CINXE.COM

Crystal Detectors - CERN Document Server

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!--[if IEMobile 7]><html class="iem7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 6]><html class="ie6 ie6-7 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 7)&(!IEMobile)]><html class="ie7 ie6-7 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="ie8 ie6-8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|(gt IEMobile 7)]><!--><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><!--<![endif]--> <head> <title>Crystal Detectors - CERN Document Server</title> <link href='https://framework.web.cern.ch/framework/2.0/fonts/PTSansWeb/PTSansWeb.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/css/cern_theme.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet"href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar.css" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar-ie.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio-ie7.css" /> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]> <style type="text/css">div.restrictedflag {filter:none;}</style> <![endif]--> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=el" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=fr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=bg" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=pt" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="no" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=no" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=hr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=ca" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=it" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=zh_CN" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=sv" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=sk" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=pl" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=ru" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ka" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=ka" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=ja" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738?ln=es" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CERN Document Server RSS" href="/rss?ln=en" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cds.cern.ch/opensearchdescription" title="CERN Document Server" /> <link rel="unapi-server" type="application/xml" title="unAPI" href="https://cds.cern.ch/unapi" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" /> <meta name="description" content="The crystals used in CMS’s electromagnetic calorimeter may look like simple bricks of glass, but they are in fact mostly metal and are heavier than steel! Lead tungstate crystal with a touch of oxygen in this crystalline form is highly transparent and scintillates when electrons and photons pass through it. This means it produces light in proportion to the particle’s energy. CMS contains nearly 80’000 such crystals, each of which took two days to grow. This technology developed at CERN has applications in medical imaging, for example improving cancer diagnosis. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). " /> <meta name="keywords" content="LHC, DE" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script> <!-- WebNews CSS library --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" /> <!-- WebNews JS library --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script> <!-- GoogleScholar --> <meta content="Crystal Detectors" name="citation_title" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/02/08"> <meta content="CERN-OBJ-DE-124" name="citation_technical_report_number" /> <!-- OpenGraph --> <meta content="Crystal Detectors" property="og:title" /> <meta content="Les détecteurs à cristaux" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738" property="og:url" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg?subformat=icon-180" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg?subformat=icon-180" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="The crystals used in CMS’s electromagnetic calorimeter may look like simple bricks of glass, but they are in fact mostly metal and are heavier than steel! Lead tungstate crystal with a touch of oxygen in this crystalline form is highly transparent and scintillates when electrons and photons pass through it. This means it produces light in proportion to the particle’s energy. CMS contains nearly 80’000 such crystals, each of which took two days to grow. This technology developed at CERN has applications in medical imaging, for example improving cancer diagnosis. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)." property="og:description" /> <meta content="Les cristaux utilisés dans le calorimètre électromagnétique du CMS ressemblent à de simples briques de verre. Ils sont en fait surtout composés de métal et sont plus lourds que l'acier ! Le cristal de tungstate de plomb, qui contient un soupçon d'oxygène, est très transparent et scintille lorsque des électrons et des photons le traversent. La lumière qu'il produit est proportionnelle à l'énergie de la particule. CMS contient près de 80 000 cristaux de tungstate de plomb. Deux jours ont été nécessaires pour produire chacun d'entre eux. Développée au CERN, cette technologie est utilisée en imagerie médicale pour améliorer le dépistage du cancer par exemple. " property="og:description" /> <!-- Twitter Card --> <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="en"> <!-- toolbar starts --> <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=en&amp;referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2888738%3Fln%3Den" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- toolbar ends --> <!-- Nav header starts--> <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup><!-- /#name-and-slogan --> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=en">Your alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=en">Your baskets</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=en">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=en">Your searches</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Nav header ends--> <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=en" class="navtrail">Home</a> &gt; Crystal Detectors </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2888738/?ln=en">Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2888738/files?ln=en">Files </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px">&nbsp;</div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside"> <!--<div style="height:0.1em;">&nbsp;</div> <p class="notopgap">&nbsp;</p>--> <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2888738"></abbr> <!-- 1 ) Reference to the file containing the javascript. This file must be located on your server. --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/highslide/highslide.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/unveil/jquery.unveil.js"></script> <!-- 2) Optionally override the settings defined at the top of the highslide.js file. The parameter hs.graphicsDir is important! --> <script type="text/javascript"> // remove the registerOverlay call to disable the controlbar hs.registerOverlay( { thumbnailId: null, overlayId: 'controlbar', position: 'top right', hideOnMouseOut: true } ); hs.graphicsDir = 'https://cds.cern.ch/highslide/graphics/'; hs.outlineType = 'rounded-white'; hs.zIndexCounter = 10001; // Tell Highslide to use the thumbnail's title for captions hs.creditsText = '© CERN'; hs.creditsHref = 'http://cern.ch/cern-copyright'; hs.creditsTitle = 'The use of photos requires prior authorization from CERN'; $(document).ready(function() { $(".lazy").unveil(); }); </script> <!-- 3) These CSS-styles are necessary for the script to work. You may also put them in an external CSS-file. See the webpage for documentation. --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/highslide/highslide.css" type="text/css" /> <style type="text/css"> <!-- ul.detailedrecordtabs li.on a{background-color:#4D94CC;color:#fff !important;border-bottom:1px solid #4D94CC!important;} div.detailedrecordboxcontent {padding-top:0px !important;} --> </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth"> <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" colspan="2"> <a style="color:#fff;text-decoration:none;" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?c=Exhibition+Objects">Exhibition Objects</a> </td> </tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Report number </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">CERN-OBJ-DE-124</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Detectors and experimental techniques</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel" width="120px"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Crystal Detectors</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Description </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">The crystals used in CMS’s electromagnetic calorimeter may look like simple bricks of glass, but they are in fact mostly metal and are heavier than steel! Lead tungstate crystal with a touch of oxygen in this crystalline form is highly transparent and scintillates when electrons and photons pass through it. This means it produces light in proportion to the particle’s energy. CMS contains nearly 80’000 such crystals, each of which took two days to grow. This technology developed at CERN has applications in medical imaging, for example improving cancer diagnosis. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Description (French) </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Les cristaux utilisés dans le calorimètre électromagnétique du CMS ressemblent à de simples briques de verre. Ils sont en fait surtout composés de métal et sont plus lourds que l'acier ! Le cristal de tungstate de plomb, qui contient un soupçon d'oxygène, est très transparent et scintille lorsque des électrons et des photons le traversent. La lumière qu'il produit est proportionnelle à l'énergie de la particule. CMS contient près de 80 000 cristaux de tungstate de plomb. Deux jours ont été nécessaires pour produire chacun d'entre eux. Développée au CERN, cette technologie est utilisée en imagerie médicale pour améliorer le dépistage du cancer par exemple. </td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Keywords </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=keyword&p=LHC&amp;ln=en">LHC</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=keyword&p=DE&amp;ln=en">DE</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="formatRecordLabel"> Physical characteristics </td> <td style="padding-left:5px;"> </td> </tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Availability </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Available</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Access </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Public</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Past loans </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">The Globe of Science and Innovation - CERN</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> File(s) </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><div style="clear:both"><center><small><strong>&copy; CERN</strong></small></center><center><small><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/high-res-multimedia?ln=en">Accessing copyrighted material</a></small></center><br /><div style="text-align:center">Total images: 1</div> <div style="text-align:center;margin:10px"> <div style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> <a id="thumb1" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal%20detectors.gif?subformat=icon" class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this)"> <img src='/img/file-icon-image-96x128.png' data-src="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal%20detectors.gif?subformat=icon" style="max-height:490px; max-width:640px;" alt="" title="CERN-OBJ-DE-124-1" class="lazy"/> </a> <div class="highslide-caption"> <b>CERN-OBJ-DE-124-1</b> &nbsp;-&nbsp; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" data-size="GIF;ICON">GIF;ICON</a>, <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg" data-size="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg?subformat=icon-180" data-size="JPEG;ICON-180">JPEG;ICON-180</a> <br/> </div> <br/> <div class="image-download-links" style="color:#888;font-size:x-small;display:block;clear:both">CERN-OBJ-DE-124-1 <br/><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.gif?subformat=icon" style="color:#888;font-size:x-small" data-size="GIF;ICON">GIF;ICON</a>, <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg" style="color:#888;font-size:x-small" data-size="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg?subformat=icon-180" style="color:#888;font-size:x-small" data-size="JPEG;ICON-180">JPEG;ICON-180</a><br/><span style="color: #444;font-size:small"></span></div></div> </div><script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function() { if (location.hash != ''){ var pic = document.getElementById('thumb'+location.hash.substring(1)); if (pic != null){ hs.expand(pic) } } } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function toggle_images_visibility(){ var more = document.getElementById('more'); var link = document.getElementById('link'); more.innerHTML = more.innerHTML.substring(4, more.innerHTML.length - 3); link.style.display='none'; hs.updateAnchors(); } </script> <div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div></div><div style="clear:both">&nbsp;</div></td></tr> </table> <p style="font-size:small"> Many objects of this database may be borrowed: see the <a href="https://visit.cern/exhibitions-object-loans">loan conditions</a>. </p> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Back to search</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px">&nbsp;Record created 2024-02-08, last modified 2024-02-08</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=en&amp;p=recid%3A2888738&amp;rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Similar records</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">Fulltext:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2888738/files/Crystal detectors.jpeg"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Download fulltext" /><br />JPEG</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=en&amp;recid=2888738">Add to personal basket</a></li> <li>Export as <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/hx?ln=en">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/hm?ln=en">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/xm?ln=en">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/xd?ln=en">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/xe?ln=en">EndNote</a>, <!-- <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/xe8x?ln=en">EndNote (8-X)</a>,--> <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/xn?ln=en">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2888738/export/xw?ln=en">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'> <!-- JQuery Bookmark Button BEGIN --> <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2888738/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2888738', addEmail: true, title: "Crystal Detectors", description: "The crystals used in CMS\u2019s electromagnetic calorimeter may look like simple bricks of glass, but they are in fact mostly metal and are heavier than steel! Lead tungstate crystal with a touch of oxygen in this crystalline form is highly transparent and scintillates when electrons and photons pass through it. This means it produces light in proportion to the particle\u2019s energy. CMS contains nearly 80\u2019000 such crystals, each of which took two days to grow. This technology developed at CERN has applications in medical imaging, for example improving cancer diagnosis. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)." }); // ]]> </script> <!-- JQuery Bookmark Button END --> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix"> <!-- replaced page footer --> <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a>&nbsp;::&nbsp;<a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Powered by <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Maintained by <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? Contact <a href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Support</a>. <br /> </div> <div class="pagefooterstriperight"> <div class="cern-logo"> <a id="logo" href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN" rel="CERN" ><img src="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/img/cern-logo-large.png" alt="CERN" /></a> </div> <div class="cern-languagebox"> This site is also available in the following languages:<br /><a href="/record/2888738?ln=bg" class="langinfo">Български</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=ca" class="langinfo">Català</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=de" class="langinfo">Deutsch</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=el" class="langinfo">Ελληνικά</a> &nbsp;<span class="langinfo">English</span> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=es" class="langinfo">Español</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=fr" class="langinfo">Français</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=hr" class="langinfo">Hrvatski</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=it" class="langinfo">Italiano</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=ja" class="langinfo">日本語</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=ka" class="langinfo">ქართული</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=no" class="langinfo">Norsk/Bokmål</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=pl" class="langinfo">Polski</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=pt" class="langinfo">Português</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=ru" class="langinfo">Русский</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=sk" class="langinfo">Slovensky</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=sv" class="langinfo">Svenska</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=zh_CN" class="langinfo">中文(简)</a> &nbsp;<a href="/record/2888738?ln=zh_TW" class="langinfo">中文(繁)</a> </div> </div> <!-- replaced page footer --> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var SyndeticsBookCovers = (function() { var SMALL_SIZE = "sc.gif", MEDIUM_SIZE = "mc.gif", RAW_URL = "https://secure.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=THEISBN/THESIZE&client=cernlibrary"; replaceCover = function(imgElement, isbns, hdFormat) { var img = new Image(), size = hdFormat ? MEDIUM_SIZE : SMALL_SIZE; var _isbns = isbns.sort(function(a, b) { // sort from shortest to longest ISBN (more modern) return a.length > b.length ? 1 : -1; }); function next() { var isbn = _isbns.pop(); if (isbn) { var url = RAW_URL.replace("THEISBN", isbn).replace("THESIZE", size); img.src = url; } } function done() { imgElement.src = img.src; } img.onload = function() { if (this.width > 1) { done(); } else { next(); } }; next(); }; return { replaceCover: replaceCover }; })(); $(document).ready(function() { // get book covers $("img.book-cover").each(function() { var $this = $(this), strIsbns = $this.data("isbns") || "", isbnsArray = String(strIsbns).split(","), hdFormat = $this.hasClass("hd"); SyndeticsBookCovers.replaceCover(this, isbnsArray, hdFormat); }); // WebNews tooltips $.ajax({ url: "/news/tooltips", success: function(data) { create_tooltips(data); }, dataType: "json", cache: false }); }); </script> <!-- Feedback script --> <script src="//cds.cern.ch/js/feedback.js"></script> <!-- Feedback script --> <!-- Matomo --> <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '756']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <!-- End Matomo Code --> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10