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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narrowcasting" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Narrowcasting" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narrowcasting" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dissemination of information or marketing to a narrow audience</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Narrowcasting</b> is the dissemination of information to a specialised audience, rather than to the broader public-at-large; it is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>. It may refer to advertising or programming via radio, <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a>, newspaper, television, or the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a>" is sometimes used interchangeably, although strictly speaking this refers to the technology used, and narrowcasting to the <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a>. Narrowcasting is sometimes aimed at paid subscribers, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_terminology">History and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The evolution of <i>narrowcasting</i> came from broadcasting. In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles Herrold</a> designated radio transmissions meant for a single receiver, distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, meant for a general audience.<sup id="cite_ref-broadcasting_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadcasting-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> reports the first known use of the word in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadcasting was revived in the context of <a href="/wiki/Subscription_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription radio">subscription radio</a> programs in the late 1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-time_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the term narrowcasting entered the common lexicon due to computer scientist and <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, who in a 1967 report envisioned<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons,_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons,_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...a multiplicity of television networks aimed at serving the needs of smaller, specialized audiences. 'Here,' stated Licklider, 'I should like to coin the term "narrowcasting," using it to emphasize the rejection or dissolution of the constraints imposed by commitment to a monolithic mass-appeal, broadcast approach.'</p></blockquote> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a>" is sometimes used interchangeably, although strictly speaking this refers to the technology used, and narrowcasting to the <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-webopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narrowcasting is sometimes aimed at paid subscribers,<sup id="cite_ref-mw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_television">In television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the beginning of the 1990s, when American television was still mainly ruled by three major networks (<a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), it was believed that the greatest achievement was to promote and create content that would be directed towards a huge mass of people, avoiding completely those projects that might appeal to only a reduced audience. That was mainly due to the fact that specially in the earlier days of television, there was not much more competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, this changed once independent stations, more cable channels, and the success of videocassettes started increasing and rising, which gave the audiences the possibility of having more options. Thus, this previous mass-oriented point of view started to change towards one that was, obviously, narrower.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the arrival of cable television that allowed a much larger number of producers and programmers to aim at smaller audiences, such as <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, which started off as the channel for those who loved music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narrowcasting has made its place in, for example, the way television networks schedule shows; while one night they might choose to stream shows directed at teenagers, a different night they might want to focus on another specific kind of audience, such as those interested in documentaries. In this way, they target what could be seen as a narrow audience, but collect their attention altogether as a mass audience on one night.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Related to <a href="/wiki/Niche_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche marketing">niche marketing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Target_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Target marketing">target marketing</a>, narrowcasting involves aiming media messages at specific segments of the public defined by values, preferences, demographic attributes, or subscription.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narrowcasting is based on the <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> idea that <a href="/wiki/Mass_audience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass audience">mass audiences</a> do not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-fleras_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleras-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> experts are often interested in narrowcast media as a commercial <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> tool, since access to such content implies exposure to a specific and clearly defined prospective consumer audience. The theory being that, by identifying particular <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographics</a> viewing such programs, advertisers can better target their markets. Pre-recorded television programs are often broadcast to captive audiences in <a href="/wiki/Cabvision" title="Cabvision">taxi cabs</a>, buses, <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>, and queues. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Cabvision" title="Cabvision">Cabvision</a> network in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage"> black cabs</a> shows limited pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television programs</a> interspersed with targeted advertising to cab passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">Point of sale</a> advertising is a form of narrowcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-raydiant_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raydiant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactive narrowcasting allows users to interact with products or services via <a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">touch screens</a> or other technology, thus allowing them to interact with them before purchasing them.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_uses">Political uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narrowcasting has become increasingly used to target audiences with a particular political leaning, such as <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> by the entertainment industry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been often pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> used narrowcasting as well as broadcasting to good effect.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>narrowcasting</i> can also apply to the spread of information to an audience (private or public) which is by nature geographically limited—a group such as office employees, military troops, or conference attendees—and requires a localised dissemination of information from a shared source.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hotels, hospitals, museums, and offices, use narrowcasting to display relevant information to their visitors and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-raydiant_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raydiant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both broadcasting and a narrowcasting models are found on the Internet. Sites based on the latter require the user to register an account and <a href="/wiki/Login" title="Login">log in</a> before viewing content. Narrowcasting may also employ various types of <a href="/wiki/Push_technology" title="Push technology">push technologies</a>, which send information directly to subscribers; <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a>, where emails are sent to subscribers, are an example of these.<sup id="cite_ref-webopedia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narrowcasting is also sometimes applied to <a href="/wiki/Podcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Podcasting">podcasting</a>, since the audience for a podcast is often specific and sharply defined.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive">Positive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Positive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This evolution towards narrowcasting was discussed in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naficy" title="Hamid Naficy">Hamid Naficy</a>, who focused on this change specifically in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and how such a content directed towards a narrowed audience affected social culture. For example, with the rise of Middle Eastern television programs, more content that did not have the pressure to have a mass audience appeal to watch it was able to be produced and promoted. This made it easier for minorities to feel better represented in television.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative">Negative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Negative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narrowcasting by definition focuses on specific groups of people, which may promote division or even conflict among groups. Political, social, or other ideologies promoted by narrowcasting have the potential to cause harm to society.<sup id="cite_ref-raydiant_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raydiant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also the danger of people living in a <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubble</a>, where the audience is not exposed to different viewpoints, opinions or ideologies, leading to thinking that their opinion is the correct one. The resulting narrow-mindedness can lead to conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-raydiant_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raydiant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2022 Australian sci-fi thriller <i><a href="/wiki/Monolith_(2022_film)" title="Monolith (2022 film)">Monolith</a></i>, in which the sole on-screen actor is a podcaster, provides commentary on narrowcasting. Ari Mattes of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame University">Notre Dame University</a> wrote in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>: "<i>Monolith</i> is one of the first Australian films to critically navigate the ramifications of narrowcasting technology... the strange solitude of interpersonal communication in the global information economy underpins the whole thing".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_aggregator" class="mw-redirect" title="Data aggregator">Data aggregator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtargeting" title="Microtargeting">Microtargeting</a></li> <li>National Narrowcasting Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalcasting" title="Personalcasting">Personalcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sorting" title="Social sorting">Social sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">Targeted advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blog</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-broadcasting-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broadcasting_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Jonathan+Sterne+defining+Narrowcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisis.duke.edu%2Fevents%2Fpodcasting%2Fcasts%2F9Sterne.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrowcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaficy1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naficy" title="Hamid Naficy">Naficy, Hamid</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i350774">"From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: Middle Eastern Diaspora in Los Angeles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a></i>. <b>180</b>: 31–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3013230">10.2307/3013230</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3013230">3013230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Jstor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jstor">Jstor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=From+Broadcasting+to+Narrowcasting%3A+Middle+Eastern+Diaspora+in+Los+Angeles&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=31-34&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3013230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3013230%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Naficy&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi350774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrowcasting" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursesidekick.com/communications/283800">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattes2023" class="citation web cs1">Mattes, Ari (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/monolith-considers-the-cultural-and-social-implications-of-new-technology-without-overdoing-it-213645">"Monolith considers the cultural and social implications of new technology, without overdoing it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Monolith+considers+the+cultural+and+social+implications+of+new+technology%2C+without+overdoing+it&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Mattes&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmonolith-considers-the-cultural-and-social-implications-of-new-technology-without-overdoing-it-213645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrowcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotz2007" class="citation book cs1">Lotz, A.D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBUVCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Television Will be Revolutionized</i></a>. ACLS Humanities E-Book. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5219-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-5219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Television+Will+be+Revolutionized&rft.series=ACLS+Humanities+E-Book&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5219-7&rft.aulast=Lotz&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBUVCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarrowcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&oldid=1232381735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narrowcasting&oldid=1232381735</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Broadcasting" title="Category:Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Market_segmentation" title="Category:Market segmentation">Market segmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_campaign_techniques" title="Category:Political campaign techniques">Political campaign techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_neologisms" title="Category:1967 neologisms">1967 neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Podcasting" title="Category:Podcasting">Podcasting</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 July 2024, at 13:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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