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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardner's_final_visit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gardner's final visit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardner's_final_visit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Confession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottingley Fairies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الجنيات كوتينجلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجنيات كوتينجلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADly_z_Cottingley" title="Víly z Cottingley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Víly z Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottingley_Fairies" title="Cottingley Fairies – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cottingley Fairies" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Νεράιδες του Κόττινγκλεϋ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεράιδες του Κόττινγκλεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_hadas_de_Cottingley" title="Las hadas de Cottingley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Las hadas de Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9es_de_Cottingley" title="Fées de Cottingley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fées de Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%8C%85%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9A%94%EC%A0%95" title="코팅리 요정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코팅리 요정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_di_Cottingley" title="Fate di Cottingley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fate di Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99" title="הפיות מקוטינגלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפיות מקוטינגלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottingley-i_t%C3%BCnd%C3%A9rek" title="Cottingley-i tündérek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cottingley-i tündérek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfjes_van_Cottingley" title="Elfjes van Cottingley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elfjes van Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%A6%96%E7%B2%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="コティングリー妖精事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コティングリー妖精事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کاٹنگلے دیاں پریاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاٹنگلے دیاں پریاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wr%C3%B3%C5%BCki_z_Cottingley" title="Wróżki z Cottingley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wróżki z Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadas_de_Cottingley" title="Fadas de Cottingley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fadas de Cottingley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Феи из Коттингли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феи из Коттингли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottingleyn_keijukaiset" title="Cottingleyn keijukaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cottingleyn keijukaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottingley_Fairies" title="Cottingley Fairies – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cottingley Fairies" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کاٹنگلے کی پریاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاٹنگلے کی پریاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Faked photographs of fairies by Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottingley_Fairies_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Cottingley_Fairies_1.jpg/250px-Cottingley_Fairies_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Cottingley_Fairies_1.jpg/375px-Cottingley_Fairies_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Cottingley_Fairies_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>The first of the five photographs, taken by Elsie Wright in 1917, shows Frances Griffiths with the alleged fairies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cottingley Fairies</b> appear in a series of five photographs taken by Elsie Wright (1901–1988) and Frances Griffiths (1907–1986), two young cousins who lived in <a href="/wiki/Cottingley,_Bradford" title="Cottingley, Bradford">Cottingley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> in England. In 1917, when the first two photographs were taken, Elsie was 16 years old and Frances was 9. The pictures came to the attention of writer Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, who used them to illustrate an article on <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> he had been commissioned to write for the Christmas 1920 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine" title="The Strand Magazine">The Strand Magazine</a></i>. Doyle, as a <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">spiritualist</a>, was enthusiastic about the photographs, and interpreted them as clear and visible evidence of <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> phenomena. Public reaction was mixed; some accepted the images as genuine, others believed that they had been faked. </p><p>Interest in the Cottingley Fairies gradually declined after 1921. Both girls married and lived abroad for a time after they grew up, and yet the photographs continued to hold the public imagination. In 1966 a reporter from the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> newspaper traced Elsie, who had by then returned to the United Kingdom. Elsie left open the possibility that she believed she had photographed her thoughts, and the media once again became interested in the story. </p><p>In the early 1980s Elsie and Frances admitted that the photographs were faked, using cardboard cutouts of fairies copied from a popular children's book of the time, but Frances maintained that the fifth and final photograph was genuine. As of 2019 the photographs and the cameras used are in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1917_photographs">1917 photographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1917 photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottingleyBeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CottingleyBeck.jpg/170px-CottingleyBeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CottingleyBeck.jpg/255px-CottingleyBeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CottingleyBeck.jpg/340px-CottingleyBeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Cottingley Beck, where Frances and Elsie claimed to have seen the fairies</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-1917 nine-year-old Frances Griffiths and her mother – both newly arrived in the UK from South Africa – were staying with Frances's aunt, Elsie Wright's mother, Polly, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Cottingley,_Bradford" title="Cottingley, Bradford">Cottingley</a> in West Yorkshire; Elsie was then 16 years old. The two girls often played together beside the <a href="/wiki/Beck_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beck (stream)">beck</a> at the bottom of the garden, much to their mothers' annoyance, because they frequently came back with wet feet and clothes. Frances and Elsie said they only went to the beck to see the fairies, and to prove it, Elsie borrowed her father's camera, a Midg <a href="/wiki/Film_format#Still_photography_film_formats" title="Film format">quarter-plate</a>. The girls returned about 30 minutes later, "triumphant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697–98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697–98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsie's father, Arthur, was a keen amateur photographer, and had set up his own darkroom. The picture on the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plate</a> he developed showed Frances behind a bush in the foreground, on which four fairies appeared to be dancing. Knowing his daughter's artistic ability, and that she had spent some time working in a photographer's studio, he dismissed the figures as cardboard cutouts. Two months later the girls borrowed his camera again, and this time returned with a photograph of Elsie sitting on the lawn holding out her hand to a 1-foot-tall (30 cm) gnome. Exasperated by what he believed to be "nothing but a prank",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and convinced that the girls must have tampered with his camera in some way, Arthur Wright refused to lend it to them again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrashad200842_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrashad200842-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife Polly, however, believed the photographs to be authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I am learning French, Geometry, Cookery and Algebra at school now. Dad came home from France the other week after being there ten months, and we all think the war will be over in a few days ... I am sending two photos, both of me, one of me in a bathing costume in our back yard, while the other is me with some fairies. Elsie took that one. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Letter from Frances Griffiths to a friend in South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Towards the end of 1918, Frances sent a letter to Johanna Parvin, a friend in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, where Frances had lived for most of her life, enclosing the photograph of herself with the fairies. On the back she wrote "It is funny, I never used to see them in Africa. It must be too hot for them there."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The photographs became public in mid-1919, after Elsie's mother attended a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> in Bradford. The lecture that evening was on "fairy life", and at the end of the meeting Polly Wright showed the two fairy photographs taken by her daughter and niece to the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the photographs were displayed at the society's annual conference in <a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a>, held a few months later. There they came to the attention of a leading member of the society, Edward Gardner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the central <a href="/wiki/Theosophy#Beliefs_and_teachings" title="Theosophy">beliefs of theosophy</a> is that humanity is undergoing a cycle of evolution, towards increasing "perfection", and Gardner recognised the potential significance of the photographs for the movement: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> the fact that two young girls had not only been able to see fairies, which others had done, but had actually for the first time ever been able to materialise them at a density sufficient for their images to be recorded on a photographic plate, meant that it was possible that the next cycle of evolution was underway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997382_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997382-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_examinations">Initial examinations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial examinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardner sent the prints along with the original glass-plate negatives to Harold Snelling, a photography expert. Snelling's opinion was that "the two negatives are entirely genuine, unfaked photographs ... [with] no trace whatsoever of studio work involving card or paper models".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not go so far as to say that the photographs showed fairies, stating only that "these are straight forward photographs of whatever was in front of the camera at the time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997389_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997389-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner had the prints "clarified" by Snelling, and new negatives produced, "more conducive to printing",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997382_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997382-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for use in the illustrated lectures he gave around the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997382_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997382-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snelling supplied the photographic prints which were available for sale at Gardner's lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997401_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997401-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crawley_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottingleyFairies2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/CottingleyFairies2.jpg/170px-CottingleyFairies2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/CottingleyFairies2.jpg/255px-CottingleyFairies2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/CottingleyFairies2.jpg/340px-CottingleyFairies2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>The second of the five photographs, showing Elsie with a winged gnome</figcaption></figure> <p>Author and prominent <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">spiritualist</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> learned of the photographs from the editor of the spiritualist publication <i>Light</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997383_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997383-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doyle had been commissioned by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine" title="The Strand Magazine">The Strand Magazine</a></i> to write an article on fairies for their Christmas issue, and the fairy photographs "must have seemed like a godsend" according to broadcaster and historian <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson" title="Magnus Magnusson">Magnus Magnusson</a>. Doyle contacted Gardner in June 1920 to determine the background to the photographs, and wrote to Elsie and her father to request permission from the latter to use the prints in his article. Arthur Wright was "obviously impressed" that Doyle was involved, and gave his permission for publication, but he refused payment on the grounds that, if genuine, the images should not be "soiled" by money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699–100_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699–100-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gardner and Doyle sought a second expert opinion from the photographic company <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Kodak</a>. Several of the company's technicians examined the enhanced prints, and although they agreed with Snelling that the pictures "showed no signs of being faked", they concluded that "this could not be taken as conclusive evidence ... that they were authentic photographs of fairies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997384_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997384-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodak declined to issue a certificate of authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner believed that the Kodak technicians might not have examined the photographs entirely objectively, observing that one had commented "after all, as fairies couldn't be true, the photographs must have been faked somehow".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prints were also examined by another photographic company, <a href="/wiki/Ilford_Photo" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford</a>, who reported unequivocally that there was "some evidence of faking".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner and Doyle, perhaps rather optimistically, interpreted the results of the three expert evaluations as two in favour of the photographs' authenticity and one against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doyle also showed the photographs to the <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and pioneering <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">psychical researcher</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Oliver_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Oliver Lodge">Sir Oliver Lodge</a>, who believed the photographs to be fake. He suggested that a troupe of dancers had masqueraded as fairies, and expressed doubt as to their "distinctly 'Parisienne<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" hairstyles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 October 2018 the first two of the photographs, <i>Alice and the Fairies</i> and <i>Iris and the Gnome,</i> were to be sold by Dominic Winter Auctioneers, in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>. The prints, suspected to have been made in 1920 to sell at <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">theosophical</a> lectures, were expected to bring £700–£1000 each.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it turned out, <i>Iris with the Gnome</i> sold for a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer price">hammer price</a> of £5,400 (plus 24% <a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_premium" title="Buyer's premium">buyer's premium</a> incl. VAT), while <i>Alice and the Fairies</i> sold for a hammer price of £15,000 (plus 24% buyer's premium incl. VAT).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1920_photographs">1920 photographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1920 photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doyle was preoccupied with organising an imminent lecture tour of Australia, and in July 1920, sent Gardner to meet the Wright family. By this point, Frances was living with her parents in <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Elsie's father told Gardner that he had been so certain the photographs were fakes that while the girls were away he searched their bedroom and the area around the beck (stream), looking for scraps of pictures or cutouts, but found nothing "incriminating".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006102_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottingleyFairies3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/CottingleyFairies3.jpg/170px-CottingleyFairies3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/CottingleyFairies3.jpg/255px-CottingleyFairies3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/CottingleyFairies3.jpg/340px-CottingleyFairies3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Frances and the Leaping Fairy</i>, the third photograph</figcaption></figure> <p>Gardner believed the Wright family to be honest and respectable. To place the matter of the photographs' authenticity beyond doubt, he returned to Cottingley at the end of July with two W. Butcher & Sons Cameo folding plate cameras and 24 secretly marked photographic plates. Frances was invited to stay with the Wright family during the school summer holiday so that she and Elsie could take more pictures of the fairies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006102_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardner described his briefing in his 1945 <i>Fairies: A Book of Real Fairies</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I went off, to Cottingley again, taking the two cameras and plates from London, and met the family and explained to the two girls the simple working of the cameras, giving one each to keep. The cameras were loaded, and my final advice was that they need go up to the glen only on fine days as they had been accustomed to do before and <i>tice</i> the fairies, as they called their way of attracting them, and see what they could get. I suggested only the most obvious and easy precautions about lighting and distance, for I knew it was essential they should feel free and unhampered and have no burden of responsibility. If nothing came of it all, I told them, they were not to mind a bit.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Until 19 August the weather was unsuitable for photography. Because Frances and Elsie insisted that the fairies would not show themselves if others were watching, Elsie's mother was persuaded to visit her sister's for tea, leaving the girls alone. In her absence the girls took several photographs, two of which appeared to show fairies. In the first, <i>Frances and the Leaping Fairy</i>, Frances is shown in profile with a winged fairy close by her nose. The second, <i>Fairy offering Posy of <a href="/wiki/Campanula_rotundifolia" title="Campanula rotundifolia">Harebells</a> to Elsie</i>, shows a fairy either hovering or tiptoeing on a branch, and offering Elsie a flower. Two days later the girls took the last picture, <i>Fairies and Their Sun-Bath</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006102–103_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006102–103-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plates were packed in cotton wool and returned to Gardner in London, who sent an "ecstatic" telegram to Doyle, by then in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006103_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006103-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doyle wrote back: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My heart was gladdened when out here in far Australia I had your note and the three wonderful pictures which are confirmatory of our published results. When our fairies are admitted other psychic phenomena will find a more ready acceptance ... We have had continued messages at seances for some time that a visible sign was coming through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006103_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006103-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_and_reaction">Publication and reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publication and reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottingley_Fairies,_page_463,_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cottingley_Fairies%2C_page_463%2C_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg/220px-Cottingley_Fairies%2C_page_463%2C_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cottingley_Fairies%2C_page_463%2C_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg/330px-Cottingley_Fairies%2C_page_463%2C_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cottingley_Fairies%2C_page_463%2C_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg/440px-Cottingley_Fairies%2C_page_463%2C_The_Strand_Magazine_-_1920_-_Vol.Jul-Dec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption>The first page of Doyle's article in Strand Magazine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottingleyFairies4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/CottingleyFairies4.jpg/170px-CottingleyFairies4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/CottingleyFairies4.jpg/255px-CottingleyFairies4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/CottingleyFairies4.jpg/340px-CottingleyFairies4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>The fourth photograph, <i>Fairy Offering Posy of Harebells to Elsie</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Doyle's article<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the December 1920 issue of <i>The Strand</i> contained two higher-resolution prints of the 1917 photographs, and sold out within days of publication. To protect the girls' anonymity, Frances and Elsie were called Alice and Iris respectively, and the Wright family was referred to as the "Carpenters".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997388_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997388-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An enthusiastic and committed spiritualist, Doyle hoped that if the photographs convinced the public of the existence of fairies then they might more readily accept other psychic phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Roden_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roden-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ended his article with the words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The recognition of their existence will jolt the material twentieth-century mind out of its heavy ruts in the mud, and will make it admit that there is a glamour and mystery to life. Having discovered this, the world will not find it so difficult to accept that spiritual message supported by physical facts which have already been put before it.<sup id="cite_ref-Roden_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roden-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Early press coverage was "mixed",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997390_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997390-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally a combination of "embarrassment and puzzlement";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997391_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Japanese scholar Kaori Inuma has noted that there were also open and positive assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical novelist and poet <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hewlett" title="Maurice Hewlett">Maurice Hewlett</a> published a series of articles in the literary journal <i>John O' London's Weekly</i>, in which he concluded: "And knowing children, and knowing that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has legs, I decide that the Miss Carpenters have pulled one of them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997390_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997390-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The London newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_(British_periodical)" title="Truth (British periodical)">Truth</a></i> on 5 January 1921 expressed a similar view; "For the true explanation of these fairy photographs what is wanted is not a knowledge of occult phenomena but a knowledge of children."<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some public figures were more sympathetic. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_McMillan" title="Margaret McMillan">Margaret McMillan</a>, the educational and social reformer, wrote: "How wonderful that to these dear children such a wonderful gift has been vouchsafed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997390_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997390-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_De_Vere_Stacpoole" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry De Vere Stacpoole">Henry De Vere Stacpoole</a> decided to take the fairy photographs and the girls at face value.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Gardner he wrote: "Look at Alice's [Frances'] face. Look at Iris's [Elsie's] face. There is an extraordinary thing called Truth which has 10 million faces and forms – it is God's currency and the cleverest coiner or forger can't imitate it." </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Hall-Edwards" title="John Hall-Edwards">Major John Hall-Edwards</a>, a keen photographer and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/X-ray#Medical_uses" title="X-ray">medical X-ray treatments</a> in Britain, was a particularly vigorous critic:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the evidence I have no hesitation in saying that these photographs could have been "faked". I criticize the attitude of those who declared there is something supernatural in the circumstances attending to the taking of these pictures because, as a medical man, I believe that the inculcation of such absurd ideas into the minds of children will result in later life in manifestations and nervous disorder and mental disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Doyle used the later photographs in 1921 to illustrate a second article in <i>The Strand</i>, in which he described other accounts of fairy sightings. The article formed the foundation for his 1922 book <i>The Coming of the Fairies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997389_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997389-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As before, the photographs were received with mixed credulity. Sceptics noted that the fairies "looked suspiciously like the traditional fairies of nursery tales" and that they had "very fashionable hairstyles".<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardner's_final_visit"><span id="Gardner.27s_final_visit"></span>Gardner's final visit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gardner's final visit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardner made a final visit to Cottingley in August 1921. He again brought cameras and photographic plates for Frances and Elsie, but was accompanied by the occultist <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodson" title="Geoffrey Hodson">Geoffrey Hodson</a>. Although neither of the girls claimed to see any fairies, and there were no more photographs, "on the contrary, he [Hodson] saw them [fairies] everywhere" and wrote voluminous notes on his observations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997390_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997390-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By now Elsie and Frances were tired of the whole fairy business. Years later Elsie looked at a photograph of herself and Frances taken with Hodson and said: "Look at that, fed up with fairies." Both Elsie and Frances later admitted that they "played along" with Hodson "out of mischief",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that they considered him "a fake".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997390_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997390-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_investigations">Later investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public interest in the Cottingley Fairies gradually subsided after 1921. Elsie and Frances both eventually married, moved away from the area and each lived overseas for varying periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997393_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997393-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, a reporter from the <i>Daily Express</i> newspaper traced Elsie, who was by then back in England. She admitted in an interview given that year that the fairies might have been "figments of my imagination", but left open the possibility she believed that she had somehow managed to photograph her thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006104_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006104-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media subsequently became interested in Frances and Elsie's photographs once again.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television's <i><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide (TV series)">Nationwide</a></i> programme investigated the case in 1971, but Elsie stuck to her story: "I've told you that they're photographs of figments of our imagination, and that's what I'm sticking to".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006104_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006104-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsie and Frances were interviewed by journalist <a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Austin Mitchell</a> in September 1976, for a programme broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Television">Yorkshire Television</a>. When pressed, both women agreed that "a rational person doesn't see fairies", but they denied having fabricated the photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 the magician and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">scientific sceptic</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a> and a team from the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Scientific_Investigation_of_Claims_of_the_Paranormal" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal">Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal</a> examined the photographs, using a "computer enhancement process". They concluded that the photographs were fakes, and that strings could be seen supporting the fairies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997394–395_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997394–395-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Crawley" title="Geoffrey Crawley">Geoffrey Crawley</a>, editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Photography" title="British Journal of Photography">British Journal of Photography</a></i>, undertook a "major scientific investigation of the photographs and the events surrounding them", published between 1982 and 1983, "the first major postwar analysis of the affair". He also concluded that the pictures were fakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997395_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997395-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confession">Confession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Confession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="One of Claude Arthur Shepperson's illustrations of dancing girls, from Princess Mary's Gift Book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg/220px-Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg/330px-Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg/440px-Cottingley_fairies_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>One of Claude Arthur Shepperson's illustrations of dancing girls, from <i>Princess Mary's Gift Book</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, the cousins admitted in an article published in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unexplained_(magazine)" title="The Unexplained (magazine)">The Unexplained</a></i> that the photographs had been faked, although both maintained that they really had seen fairies. Elsie had copied illustrations of dancing girls from a popular children's book of the time, <i>Princess Mary's Gift Book</i>, published in 1914, and drew wings on them.<sup id="cite_ref-World_of_Strange_Powers_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_of_Strange_Powers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They said they had then cut out the cardboard figures and supported them with <a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">hatpins</a>, disposing of their props in the beck once the photograph had been taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the cousins disagreed about the fifth and final photograph, which Doyle in his <i>The Coming of the Fairies</i> described in this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Seated on the upper left hand edge with wing well displayed is an undraped fairy apparently considering whether it is time to get up. An earlier riser of more mature age is seen on the right possessing abundant hair and wonderful wings. Her slightly denser body can be glimpsed within her fairy dress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2006103_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2006103-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottingley-sunbath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Cottingley-sunbath.jpg/220px-Cottingley-sunbath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Cottingley-sunbath.jpg/330px-Cottingley-sunbath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Cottingley-sunbath.jpg/440px-Cottingley-sunbath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Fairies and Their Sun-Bath</i>, the fifth and last photograph of the Cottingley Fairies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png/220px-CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png/330px-CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png/440px-CottingleyFairies-PrincessMary2_gobeirne.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Cottingley Fairies and illustrations from <i>Princess Mary's Gift Book</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Elsie maintained it was a fake, just like all the others, but Frances insisted that it was genuine. In an interview given in the early 1980s Frances said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was a wet Saturday afternoon and we were just mooching about with our cameras and Elsie had nothing prepared. I saw these fairies building up in the grasses and just aimed the camera and took a photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Both Frances and Elsie claimed to have taken the fifth photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper on 9 April 1983, Geoffrey Crawley explained the discrepancy by suggesting that the photograph was "an unintended <a href="/wiki/Double_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Double exposure">double exposure</a> of fairy cutouts in the grass", and thus "both ladies can be quite sincere in believing that they each took it".<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In a 1985 interview on <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Television">Yorkshire Television</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke%27s_World_of_Strange_Powers" title="Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers">Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers</a></i>, Elsie said that she and Frances were too embarrassed to admit the truth after fooling Doyle, the author of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>: "Two village kids and a brilliant man like Conan Doyle – well, we could only keep quiet." In the same interview Frances said: "I never even thought of it as being a fraud – it was just Elsie and I having a bit of fun and I can't understand to this day why they were taken in – they wanted to be taken in."<sup id="cite_ref-World_of_Strange_Powers_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_of_Strange_Powers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_history">Subsequent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsequent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancesGriffithsandElsieWright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FrancesGriffithsandElsieWright.jpg/110px-FrancesGriffithsandElsieWright.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FrancesGriffithsandElsieWright.jpg/165px-FrancesGriffithsandElsieWright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/FrancesGriffithsandElsieWright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths, June 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Frances died in 1986, and Elsie in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006105-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prints of their photographs of the fairies, along with a few other items including a first edition of Doyle's book <i>The Coming of the Fairies</i>, were sold at auction in London for £21,620 in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Geoffrey Crawley sold his Cottingley Fairy material to the National Museum of Film, Photography and Television in Bradford (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a>), where it is on display. The collection included prints of the photographs, two of the cameras used by the girls, <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a> of fairies painted by Elsie, and a nine-page letter from Elsie admitting to the hoax.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass photographic plates were bought for £6,000 by an unnamed buyer at a London auction held in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frances's daughter, Christine Lynch, appeared in an episode of the television programme <i><a href="/wiki/Antiques_Roadshow" title="Antiques Roadshow">Antiques Roadshow</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> in January 2009, with the photographs and one of the cameras given to the girls by Doyle. Christine told the expert, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Atterbury" title="Paul Atterbury">Paul Atterbury</a>, that she believed, as her mother had done, that the fairies in the fifth photograph were genuine. Atterbury estimated the value of the items at between £25,000 and £30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition of Frances's memoirs was published a few months later, under the title <i>Reflections on the Cottingley Fairies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book contains correspondence, sometimes "bitter", between Elsie and Frances. In one letter, dated 1983, Frances wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I hated those photographs from the age of 16 when Mr Gardner presented me with a bunch of flowers and wanted me to sit on the platform [at a Theosophical Society meeting] with him. I realised what I was in for if I did not keep myself hidden.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 1997 films <i><a href="/wiki/FairyTale:_A_True_Story" title="FairyTale: A True Story">FairyTale: A True Story</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Photographing_Fairies" title="Photographing Fairies">Photographing Fairies</a></i> were inspired by the events surrounding the Cottingley Fairies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photographs were parodied in a 1994 book written by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Froud" title="Brian Froud">Brian Froud</a>, <i>Lady Cottington's Pressed Fairy Book</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsley2003174_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsley2003174-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/A._J._Elwood" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Elwood">A. J. Elwood</a>'s 2021 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cottingley_Cuckoo" title="The Cottingley Cuckoo">The Cottingley Cuckoo</a></i>, a series of letters were written soon after the Cottingley fairy photographs were published claiming further sightings of fairies and proof of their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 a further two fairy photographs were presented as evidence that the girls' parents were part of the conspiracy. Dating from 1917 and 1918, both photographs are poorly executed copies of two of the original fairy photographs. One was published in 1918 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sphere_(newspaper)" title="The Sphere (newspaper)">The Sphere</a></i> newspaper, which was before the originals had been seen by anyone outside the girls' immediate family.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a print of the first of the five photographs sold for £1,050. A print of the second was also put up for sale but failed to sell as it did not meet its £500 reserve price. The pictures previously belonged to the <a href="/wiki/George_Vale_Owen" title="George Vale Owen">Reverend George Vale Owen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, the third camera used to take the images was acquired by the National Science and Media Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697–98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697–98_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson (2006)</a>, pp. 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200697_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson (2006)</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrashad200842-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrashad200842_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrashad2008">Prashad (2008)</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrashad200840_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrashad2008">Prashad (2008)</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thisiscriminal.com/episode-229-a-glamour-and-a-mystery-7-28-2023/">"Episode 229: A Glamour and a Mystery (7.28.2023)"</a>. <i>Criminal</i>. 28 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criminal&rft.atitle=Episode+229%3A+A+Glamour+and+a+Mystery+%287.28.2023%29&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthisiscriminal.com%2Fepisode-229-a-glamour-and-a-mystery-7-28-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200698–99_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson (2006)</a>, pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997382-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997382_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997382_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997382_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith (1997)</a>, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson (2006)</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997389-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997389_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997389_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith (1997)</a>, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997401-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997401_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith (1997)</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawley-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley" class="citation web cs2">Crawley, Geoffrey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/643/561/106140179w16/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS119245961&dyn=29!xrn_2_0_CS119245961&hst_1?sw_aep=mclib">"More to Discover about Fairies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+to+Discover+about+Fairies&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F643%2F561%2F106140179w16%2Fpurl%3Drc1_TTDA_0_CS119245961%26dyn%3D29%21xrn_2_0_CS119245961%26hst_1%3Fsw_aep%3Dmclib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997383-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997383_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith (1997)</a>, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699–100-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson200699–100_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson (2006)</a>, pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997384-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997384_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith (1997)</a>, p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnusson2006101_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnusson2006">Magnusson (2006)</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1997385-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1997385_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1997">Smith (1997)</a>, p. 385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHester2018" class="citation web cs1">Hester, Jessica Leigh (28 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003175451/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cottingley-fairies-photographs-for-sale?ct=t(EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_10_2_2018)&mc_cid=d153f00e17&mc_eid=9f3ca0a886">"For Sale: Legendary Photographic 'Proof' of Fairies and Gnomes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Obscura" title="Atlas Obscura">Atlas Obscura</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+acquires+final+camera+in+the+Cottingley+Fairies+story&rft.pub=The+National+Science+and+Media+Museum&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fpress-office%2Fmuseum-acquires-final-camera-cottingley-fairies-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsley2003" class="citation cs2">Ansley, William H. (2003), "Little, Big Girl: The Influence of the Alice Books and Other Works of Lewis Carroll on John Crowley's Novel <i>Little Big, or The Fairies' Parliament</i>", in Turner, Alice K.; Andre-Druissi, Michael (eds.), <i>Snakes-Hands: The Fiction of John Crowley</i>, Cosmos Books, pp. 165–203, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59224-051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59224-051-7"><bdi>978-1-59224-051-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Little%2C+Big+Girl%3A+The+Influence+of+the+Alice+Books+and+Other+Works+of+Lewis+Carroll+on+John+Crowley%27s+Novel+Little+Big%2C+or+The+Fairies%27+Parliament&rft.btitle=Snakes-Hands%3A+The+Fiction+of+John+Crowley&rft.pages=165-203&rft.pub=Cosmos+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59224-051-7&rft.aulast=Ansley&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2006" class="citation cs2">Doyle, Arthur Conan (2006) [1922], <i>The Coming of the Fairies</i>, University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6655-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-6655-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Fairies&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6655-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Conan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2006" class="citation cs2">Magnusson, Magnus (2006), <i>Fakers, Forgers & Phoneys</i>, Mainstream Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84596-190-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84596-190-0"><bdi>1-84596-190-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fakers%2C+Forgers+%26+Phoneys&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84596-190-0&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashad2008" class="citation cs2">Prashad, Sukhadev (2008), <i>World Famous Supernatural Mysteries</i>, Pustak Mahal, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0559-3"><bdi>978-81-223-0559-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Famous+Supernatural+Mysteries&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-223-0559-3&rft.aulast=Prashad&rft.aufirst=Sukhadev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation cs2">Smith, Paul (1997), "The Cottingley Fairies: The End of a Legend", in Narváez, Peter (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLmoKKkxAX0C&pg=PA371"><i>The Good People: New Fairylore Essays</i></a>, The University Press of Kentucky, pp. 371–405, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0939-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0939-8"><bdi>978-0-8131-0939-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cottingley+Fairies%3A+The+End+of+a+Legend&rft.btitle=The+Good+People%3A+New+Fairylore+Essays&rft.pages=371-405&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-0939-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLmoKKkxAX0C%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bihet, Francesca (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/1167/">Sprites, spiritualists and sleuths: the intersecting ownership of transcendent proofs in the Cottingley Fairy Fraud</a>". In: Afterlife: 18th Postgraduate Religion and Theology Conference, 8–9 March 2013, University of Bristol. (Unpublished)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (9 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4805">"Skeptoid #805: The Cottingley Fairies: Analysis of a Famous Hoax: The true and weird history of the two girls who fooled the world with their fairy photographs in 1917"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23805%3A+The+Cottingley+Fairies%3A+Analysis+of+a+Famous+Hoax%3A+The+true+and+weird+history+of+the+two+girls+who+fooled+the+world+with+their+fairy+photographs+in+1917&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Griffiths, Frances Mary; Lynch, Christine (2009), <i>Reflections on the Cottingley Fairies</i>, JMJ Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899228-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899228-06-5"><bdi>978-1-899228-06-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Cottingley+Fairies&rft.pub=JMJ+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-899228-06-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Frances+Mary&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Homer, Michael W. and Massimo Introvigne, 'The Recoming of the Fairies', <i>Theosophical History</i> 6 (1996), 59–76.</li> <li>Inuma, Kaori “Fairies to Be Photographed!: Press Reactions in ‘Scrapbooks’ to the Cottingley Fairies,” <i>Correspondence: Hitotsubashi Journal of Arts and Literature</i> 4 (2019), 53–84.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Losure, Mary (2012), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fairyringorelsie0000losu"><i>The Fairy Ring or Elsie and Frances Fool the World</i></a></span>, Candlewick, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-5670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-5670-6"><bdi>978-0-7636-5670-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Ring+or+Elsie+and+Frances+Fool+the+World&rft.pub=Candlewick&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7636-5670-6&rft.aulast=Losure&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffairyringorelsie0000losu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maher, F. R., <i>Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Secret of the Cottingley Fairies</i> (NP, 2021), ISBN 1548818941.</li> <li>Owen, Alex ''Borderland Forms': Arthur Conan Doyle, Albion's Daughters, and the Politics of the Cottingley Fairies', <i>History Workshop</i> 38 (1994), 48–85.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson1973" class="citation cs2">Sanderson, S.F. (1973), "The Cottingley Fairy Photographs: A Re-Appraisal of the Evidence", <i>Folklore</i>, <b>84</b> (Summer): 89–103, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1973.9716501">10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716501</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Cottingley+Fairy+Photographs%3A+A+Re-Appraisal+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=Summer&rft.pages=89-103&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1973.9716501&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACottingley+Fairies" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 89–103, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0015-587X">0015-587X</a></li> <li>Sugg, Richard 'Cottingley Revisited', <i>Fairy Investigation Society Newsletter</i> 6 (2017), 19–25</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottingley_Fairies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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