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<li id="toc-Aghlabid_period:_870–1091" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aghlabid_period:_870–1091"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aghlabid period: 870–1091</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aghlabid_period:_870–1091-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_period:_1091–1224" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_period:_1091–1224"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Norman period: 1091–1224</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_period:_1091–1224-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anjou_and_Aragonese_period:_1225–1529" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anjou_and_Aragonese_period:_1225–1529"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Anjou and Aragonese period: 1225–1529</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anjou_and_Aragonese_period:_1225–1529-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knights_of_St._John:_1530–1798" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knights_of_St._John:_1530–1798"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Knights of St. John: 1530–1798</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knights_of_St._John:_1530–1798-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_period:_1800-1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_period:_1800-1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>British period: 1800-1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_period:_1800-1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Independent Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Malta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="الإسلام في مالطا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في مالطا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltada_islam" title="Maltada islam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maltada islam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="মাল্টায় ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাল্টায় ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_%C3%A0_Malte" title="Islam à Malte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam à Malte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Malta" title="Islam di Malta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Malta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslam_%C3%A1_M%C3%B6ltu" title="Íslam á Möltu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslam á Möltu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Malta" title="Islam di Malta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Malta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99" title="マルタのイスラム教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルタのイスラム教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ислам на Мальте – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам на Мальте" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ислам на Малти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ислам на Малти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Мальтада ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мальтада ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%27da_%C4%B0slam" title="Malta'da İslam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malta'da İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/280px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/420px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg/560px-Islam_in_Europe-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.35em"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></b></span><br />by percentage of country population<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <table style="margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border:none;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002400; color:white;"> </span> 95–100%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#053905; color:white;"> </span> 90–95%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3c873c; color:black;"> </span> 50–55%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#56ad56; color:black;"> </span> 30–35%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87c387; color:black;"> </span> 10–20%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0cfa0; color:black;"> </span> 5–10%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein"> Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b8dbb8; color:black;"> </span> 4–5%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0e7d0; color:black;"> </span> 2–4%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8f3e8; color:black;"> </span> 1–2%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> < 1%</div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;padding-top:0.35em;padding-right:1.0em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.25em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246112391">.mw-parser-output .sb-ibc img{background-color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image sb-ibc"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">World percentage of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> by country</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Angola" title="Islam in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burundi" title="Islam in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cameroon" title="Islam in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cape_Verde" title="Islam in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Islam in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chad" title="Islam in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Comoros" title="Islam in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti" title="Islam in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Islam in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Eswatini" title="Islam in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gabon" title="Islam in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Gambia" title="Islam in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ghana" title="Islam in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea" title="Islam in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Islam in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lesotho" title="Islam in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liberia" title="Islam in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Madagascar" title="Islam in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malawi" title="Islam in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritius" title="Islam in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mayotte" title="Islam in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Western_Sahara" title="Islam in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mozambique" title="Islam in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Islam in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Islam in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Seychelles" title="Islam in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan" title="Islam in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tanzania" title="Islam in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda" title="Islam in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zimbabwe" title="Islam in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Americas" title="Islam in the Americas">Americas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Islam in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belize" title="Islam in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bolivia" title="Islam in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Chile" title="Islam in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Colombia" title="Islam in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Costa_Rica" title="Islam in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cuba" title="Islam in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Dominica" title="Islam in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_El_Salvador" title="Islam in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_French_Guiana" title="Islam in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Grenada" title="Islam in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guyana" title="Islam in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Honduras" title="Islam in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nicaragua" title="Islam in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Panama" title="Islam in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Paraguay" title="Islam in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Peru" title="Islam in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Islam in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Suriname" title="Islam in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay" title="Islam in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Venezuela" title="Islam in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tatarstan" title="Islam in Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oceania" title="Islam in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Islam in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Caledonia" title="Islam in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Islam in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palau" title="Islam in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Islam in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Samoa" title="Islam in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Islam in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tuvalu" title="Islam in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_by_country" title="Template talk:Islam by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Military_Cemetery,_Malta_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Turkish_Military_Cemetery%2C_Malta_26.jpg/330px-Turkish_Military_Cemetery%2C_Malta_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Turkish_Military_Cemetery%2C_Malta_26.jpg/495px-Turkish_Military_Cemetery%2C_Malta_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Turkish_Military_Cemetery%2C_Malta_26.jpg/660px-Turkish_Military_Cemetery%2C_Malta_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Cemetery" title="Turkish Military Cemetery">Turkish Military Cemetery</a> (<i>Ottoman</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Marsa,_Malta" title="Marsa, Malta">Marsa, Malta</a>, built in 1874 on <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">neo-moorish</a> plans by Maltese architect <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Luigi_Galizia" title="Emanuele Luigi Galizia">Emanuele Luigi Galizia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: الإسلام في مالطا) has had a historically profound influence upon the country—especially its language and agriculture—as a consequence of several centuries of control and presence on the islands. Today, the main Muslim organization represented in Malta is the Libyan <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Islamic_Call_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Islamic Call Society (page does not exist)">World Islamic Call Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2021 census found that the Muslim population in Malta grew from 6,000 in 2010 to 17,454 in 2021, mainly non-citizens, totalling 3.9% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these a small amount, 1,746, are <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese citizens</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to Muslim rule, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> had been prominent in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> during the time of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Greek-Byzantine</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thesis of a Christian continuity in Malta during Arab rule, despite being popular, is historically unfounded.<sup id="cite_ref-wettinger2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettinger2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aghlabid_period:_870–1091"><span id="Aghlabid_period:_870.E2.80.931091"></span>Aghlabid period: 870–1091</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aghlabid period: 870–1091"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg/220px-Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg/330px-Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg/440px-Muxrabija_in_Qrendi_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Wooden <a href="/wiki/Muxrabija" title="Muxrabija">muxrabija</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qrendi" title="Qrendi">Qrendi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is believed to have been introduced to Malta when the North African <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, first led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halaf_al-Hadim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halaf al-Hadim (page does not exist)">Halaf al-Hadim</a> and later by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawada_ibn_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawada ibn Muhammad (page does not exist)">Sawada ibn Muhammad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Travel_Malta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travel_Malta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conquered the islands from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, after arriving from Sicily in 870<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has also been argued that the islands were occupied by Muslims earlier in the 9th, and possibly 8th, century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aghlabids established their capital in <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Roman fortification, later to become <a href="/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St Angelo">Fort St Angelo</a>, was also extended.<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Arab chronicler and geographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Abd_al-Munim_al-Himyari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad bin Abd al-Munim al-Himyari (page does not exist)">al-Ḥimyarī</a> (author of <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawḍ al-Miṭar</a>), following the Muslim attack and conquest, Malta was practically uninhabited until it was colonised by Muslims from Sicily in 1048–1049, or possibly several decades earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Travel_Malta_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travel_Malta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As recognised by the acclaimed Maltese historian <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Wettinger" title="Godfrey Wettinger">Godfrey Wettinger</a>, the Arab conquest broke any continuity with previous population of the island. This is also consistent with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brincat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Brincat (page does not exist)">Joseph Brincat</a>’s linguistic finding of no further sub-stratas beyond Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>, a very rare occurrence which may only be explained by a drastic lapse between one period and the following.<sup id="cite_ref-wettinger2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettinger2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strongest legacy of Islam in Malta is the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is very close to <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian arabic</a>. and most place names (other than the names Malta and <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, as are most surnames, e.g. Borg, <a href="/wiki/Cassar" title="Cassar">Cassar</a>, Chetcuti, <a href="/wiki/Farrugia" title="Farrugia">Farrugia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenech" title="Fenech">Fenech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micallef" title="Micallef">Micallef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mifsud" title="Mifsud">Mifsud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zammit" title="Zammit">Zammit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that this survival of the Maltese language, as opposed to the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> in Sicily, is probably due to the eventual large-scale conversions to Christianity of the proportionally large Maltese Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslims also introduced innovative and skillful irrigation techniques such as the water-wheel known as the <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">Noria</a> or Sienja,<sup id="cite_ref-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which made Malta more fertile.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also introduced sweet pastries and spices and new crops, including citrus, figs, almond,<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the cultivation of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton plant">cotton plant</a>, which would become the mainstay of the Maltese economy for several centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the latter stages of the rule of the Knights of St. John.<sup id="cite_ref-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinctive landscape of <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced</a> fields is also the result of introduced ancient Arab methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maltese Catholicism remained influenced by the Muslim presence and background,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including for the words for God (<i>Alla</i>) and Lent (<i>Randan</i>). </p><p>Elements of Islamic architecture also remain in the vernacular Maltese style, including the <a href="/wiki/Muxrabija" title="Muxrabija">muxrabija</a>, wooden oriel windows similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">mashrabiya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_period:_1091–1224"><span id="Norman_period:_1091.E2.80.931224"></span>Norman period: 1091–1224</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Norman period: 1091–1224"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone,_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Victoria,_Gozo_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg/220px-Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg/330px-Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg/440px-Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>Gozo's <a href="/wiki/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone" title="Maymūnah Stone">Maymūnah Stone</a>, from 1174</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/220px-Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/330px-Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/440px-Malta_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Map of Malta by <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> (1467-1554), <i>Kitab-ı Bahriye</i> (Book of Navigation)</figcaption></figure> <p>Malta returned to Christian rule with the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest</a> in 1127.<sup id="cite_ref-wettinger2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettinger2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, with <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> on the southern tip of Sicily, the last Arab stronghold in the region to be retaken by the resurgent Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab administration was initially kept in place<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Muslims were allowed to practise their religion freely until the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Normans allowed an emir to remain in power with the understanding that he would pay an annual tribute to them in mules, horses, and munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this favourable environment, Muslims continued to demographically and economically dominate Malta for at least another 150 years after the Christian conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1122 Malta experienced a Muslim uprising and in 1127 <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> reconquered the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in 1175, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burchard,_bishop_of_Strasbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burchard, bishop of Strasbourg (page does not exist)">Burchard, bishop of Strasbourg</a>, an envoy of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, had the impression, based upon his brief visit to Malta, that it was exclusively or mainly inhabited by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1224, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, sent an expedition against Malta to establish royal control and prevent its Muslim population from helping a Muslim rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of the Normans lead to the gradual <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (historical)">Latinization</a> and subsequent firm establishment of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> in Malta, after previous respective <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and Islamic domination.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anjou_and_Aragonese_period:_1225–1529"><span id="Anjou_and_Aragonese_period:_1225.E2.80.931529"></span>Anjou and Aragonese period: 1225–1529</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anjou and Aragonese period: 1225–1529"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a report in 1240 or 1241 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gililberto_Abbate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gililberto Abbate (page does not exist)">Gililberto Abbate</a>, who was the royal governor of Frederick II of Sicily during the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Malta#Genoese_Period" title="Count of Malta">Genoese Period</a> of the County of Malta,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_R._Zammit_389-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that year the islands of Malta and Gozo had 836 Muslim families, 1250 Christian families and 33 Jewish families.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1266, Malta was turned over in <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles of Anjou</a>, brother of France’s King Louis IX, who retained it in ownership until 1283. Eventually, during Charles's rule religious coexistence became precarious in Malta, since he had a genuine intolerance of religions other than Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Malta's links with Africa would remain strong until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Spanish rule</a> in 1283.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Goodwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Goodwin (page does not exist)">Stefan Goodwin</a>, by the end of the 15th century all Maltese Muslims would be forced to convert to Christianity and had to find ways to disguise their previous identities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Godfrey Wettinger, who specialized in Malta's medieval history, writes that the medieval Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406) puts the expulsion of Islam from Malta to the year 1249. Wettinger goes on to say that "there is no doubt that by the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> times [i.e. shortly after 1249] no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knights_of_St._John:_1530–1798"><span id="Knights_of_St._John:_1530.E2.80.931798"></span>Knights of St. John: 1530–1798</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Knights of St. John: 1530–1798"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadi_van_de_Turkse_slaven_op_Malta_Cadi_des_Esclaves_Turcs_%C3%A0_Malte_(titel_op_object)_Voyage_en_Italie,_en_Sicile_et_%C3%A0_Malte_-_1778_(serietitel),_RP-T-00-494-6B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kadi_van_de_Turkse_slaven_op_Malta_Cadi_des_Esclaves_Turcs_%C3%A0_Malte_%28titel_op_object%29_Voyage_en_Italie%2C_en_Sicile_et_%C3%A0_Malte_-_1778_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-T-00-494-6B.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kadi_van_de_Turkse_slaven_op_Malta_Cadi_des_Esclaves_Turcs_%C3%A0_Malte_%28titel_op_object%29_Voyage_en_Italie%2C_en_Sicile_et_%C3%A0_Malte_-_1778_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-T-00-494-6B.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kadi_van_de_Turkse_slaven_op_Malta_Cadi_des_Esclaves_Turcs_%C3%A0_Malte_%28titel_op_object%29_Voyage_en_Italie%2C_en_Sicile_et_%C3%A0_Malte_-_1778_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-T-00-494-6B.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a Turkish slave <i>kadi</i> in Malta by <a href="/wiki/Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe_Ducros" title="Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros">Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros</a>, 1778</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill,_Marsa,_Malta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill%2C_Marsa%2C_Malta.jpeg/220px-Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill%2C_Marsa%2C_Malta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill%2C_Marsa%2C_Malta.jpeg/330px-Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill%2C_Marsa%2C_Malta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill%2C_Marsa%2C_Malta.jpeg/440px-Turkish_Cemetery_at_Spencer_Hill%2C_Marsa%2C_Malta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>1675-1865 Turkish Cemetery at Spencer Hill (<i>Via della Croce</i>), Marsa/Hamrun</figcaption></figure> <p>During the period of rule under the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, thousands of Muslim slaves, captured as a result of maritime raids,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_R._Zammit_389-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were taken to Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-18th century, there were around 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were given a substantial amount of freedom, being allowed to gather for prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were laws preventing them from interacting with the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese people</a>, these were not regularly enforced. Some slaves also worked as merchants, and at times were allowed to sell their wares in the streets and squares of <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mosque was built in 1702 during the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Order of St John</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy of the Slaves">Turkish slaves</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the <a href="/wiki/Slaves%27_Prison" title="Slaves' Prison">Slaves' Prison</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which neither ruins nor description of its architecture now remain. </p><p>After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy of the Slaves">Conspiracy of the Slaves</a> (1749), laws restricting the movement of slaves were made stricter. They could not go outside the city limits, and were not to approach any fortifications. They were not allowed to gather anywhere except from their mosque, and were to sleep only in the slave prisons. Moreover, they could not carry any weapons or keys of government buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-stbenedict_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stbenedict-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a deliberate and ultimately successful campaign, using disinformation and often led by the Roman Catholic clergy, to de-emphasize Malta's historic links with Africa and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distorted history "determined the course of Maltese historiography till the second half of the twentieth century",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it created the rampant <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> which has been a traditional feature of Malta, like other <a href="/wiki/Southern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern European">southern European</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">A number of Muslim cemeteries have been located in various locations around <a href="/wiki/Marsa,_Malta" title="Marsa, Malta">Marsa</a> since the 16th century.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A cemetery in <i>il-Menqa</i> contained the graves of Ottoman soldiers killed in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> of 1565 as well as Muslim <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">slaves</a> who died in Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cemetery was replaced in 1675 by another one near Spencer Hill (<i>Via della Croce</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Floriana_Lines" title="Floriana Lines">Floriana Lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times2012-02-11_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times2012-02-11-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human remains believed to originate from one of these cemeteries were discovered during road works in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-times2012-02-11_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times2012-02-11-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of a cemetery, together with the foundations of a mosque, and an even more earlier Roman period remains are located at Triq Dicembru 13, Marsa.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_period:_1800-1964">British period: 1800-1964</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British period: 1800-1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Cemetery" title="Turkish Military Cemetery">Turkish Military Cemetery</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E.L.Galizia,_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg/150px-E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg/225px-E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg/300px-E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E.L.Galizia,_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg/150px-E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg/225px-E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg/300px-E.L.Galizia%2C_Progetto_di_una_Moschea_-_Cimitero_Musulmano_di_Malta_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1826" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1884 Project for a mosque at the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Cemetery" title="Turkish Military Cemetery">Turkish Military Cemetery</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Luigi_Galizia" title="Emanuele Luigi Galizia">Emanuele Luigi Galizia</a> (never built)</div></div></div></div> <p>The 17th-century cemetery at Spencer Hill had to be relocated in 1865 to make way for planned road works,<sup id="cite_ref-hughes-thake_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-thake-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one tombstone dating to 1817 being conserved at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Malta" title="National Museum of Archaeology, Malta">National Museum of Archaeology</a> in Valletta.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new cemetery was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a>, and it was constructed between 1873 and 1874<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <i>Ta' Sammat</i> in Marsa, as decided in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-hughes-thake_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-thake-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction took over six months to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed by the Maltese architect <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Luigi_Galizia" title="Emanuele Luigi Galizia">Emanuele Luigi Galizia</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival architecture</a>. The design for the project was unique in Maltese architecture at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galizia was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a> by the Ottoman sultan for designing the Turkish cemetery,<sup id="cite_ref-hughes-thake_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughes-thake-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus was made a Knight of that order.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 19th century the cemetery became a landmark by its own due to its picturesque architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the absence of a mosque at the time, the cemetery was generally used for Friday prayers until the construction of <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Al-Batool_Mosque" title="Mariam Al-Batool Mosque">a mosque in Paola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yearbook_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small mosque at the cemetery was intended to be used for prayers during an occasional burial ceremony,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the building and the courtyard of the cemetery became frequently used as the only public prayer site for Muslims until the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-yearbook_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A properly sized mosque was designed by Architect Galizia but the project was abandoned. The plans are available in Turkish archives in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> which hold the words “Progetto di una moschea – Cimitero Musulmano“ (Project for a mosque – Muslim Cemetery). A possible reason for shelving the project was the economic situation and political decline of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place became too small eventually for the growing Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Malta">Independent Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independent Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Libya–Malta relations">Libya–Malta relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg/220px-Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg/330px-Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg/440px-Malta_-_Paola_-_Triq_Kordin_-_Mosque_07_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mariam_Al-Batool_Mosque" title="Mariam Al-Batool Mosque">Mariam Al-Batool Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paola,_Malta" title="Paola, Malta">Paola</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In modern times, Malta's unique culture has enabled it to serve as Europe's "bridge" to the Arab cultures and economies of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (February 2020)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1964, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> became an important ally of socialist Maltese leader <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a>. History books were published that began to spread the idea of a disconnection between the Italian and Catholic populations, and instead tried to promote the theory of closer cultural and ethnic ties with North Africa. This new development was noted by Boissevain in 1991: </p> <blockquote> <p>...the Labour government broke off relations with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Malta and Libya also entered into a <i>Friendship and Cooperation Treaty</i>, in response to repeated overtures by <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> for a closer, more formal union between the two countries; and, for a brief period, Arabic had become a compulsory subject in Maltese secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Al-Batool_Mosque" title="Mariam Al-Batool Mosque">Islamic Centre of Paola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in 1978 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Islamic_Call_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Islamic Call Society (page does not exist)">World Islamic Call Society</a>, together with a Muslim school called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maryam_al-Batool_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maryam al-Batool school (page does not exist)">Maryam al-Batool school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984 the <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Al-Batool_Mosque" title="Mariam Al-Batool Mosque">Mariam Al-Batool Mosque</a> was officially opened by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in Malta, two years after its completion. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Farrugia_Borg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Farrugia Borg (page does not exist)">Mario Farrugia Borg</a>, later part of the personal office of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Muscat" title="Joseph Muscat">Joseph Muscat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first Maltese public officer to take an oath on the Koran when co-opted into the <a href="/wiki/Qormi" title="Qormi">Qormi</a> local council in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, of the estimated 3,000 Muslims in Malta, approximately 2,250 were foreigners, approximately 600 were naturalised citizens, and approximately 150 were native-born Maltese.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2017)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008, a second translation of Qur’an into Maltese by professor Martin Zammit was published. By 2010, there were approximately 6,000 Muslims in Malta—most of whom are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2021 Census in Malta found that the Muslim population grew from 6,000 in 2010 to 17,454 in 2021, mainly foreigners, totalling 3.9% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, a small amount, 1,746, are Maltese citizens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">History of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1429)" title="Siege of Malta (1429)">Siege of Malta (1429)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone" title="Maymūnah Stone">Maymūnah Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Cemetery" title="Turkish Military Cemetery">Turkish Military Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Religion in Malta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Statistics Office (NSO) of Malta has never conducted a census that records the numbers of Muslims in Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_R._Zammit_389-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/vxIaV">"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center"</a>. 2024-07-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/">the original</a> on 2024-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Population+Growth+in+Europe+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2Feuropes-growing-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_S._NielsenSamim_AkgönülAhmet_AlibasiEgdunas_Racius2012" class="citation book cs1">Jørgen S. Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasi; Egdunas Racius (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwzsW6k6pzAC&pg=PA390"><i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe</i></a>. Vol. 4. BRILL. pp. 390–391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22521-3"><bdi>978-90-04-22521-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe&rft.pages=390-391&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22521-3&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+S.+Nielsen&rft.au=Samim+Akg%C3%B6n%C3%BCl&rft.au=Ahmet+Alibasi&rft.au=Egdunas+Racius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwzsW6k6pzAC%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/121338/census_2021_maltese_citizens_overwhelmingly_identify_as_roman_catholics">"Census 2021: Maltese citizens overwhelmingly identify as Roman Catholics"</a>. <i>MaltaToday.com.mt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MaltaToday.com.mt&rft.atitle=Census+2021%3A+Maltese+citizens+overwhelmingly+identify+as+Roman+Catholics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maltatoday.com.mt%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F121338%2Fcensus_2021_maltese_citizens_overwhelmingly_identify_as_roman_catholics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Setton, "The Byzantine Background to the Italian Renaissance" in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 100:1 (Feb. 24, 1956), pp. 1–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1990" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ismlstheirhistor0000daft"><i>The Ismāʻı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37019-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37019-1"><bdi>0-521-37019-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-37019-1&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fismlstheirhistor0000daft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettinger2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wettinger2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettinger2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettinger2010_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godfrey Wettinger,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/malta-in-the-high-middle-ages/">Malta in the High Middle Ages</a>, Speech at the Ambassadors’ Hall, Auberge de Castille, on 7 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travel_Malta-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Travel_Malta_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Travel_Malta_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Travel Malta</i>. The Arab period and the Middle Ages: MobileReference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61198-279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61198-279-4"><bdi>978-1-61198-279-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travel+Malta&rft.place=The+Arab+period+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=MobileReference&rft.isbn=978-1-61198-279-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_W._TrollC.T.R._Hewer2012" class="citation book cs1">Christian W. Troll; C.T.R. Hewer (12 Sep 2012). "Journeying toward God". <i>Christian Lives Given to the Study of Islam</i>. Fordham Univ Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-4319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-4319-8"><bdi>978-0-8232-4319-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journeying+toward+God&rft.btitle=Christian+Lives+Given+to+the+Study+of+Islam&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-4319-8&rft.au=Christian+W.+Troll&rft.au=C.T.R.+Hewer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Tschanz2011" class="citation web cs1">David W. Tschanz (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1190888">"Malta and the Arabs"</a>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malta+and+the+Arabs&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2011-10&rft.au=David+W.+Tschanz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1190888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartijn_Theodoor_Houtsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Martijn Theodoor Houtsma (1993). <i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i> (reprint (volume 5) ed.). BRILL. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097919" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097919"><bdi>9789004097919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=213&rft.edition=reprint+%28volume+5%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789004097919&rft.au=Martijn+Theodoor+Houtsma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Gaul2007" class="citation book cs1">Simon Gaul (2007). <i>Malta, Gozo and Comino</i> (illustrated ed.). New Holland Publishers. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86011-365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86011-365-9"><bdi>978-1-86011-365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Gozo+and+Comino&rft.pages=236&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86011-365-9&rft.au=Simon+Gaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arab_Legacy_–_Arab_Rule_in_Malta_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423092031/https://www.visitmalta.com/en/under-the-arabs">"Arab Legacy – Arab Rule in Malta"</a>. <i>Malta Tourism Authority</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmalta.com/en/under-the-arabs">the original</a> on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malta+Tourism+Authority&rft.atitle=Arab+Legacy+%E2%80%93+Arab+Rule+in+Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitmalta.com%2Fen%2Funder-the-arabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_W._Troll,_C.T.R._Hewer_259_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_W._TrollC.T.R._Hewer2012" class="citation book cs1">Christian W. Troll; C.T.R. Hewer (12 Sep 2012). "Journeying toward God". <i>Christian Lives Given to the Study of Islam</i>. Fordham Univ Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-4319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-4319-8"><bdi>978-0-8232-4319-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journeying+toward+God&rft.btitle=Christian+Lives+Given+to+the+Study+of+Islam&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-4319-8&rft.au=Christian+W.+Troll&rft.au=C.T.R.+Hewer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_WilsonCarolyn_Joy_Bain2010" class="citation book cs1">Neil Wilson; Carolyn Joy Bain (2010). "History". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741045086/page/18"><i>Malta and Gozo</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741045086/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741045086" title="Special:BookSources/9781741045086"><bdi>9781741045086</bdi></a>. <q>Apart from the names Malta and Gozo, which probably have Latin roots, there is not a single place name in the Maltese Islands that can be proved to predate the Arab occupation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=Malta+and+Gozo&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781741045086&rft.au=Neil+Wilson&rft.au=Carolyn+Joy+Bain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781741045086%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquilina1964" class="citation journal cs1">Aquilina, J. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/21052/1/COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20IN%20LEXICAL%20MATERIAL%20RELATING%20TO%20NICKNAMES%20AND%20SURNAMES.PDF">"A Comparative Study in Lexical Material relating to Nicknames and Surnames"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Maltese Studies</i>. <b>2</b>. Melita Historica: 154–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Maltese+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+in+Lexical+Material+relating+to+Nicknames+and+Surnames&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=154-158&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Aquilina&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F21052%2F1%2FCOMPARATIVE%2520STUDY%2520IN%2520LEXICAL%2520MATERIAL%2520RELATING%2520TO%2520NICKNAMES%2520AND%2520SURNAMES.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristina_Chetcuti2014" class="citation web cs1">Kristina Chetcuti (9 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140209/local/Why-most-Maltese-share-the-same-100-surnames.506018">"Why most Maltese share the same 100 surnames"</a>. <i>Times of Malta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Why+most+Maltese+share+the+same+100+surnames&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft.au=Kristina+Chetcuti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20140209%2Flocal%2FWhy-most-Maltese-share-the-same-100-surnames.506018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliet_Rix2013" class="citation book cs1">Juliet Rix (1 Apr 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maltabradttravel0000rixj/page/9">"1 (History)"</a>. <i>Malta</i> (2, illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maltabradttravel0000rixj/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841624525" title="Special:BookSources/9781841624525"><bdi>9781841624525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+%28History%29&rft.btitle=Malta&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft.isbn=9781841624525&rft.au=Juliet+Rix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaltabradttravel0000rixj%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897898201" title="Special:BookSources/9780897898201"><bdi>9780897898201</bdi></a>. <q>The likelihood that many Muslims in Malta eventually converted to Christianity rather than leave seems indicated by parallels in Sicily as well as by the fact that there is linguistic evidence suggesting that "there was a time when the church of Malta was fed by Christian Arabs." Luttrell [Anthony T. Luttrell] is also on record with the argument that "the persistence of the spoken Arabo-Berber language" in Malta can probably best be explained by eventual large-scale conversions of Maltese Muslims to Christianity. Even when Islam had completely been erased from the Maltese landscape, Arabic remained, especially as represented by colloquial dialects of the language spoken in Libya, Tunisia, and in medieval Sicily. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aquilina" title="Joseph Aquilina">Aquilina</a>, "The Arabs are linguistically the most important people that ever managed the affairs of the country…for there is no doubt that, allowing for a number of peculiarities and erratic developments, Maltese is structurally an Arabic dialect."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9780897898201&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victor_Paul_Borg_2001_332_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Paul_Borg2001" class="citation book cs1">Victor Paul Borg (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetomalt00borg/page/332"><i>Malta and Gozo</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Rough Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetomalt00borg/page/332">332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858286808" title="Special:BookSources/9781858286808"><bdi>9781858286808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta+and+Gozo&rft.pages=332&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781858286808&rft.au=Victor+Paul+Borg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetomalt00borg%2Fpage%2F332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Buhagiar2007" class="citation book cs1">Mario Buhagiar (2007). <i>The Christianisation of Malta: catacombs, cult centres and churches in Malta to 1530</i> (illustrated ed.). Archaeopress. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407301099" title="Special:BookSources/9781407301099"><bdi>9781407301099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christianisation+of+Malta%3A+catacombs%2C+cult+centres+and+churches+in+Malta+to+1530&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781407301099&rft.au=Mario+Buhagiar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAa._Vv.2007" class="citation book cs1">Aa. Vv. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maltagemofmedite0000unse/page/6">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Malta. Ediz. Inglese</i>. Casa Editrice Bonechi. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maltagemofmedite0000unse/page/6">6–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788875512026" title="Special:BookSources/9788875512026"><bdi>9788875512026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Malta.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Bonechi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788875512026&rft.au=Aa.+Vv.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaltagemofmedite0000unse%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Tschanz" class="citation journal cs1">David Tschanz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1190888">"Malta and the Arabs"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Malta+and+the+Arabs&rft.au=David+Tschanz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1190888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span> p.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevité-Orton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Previté-Orton">Previté-Orton, Charles William</a> (1971). <i>The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History</i>. pp. 507–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521209625" title="Special:BookSources/9780521209625"><bdi>9780521209625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=507-11&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780521209625&rft.aulast=Previt%C3%A9-Orton&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger1969" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Hilmar C. (1969). "Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade: B. The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095". In Baldwin, M. W. (ed.). <i>A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Hundred Years</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 40–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conflict+in+the+Mediterranean+before+the+First+Crusade%3A+B.+The+Italian+Cities+and+the+Arabs+before+1095&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+vol.+I%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=40-53&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Hilmar+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/writings/culture/arab-heritage-in-malta.html">"Arab Heritage in Malta – The Baheyeldin Dynasty"</a>. <i>baheyeldin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baheyeldin.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Heritage+in+Malta+%E2%80%93+The+Baheyeldin+Dynasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaheyeldin.com%2Fwritings%2Fculture%2Farab-heritage-in-malta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>. <q>Of greater cultural significance, the demographic and economic dominance of Muslims continued for at least another century and a half after which forced conversions undoubtedly permitted many former Muslims to remain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUwe_Jens_RudolfWarren_G._Berg2010" class="citation book cs1">Uwe Jens Rudolf; Warren G. Berg (27 Apr 2010). "Chronology". <i>Historical Dictionary of Malta</i> (2 (illustrated) ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7390-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Malta&rft.pages=xxviii&rft.edition=2+%28illustrated%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7390-2&rft.au=Uwe+Jens+Rudolf&rft.au=Warren+G.+Berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_A._LoudAlex_Metcalfe2002" class="citation book cs1">Graham A. Loud; Alex Metcalfe (1 Jan 2002). "Religious Toleration in the South Italian Peninsula". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/societynormanita00loud"><i>The Society of Norman Italy</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/societynormanita00loud/page/n359">337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004125414" title="Special:BookSources/9789004125414"><bdi>9789004125414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Toleration+in+the+South+Italian+Peninsula&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Norman+Italy&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9789004125414&rft.au=Graham+A.+Loud&rft.au=Alex+Metcalfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocietynormanita00loud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Dalli" class="citation book cs1">Charles Dalli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf"><i>From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 161. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Islam+to+Christianity%3A+the+Case+of+Sicily&rft.pages=161&rft.au=Charles+Dalli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliohres.net%2Fbooks%2F3%2FDalli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_R._Zammit_389-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_R._Zammit2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin R. Zammit (12 Oct 2012). Jørgen S. Nielsen; Jørgen Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasi; Egdunas Racius (eds.). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 4</i>. Malta: BRILL. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225213" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225213"><bdi>9789004225213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%2C+Volume+4&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=9789004225213&rft.au=Martin+R.+Zammit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>. <q>The establishment of an Italian colony for Sicilian Muslims at <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> on the Italian Peninsula beginning in 1223 has led to much speculation that there must have been a general expulsion of all Muslims from Malta in 1224. However, it is virtually impossible to reconcile this viewpoint with a report of 1240 or 1241 by Gilberto to Frederick II of Sicily to the effect that in that year Malta and Gozo had 836 families that were Saracen or Muslim, 250 that were Christian, and 33 that were Jewish. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> is on record as stating that some Maltese Muslims were sent to the Italian colony of Lucera around 1249.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>. <q>Though by the end of the fifteenth century all Maltese Muslims would be forced to convert to Christianity, they would still be in the process of acquiring surnames as required in the European tradition. Ingeniously, they often used their father's Arabic names as the basis of surnames, though there was a consistent cultural avoidance of extremely obvious Arabic and Muslim names, such as Muhammed and Rasul. Also, many families disguised their Arabic names, such as <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Karwan</a> (the city in Tunisia), which became Caruana, and some derived family names by translating from Arabic into a Roman form, such as Magro or Magri from Dejf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettinger1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Wettinger" title="Godfrey Wettinger">Wettinger, G.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/43566/1/Binder1.pdf">"The Origin of the 'Maltese' Surnames"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <b>12</b> (4). Melita Historica: 333. <q>Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249. It is not clear what happened then, except that the Maltese language, derived from Arabic, certainly survived. Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated, and they already spoke Maltese or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bresc" title="Henri Bresc">Henri Bresc</a> has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity in Malta during the last <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Suabian</a> years. Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin's time, no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+%27Maltese%27+Surnames&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wettinger&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F43566%2F1%2FBinder1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartijn_Theodoor_Houtsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Martijn Theodoor Houtsma (1993). <i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i> (reprint (volume 5) ed.). BRILL. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097919" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097919"><bdi>9789004097919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=reprint+%28volume+5%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789004097919&rft.au=Martijn+Theodoor+Houtsma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltisBradleyCartledge2011" class="citation book cs1">Eltis, David; Bradley, Keith; Cartledge, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC&pg=PA144"><i>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3: AD 1420-AD 1804</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84068-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Slavery%3A+Volume+3%3A+AD+1420-AD+1804&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84068-2&rft.aulast=Eltis&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Keith&rft.au=Cartledge%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qp_3aL76isC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2001" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Humphrey J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wYE_dh1alkC&pg=PA31"><i>Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-524-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-524-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-524-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+History+of+Muslim+Black+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-524-4&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Humphrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wYE_dh1alkC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Stefan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=up9Fy-NBiLAC&pg=PA43"><i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dup9Fy-NBiLAC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wettinger, Godfrey (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lry4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Slavery in the Islands of Malta and Gozo ca. 1000–1812</i></a>, Publishers Enterprises Group, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrydone1813" class="citation book cs1">Brydone, Patrick (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egQLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138"><i>A Tour Through Sicily and Malta</i></a>. Evert Duyckinck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tour+Through+Sicily+and+Malta&rft.pub=Evert+Duyckinck&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=Brydone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegQLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wettinger, Godfrey (2002), in Cini, George, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20020610/local/horrible-torture-on-streets-of-valletta.173721">"Horrible torture on streets of Valletta"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stbenedict-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stbenedict_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciberras" class="citation web cs1">Sciberras, Sandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101204/http://www.stbenedictcollege.org/stlucija/files/Sandro%20Sciberras/Form%203%20Option%20Maltese%20History/Unit%20E_%20The%20Decline%20of%20the%20Order%20+%20WS%2010p.pdf">"Maltese History – E. The Decline of the Order of St John In the 18th Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>St. Benedict College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stbenedictcollege.org/stlucija/files/Sandro%20Sciberras/Form%203%20Option%20Maltese%20History/Unit%20E_%20The%20Decline%20of%20the%20Order%20+%20WS%2010p.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Benedict+College&rft.atitle=Maltese+History+%E2%80%93+E.+The+Decline+of+the+Order+of+St+John+In+the+18th+Century&rft.aulast=Sciberras&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stbenedictcollege.org%2Fstlucija%2Ffiles%2FSandro%2520Sciberras%2FForm%25203%2520Option%2520Maltese%2520History%2FUnit%2520E_%2520The%2520Decline%2520of%2520the%2520Order%2520%2B%2520WS%252010p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-820-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-820-1</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Abela" title="Giovanni Francesco Abela">Gian Francesco Abela</a>, a patrician clergyman who eventually became the Order's [<i>i.e.</i>, Knights Hospitaller's] vice-chancellor, also laid the foundations for Maltese historiography. Unfortunately, Abela was quite willing to distort Malta's history in the interest of deemphasizing her historic links with Africa and with Islam. Abela's determination that Malta be portrayed as innately European and Christian at all cost eventually incorporated into popular thinking about Malta's history a number of false traditions. In an eighteenth-century effort to strengthen the case for Abela's distortions and misinterpretations, a Maltese priest named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Vella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Vella (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Vella</a> even generated forged Arabic documents. Other prominent Maltese subsequently contributed to popular folklore and legends which held that Muslims of African origin had never inhabited Malta in large numbers, including <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Magri" title="Domenico Magri">Domenico Magri</a>, also a priest. As these distortions bore fruit and circulated within the general populace, numerous Maltese became convinced that their Semitic tongue could only have come from illustrious and pioneering Asiatic Phoenicians and not under any circumstances from neighboring Arab-speaking Africans who for reasons having to do with religion, national pride, and "race" the Maltese were more comfortable viewing as implacable enemies and inferiors . ... Though recent scholarly opinion in Malta is virtually unanimous that Malta's linguistic and demographic connections are much stronger with her Arab and Berber neighbors than [with] prehistoric Phoenicia, once out of a "Pandora's Box," legends die hard.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=23-24&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-820-1&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Buhagiar" class="citation web cs1">Mario Buhagiar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084923/http://mhs.eu.pn/cc/CC02.html#_ftnref7">"POST MUSLIM MALTA – A CASE STUDY IN ARTISTIC AND ARCHITECTURAL CROSS-CURRENTS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhs.eu.pn/cc/CC02.html#_ftnref7">the original</a> on 2014-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Muslim past became an embarrassment and history was distorted by false traditions which determined the course of Maltese historiography till the second half of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POST+MUSLIM+MALTA+%E2%80%93+A+CASE+STUDY+IN+ARTISTIC+AND+ARCHITECTURAL+CROSS-CURRENTS&rft.au=Mario+Buhagiar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmhs.eu.pn%2Fcc%2FCC02.html%23_ftnref7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmel_BorgPeter_Mayo2007" class="citation book cs1">Carmel Borg; Peter Mayo (2007). "22 (Toward an Antiracist Agenda in Education: The Case of Malta)". In Gupta, Tania Das (ed.). <i>Race and Racialization: Essential Readings</i>. Canadian Scholars’ Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-335-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22+%28Toward+an+Antiracist+Agenda+in+Education%3A+The+Case+of+Malta%29&rft.btitle=Race+and+Racialization%3A+Essential+Readings&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%E2%80%99+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-335-2&rft.au=Carmel+Borg&rft.au=Peter+Mayo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassar1965" class="citation book cs1">Cassar, Paul (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lf3QAAAAMAAJ&q=marsa+cemetery"><i>Medical History of Malta</i></a>. Wellcome Historical Medical Library. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+History+of+Malta&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Wellcome+Historical+Medical+Library&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Cassar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlf3QAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmarsa%2Bcemetery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavona-Ventura2016" class="citation book cs1">Savona-Ventura, Charles (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExK_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Medical Perspectives of Battle Conflicts in Malta</i></a>. Lulu. pp. 19, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781326886936" title="Special:BookSources/9781326886936"><bdi>9781326886936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Perspectives+of+Battle+Conflicts+in+Malta&rft.pages=19%2C+20&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781326886936&rft.aulast=Savona-Ventura&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExK_DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Wettinger, Godfrey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lry4AAAAIAAJ&q=1675"><i>Slavery in the Islands of Malta and Gozo ca. 1000-1812</i></a>. Publishers Enterprises Group. pp. 144–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990903164" title="Special:BookSources/9789990903164"><bdi>9789990903164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Islands+of+Malta+and+Gozo+ca.+1000-1812&rft.pages=144-172&rft.pub=Publishers+Enterprises+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789990903164&rft.aulast=Wettinger&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlry4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times2012-02-11-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times2012-02-11_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times2012-02-11_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2012" class="citation news cs1">Borg, Bertrand (11 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915001840/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120211/local/Workmen-discover-a-Muslim-cemetery.406205">"Workmen discover a Muslim cemetery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120211/local/Workmen-discover-a-Muslim-cemetery.406205">the original</a> on 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Workmen+discover+a+Muslim+cemetery&rft.date=2012-02-11&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20120211%2Flocal%2FWorkmen-discover-a-Muslim-cemetery.406205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtigieg2018" class="citation book cs1">Buttigieg, Emanuel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701184437/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/38850/1/Early_modern_Valletta_beyond_the_renaissance_city_2018.pdf">"Early modern Valletta: beyond the Renaissance city"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Margaret Abdilla Cunningham; Maroma Camilleri; Godwin Vella (eds.). <i>Humillima civitas Vallettae : from Mount Xebb-er-Ras to European capital of culture</i>. Malta Libraries and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Malta" title="Heritage Malta">Heritage Malta</a>. pp. 173–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789993257554" title="Special:BookSources/9789993257554"><bdi>9789993257554</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/38850/1/Early_modern_Valletta_beyond_the_renaissance_city_2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+modern+Valletta%3A+beyond+the+Renaissance+city&rft.btitle=Humillima+civitas+Vallettae+%3A+from+Mount+Xebb-er-Ras+to+European+capital+of+culture&rft.pages=173-183&rft.pub=Malta+Libraries+and+Heritage+Malta&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789993257554&rft.aulast=Buttigieg&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F38850%2F1%2FEarly_modern_Valletta_beyond_the_renaissance_city_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://culture.gov.mt/en/culturalheritage/Documents/form/SCHAnnualReport2012.pdf">https://culture.gov.mt/en/culturalheritage/Documents/form/SCHAnnualReport2012.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213052049/https://culture.gov.mt/en/culturalheritage/Documents/form/SCHAnnualReport2012.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hughes-thake-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hughes-thake_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hughes-thake_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hughes-thake_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesThake2005" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Quentin; Thake, Conrad (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75IgAAAACAAJ"><i>Malta, War & Peace: An Architectural Chronicle 1800–2000</i></a>. Midsea Books Ltd. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789993270553" title="Special:BookSources/9789993270553"><bdi>9789993270553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+War+%26+Peace%3A+An+Architectural+Chronicle+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Midsea+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789993270553&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Thake%2C+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75IgAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrassi1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Grassi, Vincenza (June 1987). 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701190606/https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789004184763/Bej.9789004184756.i-712_031.xml">"Malta"</a>. <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe</i>. Vol. 2. BRILL. pp. 143–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004184756.i-712.483">10.1163/ej.9789004184756.i-712.483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004184756" title="Special:BookSources/9789004184756"><bdi>9789004184756</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789004184763/Bej.9789004184756.i-712_031.xml">the original</a> on 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malta&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe&rft.pages=143-158&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004184756.i-712.483&rft.isbn=9789004184756&rft.aulast=Zammit&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fpreviewpdf%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004184763%2FBej.9789004184756.i-712_031.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrassi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grassi, Vincenza (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rO1wAAAAMAAJ&q=Ottoman+Cemetery+Malta">"The Turkish Cemetery at Marsa on Malta Island"</a>. <i>Studi Magrebini</i>. <b>2</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Treasures+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Emanuele+Luigi+Galizia+%281830%E2%80%931907%29%3A+Architect+of+the+Romantic+Movement&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=37-42&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Thake&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimonju.org%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fid%3D119957%26subId%3D117287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423092751/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170301/social/A-close-look-at-the-Turkish-cemetery.641076">"A close look at the Turkish cemetery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i>. 1 March 2017. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WiijLleylbEC&pg=PA233">"Malta"</a>. In Jørgen Schøler Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibašić; Brigitte Maréchal; Christian Moe (eds.). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe</i>. Vol. 1. 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November 1875. pp. 343, 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics%27+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Mahomedan+Cemetery%2C+Malta&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=343%2C+352&rft.date=1875-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1RGAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicallef2019" class="citation news cs1">Micallef, Keith (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/plans-for-a-galizia-mosque-unearthed-in-ottoman-archives.710813">"Plans for a 'Galizia' mosque unearthed in Ottoman archives: Small mosque had been planned within Muslim cemetery"</a>. <i>Times of Malta</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Plans+for+a+%27Galizia%27+mosque+unearthed+in+Ottoman+archives%3A+Small+mosque+had+been+planned+within+Muslim+cemetery&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Micallef&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fplans-for-a-galizia-mosque-unearthed-in-ottoman-archives.710813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51579/1/Miraculous_crucifix_to_be_restored_through_BOVs_support.PDF">Cordina, J. C. (2018, December 30). Islamic Centre in Malta commemorates its 40th Anniversary. The Malta Independent, pp. 37.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUwe_Jens_RudolfWarren_G._Berg2010" class="citation book cs1">Uwe Jens Rudolf; Warren G. Berg (27 Apr 2010). "Introduction". <i>Historical Dictionary of Malta</i> (2 (illustrated) ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810873902" title="Special:BookSources/9780810873902"><bdi>9780810873902</bdi></a>. <q>Whether because of their closer proximity to Italy or strong loyalty to the pope in Rome, certainly since the arrival of the Knights, the Maltese people have considered themselves to be European. This makes it all the more remarkable that the linguistic legacy of the Arab invaders survived so many centuries of Italian and European influence so that even today, the devoutly Roman Catholic population appeals to God as "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>." Only recently have the Maltese begun to leverage their country's ability to serve as Europe's "bridge" to Arab cultures and economies of North Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Malta&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=2+%28illustrated%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.isbn=9780810873902&rft.au=Uwe+Jens+Rudolf&rft.au=Warren+G.+Berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Boissevain, "Ritual, Play, and Identity: Changing Patterns of Celebration in Maltese Villages," in <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i>, Vol.1 (1), 1991:87-100 at 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissevain1984" class="citation book cs1">Boissevain, Jeremy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zobO6LmDLikC&pg=PA166">"Ritual Escalation in Malta"</a>. In Eric R. Wolf (ed.). <i>Religion, Power and Protest in Local Communities: The Northern Shore of the Mediterranean</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110097771" title="Special:BookSources/9783110097771"><bdi>9783110097771</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1437-5370">1437-5370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual+Escalation+in+Malta&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Power+and+Protest+in+Local+Communities%3A+The+Northern+Shore+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=1437-5370&rft.isbn=9783110097771&rft.aulast=Boissevain&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzobO6LmDLikC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanspeter Mattes, "Aspekte der libyschen Außeninvestitionspolitik 1972-1985 (Fallbeispiel Malta)," <i>Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts</i>, No. 26 (Hamburg: 1985), at 88-126; 142-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriq_Kordin2012" class="citation web cs1">Triq Kordin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Paola+14440+Islamic-Centre-of-Paola">"Islamic Centre of Paola"</a>. Paola, Malta<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>This is Malta's only mosque. Also the home of the Mariam al-Batool school.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Centre+of+Paola&rft.place=Paola%2C+Malta&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Triq+Kordin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salatomatic.com%2Fd%2FPaola%2B14440%2BIslamic-Centre-of-Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Debono2013" class="citation news cs1">James Debono (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/interview/32382/a-muslim-from-qormi-mario-farrugia-borg-20131216#.U4qWe3KSySo">"A Muslim from Qormi: Mario Farrugia Borg"</a>. Mediatoday. MaltaToday<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Muslim+from+Qormi%3A+Mario+Farrugia+Borg&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.au=James+Debono&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maltatoday.com.mt%2Fnews%2Finterview%2F32382%2Fa-muslim-from-qormi-mario-farrugia-borg-20131216%23.U4qWe3KSySo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Peregin2011" class="citation news cs1">Christian Peregin (7 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110207/local/muslim-and-former-pn-councillor-converts-to-labour.348995">"Muslim and former PN councillor converts . . . to Labour"</a>. TIMES OF MALTA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muslim+and+former+PN+councillor+converts+.+.+.+to+Labour&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.au=Christian+Peregin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20110207%2Flocal%2Fmuslim-and-former-pn-councillor-converts-to-labour.348995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24422.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2003 – Malta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2003+%E2%80%93+Malta&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2003%2F24422.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?dlid=192837">"International Religious Freedom Report 2011 – Malta"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 17 Nov 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2011+%E2%80%93+Malta&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fdlid%3D192837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/121338/census_2021_maltese_citizens_overwhelmingly_identify_as_roman_catholics">"Census 2021: Maltese citizens overwhelmingly identify as Roman Catholics"</a>. <i>MaltaToday.com.mt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MaltaToday.com.mt&rft.atitle=Census+2021%3A+Maltese+citizens+overwhelmingly+identify+as+Roman+Catholics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maltatoday.com.mt%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F121338%2Fcensus_2021_maltese_citizens_overwhelmingly_identify_as_roman_catholics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626070026/http://melitensiawth.com/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta.html">"The Arabs in Malta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(various publications by different authors on Islam in Malta)</span> on 2022-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-01</span></span>. <q>Note: The following contributions to the history of the Arabs in Malta are arranged in chronological order of publication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2FThe%2520Arabs%2520in%2520Malta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 2002). "Chapter 2 (Islam and Realignments)". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 13–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897898201" title="Special:BookSources/9780897898201"><bdi>9780897898201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+%28Islam+and+Realignments%29&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.pages=13-35&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9780897898201&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Martin R. Zammit (12 Oct 2012). Jørgen S. Nielsen; Jørgen Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasi; Egdunas Racius (eds.). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 4</i>. Malta: BRILL. pp. 389–397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225213" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225213"><bdi>9789004225213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%2C+Volume+4&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=389-397&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=9789004225213&rft.au=Martin+R.+Zammit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Malta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Classics">Transmission of the Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Cultural transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar yoke">Tatar yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception of Islam in early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Arctic_and_Subarctic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions">Islam in the Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_and_burka_controversies_in_Europe" title="Hijab and burka controversies in Europe">Hijab and burka controversies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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