate it to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morelli2019_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morelli2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulshreshthaMathur2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being the main sources from which Hindustani draws its higher, learned terms, English, Sanskrit, Arabic, and to a lesser extent Persian provide loanwords with a rich array of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. The introduction of these clusters into the language contravenes a historical tendency within its native core vocabulary to eliminate clusters through processes such as cluster reduction and <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2003">Schmidt (2003</a>:293) lists distinctively Sanskrit/Hindi biconsonantal clusters of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kr,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>st,<span class="wrap"> </span>sʋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃr,<span class="wrap"> </span>sn,<span class="wrap"> </span>nj/</span> and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃʋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>nj,<span class="wrap"> </span>lj,<span class="wrap"> </span>rʋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒj,<span class="wrap"> </span>rj/</span>, and distinctively Perso-Arabic/Urdu biconsonantal clusters of final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ft,<span class="wrap"> </span>rf,<span class="wrap"> </span>mt,<span class="wrap"> </span>mr,<span class="wrap"> </span>ms,<span class="wrap"> </span>kl,<span class="wrap"> </span>tl,<span class="wrap"> </span>bl,<span class="wrap"> </span>sl,<span class="wrap"> </span>tm,<span class="wrap"> </span>lm,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦm,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦr/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suprasegmental_features">Suprasegmental features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Suprasegmental features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindustani has a <a href="/wiki/Stress_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress accent">stress accent</a>, but it is not as important as in <a href="/wiki/English_language#Characteristics_of_intonation" title="English language">English</a>. To predict stress placement, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">syllable weight</a> is needed: </p> <ul><li>A light syllable (one <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>) ends in a short vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ/</span>: V</li> <li>A heavy syllable (two moras) ends in a long vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː,<span class="wrap"> </span>eː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛː,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː/</span> or in a short vowel and a consonant: VV, VC</li> <li>An extra-heavy syllable (three moras) ends in a long vowel and a consonant, or a short vowel and two consonants: VVC, VCC</li></ul> <p>Stress is on the heaviest syllable of the word, and in the event of a tie, on the last such syllable. If all syllables are light, the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penultimate</a> is stressed. However, the final mora of the word is ignored when making this assignment (Hussein 1997) [or, equivalently, the final syllable is stressed either if it is extra-heavy, and there is no other extra-heavy syllable in the word or if it is heavy, and there is no other heavy or extra-heavy syllable in the word]. For example, with the ignored mora in parentheses:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Hindustani stress </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hindi spelling </th> <th>Urdu spelling </th> <th>Romanization </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:रेज़गारी">रेज़गारी</a> </td> <td>ریزگاری </td> <td><b>rez</b>gārī </td> <td>[ˈreːz.ɡaː.ri(ː)] </td> <td>small change, coins </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:समिति">समिति</a> </td> <td>سمت </td> <td>sa<b>mi</b>ti </td> <td>[sə.ˈmɪ.t(ɪ)] </td> <td>committee </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:क़िस्मत">क़िस्मत</a> </td> <td>قسمت </td> <td><b>qis</b>mat </td> <td>[ˈqɪs.mə(t)] </td> <td>fate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:रौज़ाना">रौज़ाना</a> </td> <td>روزانہ </td> <td>ro<b>zā</b>nā </td> <td>[roː.ˈzaː.na(ː)] </td> <td>daily </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:किधर">किधर</a> </td> <td>کدھر </td> <td>ki<b>dhar</b> </td> <td>[kɪ.ˈdʱə(r)] </td> <td>where, where to </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:जनाब">जनाब</a> </td> <td>جناب </td> <td>ja<b>nāb</b> </td> <td>[dʒə.ˈnaː(b)] </td> <td>sir, mister </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:असबाब">असबाब</a> </td> <td>اسباب </td> <td>as<b>bāb</b> </td> <td>[əs.ˈbaː(b)] </td> <td>goods, property </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:मुसलमान">मुसलमान</a> </td> <td>مسلمان </td> <td>musal<b>mān</b> </td> <td>[mʊ.səl.ˈmaː(n)] </td> <td>Muslim </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:परवरदिगार">परवरदिगार</a> </td> <td>پروردگار </td> <td>parvardi<b>gār</b> </td> <td>[pər.ʋər.dɪ.ˈɡaː(r)] </td> <td>epithet of God </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Content words in Hindustani normally begin on a low <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">pitch</a>, followed by a rise in pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, Hindustani, like most other Indian languages, is rather a <a href="/wiki/Syllable-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable-timed language">syllable-timed language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> has a strong tendency to vanish into nothing (syncopated) if its syllable is unaccented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">IPA vowel chart with audio</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Audio content icon"><img alt="Audio content icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/16px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/24px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/32px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_pulmonic_consonant_chart_with_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio">IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Audio content icon"><img alt="Audio content icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/16px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/24px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/32px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(revised_to_2015).pdf" title="File:The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015).pdf">IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Hindustani" title="Phonological history of Hindustani">Phonological history of Hindustani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKachru200615-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKachru200615_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKachru2006">Kachru 2006</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOhala1999">Ohala (1999</a>:102)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohala102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohala102_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohala102_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohala102_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOhala1999">Ohala (1999</a>:102)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelkar196847-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelkar196847_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelkar1968">Kelkar (1968)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2003293,_310-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2003293,_310_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2003">Schmidt (2003)</a>, pp. 293, 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:111)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapiro2003">Shapiro (2003</a>:258)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:114)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Ohala|1999|p=101_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOhala1999">Ohala (1999</a>:101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardonaJain2003283-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardonaJain2003283_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardonaJain2003">Cardona & Jain (2003)</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:117–118)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diacritics in Urdu are normally not written and usually implied and interpreted based on the context of the sentence</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindi does not have a diacritic to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> as it is the inherent vowel of the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a>. However, there does exist a diacritic, ्, for suppressing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, also though it is not often used or needed in modern Hindi orthography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspiration_orthography-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aspiration_orthography_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aspiration_orthography_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindi has individual letters for each of the aspirated consonants, whereas Urdu has a specific letter to represent aspiration after any consonant</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As this is a diacritic affecting the preceding vowel, it cannot be the initial character of a word.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Urdu the initial form (letter) for representing a nasalised word<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is: ن٘ (nūn + small nūn ghunna diacritic)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As this symbol can represents any nasal consonant phoneme depending on which consonant it is followed by, the particular IPA character used to represent this sound depends on the context.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This character does not have an initial form and is not used for initial nasals in Hindi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter6/hindi/hindi.html">Phonetics from UCLA.edu</a> but re-recorded.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapiro2003">Shapiro (2003</a>:260)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:98)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKachru2006">Kachru (2006</a>:20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KulshreshthaMathur2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKulshreshthaMathur2012" class="citation book cs1">Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012). <i>Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1137-6"><bdi>978-1-4614-1137-6</bdi></a>. <q>A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nukta) as shown in Table 2.2. …those who come from rural backgrounds and do not speak really good Khariboli, pronounce these sounds as the nearest equivalents in Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect+Accent+Features+for+Establishing+Speaker+Identity%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-1137-6&rft.aulast=Kulshreshtha&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft.au=Mathur%2C+Ramkumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dover1981-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dover1981_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dover1981_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4VK8AQAAQBAJ&dq=q+pronounced+as+k+in+hindi&pg=PT15"><i>Say It in Hindi</i></a>. Dover Publications. 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486137919" title="Special:BookSources/9780486137919"><bdi>9780486137919</bdi></a>. <q>These letters—q, <i>kh</i>, <i>gh</i>, <i>z</i>, <i>f</i>—occur in words of Arabic or Persian origin. Many speakers maintain these sounds in their speech, but others often pronounce them as k, kh, g, j and ph, respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Say+It+in+Hindi&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780486137919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4VK8AQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dq%2Bpronounced%2Bas%2Bk%2Bin%2Bhindi%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKachru200620-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKachru200620_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKachru2006">Kachru 2006</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morelli2019-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morelli2019_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morelli2019_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelli2019" class="citation book cs1">Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019). <i>A Guru’s Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-05172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-05172-2"><bdi>978-0-252-05172-2</bdi></a>. <q>Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the <i>n</i> in the English sa<i>n</i>g, transliterated here as <i>ṅ</i> or <i>ṁ</i>, and has two slightly differing <i>sh</i> sounds, transliterated as <i>ś</i> and <i>ṣ</i>. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as <u>kh</u>, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guru%E2%80%99s+Journey%3A+Pandit+Chitresh+Das+and+Indian+Classical+Dance+in+Diaspora&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-252-05172-2&rft.aulast=Morelli&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Dipti; Mondal, Tapabrata; Agrawal, S. S.; Bangalore, Srinivas (2013). "Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system". <i>2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE)</i>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSDA.2013.6709861">10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2378-6"><bdi>978-1-4799-2378-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26461938">26461938</a>. <q>Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+and+suitability+of+Indian+languages+speech+database+for+building+watson+based+ASR+system&rft.btitle=2013+International+Conference+Oriental+COCOSDA+held+jointly+with+2013+Conference+on+Asian+Spoken+Language+Research+and+Evaluation+%28O-COCOSDA%2FCASLRE%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26461938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICSDA.2013.6709861&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Dipti&rft.au=Mondal%2C+Tapabrata&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Bangalore%2C+Srinivas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhta2023-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2023_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-azhdahaa?lang=en">"Meaning of azhdaha in English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rekhta_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekhta Dictionary">Rekhta Dictionary</a>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+azhdaha+in+English&rft.pub=Rekhta+Dictionary&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekhtadictionary.com%2Fmeaning-of-azhdahaa%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nazir Hassan (1980) <i>Urdu phonetic reader</i>, Omkar Nath Koul (1994) <i>Hindi Phonetic Reader</i>, Indian Institute of Language Studies; Foreign Service Institute (1957) <i>Hindi: Basic Course</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"r is a tip dental trill, and often has but one flap", Thomas Cummings (1915) <i>An Urdu Manual of the Phonetic, Inductive Or Direct Method</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">हिन्दी भाषा</span></span> (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">Hindī Bhāshā</i></span>), Kitāb Mahal, Allahabad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-225-0017-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-225-0017-X">81-225-0017-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masicapage97-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-masicapage97_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:97)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref25lojir-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref25lojir_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref25lojir_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_PierrehumbertRami_Nair1996" class="citation book cs1">Janet Pierrehumbert; Rami Nair (1996). "Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure". In Jacques Durand; Bernard Laks (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jqjQwAACAAJ"><i>Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods</i></a>. European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901471-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901471-02-1"><bdi>978-1-901471-02-1</bdi></a>. <q><i>... showed extremely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> occurs when /<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">व</span></span> <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span></span></span>/ is in onglide position ... <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> occurs otherwise ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Implications+of+Hindi+Prosodic+Structure&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+in+Phonology%3A+Models+and+Methods&rft.pub=European+Studies+Research+Institute%2C+University+of+Salford+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-901471-02-1&rft.au=Janet+Pierrehumbert&rft.au=Rami+Nair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jqjQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Primer_for_Modern_Standard_Hindi_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuP8sD1wloC&q=A+Primer+of+modern+standard+Hindi++By+Michael+C.+Shapiro&pg=PR5"><i>A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120805088" title="Special:BookSources/9788120805088"><bdi>9788120805088</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Modern+Standard+Hindi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120805088&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvuP8sD1wloC%26q%3DA%2BPrimer%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bstandard%2BHindi%2B%2BBy%2BMichael%2BC.%2BShapiro%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Association_for_Computational_Linguistics-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Association_for_Computational_Linguistics_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C/C08/C08-1068.pdf">"Hindi Urdu Machine Transliteration using Finite-state Transducers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Association for Computational Linguistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi+Urdu+Machine+Transliteration+using+Finite-state+Transducers&rft.pub=Association+for+Computational+Linguistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclweb.org%2Fanthology%2FC%2FC08%2FC08-1068.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&q=editions:oREZJn85rOIC"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797119" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797119"><bdi>9781135797119</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=9781135797119&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AoREZJn85rOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=92_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:92)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro1989-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro1989_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1989" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). <i>A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0508-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0508-8</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ <i>ḳ</i>, ख़ <i>ḳh</i>,ग़ <i>ġ</i>, ज़ <i>z</i>, फ़ <i>f</i>) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ <i>z</i> and फ़ <i>f</i>, are the initial sounds in English <i>zig</i> and <i>fig</i> respectively. The consonant क़ <i>ḳ</i> is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like <i>k</i>, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ <i>ḳh</i> is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German <i>ach</i>. ग़ <i>ġ</i> is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In <i>devanāgari</i> each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Modern+Standard+Hindi&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0508-8&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapiro2003">Shapiro (2003</a>:261)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1995">Hayes (1995</a>:276)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2001Dyrud.PDF">http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2001Dyrud.PDF</a> Dyrud, Lars O. (2001) <i>Hindi-Urdu: Stress Accent or Non-Stress Accent?</i> (University of North Dakota, master's thesis)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025082631/http://www.speech.sri.com/people/rao/papers/icslp96_wbhyp.pdf">"Word boundary detection using pitch variations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speech.sri.com/people/rao/papers/icslp96_wbhyp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Word+boundary+detection+using+pitch+variations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speech.sri.com%2Fpeople%2Frao%2Fpapers%2Ficslp96_wbhyp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span> Ramana Rao, G.V. and Srichand, J. (1996) <i>Word Boundary Detection Using Pitch Variations.</i> (<a href="/wiki/IIT_Madras" title="IIT Madras">IIT Madras</a>, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindi_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hindi pronunciation"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hindi pronunciation</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urdu_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urdu pronunciation"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Urdu pronunciation</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation cs2">Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797102" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797102"><bdi>9781135797102</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781135797102&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Jain%2C+Dhanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUHfBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Masica" title="Colin Masica">Masica, Colin</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1995" class="citation cs2">Hayes, Bruce (1995), <i>Metrical stress theory</i>, University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metrical+stress+theory&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein1997" class="citation cs2">Hussein, Sarmad (1997), <i>Phonetic Correlates of Lexical Stress in Urdu</i>, Northwestern University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Correlates+of+Lexical+Stress+in+Urdu&rft.pub=Northwestern+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hussein&rft.aufirst=Sarmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Kachru" title="Yamuna Kachru">Kachru, Yamuna</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC"><i>Hindi</i></a>, John Benjamins Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-X"><bdi>90-272-3812-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-272-3812-X&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooH5VfLTQEQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelkar1968" class="citation book cs1">Kelkar, Ashok R. (1968). <i>Studies in Hindi-Urdu, I: Introduction and Word Phonology</i>. Building Centenary and Silver Jubilee Series, 35. Poona: Deccan College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hindi-Urdu%2C+I%3A+Introduction+and+Word+Phonology&rft.place=Poona&rft.series=Building+Centenary+and+Silver+Jubilee+Series%2C+35&rft.pub=Deccan+College&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kelkar&rft.aufirst=Ashok+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhala1999" class="citation cs2">Ohala, Manjari (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hin_phon-3">"Hindi"</a>, in International Phonetic Association (ed.), <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+a+Guide+to+the+Use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.pages=100-103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Ohala&rft.aufirst=Manjari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_hin_phon-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2003" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA286">"Urdu"</a>, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 286–350, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urdu&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=286-350&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Laila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2003" class="citation cs2">Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA250">"Hindi"</a>, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, pp. 250–285, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=250-285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindustani+phonology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_pronouns" title="Hindi pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansiboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansiboli">Sansi Boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Eastern_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Karnataka" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka">Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_West_Bengal" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal">Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_imposition" title="Hindi imposition">Hindi imposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi films">Hindutva boycott of Hindi films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Official_Language" title="Department of Official Language">Department of Official Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Secretariat" title="World Hindi Secretariat">World Hindi Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Conference" title="World Hindi Conference">World Hindi Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urdu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urdu_topics" title="Template:Urdu topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urdu_topics" title="Template talk:Urdu topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urdu_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urdu topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urdu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Urdu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Urdu">Standard Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_Aurangabad" title="Urdu in Aurangabad">Aurangabad Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Urdu in the United Kingdom">British Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu controversy">Hindi-Urdu controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature#Awards" title="Pakistani literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Informatics" title="Urdu Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani classical music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_poets" title="List of Urdu poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Writers%27_Movement" title="Progressive Writers' Movement">Progressive Writers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddin_and_Begum_Urdu-Hindustani_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization">Uddin & Begum Romanisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Phonologies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&oldid=1253500481">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustani_phonology&oldid=1253500481</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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