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text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0" tabindex="0">12 views</span></div><div class="author Author_root___6Bx5"><a data-cy="author-link" class="Author_link___lVxw ellipsis" title="Dr C Vignesh " href="https://www.slideshare.net/doc21vignesh"><div class="Avatar_root__GNWHY" style="width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px"><img class="Avatar_image__Bbtll" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-doc21vignesh-48x48.jpg?cb=1742627681" alt="Dr C Vignesh " loading="lazy" decoding="sync"/></div><span>Dr C Vignesh </span></a></div><div class="description Description_root__kt4uq Description_clamped__PaV_1"><div class="Description_wrapper__hYE9_" data-cy="document-description"><p>This presentation delves into the core principles of pharmacodynamics, explaining how drugs exert their effects at the molecular and systemic levels. Understanding pharmacodynamics is crucial for rational drug therapy, optimizing therapeutic benefits, and minimizing adverse effects. Key Learning Objectives: ✅ Etymology & Definition: Tracing the origin and meaning of pharmacodynamics. ✅ Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action: How drugs interact with biological targets. ✅ Enzymes and Drug Action: Exploring the Michaelis-Menten equation and types of enzyme inhibition. ✅ Receptors: Understanding mechanism, function, subtypes, classification, and regulation of receptors in drug action. ✅ Dose-Response Relationship: How drug concentration affects therapeutic efficacy. ✅ Drug Synergism and Antagonism: How drugs interact to enhance or reduce effects. ✅ Therapeutic Index & Window: Assessing drug safety and optimal dosing. This session is designed for medical students, pharmacologists, and healthcare professionals, providing a strong foundation for clinical decision-making and drug development.<button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Description_less__BvWbY Description_hidden__a9QZJ" data-testid="button" aria-label="Read less"><span>Read less</span></button></p></div><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Description_more__ChrRK" data-testid="button" aria-label="Read more" data-cy="read-more-button"><span>Read more</span></button></div></div><div class="MetadataToolbar_root__c03ao metadata-toolbar" data-cy="slideshow-toolbar"><div class="MetadataToolbar_wrapper__r7XEc"><div class="actions Actions_root__00yIC"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_regular__i28NX Button_icon__1C4qi like-button unliked" 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alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS Presenter: Dr. C Vignesh (JR-2) Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics King George’s Medical University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India vigneshchandrakgmu@gmail.com " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="eager" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-1-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-1-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-1-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-1-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide2" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-1" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 2 Contents • Etymology & Definition of Pharmacodynamics • Principles and mechanism of drug action • Enzymes: Michaelis Menten equation, Enzyme inhibition • Receptors: Mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification • Dose response relationship • Drug Synergism and Antagonism • Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window • Summary " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-2-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-2-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-2-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-2-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide3" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-2" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 3 Specific Learning Objectives At the end of this teaching learning session the audience will be able to: • Describe Pharmacodynamics • Describe the principles and mechanism of drug action • Describe enzymes kinetics • Enumerate different types of receptors • Describe the mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification of receptors • Describe Dose response relationship • Describe Drug Synergism and Antagonism • Describe Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-3-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-3-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-3-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-3-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide4" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-3" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 4 Pharmacodynamics • Pharmakon ; Dynamis • It is the study of the biochemical, cellular, and physiological actions of drugs, including the molecular mechanisms by which these actions are achieved " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-4-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-4-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-4-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-4-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide5" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-4" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 5 Principles of Drug Action i. Stimulation- selective enhancement of activity of specialized cells ii. Depression- selective diminution of activity of specialized cells iii. Irritation - nonselective, often noxious effect and is particularly applied to less specialized cells iv. Replacement- use of natural metabolites, hormones or their congeners in deficiency states v. Cytotoxic action- selective cytotoxic action on invading parasites or cancer cells " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-5-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-5-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-5-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-5-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide6" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-5" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 6 Mechanism of Drug Action i. By virtue of their simple physical or chemical property ii. By interacting with a discrete target biomolecule (majorly proteins)- 4 major categories- - Enzymes - Ion channels - Transporters - Receptors " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-6-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-6-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-6-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-6-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide7" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-6" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 7 Enzymes • Drugs can either inc. or dec. the rate of enzymatically mediated reaction • Several enzymes are stimulated through receptors and second messengers • Enzyme Stimulation- increases its affinity for the substrate- Km of reaction is lowered • Apparent increase in enzyme activity- Enzyme Induction- synthesis of more proteins- cannot be called as stimulation- Km does not change " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-7-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-7-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-7-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-7-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide8" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-7" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 8 Michaelis-Menten Equation • A mathematical model- describes the rate of enzymatic reactions based on substrate concentration • Explains how enzymes function, their efficiency in catalyzing reactions " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-8-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-8-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-8-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-8-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide9" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-8" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 9 Assumptions of Michaelis-Menten Model E+S ↔ ES→ E+P • The formation of the product is the rate-limiting step • [S] > [E] • The system is in a steady state where the rate of formation of ES is equal to its breakdown " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-9-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-9-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-9-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-9-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide10" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-9" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 10 Significance of Michaelis-Menten Equation • Km(Michaelis constant): Reflects affinity of enzyme for its substrate: - Low Km: High substrate affinity - High Km: Low substrate affinity • Practical applications in drug development - Competitive Inhibition- Km- Inc. ; Vmax unchanged - Non competitive inhibition- Km- Unchanged ; Vmax- reduced " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-10-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-10-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-10-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-10-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide11" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-10" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 11 Enzymes Inhibition Enzyme Inhibition Non-selective Inhibition (limited medicinal value) Competitive Inhibition Non-equilibrium type - Km- increased - Vmax- reduced Selective Inhibition Non-competitive Inhibition - Km- unchanged - Vmax- reduced Equilibrium type - Km- increased - Vmax- unchanged " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-11-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-11-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-11-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-11-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide12" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-11" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 12 It is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molecule/drug and initiate the response to it Location Chemical nature Function macromolecule or binding site on surface or inside the cell recognize the signal molecule/drug initiate the desired response What is a Receptor? " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-12-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-12-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-12-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-12-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide13" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-12" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 13 Function of Receptors • Recognition of the specific ligand molecule • Transduction of the signal into a response • Integrate various extracellular and intracellular regulatory signals • To maintain homeostasis " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-13-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-13-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-13-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-13-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide14" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-13" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 14 Classification Based on Presence of Endogenous Ligands i. Physiological receptor- mediate responses to transmitters, hormones, autocoids and other endogenous signal molecule ii. Drug receptor- No known physiological ligand (eg: Benzodiazepine and sulfonylurea receptors) iii. Orphan receptor- No endogenous mediator or ligand is at present known " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-14-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-14-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-14-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-14-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide15" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-14" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 15 Receptor Working Theory MODEL KEY FEATURES STRENGHT WEAKNESES Clark's Receptor Occupation Theory (1937) - Response proportional to receptor occupancy - Assumes all receptors contribute equally to the response - Simple and foundational - Links drug binding to response - Fails to explain partial agonism, spare receptors, efficacy and intrinsic activity - Ignores receptor dynamics Ariën’s Intrinsic Activity Model (1954) - Introduced intrinsic activity (α): - Full agonist: α=1 - Partial agonist: 0<α<1 - Addresses varying drug abilities to activate receptors - Distinguishes full and partial agonists - Doesn't explain receptor reserve - Overlooks downstream signaling and amplification " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-15-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-15-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-15-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-15-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide16" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-15" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 16 MODEL KEY FEATURES STRENGHT WEAKNESES Stephenson’s Efficacy Model (1956) - Introduced efficacy (e) as the magnitude of a response - Concept of spare receptors - Response not proportional to occupancy - Explains partial agonism and spare receptors - Emphasizes receptor- effector coupling - Limited in addressing receptor conformational dynamics - Ignores basal receptor activity Two-State Receptor Model - Receptors exist in active (Ra) and inactive (Ri) states - Ligands stabilize specific states: - Agonist: favours Ra - Inverse agonist: favours Ri - Explains basal receptor activity - Accounts for inverse agonism and partial agonism - Oversimplifies receptor behavior (doesn't include intermediate states) - Limited downstream focus Extended Two- State Models - Includes multiple receptor states and signaling pathways - Incorporates allosteric modulation and biased agonism - More realistic representation of receptor behavior - Explains biased signaling and complex dynamics - Requires complex mathematical frameworks - May lack experimental data for validation " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-16-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-16-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-16-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-16-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide17" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-16" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 17 DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION DEFINITION AFFINITY INTRINSIC ACTIVITY Agonist Activates a receptor to produce an effect similar to that of the physiological signal molecule + + (1) Antagonist Prevents the action of an agonist on a receptor or the subsequent response, but does not have any effect of its own + 0 Inverse agonist Activates a receptor to produce an effect in the opposite direction to that of the agonist + - Partial agonist Activates a receptor to produce submaximal effect but antagonizes the action of a full agonist + 0-1 • Affinity- The ability to bind with the receptor • Intrinsic activity (IA)- Capacity to induce functional change in the receptor " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-17-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-17-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-17-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-17-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide18" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-17" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 18 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-18-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-18-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-18-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-18-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide19" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-18" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 19 Criteria for Classification of Receptors A. Pharmacological B. Tissue Distribution C. Ligand Binding D. Transducer Pathway E. Molecular Cloning " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-19-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-19-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-19-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-19-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide20" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-19" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 20 Receptor Super-Family G-protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-20-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-20-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-20-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-20-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide21" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-20" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 21 Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) Receptor Super-Family Ion channel receptor G-protein coupled receptor " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-21-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-21-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-21-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-21-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide22" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-21" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 22 Receptor Super-Family Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors Ion channel receptor G-protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-22-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-22-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-22-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-22-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide23" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-22" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 23 Receptor Super-Family Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors Ion channel receptor G-protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-23-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-23-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-23-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-23-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide24" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-23" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 24 Receptor Super-Family Receptors regulating gene expression Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors Ion channel receptor G- protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-24-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-24-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-24-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-24-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide25" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-24" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 25 Ion Channel Receptors • Cell surface receptors • Ligand gated ion channels • Enclose ion selective channels • Agonist directly operates ion channels • Fastest acting receptors – milliseconds • Ex – Nicotinic cholinergic, GABA-A, Glutamate, 5-HT3 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-25-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-25-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-25-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-25-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide26" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-25" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 26 Agonist bind to cell surface receptor Opening of ion channels Depending on the ion that flows through Depolarisation Hyperpolarization Changes in cytosolic ion composition Ion Channel Receptors -MOA " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-26-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-26-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-26-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-26-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide27" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-26" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 27 • Large extracellular ligand binding domain- connected through a- single transmembrane helical peptide chain to an intracellular subunit having enzymatic property • Enzyme at cytosolic site- Protein Kinase/ Guanylyl Cyclase • Ex- RTK- Insulin receptor, EGFR, VEGFR Transmembrane Enzyme-linked Receptors " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-27-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-27-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-27-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-27-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide28" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-27" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 28 Transmembrane Enzyme-linked Receptors -MOA Ligand binds to receptor Dimerization of receptor Activation of Protein Kinase Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residue on each other Increase in affinity for binding substrate proteins having SH2 domains Phosphorylation of these proteins Response Metabolic action Differentiation Cell growth Guanylyl Cyclase Generation of cGMP Activation of cGMP dependent Protein Kinase " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-28-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-28-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-28-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-28-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide29" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-28" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 29 Transmembrane JAK-STAT Binding Receptors -MOA Binding of ligand to extracellular domain Dimerization of receptor Recruitment of cytosolic tyrosine Protein Kinase JAK (Janus Kinase) Activation of JAK In cytoplasm, receptor binds to free moving protein-STAT (Signal Transducer & Activator of Transcription) Phosphorylation of STAT by JAK Dimerization of phosphorylated STAT Translocation to nucleus Regulation of gene transcription Biological response " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-29-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-29-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-29-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-29-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide30" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-29" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 31 • Intracellular receptor- cytoplasmic or nuclear • Slowest acting receptor- hours • Ex- all steroidal hormones, thyroxine, vit D, vit A Receptors Regulating Gene Expression (Nuclear Receptors) HSP 90- Heat Shock Protein 90 GRE- Glucocorticoid response element " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-30-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-30-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-30-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-30-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide31" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-30" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 32 Receptors Regulating Gene Expression (Nuclear Receptors) - MOA Lipid soluble chemical messenger Binds near carboxy terminal of intracellular receptor (cytoplasmic or nuclear) Release of restricting proteins (HSP-90 etc.) Dimerization of receptor DNA binding regulatory segment located in middle of molecule folds into active configuration Moves to nucleus and binds to co-activator/co-repressor protein Complex attaches to specific DNA sequence(HRE) of target gene Specific mRNA synthesis Specific protein " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-31-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-31-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-31-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-31-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide32" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-31" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 33 G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) • Largest family of Receptors • 7 α-helical membrane spanning hydrophobic amino acid segments • 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular loops • G-proteins - α, β and γ subunits - bound to GDP in inactive state • Activated by α subunit carrying GTP " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-32-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-32-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-32-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-32-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide33" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-32" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 34 Receptor stimulated in inactive state GDP binds to α subunit GDP phosphorylated to GTP α subunit carrying GTP dissociates from β and γ GTPase activity of α subunit GTP → GDP α subunit and GDP return to B and y subunits G-Protein Coupled Receptors - MOA " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-33-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-33-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-33-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-33-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide34" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-33" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 35 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-34-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-34-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-34-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-34-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide35" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-34" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 36 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-35-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-35-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-35-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-35-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide36" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-35" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 37 GPCR Subtypes Gₛ Gq Gi Adenylyl cyclase activation: Camp pathway Phospholipase C activation: IP3- DAG pathway Adenylyl cyclase inhibition " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-36-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-36-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-36-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-36-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide37" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-36" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 38 G - MOA ₛ Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase ATP cAMP Phosphorylation of PKA Ca2+ channel opening Troponin Better excitation-contraction coupling INCREASED CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY Heart, Brain & Kidney Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channel(CNG) opening Phospholamban Faster sequestration of Ca2+ in SR FASTER RELAXATION " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-37-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-37-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-37-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-37-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide38" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-37" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 39 GI- MOA Activated Gi protein Giα + GTP Adenylyl Cyclase - βγ subunit K+ channel opening Hyperpolarization Depress impulse generation " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-38-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-38-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-38-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-38-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide39" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-38" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 40 Gq- MOA Activated GTP + Gqα Activation of Phospholipase C (PLc) PIP2 DAG IP3 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-39-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-39-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-39-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-39-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide40" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-39" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 41 IP3 Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization Ca2+ Combines with Calmodulin (CAM) MLCK CCPK Other effectors + + + Contraction " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-40-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-40-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-40-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-40-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide41" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-40" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 42 DAG IP3 Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization Ca2+ Combines with Calmodulin (CAM) MLCK CCPK Other effectors + + + Contraction Protein Phosphorylation Protein Kinase C (PKc) + " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-41-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-41-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-41-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-41-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide42" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-41" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 43 Examples of GPCR RECEPTORS GPCR type Muscarinic M2 Gi Muscarinic M1,M3 Gq Dopamine D1,D5 Gs Dopamine D(2-4) Gi β-adrenergic Gs α1- adrenergic Gq α2- adrenergic Gi GABA-B Gi Serotonin 5-HT1 Gi Serotonin 5-HT2 Gq Prostanoid Gs " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-42-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-42-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-42-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-42-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide43" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-42" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 44 Receptor Type Examples of Receptors Receptor Subtypes Examples of Ligands G Protein- Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) - Adrenergic receptors - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Dopamine receptors - Serotonin receptors - Histamine receptors - Opioid receptor - Adrenergic: α1 , α2 , β1, β2 - Muscarinic: M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 , M5 - Dopamine: D1 , D2 - Serotonin: 5-HT(1-7) (Except 5HT3) - Histamine: H1 , H2 - Opioid: μ, κ, δ; GABA- GABA-B - Epinephrine - Acetylcholine - Dopamine - Serotonin - Histamine - Morphine Ion Channel Receptors - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NAChR) - GABA receptors - Glutamate receptors - Glycine receptors - Nicotinic: Nm, Nn - GABA: GABA-A , GABA-C - Glutamate: NMDA, AMPA - Acetylcholine - GABA - Glutamate Transmembrane Enzyme-Linked Receptors - Insulin receptor - Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor - Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptor - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptor - N/A - Insulin - EGF - PDGF - VEGF Transmembrane JAK-STAT Receptors - Interferon receptor - Interleukin receptors - Growth hormone receptor - Interleukin: IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 - Interferons - Interleukins - Growth hormone Nuclear Receptors - Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors - Retinoic acid receptor - PPAR - Steroid: ER, GR, PR - Thyroid hormone: TRα, TRβ - Estrogen - Cortisol - Thyroxine " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-43-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-43-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-43-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-43-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide44" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-43" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 45 Dose-Response (D-R) Curve • It is graphical representation of the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect • It helps to evaluate the efficacy and potency of drugs • X-axis: Drug dose (often represented on a logarithmic scale) • Y-axis: Response (can be a graded response or percentage of subjects responding) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-44-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-44-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-44-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-44-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide45" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-44" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 46 Why to Use Log Dose Instead of Dose? 1) Linearization: • Direct plotting of dose vs. response- hyperbolic curve- harder to analyze • Logarithmic scale - sigmoid curve- easier to interpret and compare 2) Wide Dose Range Representation: • Drugs often act over a wide range of doses- log scale accommodates this range without losing clarity • Better visualization of responses at lower doses- for assessing potency " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-45-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-45-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-45-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-45-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide46" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-45" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 47 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-46-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-46-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-46-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-46-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide47" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-46" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 48 Graded Vs Quantal D-R Curve Feature Graded Dose-Response Curve Quantal Dose-Response Curve Nature of Response Continuous and varies with dose All-or-none (binary response: present or absent) Representation Response plotted as a percentage of the maximal response Response plotted as a percentage of the population responding Example Blood pressure reduction with increasing antihypertensive drug doses Percentage of subjects achieving sleep with increasing doses Key Parameters Emax(maximal effect), EC50 (potency) ED50, TD50 , LD50 Utility Evaluates potency and efficacy of a drug in an individual system Evaluates therapeutic index (safety margin) in populations " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-47-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-47-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-47-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-47-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide48" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-47" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 49 Parallel and Nonparallel D-R Curves " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-48-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-48-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-48-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-48-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide49" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-48" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 50 Full and Partial Agonists Duality of Partial Agonists " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-49-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-49-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-49-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-49-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide50" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-49" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 51 SYNERGISM ADDITIVE - The effect of 2 drugs in the same direction and simply adds up - Effect of drugs A + B= effect of drug A + effect of drug B SUPRAADDITIVE (Potentiation) - The effect of the combination > individual effect of component - Effect of drugs A + B > effect of drug A + effect of drug B Drug Synergism and Antagonism " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-50-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-50-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-50-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-50-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide51" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-50" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 52 Antagonism and Potentiation " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-51-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-51-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-51-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-51-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide52" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-51" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 53 ANTAGONISM PHYSICAL CHEMICAL COMPETITIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL/ FUNCTIONAL RECEPTOR NONCOMPETITVE EQUILIBRIUM NONEQUILIBRIUM " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-52-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-52-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-52-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-52-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide53" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-52" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 54 Quantal D-R Curves of Therapeutic and Toxic Effects of a Drug " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-53-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-53-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-53-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-53-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide54" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-53" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 55 • Measure of a drug's safety margin (TI)=TD50 or LD50 / ED50 - TD50/LD50 : Dose that produces toxicity in 50% of the population - ED50: Dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the population • Significance: - A high TI - large safety margin (safer drugs) - A low TI - narrow safety margin (requires careful monitoring) Therapeutic Index (TI) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-54-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-54-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-54-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-54-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide55" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-54" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 56 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-55-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-55-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-55-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-55-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide56" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-55" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 57 Therapeutic Window • Range of drug doses that produces a therapeutic response without causing significant adverse effects. It lies between: -The minimum effective concentration (MEC): The lowest concentration required to achieve the desired effect -The minimum toxic concentration (MTC): The lowest concentration that produces toxicity " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-56-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-56-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-56-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-56-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide57" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-56" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 58 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-57-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-57-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-57-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-57-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide58" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-57" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 59 Broadening Understanding of Pharmacodynamics • Of the new drugs approved by the US-FDA a growing percentage, averaging approximately 25% over the past 5 years are therapeutic biological products (protein molecules) • These include- Monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, growth factor, immunomodulators, thrombolytics, immunotherapies and genetically modified viruses (Oncoviruses) " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-58-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-58-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-58-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-58-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide59" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-58" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 60 • Gene therapy - uses viruses as vectors to replace defective genes that cause debilitating or lethal diseases, or it can introduce other genes altogether, Eg: i. Tx- Congenital form of Retinoblastoma- RPE65 (retinal epithelium-specific 65-kDa protein) ; Spinal Muscular Atrophy -SMN1 [survival motor neuron 1], introduced by means of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector ii. Insertion of an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor into T cells for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia- use of a lentiviral vector " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-59-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-59-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-59-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-59-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide60" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-59" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 61 Summary • Pharmacodynamics (effect of drug on body) Pharmacokinetics • Receptors- dynamic in nature; multiple ligand binding site • Ion channel receptors- fastest; Nuclear receptor- slowest • Log dose representation (D-R)- sigmoid; wide dose range • Partial agonist act as antagonist in presence of full agonist • D-R- Graded- Emax, EC50 ; Quantal- ED50,LD50 • Therapeutic window- Range of drug doses that produces a therapeutic response • TI- Drug’s safety margin " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-60-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-60-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-60-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-60-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide61" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-60" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 62 Specific Learning Objectives Accomplished At the end of this teaching learning session the audience were be able to: • Describe Pharmacodynamics • Describe the principles and mechanism of drug action • Describe enzymes kinetics • Enumerate different types of receptors • Describe the mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification of receptors • Describe Dose response relationship • Describe Drug Synergism and Antagonism • Describe Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-61-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-61-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-61-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-61-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide62" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-61" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 63 References 1. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 8th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2018. p. 45-70 2. Goodman LS, Gilman A, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 43-74 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-62-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-62-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-62-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-62-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide63" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:960 / 540" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-62" alt="09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 64 Thank You " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-63-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-63-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/75/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-63-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901/85/General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics-63-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div></div></div><div id="sidebar" class="sidebar hide-scrollbar Sidebar_root__1BbNu" style="--slots:21"><div class="above-recs-ad-wrapper AboveRecsAd_root__iTmTR"><div class="AboveRecsAd_desktopAd__ymykj"><div class="freestar-ad-container FreestarAdContainer_root__qPPC_" style="--fallback-aspect-ratio:300 / 260" data-testid="freestar-ad-container"><div><div class="" id="above-recs-desktop-ad-sm"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rail-recs RailRecommendations_root__zqtZQ"><h2 class="RailRecommendations_title__kt1D2">Recommended</h2><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-0" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rgql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rgql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rgql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamic-finalpptx/262576258"><span class="sr-only">PHARMACODYNAMIC FINAL.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:0" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="PHARMACODYNAMIC FINAL.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamicfinal-231021135634-ef281733-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="PHARMACODYNAMIC FINAL.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamicfinal-231021135634-ef281733-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">PHARMACODYNAMIC FINAL.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save PHARMACODYNAMIC FINAL.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mgql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mgql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mgql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mgql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mgql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/KedirAbdurehman2">KedirAbdurehman2</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The document defines pharmacodynamics and describes how drugs act on the body through various mechanisms of action. It discusses drug receptors, including ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. It also covers intracellular receptors and characteristics of drug-receptor interactions. The key points are that pharmacodynamics describes how drugs produce effects in the body, drugs can act through receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated mechanisms, and different receptor types determine the speed and nature of the drug's response.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rgql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rgql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rhal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rhal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rhal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamKumat/receptor-237719029"><span class="sr-only">Receptor </span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:1" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor " src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-200810152651-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor " src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-200810152651-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor </span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mhal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mhal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mhal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mhal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mhal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamKumat">Shubham Choudhary</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">A receptor is a protein molecule usually found embedded within the plasma membrane surface of a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell and when such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rhal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rhal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rhql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rhql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rhql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mechanism-of-action-of-drugs/53229536"><span class="sr-only">mechanism of action of drugs</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:2" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="mechanism of action of drugs" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/moa-150926184713-lva1-app6892-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="mechanism of action of drugs" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/moa-150926184713-lva1-app6892-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">mechanism of action of drugs</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save mechanism of action of drugs for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mhql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mhql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mhql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mhql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mhql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ckoppala">Koppala RVS Chaitanya</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body, including their biochemical and physiological effects and the mechanisms of drug action at the organ and cellular levels. Most drugs interact with biomolecules like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors are macromolecules that recognize signal molecules like drugs and initiate a response. Drugs can act as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists depending on how they activate or inhibit receptor activity. The drug-receptor interaction is governed by affinity and intrinsic activity. Transmembrane signaling is accomplished by G-protein coupled receptors, receptors with intrinsic ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors, and transcription factor receptors.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rhql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rhql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rial4f6:" popovertarget=":Rial4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rial4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptor-ppt/182393507"><span class="sr-only">Receptor ppt</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:3" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor ppt" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorppt-191015133702-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor ppt" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorppt-191015133702-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor ppt</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor ppt for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mial4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mial4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mial4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mial4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mial4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/RakeshAmrutkar">RakeshAmrutkar</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">1. John Langley first postulated the concept of drug receptors in 1878 based on his experiments showing that nicotine and curare analogues interacted specifically with muscle cells to cause contraction or relaxation. 2. Paul Ehrlich further developed the drug receptor concept in the early 1900s, demonstrating that the stereochemical structure of a drug was important for its binding and interaction with receptors. 3. Receptors are specific binding sites, usually protein molecules, located on cells or within cells that drugs and neurotransmitters interact with to produce their effects. The binding of a drug or neurotransmitter to its receptor triggers signal transduction pathways that mediate the drug's ultimate physiological or pharmacological response.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rial4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rial4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-4" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Riql4f6:" popovertarget=":Riql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Riql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/biological-drug-targetspptx/261900512"><span class="sr-only">Biological drug targets.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:4" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Biological drug targets.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/biologicaldrugtargets-231008042511-70f976d0-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Biological drug targets.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/biologicaldrugtargets-231008042511-70f976d0-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Biological drug targets.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Biological drug targets.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5miql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5miql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5miql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5miql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5miql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/PurushothamKN1">PurushothamKN1</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses biological drug targets and summarizes key points about receptors and drug-receptor interactions. It begins with an introduction to biological drug targets and explains that drugs produce their effects by binding to receptors and causing biochemical or physical changes. It then discusses the main types of receptors - ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. Theories of drug-receptor interaction are also summarized, including occupancy theory, rate theory, induced fit theory, and others. Finally, the document briefly introduces artificial enzymes as synthetic molecules that can mimic the functions of natural enzymes.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Riql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Riql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-5" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rjal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rjal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rjal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-and-receptors-classification/102550726"><span class="sr-only">Receptors and receptors classification</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:5" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptors and receptors classification" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-180617081307-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptors and receptors classification" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-180617081307-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptors and receptors classification</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptors and receptors classification for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mjal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mjal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mjal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mjal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mjal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/peshawa11">caucasus international university</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Definition Classification and description of each class. Description of individual receptor. Forces affecting the drug receptor binding. Binding of drug receptor affect drug action. Agonist and antagonist. Disease due to malfunctioning of receptors. New drug design based on structure of receptors Receptor as target for drug discovery. Drug action not mediated by receptor. </span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rjal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rjal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-6" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rjql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rjql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rjql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/3-molecular-mech-of-drug-action-presentn/18097363"><span class="sr-only">3. molecular mech of drug action presentn</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:6" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="3. molecular mech of drug action presentn" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/3-molecularmechofdrugactionpresentn-130403022118-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="3. molecular mech of drug action presentn" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/3-molecularmechofdrugactionpresentn-130403022118-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">3. molecular mech of drug action presentn</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 3. molecular mech of drug action presentn for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mjql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mjql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mjql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mjql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mjql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/suniu">suniu</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The document discusses the molecular mechanisms of action of drugs. It describes four main ways drugs produce effects in the body: 1) by acting on receptors, 2) by inhibiting carriers, 3) by modulating or blocking ion channels, and 4) by inhibiting enzymes. It focuses on describing the different types of protein targets for drug action, including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules. It provides details on the structure and function of receptors, the main types of receptor families, and concepts such as receptor heterogeneity, subtypes, and the actions of agonists and antagonists.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rjql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rjql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-7" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rkal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rkal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rkal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamcis/240119890"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacodynamcis</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:7" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacodynamcis" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamcis-201215062318-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacodynamcis" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamcis-201215062318-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacodynamcis</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacodynamcis for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mkal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mkal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mkal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mkal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mkal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/Meghanasweetie1">Meghanasweetie1</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Mechanism of drug action, Relationship between drug conc & effect, Receptors, Structural & families of receptors, Quantitation of drug receptor interaction & elicited effects </span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rkal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rkal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-8" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rkql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rkql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rkql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/2-pharmacodynamics-hangoma-pptx-pharmacology/269601369"><span class="sr-only">2. PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:8" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="2. PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2-240610111538-089b6311-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="2. PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2-240610111538-089b6311-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">2. PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 2. PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mkql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mkql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mkql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mkql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mkql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/FranciKaySichu">FranciKaySichu</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Pharmacology </span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rkql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rkql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-9" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rlal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rlal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rlal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/2drug-receptorspptx/259571387"><span class="sr-only">2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:9" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2-230802110309-a35c31ed-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2-230802110309-a35c31ed-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mlal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mlal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mlal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mlal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mlal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/JegadeeshKrishnan">JegadeeshKrishnan</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The document discusses drug receptors and their interactions. It provides an overview of receptor occupation theory and the two-state receptor model. It describes the different types of receptors including physiological, orphan, and silent receptors. It outlines the criteria used to classify receptors such as pharmacological, tissue distribution, ligand binding, transducer pathways, and molecular cloning. The major transducer mechanisms are ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. Specific examples like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their mechanisms and clinical significance are explained.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rlal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rlal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-10" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rlql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rlql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rlql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptos/222419658"><span class="sr-only">Receptor</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:10" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-151020164251-lva1-app6891-200121071812-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-151020164251-lva1-app6891-200121071812-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mlql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mlql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mlql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mlql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mlql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ramyabhairavi">ramya bhairavi</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document defines receptors and classifies them as either internal or cell surface receptors. It describes the three main types of cell surface receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. It also discusses the forces affecting drug-receptor binding, how binding affects drug action, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. Additionally, it covers how receptor malfunctions can cause diseases and how understanding receptor structure enables new drug design by targeting receptors.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rlql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rlql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-11" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rmal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rmal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rmal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamics-and-adr-231269111/231269111"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacodynamics and ADR</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:11" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacodynamics and ADR" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cology-200331100011-200402055624-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacodynamics and ADR" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cology-200331100011-200402055624-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacodynamics and ADR</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacodynamics and ADR for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mmal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mmal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mmal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mmal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mmal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/GaneshBharskar">GaneshBharskar</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses pharmacodynamics and adverse drug reactions. It begins by describing the different types of drug action including stimulation, inhibition, replacement, irritation, and cytotoxic action. It then discusses drug targets including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules. The main mechanisms of drug action are receptor-mediated and non-receptor mediated mechanisms. Receptor-mediated mechanisms include different types of receptors and signal transduction pathways. Non-receptor mechanisms involve false incorporation, being protoplasmic poisons, forming antibodies, and placebo effects. The document also classifies different types of adverse drug reactions.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rmal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rmal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-12" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rmql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rmql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rmql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/bnsc-1-pharmacodynamics-part-1pptx/252598551"><span class="sr-only">BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:12" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bnsc1pharmacodynamicspart1-220818132810-98ebf43f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bnsc1pharmacodynamicspart1-220818132810-98ebf43f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mmql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mmql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mmql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mmql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mmql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/NatwijukaAndrew1">NatwijukaAndrew1</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses pharmacodynamics and drug receptors. It defines key terms like receptors, ligands, agonists, and antagonists. It describes the four major classifications of drug receptors based on general characteristics, location, consequences of interaction, and secondary messengers involved. It explains the five major transmembrane signaling mechanisms between receptors and effectors, including receptors that directly activate intracellular effectors, membrane-spanning enzymes, ion channels, and those linked to G proteins. The document provides examples to illustrate drug action through different receptor types and signaling pathways.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rmql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rmql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-13" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rnal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rnal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rnal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-as-biologcal-drug-targets-pptpptx/265187576"><span class="sr-only">RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:13" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsasbiologcaldrugtargetsppt-240107020517-ecd5f878-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsasbiologcaldrugtargetsppt-240107020517-ecd5f878-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mnal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mnal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mnal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mnal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mnal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/osmanshaheen">osmanshaheen</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Receptors are biological molecules that bind to specific ligands or drugs to produce a cellular response. There are several types of receptors including cell surface receptors like G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as intracellular receptors. When a ligand binds to a receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor that propagates a signal through various pathways to produce an effect in the cell. Agonists mimic endogenous ligands to activate receptors, while antagonists bind receptors but prevent activation. The binding of ligands is influenced by various chemical forces including covalent, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions. Receptors are important drug targets, and understanding their functions and binding properties is essential for drug development.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rnal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rnal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-14" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rnql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rnql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rnql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacology-unit-2pptx/254392531"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:14" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacologyunit-2-221122035849-db95c23f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacologyunit-2-221122035849-db95c23f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mnql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mnql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mnql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mnql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mnql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/NikitaGupta215101">Nikita Gupta</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses pharmacodynamics and the mechanisms of drug action. It explains that pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body and their effects, focusing on drug-receptor interactions and the biochemical and physiological impacts of drugs. Various mechanisms are described, including stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement effects. The key mechanisms of drug action are interactions with receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and transporter proteins. Different types of receptors - ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors - are also outlined.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rnql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rnql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-15" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Roal4f6:" popovertarget=":Roal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Roal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptor-pharmacology/15318046"><span class="sr-only">Receptor Pharmacology</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:15" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor Pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorpharmacology-121123121357-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor Pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorpharmacology-121123121357-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor Pharmacology</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor Pharmacology for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5moal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5moal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5moal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5moal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5moal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/tulasiraman">Tulasi Raman</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">1. Receptors are cellular macromolecules that mediate chemical signaling between and within cells. They have affinity for ligands and intrinsic activity that triggers a pharmacological response upon ligand binding. 2. Agonists have high affinity and intrinsic activity, forming active receptor complexes. Antagonists have affinity but no intrinsic activity. Partial agonists and inverse agonists have intermediate effects. 3. There are several types of receptors including ion channels, G protein-coupled, kinase-linked, intracellular, and enzymes. Long-term receptor exposure can lead to down-regulation or up-regulation depending on if it's an agonist or antagonist.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Roal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Roal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-16" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Roql4f6:" popovertarget=":Roql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Roql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-pptx-and-its-types-and-mechanism/276617097"><span class="sr-only">receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:16" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-250312164501-4f7a38ab-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-250312164501-4f7a38ab-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5moql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5moql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5moql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5moql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5moql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/GuttiKrishnasriRolln">GuttiKrishnasriRolln</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Different receptor types and structure of them </span></div></div><div class="" id=":Roql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Roql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-17" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rpal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rpal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rpal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamPatil281/drug-receptors-82204779"><span class="sr-only">Drug receptors</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:17" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Drug receptors" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/drugreceptars-171117095539-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Drug receptors" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/drugreceptars-171117095539-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Drug receptors</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Drug receptors for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mpal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mpal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mpal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mpal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mpal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamPatil281">Shubham Patil</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The Topic DRUG RECEPTORS tells you about everything you want to know it's classification, Regulation, Introduction etc.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rpal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rpal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-18" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rpql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rpql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rpql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/DrVijayBhushanam/mechanism-of-drug-action-33248739"><span class="sr-only">Mechanism of drug action</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:18" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Mechanism of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/vj-mechanismofdrugaction-140407201643-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Mechanism of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/vj-mechanismofdrugaction-140407201643-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Mechanism of drug action</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Mechanism of drug action for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mpql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mpql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mpql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mpql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mpql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/DrVijayBhushanam">Dr.Vijay Talla</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">1. Drugs can interact with receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules in cells. 2. Receptor-mediated mechanisms involve drugs binding to receptors, forming drug-receptor complexes that trigger biological responses. Non-receptor mechanisms do not involve receptors. 3. There are different types of receptors and signal transduction pathways, including ionotropic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and receptors regulating gene expression.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rpql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rpql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-19" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rqal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rqal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rqal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mechanism-of-drug-action-department-of-pharmacology/271971246"><span class="sr-only">mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:19" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/mechanismofdrugaction-240923133353-22959b04-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/mechanismofdrugaction-240923133353-22959b04-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mqal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mqal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mqal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mqal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mqal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/Richardjohn79">Richardjohn79</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rqal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rqal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-20" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rqql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rqql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rqql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/26426f22wk-2-lecture-receptors-2pdf/252697395"><span class="sr-only">26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:20" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/26426-f22-wk2lecture-receptors2-220825122831-dd12f3a5-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/26426-f22-wk2lecture-receptors2-220825122831-dd12f3a5-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mqql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mqql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mqql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mqql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mqql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/safuraqazi">safuraqazi</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document outlines the course for an introduction to medicinal chemistry. It covers 13 lectures over drug targets like proteins, enzymes, and receptors. Specific topics include ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, molecular interactions, drug development, screening methods, and specific drug classes like antivirals and anti-cancer drugs. Each lecture is led by either Sophie R. Beeren or Luca Laraia and corresponds to chapters in the textbook.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rqql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rqql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-21" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rral4f6:" popovertarget=":Rral4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rral4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptor-subtypes-pharmacodynamicspharmacology/246438558"><span class="sr-only">Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology.</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:21" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/set-1-210419083422-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/set-1-210419083422-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology.</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology. for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mral4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mral4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mral4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mral4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mral4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/MeghVithalkar">Megh Vithalkar</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The document is a presentation on pharmacodynamics given by Megh Vithalkar. It discusses the history of receptor theory, defines receptors and describes the main types - ion channel receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors and intracellular receptors. It also covers the classification of receptor subtypes based on pharmacological criteria, tissue distribution, ligand binding, transducer pathways and molecular cloning. The key difference between drug action and drug effect is explained. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts in receptor pharmacology.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rral4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rral4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-22" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rrql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rrql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rrql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-seminarpptx/257671930"><span class="sr-only">Receptors seminar.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:22" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptors seminar.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsseminar-230503105818-1fda0bb8-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptors seminar.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsseminar-230503105818-1fda0bb8-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptors seminar.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptors seminar.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mrql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mrql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mrql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mrql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mrql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/RashuRaju">RashuRaju</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">A receptor is a protein molecule usually found embedded within the plasma membrane surface of a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell and when such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response. Receptor is a macromolecule whose function is to recognize and respond to chemical signal There are 3 types of receptors. Those are: i. Internal /Intracellular/Cytoplasmic receptors: found in the cytoplasm of the cell respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules ii. Cell-surface / transmembrane receptors/ cell specific proteins performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. iii. Nuclear receptor Located in the nucleus of the cell i. Internal /Intracellular/Cytoplasmic receptors Steriod receptor ii. Cell-surface / transmembrane receptors/ cell specific proteins G-protein- coupled receptor Enzyme- linked receptor/ tyrosin kinase receptor Ion channel- linked receptor/ ligand gated receptor iii. Nuclear receptor Thyroid receptor</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rrql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rrql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-23" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rsal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rsal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rsal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamics-mechanisn-of-drug-action/5113870"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) </span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:23" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) " src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamics-drdhriti-100902115505-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) " src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamics-drdhriti-100902115505-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) </span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5msal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5msal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5msal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5msal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5msal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/drdhriti">http://neigrihms.gov.in/</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rsal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rsal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-24" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rsql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rsql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rsql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/kinetics-of-reactions-in-solutions-and-related-applications-pptx/273159499"><span class="sr-only">Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:24" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/kineticsofreactionsinsolutionsandrelatedapplications-241110072437-75e6ec95-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/kineticsofreactionsinsolutionsandrelatedapplications-241110072437-75e6ec95-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5msql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5msql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5msql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5msql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5msql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/abdelbasetm1999">abdelbasetm1999</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">sadcflkoerk</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rsql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rsql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-25" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rtal4f6:" popovertarget=":Rtal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rtal4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/5-mechanisms-of-drug-action/174522844"><span class="sr-only">5 mechanisms of drug action</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:25" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="5 mechanisms of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/5mechanismsofdrugaction-190921090555-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="5 mechanisms of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/5mechanismsofdrugaction-190921090555-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">5 mechanisms of drug action</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 5 mechanisms of drug action for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mtal4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mtal4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mtal4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mtal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mtal4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/bernardkathewera">bernard kathewera</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses mechanisms of drug action and pharmacodynamics. It covers several key topics: 1. Drugs can act through specific receptor interactions or through non-specific physicochemical properties. Receptor interactions involve binding to receptors that trigger biochemical responses. 2. There are several types of receptors that drugs can act on, including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and intracellular receptors. 3. The effects of drugs are determined by their affinity for receptors and intrinsic activity. Agonists have both while antagonists only have affinity. 4. When drugs are combined, their effects may be additive, potentiated, or antagonistic depending on if they act through similar or different mechanisms and sites of</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rtal4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rtal4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-26" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rtql4f6:" popovertarget=":Rtql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rtql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/cell-membrane-receptor-drug-receptor-interaction/252469402"><span class="sr-only">CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:26" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cellmem-220808153051-8e54a2da-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cellmem-220808153051-8e54a2da-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mtql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mtql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mtql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mtql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mtql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/Stymst">SATYAM ASATI</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR 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INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG </span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rtql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rtql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-27" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rual4f6:" popovertarget=":Rual4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rual4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacology-i-receptor/245127173"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacology I receptor</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:27" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacology I receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacology-ireceptor-210326145405-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacology I receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacology-ireceptor-210326145405-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacology I receptor</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacology I receptor for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mual4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mual4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mual4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mual4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mual4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/sidrahena">Heena Parveen</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Receptors are protein molecules located in cell membranes, cytosol, and nuclei that bind to ligands such as drugs. Ligand binding alters enzyme activity, ion permeability, and genetic material conformation. Receptors serve dual functions by recognizing specific ligands and initiating biochemical reactions that transmit signals from ligands to intracellular proteins. The interaction between ligands and receptors is characterized by selectivity, based on physico-chemical properties, and affinity, which measures the strength of binding. Agonists elicit pharmacological responses by binding with high affinity and intrinsic activity, while antagonists block receptors through high affinity but lack intrinsic activity. Partial agonists have lower intrinsic activity than full agonists. Inverse agonists produce effects opposite to agonists.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rual4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rual4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-28" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Ruql4f6:" popovertarget=":Ruql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Ruql4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/next-gen-project-delivery-disrupting-the-status-quo/276918455"><span class="sr-only">Next Gen Project Delivery - Disrupting the Status Quo</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:28" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Next Gen Project Delivery - Disrupting the Status Quo" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/wessexbranchmar25slidedeck-250319104328-a1d9eede-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Next Gen Project Delivery - Disrupting the Status Quo" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/wessexbranchmar25slidedeck-250319104328-a1d9eede-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Next Gen Project Delivery - Disrupting the Status Quo</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Next Gen Project Delivery - Disrupting the Status Quo for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5muql4f6:" popovertarget=":R5muql4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5muql4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5muql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5muql4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/assocpm">Association for Project Management </a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">APM event hosted by the Wessex Network on 6 March. Speakers: Martin Paver and James Garner An evening of ground-breaking discussion on how next-generation project delivery is set to disrupt the traditional methods of project management. From risk management to PMOs, we explored the tension between refining old methods and completely reimagining them. An interactive conversation with the audience. We explored why sticking to outdated practices can hinder progress and how embracing new technologies like AI and advanced data analytics can revolutionise the field. We challenged the conventional wisdom that has dominated project management for decades and highlight the pitfalls of resisting change. This session provided insights into how adopting innovative approaches can lead to more efficient, adaptive, and successful project outcomes. Whether you are a seasoned project manager or new to the field, this event should have provoked thought and inspired you to rethink your strategies. Plus, we showed you a path to futureproof your career. Don't miss this opportunity to be at the forefront of the project management revolution with some of the leading minds on the subject. We delved into 2 recent open source books on Next Generation PMOs and Next Gen Risk Management which are successfully challenging established norms and seeding a movement. We also showcased some of the latest developments and demonstrate that we have transitioned from sci-fi to making this a reality. Attendees gained insights into how these cutting-edge techniques can lead to more efficient, adaptive, and successful project outcomes. Useful Link: https://www.apm.org.uk/news/next-gen-project-delivery-disrupting-the-status-quo/</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Ruql4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Ruql4f6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="recommended-card-description-29" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Rval4f6:" popovertarget=":Rval4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Rval4f6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-configure-authorized-signatory-on-invoice-in-odoo-18/276854921"><span class="sr-only">How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:29" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoconfigureauthorizedsignatoryoninvoiceinodoo18-250318061306-43d72cc1-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoconfigureauthorizedsignatoryoninvoiceinodoo18-250318061306-43d72cc1-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18 for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5mval4f6:" popovertarget=":R5mval4f6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5mval4f6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R5mval4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5mval4f6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/CelineGeorge1">Celine George</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Odoo 18 Sign allows you to send, sign, and approve documents online, using electronic signatures. An electronic signature shows a person’s agreement to the content of a document. Just like a handwritten signature, the electronic one represents a legal binding by the terms of the signed document.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":Rval4f6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-Rval4f6"></div></div></div></div><div class="RelatedContent_root__29Np1"><div class="RelatedContent_wrapper__riU7l"><h2 class="Heading_heading__3MAvZ Heading_h2__f9yvs RelatedContent_title__QUhpL">More Related Content</h2><div class="bottom-recs BottomRecommendation_root__7aU9w"><h3 class="BottomRecommendation_title__SRj68">Similar to General Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics.. <span class="BottomRecommendation_count__4HpLo">(20)</span></h3><div class="BottomRecommendationContent_root__2qm4_"><div class="mobile-recs"><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-0" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R45ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R45ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R45ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/2-pharmacodynamics-hangoma-pptx-pharmacology/269601369"><span class="sr-only">2. 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PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dk5ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dk5ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dk5ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dk5ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dk5ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/FranciKaySichu">FranciKaySichu</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Pharmacology </span></div></div><div class="" id=":R45ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R45ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R49ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R49ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R49ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/2drug-receptorspptx/259571387"><span class="sr-only">2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:1" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2-230802110309-a35c31ed-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2-230802110309-a35c31ed-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 2.DRUG RECEPTORS.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dk9ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dk9ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dk9ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dk9ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dk9ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/JegadeeshKrishnan">JegadeeshKrishnan</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The document discusses drug receptors and their interactions. It provides an overview of receptor occupation theory and the two-state receptor model. It describes the different types of receptors including physiological, orphan, and silent receptors. It outlines the criteria used to classify receptors such as pharmacological, tissue distribution, ligand binding, transducer pathways, and molecular cloning. The major transducer mechanisms are ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. Specific examples like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their mechanisms and clinical significance are explained.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R49ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R49ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4dipkf6:" popovertarget=":R4dipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4dipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptos/222419658"><span class="sr-only">Receptor</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:2" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-151020164251-lva1-app6891-200121071812-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-151020164251-lva1-app6891-200121071812-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dkdipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dkdipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dkdipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dkdipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dkdipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ramyabhairavi">ramya bhairavi</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document defines receptors and classifies them as either internal or cell surface receptors. It describes the three main types of cell surface receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. It also discusses the forces affecting drug-receptor binding, how binding affects drug action, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. Additionally, it covers how receptor malfunctions can cause diseases and how understanding receptor structure enables new drug design by targeting receptors.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4dipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4dipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4hipkf6:" popovertarget=":R4hipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4hipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamics-and-adr-231269111/231269111"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacodynamics and ADR</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:3" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacodynamics and ADR" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cology-200331100011-200402055624-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacodynamics and ADR" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cology-200331100011-200402055624-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacodynamics and ADR</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacodynamics and ADR for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dkhipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dkhipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dkhipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dkhipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dkhipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/GaneshBharskar">GaneshBharskar</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses pharmacodynamics and adverse drug reactions. It begins by describing the different types of drug action including stimulation, inhibition, replacement, irritation, and cytotoxic action. It then discusses drug targets including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules. The main mechanisms of drug action are receptor-mediated and non-receptor mediated mechanisms. Receptor-mediated mechanisms include different types of receptors and signal transduction pathways. Non-receptor mechanisms involve false incorporation, being protoplasmic poisons, forming antibodies, and placebo effects. The document also classifies different types of adverse drug reactions.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4hipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4hipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-4" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4lipkf6:" popovertarget=":R4lipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4lipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/bnsc-1-pharmacodynamics-part-1pptx/252598551"><span class="sr-only">BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:4" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bnsc1pharmacodynamicspart1-220818132810-98ebf43f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bnsc1pharmacodynamicspart1-220818132810-98ebf43f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save BNSC 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS PART 1.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dklipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dklipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dklipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dklipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dklipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/NatwijukaAndrew1">NatwijukaAndrew1</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses pharmacodynamics and drug receptors. It defines key terms like receptors, ligands, agonists, and antagonists. It describes the four major classifications of drug receptors based on general characteristics, location, consequences of interaction, and secondary messengers involved. It explains the five major transmembrane signaling mechanisms between receptors and effectors, including receptors that directly activate intracellular effectors, membrane-spanning enzymes, ion channels, and those linked to G proteins. The document provides examples to illustrate drug action through different receptor types and signaling pathways.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4lipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4lipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-5" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4pipkf6:" popovertarget=":R4pipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4pipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-as-biologcal-drug-targets-pptpptx/265187576"><span class="sr-only">RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:5" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsasbiologcaldrugtargetsppt-240107020517-ecd5f878-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsasbiologcaldrugtargetsppt-240107020517-ecd5f878-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save RECEPTORS AS BIOLOGCAL DRUG TARGETS ppt.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dkpipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dkpipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dkpipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dkpipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dkpipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/osmanshaheen">osmanshaheen</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Receptors are biological molecules that bind to specific ligands or drugs to produce a cellular response. There are several types of receptors including cell surface receptors like G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as intracellular receptors. When a ligand binds to a receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor that propagates a signal through various pathways to produce an effect in the cell. Agonists mimic endogenous ligands to activate receptors, while antagonists bind receptors but prevent activation. The binding of ligands is influenced by various chemical forces including covalent, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions. Receptors are important drug targets, and understanding their functions and binding properties is essential for drug development.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4pipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4pipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-6" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4tipkf6:" popovertarget=":R4tipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4tipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacology-unit-2pptx/254392531"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:6" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacologyunit-2-221122035849-db95c23f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacologyunit-2-221122035849-db95c23f-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacology Unit - 2.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dktipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dktipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dktipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dktipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dktipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/NikitaGupta215101">Nikita Gupta</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses pharmacodynamics and the mechanisms of drug action. It explains that pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body and their effects, focusing on drug-receptor interactions and the biochemical and physiological impacts of drugs. Various mechanisms are described, including stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement effects. The key mechanisms of drug action are interactions with receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and transporter proteins. Different types of receptors - ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors - are also outlined.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4tipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4tipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-7" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R51ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R51ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R51ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptor-pharmacology/15318046"><span class="sr-only">Receptor Pharmacology</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:7" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor Pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorpharmacology-121123121357-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor Pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorpharmacology-121123121357-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor Pharmacology</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor Pharmacology for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dl1ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dl1ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dl1ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dl1ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dl1ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/tulasiraman">Tulasi Raman</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">1. Receptors are cellular macromolecules that mediate chemical signaling between and within cells. They have affinity for ligands and intrinsic activity that triggers a pharmacological response upon ligand binding. 2. Agonists have high affinity and intrinsic activity, forming active receptor complexes. Antagonists have affinity but no intrinsic activity. Partial agonists and inverse agonists have intermediate effects. 3. There are several types of receptors including ion channels, G protein-coupled, kinase-linked, intracellular, and enzymes. Long-term receptor exposure can lead to down-regulation or up-regulation depending on if it's an agonist or antagonist.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R51ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R51ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-8" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R55ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R55ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R55ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-pptx-and-its-types-and-mechanism/276617097"><span class="sr-only">receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:8" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-250312164501-4f7a38ab-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-250312164501-4f7a38ab-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save receptors.pptx and its types and mechanism for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dl5ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dl5ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dl5ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dl5ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dl5ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/GuttiKrishnasriRolln">GuttiKrishnasriRolln</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Different receptor types and structure of them </span></div></div><div class="" id=":R55ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R55ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-9" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R59ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R59ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R59ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamPatil281/drug-receptors-82204779"><span class="sr-only">Drug receptors</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:9" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Drug receptors" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/drugreceptars-171117095539-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Drug receptors" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/drugreceptars-171117095539-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Drug receptors</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Drug receptors for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dl9ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dl9ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dl9ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dl9ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dl9ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamPatil281">Shubham Patil</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The Topic DRUG RECEPTORS tells you about everything you want to know it's classification, Regulation, Introduction etc.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R59ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R59ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-10" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5dipkf6:" popovertarget=":R5dipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5dipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/DrVijayBhushanam/mechanism-of-drug-action-33248739"><span class="sr-only">Mechanism of drug action</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:10" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Mechanism of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/vj-mechanismofdrugaction-140407201643-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Mechanism of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/vj-mechanismofdrugaction-140407201643-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Mechanism of drug action</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Mechanism of drug action for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dldipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dldipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dldipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dldipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dldipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/DrVijayBhushanam">Dr.Vijay Talla</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">1. Drugs can interact with receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules in cells. 2. Receptor-mediated mechanisms involve drugs binding to receptors, forming drug-receptor complexes that trigger biological responses. Non-receptor mechanisms do not involve receptors. 3. There are different types of receptors and signal transduction pathways, including ionotropic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and receptors regulating gene expression.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R5dipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5dipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-11" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5hipkf6:" popovertarget=":R5hipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5hipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mechanism-of-drug-action-department-of-pharmacology/271971246"><span class="sr-only">mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:11" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/mechanismofdrugaction-240923133353-22959b04-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/mechanismofdrugaction-240923133353-22959b04-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dlhipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dlhipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dlhipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dlhipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dlhipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/Richardjohn79">Richardjohn79</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">mechanism of drug action department of pharmacology</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R5hipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5hipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-12" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5lipkf6:" popovertarget=":R5lipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5lipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/26426f22wk-2-lecture-receptors-2pdf/252697395"><span class="sr-only">26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:12" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/26426-f22-wk2lecture-receptors2-220825122831-dd12f3a5-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/26426-f22-wk2lecture-receptors2-220825122831-dd12f3a5-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 26426-F22-Wk 2 Lecture - Receptors (2).pdf for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dllipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dllipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dllipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dllipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dllipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/safuraqazi">safuraqazi</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document outlines the course for an introduction to medicinal chemistry. It covers 13 lectures over drug targets like proteins, enzymes, and receptors. Specific topics include ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, molecular interactions, drug development, screening methods, and specific drug classes like antivirals and anti-cancer drugs. Each lecture is led by either Sophie R. Beeren or Luca Laraia and corresponds to chapters in the textbook.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R5lipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5lipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-13" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5pipkf6:" popovertarget=":R5pipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5pipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptor-subtypes-pharmacodynamicspharmacology/246438558"><span class="sr-only">Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology.</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:13" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/set-1-210419083422-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/set-1-210419083422-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology.</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptor Sub-types _Pharmacodynamics_Pharmacology. for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dlpipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dlpipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dlpipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dlpipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dlpipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/MeghVithalkar">Megh Vithalkar</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">The document is a presentation on pharmacodynamics given by Megh Vithalkar. It discusses the history of receptor theory, defines receptors and describes the main types - ion channel receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors and intracellular receptors. It also covers the classification of receptor subtypes based on pharmacological criteria, tissue distribution, ligand binding, transducer pathways and molecular cloning. The key difference between drug action and drug effect is explained. The presentation provides an overview of important concepts in receptor pharmacology.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R5pipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5pipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-14" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R5tipkf6:" popovertarget=":R5tipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R5tipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-seminarpptx/257671930"><span class="sr-only">Receptors seminar.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:14" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Receptors seminar.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsseminar-230503105818-1fda0bb8-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Receptors seminar.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorsseminar-230503105818-1fda0bb8-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Receptors seminar.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Receptors seminar.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dltipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dltipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dltipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dltipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dltipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/RashuRaju">RashuRaju</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">A receptor is a protein molecule usually found embedded within the plasma membrane surface of a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell and when such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response. Receptor is a macromolecule whose function is to recognize and respond to chemical signal There are 3 types of receptors. Those are: i. Internal /Intracellular/Cytoplasmic receptors: found in the cytoplasm of the cell respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules ii. Cell-surface / transmembrane receptors/ cell specific proteins performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. iii. Nuclear receptor Located in the nucleus of the cell i. Internal /Intracellular/Cytoplasmic receptors Steriod receptor ii. Cell-surface / transmembrane receptors/ cell specific proteins G-protein- coupled receptor Enzyme- linked receptor/ tyrosin kinase receptor Ion channel- linked receptor/ ligand gated receptor iii. Nuclear receptor Thyroid receptor</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R5tipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5tipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-15" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R61ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R61ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R61ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamics-mechanisn-of-drug-action/5113870"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) </span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:15" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) " src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamics-drdhriti-100902115505-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) " src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamics-drdhriti-100902115505-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) </span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Pharmacodynamics (Mechanisn of drug action) for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dm1ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dm1ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dm1ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dm1ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dm1ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/drdhriti">http://neigrihms.gov.in/</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R61ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R61ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-16" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R65ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R65ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R65ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/kinetics-of-reactions-in-solutions-and-related-applications-pptx/273159499"><span class="sr-only">Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:16" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/kineticsofreactionsinsolutionsandrelatedapplications-241110072437-75e6ec95-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/kineticsofreactionsinsolutionsandrelatedapplications-241110072437-75e6ec95-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Kinetics of Reactions in Solutions and related Applications.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dm5ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dm5ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dm5ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dm5ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dm5ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/abdelbasetm1999">abdelbasetm1999</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">sadcflkoerk</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R65ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R65ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-17" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R69ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R69ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R69ipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/5-mechanisms-of-drug-action/174522844"><span class="sr-only">5 mechanisms of drug action</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:17" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="5 mechanisms of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/5mechanismsofdrugaction-190921090555-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="5 mechanisms of drug action" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/5mechanismsofdrugaction-190921090555-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">5 mechanisms of drug action</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save 5 mechanisms of drug action for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dm9ipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dm9ipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dm9ipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dm9ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dm9ipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/bernardkathewera">bernard kathewera</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">This document discusses mechanisms of drug action and pharmacodynamics. It covers several key topics: 1. Drugs can act through specific receptor interactions or through non-specific physicochemical properties. Receptor interactions involve binding to receptors that trigger biochemical responses. 2. There are several types of receptors that drugs can act on, including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and intracellular receptors. 3. The effects of drugs are determined by their affinity for receptors and intrinsic activity. Agonists have both while antagonists only have affinity. 4. When drugs are combined, their effects may be additive, potentiated, or antagonistic depending on if they act through similar or different mechanisms and sites of</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R69ipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R69ipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-18" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R6dipkf6:" popovertarget=":R6dipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R6dipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/cell-membrane-receptor-drug-receptor-interaction/252469402"><span class="sr-only">CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:18" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cellmem-220808153051-8e54a2da-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cellmem-220808153051-8e54a2da-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dmdipkf6:" popovertarget=":R1dmdipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dmdipkf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dmdipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dmdipkf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/Stymst">SATYAM ASATI</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION CELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTIONCELL MEMBRANE , RECEPTOR , DRUG </span></div></div><div class="" id=":R6dipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R6dipkf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="similarTo-card-description-19" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R6hipkf6:" popovertarget=":R6hipkf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R6hipkf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacology-i-receptor/245127173"><span class="sr-only">Pharmacology I receptor</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:19" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Pharmacology I receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacology-ireceptor-210326145405-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Pharmacology I receptor" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacology-ireceptor-210326145405-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Pharmacology I receptor</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx 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</div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Receptors are protein molecules located in cell membranes, cytosol, and nuclei that bind to ligands such as drugs. Ligand binding alters enzyme activity, ion permeability, and genetic material conformation. Receptors serve dual functions by recognizing specific ligands and initiating biochemical reactions that transmit signals from ligands to intracellular proteins. The interaction between ligands and receptors is characterized by selectivity, based on physico-chemical properties, and affinity, which measures the strength of binding. Agonists elicit pharmacological responses by binding with high affinity and intrinsic activity, while antagonists block receptors through high affinity but lack intrinsic activity. Partial agonists have lower intrinsic activity than full agonists. Inverse agonists produce effects opposite to agonists.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R6hipkf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R6hipkf6"></div></div><div class="desktop-recs"><div class="Slider_root__c0Jo8"><div class="Slider_scroller__KHjw4"><div class="BottomRecommendationCard_root__gffTk SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/2-pharmacodynamics-hangoma-pptx-pharmacology/269601369"><span class="sr-only">2. PHARMACODYNAMICS hangoma.pptx pharmacology</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:16 / 9;--index:0" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="2. 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Useful Link: https://www.apm.org.uk/news/next-gen-project-delivery-disrupting-the-status-quo/</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R45j9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R45j9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R49j9kf6:" popovertarget=":R49j9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R49j9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-configure-authorized-signatory-on-invoice-in-odoo-18/276854921"><span class="sr-only">How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:1" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoconfigureauthorizedsignatoryoninvoiceinodoo18-250318061306-43d72cc1-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoconfigureauthorizedsignatoryoninvoiceinodoo18-250318061306-43d72cc1-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save How to Configure Authorized Signatory on Invoice in Odoo 18 for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dk9j9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dk9j9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dk9j9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dk9j9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dk9j9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/CelineGeorge1">Celine George</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Odoo 18 Sign allows you to send, sign, and approve documents online, using electronic signatures. An electronic signature shows a person’s agreement to the content of a document. Just like a handwritten signature, the electronic one represents a legal binding by the terms of the signed document.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R49j9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R49j9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4dj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R4dj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4dj9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-manage-your-company-budget-using-odoo-17-accounting/276957212"><span class="sr-only">How to Manage Your Company Budget Using Odoo 17 Accounting</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:2" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="How to Manage Your Company Budget Using Odoo 17 Accounting" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtomanageyourcompanybudgetusingodoo17accounting-250320053145-365d8d27-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="How to Manage Your Company Budget Using Odoo 17 Accounting" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtomanageyourcompanybudgetusingodoo17accounting-250320053145-365d8d27-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">How to Manage Your Company Budget Using Odoo 17 Accounting</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save How to Manage Your Company Budget Using Odoo 17 Accounting for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dkdj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dkdj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dkdj9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dkdj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dkdj9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/CelineGeorge1">Celine George</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Effective budget management is vital for a company's success. Odoo 17 streamlines financial management with tools for transactions, invoicing, and budgeting. Set up budgets for departments, projects, or cost centers, define goals, allocate resources, and set spending limits. </span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4dj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4dj9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4hj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R4hj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4hj9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/abigail-sageev-presents-at-the-oecd-webinar-improving-skills-outcomes-through-stronger-coordination-and-stakeholder-pdf/276874979"><span class="sr-only">Abigail Sageev presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes throug...</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:3" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Abigail Sageev presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes throug..." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/abigailsageevpresentsattheoecdwebinarimprovingskillsoutcomesthroughstrongercoordinationandstakeholde-250318144044-ced287b3-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Abigail Sageev presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes throug..." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/abigailsageevpresentsattheoecdwebinarimprovingskillsoutcomesthroughstrongercoordinationandstakeholde-250318144044-ced287b3-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Abigail Sageev presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes throug...</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Abigail Sageev presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes throug... for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dkhj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dkhj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dkhj9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dkhj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dkhj9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/OECDEDU">EduSkills OECD</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Abigail Sageev, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, presents at the OECD webinar 'Improving skills outcomes through stronger coordination and stakeholder engagement' on 18 March 2025. The recording can be found on the webpage - https://oecdedutoday.com/webinars/ where we were joined by speakers Ina Progonati, Sustainability &Social Impact Partnerships and Programs Worldwide Lead, HP, Liene Voronenko, Expert of Education, Employers’ Confederation of Latvia, Johan Enfeldt, Research Officer, Department for Social Policy Issues, Swedish Trade Union Confederation, Marius Busemeyer, Professor of Political Science, University of Konstanz, Andrew Bell, Deputy Head of the OECD Centre for Skills and Head of OECD Skills Strategy and Laura Reznikova, Policy Analyst, OECD Centre for Skills. You can check out the work of the Centre for Skills here - OECD Centre for Skills https://www.oecd.org/skills/centre-for-skills</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4hj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4hj9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-4" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4lj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R4lj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4lj9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ferritin-mrna-translation-regulation-pptx/277008056"><span class="sr-only">Ferritin MRNA translation regulation.pptx</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:4" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Ferritin MRNA translation regulation.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/ferritinmrnatranslationregulation-250321075910-466e1794-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Ferritin MRNA translation regulation.pptx" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/ferritinmrnatranslationregulation-250321075910-466e1794-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Ferritin MRNA translation regulation.pptx</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Ferritin MRNA translation regulation.pptx for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dklj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dklj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dklj9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dklj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dklj9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/NaziyaHabeebMBTE">NaziyaHabeebMBTE</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Ferritin synthesis is controlled by iron-dependent translational derepression and by changes in synthesis/transport of nuclear ferritin RNAs.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4lj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4lj9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-5" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4pj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R4pj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4pj9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-add-opening-balance-in-odoo-accounting/276957270"><span class="sr-only">How to Add opening Balance in Odoo Accounting</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:5" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="How to Add opening Balance in Odoo Accounting" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoaddopeningbalanceinodooaccounting-250320053335-fb7cfcd9-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="How to Add opening Balance in Odoo Accounting" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoaddopeningbalanceinodooaccounting-250320053335-fb7cfcd9-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">How to Add opening Balance in Odoo Accounting</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save How to Add opening Balance in Odoo Accounting for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dkpj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dkpj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dkpj9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dkpj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dkpj9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/CelineGeorge1">Celine George</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">To set up an opening balance in Odoo Accounting, needs to establish initial balances for your accounts. This ensures accurate reflection of financial position at the beginning of a fiscal year or when migrating from another system to Odoo.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R4pj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R4pj9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-6" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R4tj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R4tj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R4tj9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/how-to-simplify-reconciliation-process-using-reconciliation-models-using-odoo-accounting/276909589"><span class="sr-only">How to Simplify Reconciliation Process using Reconciliation Models using odoo...</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:6" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="How to Simplify Reconciliation Process using Reconciliation Models using odoo..." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtosimplifyreconciliationprocessusingreconciliationmodelsusingodooaccounting-250319062000-76d6099a-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="How to Simplify Reconciliation Process using Reconciliation Models using odoo..." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtosimplifyreconciliationprocessusingreconciliationmodelsusingodooaccounting-250319062000-76d6099a-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">How to Simplify Reconciliation Process using Reconciliation Models using odoo...</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save How to Simplify Reconciliation Process using Reconciliation Models using odoo... for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dktj9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dktj9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dktj9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dktj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dktj9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/CelineGeorge1">Celine George</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">In a firm, daily transactions are invoiced, but the accounting department may not enter all details immediately. 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System in light of the Expansion of Global Economic...</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:7" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Utilization of the Hague System in light of the Expansion of Global Economic..." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/s04-250318141802-cc9c2e9a-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Utilization of the Hague System in light of the Expansion of Global Economic..." src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/s04-250318141802-cc9c2e9a-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" 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class="seo-only">James Mackie art project</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R5tj9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R5tj9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-15" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R61j9kf6:" popovertarget=":R61j9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R61j9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/knowledge-and-curriculum-types-of-knowledge/277155019"><span class="sr-only">Knowledge and Curriculum, Types of Knowledge</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:15" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="Knowledge and Curriculum, Types of Knowledge" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/knowledge-250325061228-7b2c8dc6-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="Knowledge and Curriculum, Types of Knowledge" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/knowledge-250325061228-7b2c8dc6-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">Knowledge and Curriculum, Types of Knowledge</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save Knowledge and Curriculum, Types of Knowledge for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dm1j9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dm1j9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dm1j9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dm1j9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dm1j9kf6"></div><a class="SlideshowAuthor_root__IkT1_ RailCard_author__JYeYZ slideshow-author ellipsis" data-testid="slideshow-author" data-cy="slideshow-author" href="https://www.slideshare.net/NrapendraVirSingh">NrapendraVirSingh</a><div class="slideshow-stats SlideshowStats_root__EQOR1 RailCard_stats__ZvZms"> </div><span aria-hidden="true" class="seo-only">Knowledge is one of the most valuable assets a person can acquire. It serves as the foundation for personal, social, and professional development and plays a vital role in shaping human life and society. Below are some key points that highlight the importance of knowledge: Empowerment and Confidence Knowledge empowers individuals by giving them the confidence to make informed decisions, solve problems, and navigate challenges. It allows people to express themselves effectively and stand by their beliefs with conviction. Personal Growth Knowledge promotes self-improvement. It broadens perspectives, enhances critical thinking, and nurtures creativity. Learning new skills or concepts enables individuals to evolve continuously and adapt to change. Professional Success In the modern world, knowledge is the cornerstone of career advancement. It helps individuals stay competitive in their fields, adapt to technological advancements, and make innovative contributions. Specialized knowledge is often a key determinant of success in the workplace. Social Contribution Knowledgeable individuals contribute significantly to the progress of their communities and societies. By sharing their understanding and expertise, they can drive social change, improve quality of life, and address pressing global issues. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making With knowledge, individuals can approach problems methodically, analyze situations critically, and make sound decisions. This is crucial in both personal and professional life. Cultural and Historical Awareness Knowledge provides insight into history, culture, and traditions, fostering respect and understanding among diverse communities. It helps preserve the legacy of human civilization and encourages appreciation for global diversity. Technological and Scientific Advancements Knowledge fuels innovation. Scientific discoveries and technological advancements rely on the accumulation of knowledge. Societies thrive when their members actively engage in learning and research. Personal Fulfillment Acquiring knowledge is inherently satisfying. It stimulates curiosity, enriches life experiences, and cultivates a lifelong love of learning. The joy of discovery can be deeply fulfilling and rewarding. Resilience and Adaptability Knowledge equips individuals to face uncertainties and challenges with resilience. It helps people adapt to changing circumstances and find effective solutions during crises. Bridge to Future Generations By sharing and transferring knowledge, individuals contribute to the education and enlightenment of future generations. This ensures that wisdom, discoveries, and advancements continue to evolve over time. knowledge is a powerful tool that shapes individuals and society. It provides the means to grow, innovate, and contribute to a better world. As Francis Bacon famously said, "Knowledge is power," and this truth continues to resonate in every aspect of life.</span></div></div><div class="" id=":R61j9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="bottom-start" style="position-anchor:--popover-R61j9kf6"></div><div class="separator Separator_root__70Ime Separator_horizontal__czVEa" style="--color:var(--blue-gray-200);--size:1px" role="separator"></div><div class="RailCard_root__rZUGY RailCard_hasDescription__MjSgf SlideshowCard_root__pD8t4 slideshow-card" aria-describedby="latest-card-description-16" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R65j9kf6:" popovertarget=":R65j9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R65j9kf6"><a class="SlideshowCardLink_root__p8KI7" data-cy="slideshow-card-link" data-testid="slideshow-card-link" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unit-3_kerberos-protocol_working_version-pdf/277053834"><span class="sr-only">Unit 3_Kerberos Protocol_Working_Version.pdf</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail 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Customers via Email Odoo 18</span></a><div class="slideshow-thumbnail Thumbnail_root__qLW0K SlideshowCard_thumb__86aJk" style="aspect-ratio:1.5;--index:17" data-testid="card-thumbnail"><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_blur__opK6A Thumbnail_cover__1zsIi" alt="How to Share Product Specifications with Customers via Email Odoo 18" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoshareproductspecificationswithcustomersviaemailodoo18-250318063225-edfd7e44-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/><img class="Thumbnail_thumb__UXO3a Thumbnail_contain__K6M0d" alt="How to Share Product Specifications with Customers via Email Odoo 18" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtoshareproductspecificationswithcustomersviaemailodoo18-250318063225-edfd7e44-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="SlideshowCard_content__xh7kV slideshow-card-content"><span class="slideshow-title SlideshowTitle_root__2VccW RailCard_title__Tvfiv ellipsis" style="-webkit-line-clamp:2" data-cy="slideshow-title">How to Share Product Specifications with Customers via Email Odoo 18</span><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-slideshow-button SaveButton_root__b6zuu" data-testid="button" aria-checked="false" aria-label="Save How to Share Product Specifications with Customers via Email Odoo 18 for later" role="switch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":R1dm9j9kf6:" popovertarget=":R1dm9j9kf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-R1dm9j9kf6"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":R1dm9j9kf6:" popover="manual" data-popover-position="top" style="position-anchor:--popover-R1dm9j9kf6"></div><a 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aria-label="Next" type="button" class="Slider_arrow__8LCca Slider_next__fa9IO"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/chevron-right.9b30ad08.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="between-recs-ad-1-container" class="freestar-ad-container FreestarAdContainer_root__qPPC_" style="--fallback-aspect-ratio:undefined / undefined" data-testid="freestar-ad-container"><div><div class="" id="between-recs-ad-1"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Transcript_root__Vrf6Q"><h2 class="Transcript_title__YgAka"><span class="icon Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/file.5db1ba24.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span>General Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics..</h2><div><ul class="Transcript_list__faItj"><div><li>1. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#1">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 1 PHARMACODYNAMICS Presenter: Dr. C Vignesh (JR-2) Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics King George’s Medical University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India vigneshchandrakgmu@gmail.com </li></div><div><li>2. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#2">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 2 Contents • Etymology & Definition of Pharmacodynamics • Principles and mechanism of drug action • Enzymes: Michaelis Menten equation, Enzyme inhibition • Receptors: Mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification • Dose response relationship • Drug Synergism and Antagonism • Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window • Summary </li></div><div><li>3. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#3">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 3 Specific Learning Objectives At the end of this teaching learning session the audience will be able to: • Describe Pharmacodynamics • Describe the principles and mechanism of drug action • Describe enzymes kinetics • Enumerate different types of receptors • Describe the mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification of receptors • Describe Dose response relationship • Describe Drug Synergism and Antagonism • Describe Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window </li></div><div><li>4. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#4">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 4 Pharmacodynamics • Pharmakon ; Dynamis • It is the study of the biochemical, cellular, and physiological actions of drugs, including the molecular mechanisms by which these actions are achieved </li></div><div><li>5. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#5">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 5 Principles of Drug Action i. Stimulation- selective enhancement of activity of specialized cells ii. Depression- selective diminution of activity of specialized cells iii. Irritation - nonselective, often noxious effect and is particularly applied to less specialized cells iv. Replacement- use of natural metabolites, hormones or their congeners in deficiency states v. Cytotoxic action- selective cytotoxic action on invading parasites or cancer cells </li></div><div><li>6. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#6">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 6 Mechanism of Drug Action i. By virtue of their simple physical or chemical property ii. By interacting with a discrete target biomolecule (majorly proteins)- 4 major categories- - Enzymes - Ion channels - Transporters - Receptors </li></div><div><li>7. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#7">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 7 Enzymes • Drugs can either inc. or dec. the rate of enzymatically mediated reaction • Several enzymes are stimulated through receptors and second messengers • Enzyme Stimulation- increases its affinity for the substrate- Km of reaction is lowered • Apparent increase in enzyme activity- Enzyme Induction- synthesis of more proteins- cannot be called as stimulation- Km does not change </li></div><div><li>8. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#8">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 8 Michaelis-Menten Equation • A mathematical model- describes the rate of enzymatic reactions based on substrate concentration • Explains how enzymes function, their efficiency in catalyzing reactions </li></div><div><li>9. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#9">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 9 Assumptions of Michaelis-Menten Model E+S ↔ ES→ E+P • The formation of the product is the rate-limiting step • [S] > [E] • The system is in a steady state where the rate of formation of ES is equal to its breakdown </li></div><div><li>10. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#10">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 10 Significance of Michaelis-Menten Equation • Km(Michaelis constant): Reflects affinity of enzyme for its substrate: - Low Km: High substrate affinity - High Km: Low substrate affinity • Practical applications in drug development - Competitive Inhibition- Km- Inc. ; Vmax unchanged - Non competitive inhibition- Km- Unchanged ; Vmax- reduced </li></div><div><li>11. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#11">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 11 Enzymes Inhibition Enzyme Inhibition Non-selective Inhibition (limited medicinal value) Competitive Inhibition Non-equilibrium type - Km- increased - Vmax- reduced Selective Inhibition Non-competitive Inhibition - Km- unchanged - Vmax- reduced Equilibrium type - Km- increased - Vmax- unchanged </li></div><div><li>12. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#12">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 12 It is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molecule/drug and initiate the response to it Location Chemical nature Function macromolecule or binding site on surface or inside the cell recognize the signal molecule/drug initiate the desired response What is a Receptor? </li></div><div><li>13. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#13">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 13 Function of Receptors • Recognition of the specific ligand molecule • Transduction of the signal into a response • Integrate various extracellular and intracellular regulatory signals • To maintain homeostasis </li></div><div><li>14. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#14">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 14 Classification Based on Presence of Endogenous Ligands i. Physiological receptor- mediate responses to transmitters, hormones, autocoids and other endogenous signal molecule ii. Drug receptor- No known physiological ligand (eg: Benzodiazepine and sulfonylurea receptors) iii. Orphan receptor- No endogenous mediator or ligand is at present known </li></div><div><li>15. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#15">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 15 Receptor Working Theory MODEL KEY FEATURES STRENGHT WEAKNESES Clark's Receptor Occupation Theory (1937) - Response proportional to receptor occupancy - Assumes all receptors contribute equally to the response - Simple and foundational - Links drug binding to response - Fails to explain partial agonism, spare receptors, efficacy and intrinsic activity - Ignores receptor dynamics Ariën’s Intrinsic Activity Model (1954) - Introduced intrinsic activity (α): - Full agonist: α=1 - Partial agonist: 0<α<1 - Addresses varying drug abilities to activate receptors - Distinguishes full and partial agonists - Doesn't explain receptor reserve - Overlooks downstream signaling and amplification </li></div><div><li>16. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#16">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 16 MODEL KEY FEATURES STRENGHT WEAKNESES Stephenson’s Efficacy Model (1956) - Introduced efficacy (e) as the magnitude of a response - Concept of spare receptors - Response not proportional to occupancy - Explains partial agonism and spare receptors - Emphasizes receptor- effector coupling - Limited in addressing receptor conformational dynamics - Ignores basal receptor activity Two-State Receptor Model - Receptors exist in active (Ra) and inactive (Ri) states - Ligands stabilize specific states: - Agonist: favours Ra - Inverse agonist: favours Ri - Explains basal receptor activity - Accounts for inverse agonism and partial agonism - Oversimplifies receptor behavior (doesn't include intermediate states) - Limited downstream focus Extended Two- State Models - Includes multiple receptor states and signaling pathways - Incorporates allosteric modulation and biased agonism - More realistic representation of receptor behavior - Explains biased signaling and complex dynamics - Requires complex mathematical frameworks - May lack experimental data for validation </li></div><div><li>17. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#17">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 17 DRUG RECEPTOR INTERACTION DEFINITION AFFINITY INTRINSIC ACTIVITY Agonist Activates a receptor to produce an effect similar to that of the physiological signal molecule + + (1) Antagonist Prevents the action of an agonist on a receptor or the subsequent response, but does not have any effect of its own + 0 Inverse agonist Activates a receptor to produce an effect in the opposite direction to that of the agonist + - Partial agonist Activates a receptor to produce submaximal effect but antagonizes the action of a full agonist + 0-1 • Affinity- The ability to bind with the receptor • Intrinsic activity (IA)- Capacity to induce functional change in the receptor </li></div><div><li>18. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#18">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 18 </li></div><div><li>19. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#19">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 19 Criteria for Classification of Receptors A. Pharmacological B. Tissue Distribution C. Ligand Binding D. Transducer Pathway E. Molecular Cloning </li></div><div><li>20. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#20">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 20 Receptor Super-Family G-protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) </li></div><div><li>21. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#21">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 21 Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) Receptor Super-Family Ion channel receptor G-protein coupled receptor </li></div><div><li>22. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#22">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 22 Receptor Super-Family Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors Ion channel receptor G-protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) </li></div><div><li>23. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#23">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 23 Receptor Super-Family Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors Ion channel receptor G-protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) </li></div><div><li>24. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#24">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 24 Receptor Super-Family Receptors regulating gene expression Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors Ion channel receptor G- protein coupled receptor Types of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism) </li></div><div><li>25. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#25">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 25 Ion Channel Receptors • Cell surface receptors • Ligand gated ion channels • Enclose ion selective channels • Agonist directly operates ion channels • Fastest acting receptors – milliseconds • Ex – Nicotinic cholinergic, GABA-A, Glutamate, 5-HT3 </li></div><div><li>26. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#26">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 26 Agonist bind to cell surface receptor Opening of ion channels Depending on the ion that flows through Depolarisation Hyperpolarization Changes in cytosolic ion composition Ion Channel Receptors -MOA </li></div><div><li>27. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#27">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 27 • Large extracellular ligand binding domain- connected through a- single transmembrane helical peptide chain to an intracellular subunit having enzymatic property • Enzyme at cytosolic site- Protein Kinase/ Guanylyl Cyclase • Ex- RTK- Insulin receptor, EGFR, VEGFR Transmembrane Enzyme-linked Receptors </li></div><div><li>28. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#28">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 28 Transmembrane Enzyme-linked Receptors -MOA Ligand binds to receptor Dimerization of receptor Activation of Protein Kinase Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residue on each other Increase in affinity for binding substrate proteins having SH2 domains Phosphorylation of these proteins Response Metabolic action Differentiation Cell growth Guanylyl Cyclase Generation of cGMP Activation of cGMP dependent Protein Kinase </li></div><div><li>29. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#29">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 29 Transmembrane JAK-STAT Binding Receptors -MOA Binding of ligand to extracellular domain Dimerization of receptor Recruitment of cytosolic tyrosine Protein Kinase JAK (Janus Kinase) Activation of JAK In cytoplasm, receptor binds to free moving protein-STAT (Signal Transducer & Activator of Transcription) Phosphorylation of STAT by JAK Dimerization of phosphorylated STAT Translocation to nucleus Regulation of gene transcription Biological response </li></div><div><li>30. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#30">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 31 • Intracellular receptor- cytoplasmic or nuclear • Slowest acting receptor- hours • Ex- all steroidal hormones, thyroxine, vit D, vit A Receptors Regulating Gene Expression (Nuclear Receptors) HSP 90- Heat Shock Protein 90 GRE- Glucocorticoid response element </li></div><div><li>31. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#31">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 32 Receptors Regulating Gene Expression (Nuclear Receptors) - MOA Lipid soluble chemical messenger Binds near carboxy terminal of intracellular receptor (cytoplasmic or nuclear) Release of restricting proteins (HSP-90 etc.) Dimerization of receptor DNA binding regulatory segment located in middle of molecule folds into active configuration Moves to nucleus and binds to co-activator/co-repressor protein Complex attaches to specific DNA sequence(HRE) of target gene Specific mRNA synthesis Specific protein </li></div><div><li>32. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#32">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 33 G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) • Largest family of Receptors • 7 α-helical membrane spanning hydrophobic amino acid segments • 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular loops • G-proteins - α, β and γ subunits - bound to GDP in inactive state • Activated by α subunit carrying GTP </li></div><div><li>33. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#33">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 34 Receptor stimulated in inactive state GDP binds to α subunit GDP phosphorylated to GTP α subunit carrying GTP dissociates from β and γ GTPase activity of α subunit GTP → GDP α subunit and GDP return to B and y subunits G-Protein Coupled Receptors - MOA </li></div><div><li>34. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#34">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 35 </li></div><div><li>35. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#35">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 36 </li></div><div><li>36. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#36">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 37 GPCR Subtypes Gₛ Gq Gi Adenylyl cyclase activation: Camp pathway Phospholipase C activation: IP3- DAG pathway Adenylyl cyclase inhibition </li></div><div><li>37. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#37">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 38 G - MOA ₛ Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase ATP cAMP Phosphorylation of PKA Ca2+ channel opening Troponin Better excitation-contraction coupling INCREASED CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY Heart, Brain & Kidney Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channel(CNG) opening Phospholamban Faster sequestration of Ca2+ in SR FASTER RELAXATION </li></div><div><li>38. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#38">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 39 GI- MOA Activated Gi protein Giα + GTP Adenylyl Cyclase - βγ subunit K+ channel opening Hyperpolarization Depress impulse generation </li></div><div><li>39. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#39">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 40 Gq- MOA Activated GTP + Gqα Activation of Phospholipase C (PLc) PIP2 DAG IP3 </li></div><div><li>40. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#40">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 41 IP3 Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization Ca2+ Combines with Calmodulin (CAM) MLCK CCPK Other effectors + + + Contraction </li></div><div><li>41. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#41">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 42 DAG IP3 Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization Ca2+ Combines with Calmodulin (CAM) MLCK CCPK Other effectors + + + Contraction Protein Phosphorylation Protein Kinase C (PKc) + </li></div><div><li>42. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#42">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 43 Examples of GPCR RECEPTORS GPCR type Muscarinic M2 Gi Muscarinic M1,M3 Gq Dopamine D1,D5 Gs Dopamine D(2-4) Gi β-adrenergic Gs α1- adrenergic Gq α2- adrenergic Gi GABA-B Gi Serotonin 5-HT1 Gi Serotonin 5-HT2 Gq Prostanoid Gs </li></div><div><li>43. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#43">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 44 Receptor Type Examples of Receptors Receptor Subtypes Examples of Ligands G Protein- Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) - Adrenergic receptors - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Dopamine receptors - Serotonin receptors - Histamine receptors - Opioid receptor - Adrenergic: α1 , α2 , β1, β2 - Muscarinic: M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 , M5 - Dopamine: D1 , D2 - Serotonin: 5-HT(1-7) (Except 5HT3) - Histamine: H1 , H2 - Opioid: μ, κ, δ; GABA- GABA-B - Epinephrine - Acetylcholine - Dopamine - Serotonin - Histamine - Morphine Ion Channel Receptors - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NAChR) - GABA receptors - Glutamate receptors - Glycine receptors - Nicotinic: Nm, Nn - GABA: GABA-A , GABA-C - Glutamate: NMDA, AMPA - Acetylcholine - GABA - Glutamate Transmembrane Enzyme-Linked Receptors - Insulin receptor - Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor - Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptor - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptor - N/A - Insulin - EGF - PDGF - VEGF Transmembrane JAK-STAT Receptors - Interferon receptor - Interleukin receptors - Growth hormone receptor - Interleukin: IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 - Interferons - Interleukins - Growth hormone Nuclear Receptors - Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors - Retinoic acid receptor - PPAR - Steroid: ER, GR, PR - Thyroid hormone: TRα, TRβ - Estrogen - Cortisol - Thyroxine </li></div><div><li>44. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#44">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 45 Dose-Response (D-R) Curve • It is graphical representation of the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect • It helps to evaluate the efficacy and potency of drugs • X-axis: Drug dose (often represented on a logarithmic scale) • Y-axis: Response (can be a graded response or percentage of subjects responding) </li></div><div><li>45. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#45">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 46 Why to Use Log Dose Instead of Dose? 1) Linearization: • Direct plotting of dose vs. response- hyperbolic curve- harder to analyze • Logarithmic scale - sigmoid curve- easier to interpret and compare 2) Wide Dose Range Representation: • Drugs often act over a wide range of doses- log scale accommodates this range without losing clarity • Better visualization of responses at lower doses- for assessing potency </li></div><div><li>46. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#46">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 47 </li></div><div><li>47. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#47">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 48 Graded Vs Quantal D-R Curve Feature Graded Dose-Response Curve Quantal Dose-Response Curve Nature of Response Continuous and varies with dose All-or-none (binary response: present or absent) Representation Response plotted as a percentage of the maximal response Response plotted as a percentage of the population responding Example Blood pressure reduction with increasing antihypertensive drug doses Percentage of subjects achieving sleep with increasing doses Key Parameters Emax(maximal effect), EC50 (potency) ED50, TD50 , LD50 Utility Evaluates potency and efficacy of a drug in an individual system Evaluates therapeutic index (safety margin) in populations </li></div><div><li>48. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#48">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 49 Parallel and Nonparallel D-R Curves </li></div><div><li>49. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#49">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 50 Full and Partial Agonists Duality of Partial Agonists </li></div><div><li>50. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#50">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 51 SYNERGISM ADDITIVE - The effect of 2 drugs in the same direction and simply adds up - Effect of drugs A + B= effect of drug A + effect of drug B SUPRAADDITIVE (Potentiation) - The effect of the combination > individual effect of component - Effect of drugs A + B > effect of drug A + effect of drug B Drug Synergism and Antagonism </li></div><div><li>51. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#51">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 52 Antagonism and Potentiation </li></div><div><li>52. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#52">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 53 ANTAGONISM PHYSICAL CHEMICAL COMPETITIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL/ FUNCTIONAL RECEPTOR NONCOMPETITVE EQUILIBRIUM NONEQUILIBRIUM </li></div><div><li>53. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#53">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 54 Quantal D-R Curves of Therapeutic and Toxic Effects of a Drug </li></div><div><li>54. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#54">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 55 • Measure of a drug's safety margin (TI)=TD50 or LD50 / ED50 - TD50/LD50 : Dose that produces toxicity in 50% of the population - ED50: Dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the population • Significance: - A high TI - large safety margin (safer drugs) - A low TI - narrow safety margin (requires careful monitoring) Therapeutic Index (TI) </li></div><div><li>55. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#55">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 56 </li></div><div><li>56. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#56">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 57 Therapeutic Window • Range of drug doses that produces a therapeutic response without causing significant adverse effects. It lies between: -The minimum effective concentration (MEC): The lowest concentration required to achieve the desired effect -The minimum toxic concentration (MTC): The lowest concentration that produces toxicity </li></div><div><li>57. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#57">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 58 </li></div><div><li>58. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#58">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 59 Broadening Understanding of Pharmacodynamics • Of the new drugs approved by the US-FDA a growing percentage, averaging approximately 25% over the past 5 years are therapeutic biological products (protein molecules) • These include- Monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, growth factor, immunomodulators, thrombolytics, immunotherapies and genetically modified viruses (Oncoviruses) </li></div><div><li>59. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#59">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 60 • Gene therapy - uses viruses as vectors to replace defective genes that cause debilitating or lethal diseases, or it can introduce other genes altogether, Eg: i. Tx- Congenital form of Retinoblastoma- RPE65 (retinal epithelium-specific 65-kDa protein) ; Spinal Muscular Atrophy -SMN1 [survival motor neuron 1], introduced by means of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector ii. Insertion of an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor into T cells for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia- use of a lentiviral vector </li></div><div><li>60. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#60">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 61 Summary • Pharmacodynamics (effect of drug on body) Pharmacokinetics • Receptors- dynamic in nature; multiple ligand binding site • Ion channel receptors- fastest; Nuclear receptor- slowest • Log dose representation (D-R)- sigmoid; wide dose range • Partial agonist act as antagonist in presence of full agonist • D-R- Graded- Emax, EC50 ; Quantal- ED50,LD50 • Therapeutic window- Range of drug doses that produces a therapeutic response • TI- Drug’s safety margin </li></div><div><li>61. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#61">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 62 Specific Learning Objectives Accomplished At the end of this teaching learning session the audience were be able to: • Describe Pharmacodynamics • Describe the principles and mechanism of drug action • Describe enzymes kinetics • Enumerate different types of receptors • Describe the mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification of receptors • Describe Dose response relationship • Describe Drug Synergism and Antagonism • Describe Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window </li></div><div><li>62. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#62">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 63 References 1. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 8th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2018. p. 45-70 2. Goodman LS, Gilman A, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 43-74 </li></div><div><li>63. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#63">09/03/2025 Dr C </a> Vignesh 64 Thank You </li></div></ul></div></div><div class="EditorsNotes_root__3PcDF"><h3 class="Heading_heading__3MAvZ Heading_h3__f1djd EditorsNotes_heading__XR9E6">Editor's Notes</h3><ul class="EditorsNotes_list__NcG5Y"><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#7">#7:</a> 1) Km (Michaelis Constant): Definition: The substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax Significance: Reflects the enzyme's affinity for the substrate. A low Km indicates high substrate affinity (enzyme binds substrate tightly). A high Km indicates low substrate affinity (enzyme binds substrate weakly). 2) Vmax (Maximum Velocity): Definition: The maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction when all enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate. Significance: Reflects the catalytic capacity of the enzyme. Depends on the total enzyme concentration and the turnover number (kcat) </li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#11">#11:</a> Equilibrium type The drug being structurally similar to competes with normal substrate for the catalytic binding site- non functional Substrate can displace the inhibitor if Its concentration is increased Non-equilibrium type Drug reacts with the same catalytic site of the enzyme but either form strong covalent bond or have very high affinity for the enzyme- normal substrate cannot bind High substrate conc. can’t displace the inhibitor Non competitive- Inhibitor reacts with an adjacent site- alters enzyme </li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#15">#15:</a> Clarks theory- fails to mention about intrinsic activity</li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#16">#16:</a> - Spare receptors refer to the phenomenon where maximum biological response can be achieved without all the receptors being occupied by a drug or ligand.</li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#19">#19:</a> - Pharmacological- based on relative potency of agonist and antagonist; classical and oldest; M,N,H Tissue distribution- based on relative organ/ tissue distribution- basis for designating subtype- B1,B2 Ligand binding- measurement of specific binding of high affinity radio-labelled ligand to cellular fragments- in vitro- 5HT Transducer pathway- mechanism through which receptor activation is linked to response Molecular cloning- Receptor protein is cloned and its detailed amino acid sequence as well as its 3D structure is worked upon</li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#36">#36:</a> CAM- Calmodulin MLCK- Muscle light chain kinase CCPK- Calcium-calmodulin protein kinase MARCKS -Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate</li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#49">#49:</a> Interpretation When 2 drugs interact with the same receptor (same pharmacologic mechanism), the D-R curves will have parallel slopes. Drugs A and B have the same mechanism; drugs X and Y do not. • Affinity can be compared only when 2 drugs bind to the same receptor. Drug A has a greater affinity than drug B. • In terms of potency, drug A has greater potency than drug B, • and X is more potent than Y. • In terms of efficacy, drugs A and B are equivalent. Drug X has greater efficacy than drug Y. </li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#50">#50:</a> • Drug A is more potent than drug C, and drug B is more potent than drug C. • However, no general comparisons re potency can be made between drugs A and B because the former is a partial agonist and the latter is a full agonist. • At low responses, A is more potent than B, but at high responses, the reverse is true. </li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#53">#53:</a> - Physical- Based on physical property of drug Chemical- Two drugs react chemically and forms inactive product Physiological- 2 drugs act on diff. receptors or by diff. mechanism, but have opposite effect on same physiological function Non-competitive- Antagonist chemically unrelated to the drug Binds to different allosteric site- change receptor conformation Flattens agonist DRS with its inc. conc. Equilibrium competitive- Antagonism similar to agonist and competes with it Antagonist- Affinity ; no intrinsic activity Log DRC of agonist shifted to right Non equilibrium competitive- Antagonist bind to receptor with strong (covalent) bond or dissociate from it slowly Agonist DRC shifted to the right and maximal response is lowered </li><li class="EditorsNotes_item__ebBbj"><a class="EditorsNotes_link__HRUAh" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207#55">#55:</a> TD- Toxic dose we use in case of Animal (pre-clinical ) studies LD- Lethal dose we use in case of human study </li></ul></div><dialog class="Modal_root__TYkzh FullscreenModal_root__efM9m" id=":R2kf6:"><div class="Modal_wrapper__4UTGq"><div class="modal-content Modal_content__R1F4d FullscreenModal_content__bQ6mt"></div></div></dialog><div class="ad textads banner-ads banner_ads ad-unit ad-zone ad-space adsbox ads prebid" style="position:absolute;height:1px"></div><footer 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14:54:43 UTC","description":"This presentation delves into the core principles of pharmacodynamics, explaining how drugs exert their effects at the molecular and systemic levels. Understanding pharmacodynamics is crucial for rational drug therapy, optimizing therapeutic benefits, and minimizing adverse effects.\n\nKey Learning Objectives:\n✅ Etymology \u0026 Definition: Tracing the origin and meaning of pharmacodynamics.\n✅ Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action: How drugs interact with biological targets.\n✅ Enzymes and Drug Action: Exploring the Michaelis-Menten equation and types of enzyme inhibition.\n✅ Receptors: Understanding mechanism, function, subtypes, classification, and regulation of receptors in drug action.\n✅ Dose-Response Relationship: How drug concentration affects therapeutic efficacy.\n✅ Drug Synergism and Antagonism: How drugs interact to enhance or reduce effects.\n✅ Therapeutic Index \u0026 Window: Assessing drug safety and optimal dosing.\n\nThis session is designed for medical students, pharmacologists, and healthcare professionals, providing a strong foundation for clinical decision-making and drug development.","downloadKey":"f9a1f17d2b3057dbb5e4e08035dd03a1e4f22d387451d1ffb116e564f3ca7e99","editorsNotes":[{"index":6,"text":"1) Km (Michaelis Constant):\nDefinition: The substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax\nSignificance:\nReflects the enzyme's affinity for the substrate.\nA low Km indicates high substrate affinity (enzyme binds substrate tightly).\nA high Km indicates low substrate affinity (enzyme binds substrate weakly).\n2) Vmax (Maximum Velocity):\nDefinition: The maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction when all enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate.\nSignificance:\nReflects the catalytic capacity of the enzyme.\nDepends on the total enzyme concentration and the turnover number (kcat)\n"},{"index":10,"text":"Equilibrium type\nThe drug being structurally similar to \ncompetes with normal substrate for the\ncatalytic binding site- non functional\nSubstrate can displace the inhibitor if \nIts concentration is increased\nNon-equilibrium type\nDrug reacts with the same catalytic site of\nthe enzyme but either form strong covalent bond\nor have very high affinity for the enzyme- normal \nsubstrate cannot bind\nHigh substrate conc. can’t displace the inhibitor\nNon competitive- Inhibitor reacts with an adjacent site- alters enzyme\n\n\n"},{"index":14,"text":"Clarks theory- fails to mention about intrinsic activity"},{"index":15,"text":"- Spare receptors refer to the phenomenon where maximum biological response can be achieved without all the receptors being occupied by a drug or ligand."},{"index":18,"text":"- Pharmacological- based on relative potency of agonist and antagonist; classical and oldest; M,N,H\nTissue distribution- based on relative organ/ tissue distribution- basis for designating subtype- B1,B2\nLigand binding- measurement of specific binding of high affinity radio-labelled ligand to cellular fragments- in vitro- 5HT\nTransducer pathway- mechanism through which receptor activation is linked to response\nMolecular cloning- Receptor protein is cloned and its detailed amino acid sequence as well as its 3D structure is worked upon"},{"index":35,"text":"CAM- Calmodulin\nMLCK- Muscle light chain kinase\nCCPK- Calcium-calmodulin protein kinase\nMARCKS -Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate"},{"index":48,"text":"Interpretation\nWhen 2 drugs interact with the same receptor (same pharmacologic mechanism), the D-R curves will have parallel slopes. Drugs A and B have the same mechanism; drugs X and Y do not. \n• Affinity can be compared only when 2 drugs bind to the same receptor. Drug A has a greater affinity than drug B. \n• In terms of potency, drug A has greater potency than drug B, \n• and X is more potent than Y. \n• In terms of efficacy, drugs A and B are equivalent. Drug X has greater efficacy than drug Y. "},{"index":49,"text":"• Drug A is more potent than drug C, and drug B is more potent than drug C. \n• However, no general comparisons re potency can be made between drugs A and B because the former is a partial agonist and the latter is a full agonist. \n• At low responses, A is more potent than B, but at high responses, the reverse is true. "},{"index":52,"text":"- Physical- Based on physical property of drug\nChemical- Two drugs react chemically and forms inactive product\nPhysiological- 2 drugs act on diff. receptors or by diff. mechanism, but have opposite effect on same physiological function\nNon-competitive- Antagonist chemically unrelated to the drug\nBinds to different allosteric site- change receptor conformation\nFlattens agonist DRS with its inc. conc.\nEquilibrium competitive- Antagonism similar to agonist and competes with it\nAntagonist- Affinity ; no intrinsic activity\nLog DRC of agonist shifted to right\nNon equilibrium competitive- Antagonist bind to receptor with strong (covalent) bond or dissociate from it slowly\nAgonist DRC shifted to the right and maximal response is lowered\n\n"},{"index":54,"text":"TD- Toxic dose we use in case of Animal (pre-clinical ) studies\nLD- Lethal dose we use in case of human study\n"}],"emailShareUrl":"mailto:?subject=Check out this SlideShare presentation\u0026body=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207","extension":"pptx","facebookShareUrl":"https://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fgeneral-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics%2F276460207\u0026t=General+Pharmacology%3A+Pharmacodynamics..","genaiDescriptionCreatedAt":null,"genaiTest":"control","id":"276460207","iframeEmbed":{"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/avWxSjCVcA2GW","height":486,"width":597},"isIndexable":true,"isLikedByCurrentUser":false,"isPrivate":false,"isViewable":true,"language":"en","likes":0,"linkedinShareUrl":"https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fgeneral-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics%2F276460207\u0026trk=SLIDESHARE","downloadCount":0,"secretUrl":"avWxSjCVcA2GW","shouldShowAds":true,"slides":{"host":"https://image.slidesharecdn.com","title":"General-Pharmacology-Pharmacodynamics","imageLocation":"pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901","imageSizes":[{"quality":85,"width":320,"format":"jpg"},{"quality":85,"width":638,"format":"jpg"},{"quality":75,"width":2048,"format":"webp"}]},"smsShareUrl":"sms:?body=Check out this SlideShare : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics/276460207","strippedTitle":"general-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamicscvignesh-250309145443-67bc3901-thumbnail.jpg?width=640\u0026height=640\u0026fit=bounds","title":"General Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics..","totalSlides":63,"transcript":["09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 1\nPHARMACODYNAMICS\nPresenter: Dr. C Vignesh (JR-2)\nDept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics\nKing George’s Medical University\nLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India\nvigneshchandrakgmu@gmail.com\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 2\nContents\n• Etymology \u0026 Definition of Pharmacodynamics\n• Principles and mechanism of drug action\n• Enzymes: Michaelis Menten equation, Enzyme inhibition\n• Receptors: Mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and classification\n• Dose response relationship\n• Drug Synergism and Antagonism\n• Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window\n• Summary\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 3\nSpecific Learning Objectives\nAt the end of this teaching learning session the audience will be able to:\n• Describe Pharmacodynamics\n• Describe the principles and mechanism of drug action\n• Describe enzymes kinetics\n• Enumerate different types of receptors\n• Describe the mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and\nclassification of receptors\n• Describe Dose response relationship\n• Describe Drug Synergism and Antagonism\n• Describe Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 4\nPharmacodynamics\n• Pharmakon ; Dynamis\n• It is the study of the biochemical, cellular, and physiological actions of\ndrugs, including the molecular mechanisms by which these actions\nare achieved\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 5\nPrinciples of Drug Action\ni. Stimulation- selective enhancement of activity of specialized cells\nii. Depression- selective diminution of activity of specialized cells\niii. Irritation - nonselective, often noxious effect and is particularly applied to less\nspecialized cells\niv. Replacement- use of natural metabolites, hormones or their congeners in deficiency\nstates\nv. Cytotoxic action- selective cytotoxic action on invading parasites or cancer cells\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 6\nMechanism of Drug Action\ni. By virtue of their simple physical or chemical property\nii. By interacting with a discrete target biomolecule (majorly proteins)-\n4 major categories-\n- Enzymes\n- Ion channels\n- Transporters\n- Receptors\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 7\nEnzymes\n• Drugs can either inc. or dec. the rate of enzymatically mediated reaction\n• Several enzymes are stimulated through receptors and second\nmessengers\n• Enzyme Stimulation- increases its affinity for the substrate- Km of\nreaction is lowered\n• Apparent increase in enzyme activity- Enzyme Induction- synthesis of\nmore proteins- cannot be called as stimulation- Km does not change\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 8\nMichaelis-Menten Equation\n• A mathematical model- describes the rate of enzymatic reactions based on\nsubstrate concentration\n• Explains how enzymes function, their efficiency in catalyzing reactions\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 9\nAssumptions of Michaelis-Menten Model\nE+S ↔ ES→ E+P\n• The formation of the product is the rate-limiting step\n• [S] \u003e [E]\n• The system is in a steady state where the rate of formation of ES is equal to\nits breakdown\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 10\nSignificance of Michaelis-Menten Equation\n• Km(Michaelis constant): Reflects affinity of enzyme for its substrate:\n- Low Km: High substrate affinity\n- High Km: Low substrate affinity\n• Practical applications in drug development\n- Competitive Inhibition- Km- Inc. ; Vmax unchanged\n- Non competitive inhibition- Km- Unchanged ; Vmax- reduced\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 11\nEnzymes Inhibition\nEnzyme Inhibition\nNon-selective Inhibition\n(limited medicinal value)\nCompetitive Inhibition\nNon-equilibrium type\n- Km- increased\n- Vmax- reduced\nSelective Inhibition\nNon-competitive Inhibition\n- Km- unchanged\n- Vmax- reduced\nEquilibrium type\n- Km- increased\n- Vmax- unchanged\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 12\nIt is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or\ninside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molecule/drug\nand initiate the response to it\nLocation\nChemical nature\nFunction\nmacromolecule or binding site on surface or inside\nthe cell\nrecognize the signal molecule/drug initiate the desired response\nWhat is a Receptor?\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 13\nFunction of Receptors\n• Recognition of the specific ligand molecule\n• Transduction of the signal into a response\n• Integrate various extracellular and intracellular regulatory signals\n• To maintain homeostasis\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 14\nClassification Based on Presence of Endogenous Ligands\ni. Physiological receptor- mediate responses to transmitters,\nhormones, autocoids and other endogenous signal molecule\nii. Drug receptor- No known physiological ligand (eg: Benzodiazepine\nand sulfonylurea receptors)\niii. Orphan receptor- No endogenous mediator or ligand is at present\nknown\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 15\nReceptor Working Theory\nMODEL KEY FEATURES STRENGHT WEAKNESES\nClark's\nReceptor\nOccupation\nTheory\n(1937)\n- Response proportional to\nreceptor occupancy\n- Assumes all receptors\ncontribute equally to the\nresponse\n- Simple and\nfoundational\n- Links drug binding\nto response\n- Fails to explain\npartial agonism,\nspare receptors,\nefficacy and intrinsic\nactivity\n- Ignores receptor\ndynamics\nAriën’s\nIntrinsic\nActivity\nModel (1954)\n- Introduced intrinsic\nactivity (α):\n- Full agonist: α=1\n- Partial agonist: 0\u003cα\u003c1\n- Addresses varying\ndrug abilities to\nactivate receptors\n- Distinguishes full\nand partial agonists\n- Doesn't explain\nreceptor reserve\n- Overlooks\ndownstream\nsignaling and\namplification\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 16\nMODEL KEY FEATURES STRENGHT WEAKNESES\nStephenson’s\nEfficacy Model\n(1956)\n- Introduced efficacy (e) as the\nmagnitude of a response\n- Concept of spare receptors\n- Response not proportional to\noccupancy\n- Explains partial\nagonism and spare\nreceptors\n- Emphasizes receptor-\neffector coupling\n- Limited in addressing\nreceptor\nconformational\ndynamics\n- Ignores basal receptor\nactivity\nTwo-State\nReceptor\nModel\n- Receptors exist in active (Ra)\nand inactive (Ri) states\n- Ligands stabilize specific\nstates:\n- Agonist: favours Ra\n- Inverse agonist: favours Ri\n- Explains basal\nreceptor activity\n- Accounts for inverse\nagonism and partial\nagonism\n- Oversimplifies\nreceptor behavior\n(doesn't include\nintermediate states)\n- Limited downstream\nfocus\nExtended Two-\nState Models\n- Includes multiple receptor\nstates and signaling pathways\n- Incorporates allosteric\nmodulation and biased\nagonism\n- More realistic\nrepresentation of\nreceptor behavior\n- Explains biased\nsignaling and complex\ndynamics\n- Requires complex\nmathematical\nframeworks\n- May lack\nexperimental data for\nvalidation\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 17\nDRUG\nRECEPTOR\nINTERACTION\nDEFINITION AFFINITY INTRINSIC\nACTIVITY\nAgonist Activates a receptor to produce an effect\nsimilar to that of the physiological signal\nmolecule\n+ + (1)\nAntagonist Prevents the action of an agonist on a\nreceptor or the subsequent response, but\ndoes not have any effect of its own\n+ 0\nInverse agonist Activates a receptor to produce an effect in\nthe opposite direction to that of the agonist\n+ -\nPartial agonist Activates a receptor to produce submaximal\neffect but antagonizes the action of a full\nagonist\n+ 0-1\n• Affinity- The ability to bind with the receptor\n• Intrinsic activity (IA)- Capacity to induce functional change in the receptor\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 18\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 19\nCriteria for Classification of Receptors\nA. Pharmacological\nB. Tissue Distribution\nC. Ligand Binding\nD. Transducer Pathway\nE. Molecular Cloning\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 20\nReceptor Super-Family\nG-protein\ncoupled\nreceptor\nTypes of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 21\nTypes of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism)\nReceptor Super-Family\nIon\nchannel\nreceptor\nG-protein\ncoupled\nreceptor\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 22\nReceptor Super-Family\nTransmembrane\nenzyme-linked\nreceptors\nIon\nchannel\nreceptor\nG-protein\ncoupled\nreceptor\nTypes of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 23\nReceptor Super-Family\nTransmembrane\nJAK-STAT binding\nreceptor\nTransmembrane\nenzyme-linked\nreceptors\nIon\nchannel\nreceptor\nG-protein\ncoupled\nreceptor\nTypes of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 24\nReceptor Super-Family\nReceptors\nregulating\ngene\nexpression\nTransmembrane\nJAK-STAT\nbinding receptor\nTransmembrane\nenzyme-linked\nreceptors\nIon\nchannel\nreceptor\nG-\nprotein\ncoupled\nreceptor\nTypes of Receptor- (Transducer Mechanism)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 25\nIon Channel Receptors\n• Cell surface receptors\n• Ligand gated ion channels\n• Enclose ion selective channels\n• Agonist directly operates ion\nchannels\n• Fastest acting receptors –\nmilliseconds\n• Ex – Nicotinic cholinergic, GABA-A,\nGlutamate, 5-HT3\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 26\nAgonist bind to cell surface receptor\nOpening of ion channels\nDepending on the ion that flows through\nDepolarisation Hyperpolarization Changes in\ncytosolic ion\ncomposition\nIon Channel Receptors -MOA\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 27\n• Large extracellular ligand binding domain-\nconnected through a- single transmembrane\nhelical peptide chain to an intracellular subunit\nhaving enzymatic property\n• Enzyme at cytosolic site- Protein Kinase/ Guanylyl\nCyclase\n• Ex- RTK- Insulin receptor, EGFR, VEGFR\nTransmembrane Enzyme-linked Receptors\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 28\nTransmembrane Enzyme-linked Receptors -MOA\nLigand binds to receptor\nDimerization of receptor\nActivation of\nProtein Kinase\nAutophosphorylation of\ntyrosine residue on each other\nIncrease in affinity for binding\nsubstrate proteins having SH2 domains\nPhosphorylation of these proteins\nResponse\nMetabolic action Differentiation Cell growth\nGuanylyl Cyclase\nGeneration of\ncGMP\nActivation of\ncGMP dependent\nProtein Kinase\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 29\nTransmembrane JAK-STAT Binding Receptors -MOA\nBinding of ligand to extracellular domain\nDimerization of receptor\nRecruitment of cytosolic tyrosine Protein Kinase JAK (Janus Kinase)\nActivation of JAK\nIn cytoplasm, receptor binds to free moving protein-STAT\n(Signal Transducer \u0026 Activator of Transcription)\nPhosphorylation of STAT by JAK\nDimerization of phosphorylated STAT\nTranslocation to nucleus\nRegulation of gene transcription\nBiological response\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 31\n• Intracellular receptor- cytoplasmic or\nnuclear\n• Slowest acting receptor- hours\n• Ex- all steroidal hormones, thyroxine,\nvit D, vit A\nReceptors Regulating Gene Expression (Nuclear\nReceptors)\nHSP 90- Heat Shock Protein 90\nGRE- Glucocorticoid response element\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 32\nReceptors Regulating Gene Expression\n(Nuclear Receptors) - MOA\nLipid soluble chemical messenger\nBinds near carboxy terminal of intracellular receptor\n(cytoplasmic or nuclear)\nRelease of restricting proteins (HSP-90 etc.)\nDimerization of receptor\nDNA binding regulatory segment located in middle of molecule\nfolds into active configuration\nMoves to nucleus and binds to co-activator/co-repressor protein\nComplex attaches to specific DNA sequence(HRE) of target gene\nSpecific mRNA synthesis\nSpecific protein\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 33\nG-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)\n• Largest family of Receptors\n• 7 α-helical membrane spanning\nhydrophobic amino acid segments\n• 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular loops\n• G-proteins - α, β and γ subunits - bound\nto GDP in inactive state\n• Activated by α subunit carrying GTP\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 34\nReceptor stimulated in inactive state\nGDP binds to α subunit\nGDP phosphorylated to GTP\nα subunit carrying GTP dissociates from β and γ\nGTPase activity of α subunit\nGTP → GDP\nα subunit and GDP return to B and y subunits\nG-Protein Coupled Receptors - MOA\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 35\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 36\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 37\nGPCR Subtypes\nGₛ Gq Gi\nAdenylyl cyclase\nactivation: Camp\npathway\nPhospholipase C\nactivation: IP3-\nDAG pathway\nAdenylyl cyclase\ninhibition\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 38\nG - MOA\nₛ\nActivation of Adenylyl Cyclase\nATP cAMP\nPhosphorylation of PKA Ca2+ channel\nopening\nTroponin\nBetter\nexcitation-contraction\ncoupling\nINCREASED CARDIAC\nCONTRACTILITY\nHeart, Brain \u0026\nKidney\nCyclic Nucleotide Gated\nChannel(CNG) opening\nPhospholamban\nFaster\nsequestration of\nCa2+ in SR\nFASTER RELAXATION\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 39\nGI- MOA\nActivated Gi protein\nGiα + GTP\nAdenylyl Cyclase\n-\nβγ subunit\nK+ channel opening\nHyperpolarization\nDepress impulse\ngeneration\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 40\nGq- MOA\nActivated GTP + Gqα\nActivation of Phospholipase C (PLc)\nPIP2 DAG IP3\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 41\nIP3\nIntracellular Ca2+\nmobilization\nCa2+\nCombines with Calmodulin (CAM)\nMLCK\nCCPK Other\neffectors\n+ +\n+\nContraction\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 42\nDAG\nIP3\nIntracellular Ca2+\nmobilization\nCa2+\nCombines with Calmodulin (CAM)\nMLCK\nCCPK Other\neffectors\n+ +\n+\nContraction\nProtein Phosphorylation\nProtein Kinase C (PKc)\n+\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 43\nExamples of GPCR\nRECEPTORS GPCR type\nMuscarinic M2 Gi\nMuscarinic M1,M3 Gq\nDopamine D1,D5 Gs\nDopamine D(2-4) Gi\nβ-adrenergic Gs\nα1- adrenergic Gq\nα2- adrenergic Gi\nGABA-B Gi\nSerotonin 5-HT1 Gi\nSerotonin 5-HT2 Gq\nProstanoid Gs\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 44\nReceptor Type Examples of Receptors Receptor Subtypes Examples of Ligands\nG Protein-\nCoupled\nReceptors\n(GPCRs)\n- Adrenergic receptors\n- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors\n- Dopamine receptors\n- Serotonin receptors\n- Histamine receptors\n- Opioid receptor\n- Adrenergic: α1\n, α2\n, β1, β2\n- Muscarinic: M1\n, M2\n, M3\n, M4\n, M5\n- Dopamine: D1\n, D2\n- Serotonin: 5-HT(1-7) (Except 5HT3)\n- Histamine: H1\n, H2\n- Opioid: μ, κ, δ; GABA- GABA-B\n- Epinephrine\n- Acetylcholine\n- Dopamine\n- Serotonin\n- Histamine\n- Morphine\nIon Channel\nReceptors\n- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NAChR)\n- GABA receptors\n- Glutamate receptors\n- Glycine receptors\n- Nicotinic: Nm, Nn\n- GABA: GABA-A\n, GABA-C\n- Glutamate: NMDA, AMPA\n- Acetylcholine\n- GABA\n- Glutamate\nTransmembrane\nEnzyme-Linked\nReceptors\n- Insulin receptor\n- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor\n- Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF)\nreceptor\n- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)\nreceptor\n- N/A - Insulin\n- EGF\n- PDGF\n- VEGF\nTransmembrane\nJAK-STAT\nReceptors\n- Interferon receptor\n- Interleukin receptors\n- Growth hormone receptor\n- Interleukin: IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 - Interferons\n- Interleukins\n- Growth hormone\nNuclear\nReceptors\n- Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors\n- Retinoic acid receptor\n- PPAR\n- Steroid: ER, GR, PR\n- Thyroid hormone: TRα, TRβ\n- Estrogen\n- Cortisol\n- Thyroxine\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 45\nDose-Response (D-R) Curve\n• It is graphical representation of the relationship between the dose\nof a drug and the magnitude of its effect\n• It helps to evaluate the efficacy and potency of drugs\n• X-axis: Drug dose (often represented on a logarithmic scale)\n• Y-axis: Response (can be a graded response or percentage of\nsubjects responding)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 46\nWhy to Use Log Dose Instead of Dose?\n1) Linearization:\n• Direct plotting of dose vs. response- hyperbolic curve- harder to analyze\n• Logarithmic scale - sigmoid curve- easier to interpret and compare\n2) Wide Dose Range Representation:\n• Drugs often act over a wide range of doses- log scale accommodates this\nrange without losing clarity\n• Better visualization of responses at lower doses- for assessing potency\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 47\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 48\nGraded Vs Quantal D-R Curve\nFeature Graded Dose-Response Curve Quantal Dose-Response Curve\nNature of\nResponse\nContinuous and varies with dose\nAll-or-none (binary response:\npresent or absent)\nRepresentation Response plotted as a percentage of\nthe maximal response\nResponse plotted as a percentage of\nthe population responding\nExample Blood pressure reduction with\nincreasing antihypertensive drug doses\nPercentage of subjects achieving\nsleep with increasing doses\nKey Parameters Emax(maximal effect), EC50 (potency) ED50, TD50\n, LD50\nUtility Evaluates potency and efficacy of a\ndrug in an individual system\nEvaluates therapeutic index (safety\nmargin) in populations\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 49\nParallel and Nonparallel D-R Curves\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 50\nFull and Partial Agonists Duality of Partial Agonists\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 51\nSYNERGISM\nADDITIVE\n- The effect of 2 drugs in the same\ndirection and simply adds up\n- Effect of drugs A + B= effect of\ndrug A + effect of drug B\nSUPRAADDITIVE (Potentiation)\n- The effect of the combination \u003e\nindividual effect of component\n- Effect of drugs A + B \u003e effect of drug\nA + effect of drug B\nDrug Synergism and Antagonism\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 52\nAntagonism and Potentiation\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 53\nANTAGONISM\nPHYSICAL CHEMICAL\nCOMPETITIVE\nPHYSIOLOGICAL/\nFUNCTIONAL\nRECEPTOR\nNONCOMPETITVE\nEQUILIBRIUM NONEQUILIBRIUM\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 54\nQuantal D-R Curves of Therapeutic and Toxic Effects of\na Drug\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 55\n• Measure of a drug's safety margin\n(TI)=TD50 or LD50 / ED50\n- TD50/LD50\n: Dose that produces toxicity in 50% of the population\n- ED50: Dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the population\n• Significance:\n- A high TI - large safety margin (safer drugs)\n- A low TI - narrow safety margin (requires careful monitoring)\nTherapeutic Index (TI)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 56\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 57\nTherapeutic Window\n• Range of drug doses that produces a therapeutic response without\ncausing significant adverse effects. It lies between:\n-The minimum effective concentration (MEC): The lowest\nconcentration required to achieve the desired effect\n-The minimum toxic concentration (MTC): The lowest concentration\nthat produces toxicity\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 58\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 59\nBroadening Understanding of Pharmacodynamics\n• Of the new drugs approved by the US-FDA a growing percentage, averaging\napproximately 25% over the past 5 years are therapeutic biological products\n(protein molecules)\n• These include- Monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, growth factor,\nimmunomodulators, thrombolytics, immunotherapies and genetically modified\nviruses (Oncoviruses)\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 60\n• Gene therapy - uses viruses as vectors to replace defective genes that cause\ndebilitating or lethal diseases, or it can introduce other genes altogether, Eg:\ni. Tx- Congenital form of Retinoblastoma- RPE65 (retinal epithelium-specific\n65-kDa protein) ; Spinal Muscular Atrophy -SMN1 [survival motor neuron\n1], introduced by means of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector\nii. Insertion of an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor into T cells for the\ntreatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia- use of a lentiviral vector\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 61\nSummary\n• Pharmacodynamics (effect of drug on body) Pharmacokinetics\n• Receptors- dynamic in nature; multiple ligand binding site\n• Ion channel receptors- fastest; Nuclear receptor- slowest\n• Log dose representation (D-R)- sigmoid; wide dose range\n• Partial agonist act as antagonist in presence of full agonist\n• D-R- Graded- Emax, EC50 ; Quantal- ED50,LD50\n• Therapeutic window- Range of drug doses that produces a therapeutic response\n• TI- Drug’s safety margin\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 62\nSpecific Learning Objectives Accomplished\nAt the end of this teaching learning session the audience were be able to:\n• Describe Pharmacodynamics\n• Describe the principles and mechanism of drug action\n• Describe enzymes kinetics\n• Enumerate different types of receptors\n• Describe the mechanism, function, subtypes, regulation and\nclassification of receptors\n• Describe Dose response relationship\n• Describe Drug Synergism and Antagonism\n• Describe Therapeutic index and Therapeutic window\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 63\nReferences\n1. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 8th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers\nMedical Publishers; 2018. p. 45-70\n2. Goodman LS, Gilman A, Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. Goodman \u0026 Gilman's\nThe Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education;\n2018. p. 43-74\n ","09/03/2025 Dr C Vignesh 64\nThank You\n "],"twitterShareUrl":"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?via=SlideShare\u0026text=General+Pharmacology%3A+Pharmacodynamics..+%23drugaction+%23enzymes+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fgeneral-pharmacology-pharmacodynamics%2F276460207","type":"presentation","viewStats":{"views":10,"viewsFromEmbeds":2,"topEmbeds":[]},"recommendationsByLocation":{"rightRail":[{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"PHARMACODYNAMIC FINAL.pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":88,"score":0.5191,"slideshowId":"262576258","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"pharmacodynamic-finalpptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamicfinal-231021135634-ef281733-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document defines pharmacodynamics and describes how drugs act on the body through various mechanisms of action. It discusses drug receptors, including ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. It also covers intracellular receptors and characteristics of drug-receptor interactions. The key points are that pharmacodynamics describes how drugs produce effects in the body, drugs can act through receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated mechanisms, and different receptor types determine the speed and nature of the drug's response.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamic-finalpptx/262576258","userLogin":"KedirAbdurehman2","userName":"KedirAbdurehman2","viewCount":34},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"Receptor ","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":18,"score":0.513,"slideshowId":"237719029","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"receptor-237719029","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptor-200810152651-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"A receptor is a protein molecule usually found embedded within the plasma membrane surface of a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell and when such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamKumat/receptor-237719029","userLogin":"ShubhamKumat","userName":"Shubham Choudhary","viewCount":185},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"mechanism of action of drugs","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":58,"score":0.5108,"slideshowId":"53229536","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"mechanism-of-action-of-drugs","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/moa-150926184713-lva1-app6892-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs act on the body, including their biochemical and physiological effects and the mechanisms of drug action at the organ and cellular levels. Most drugs interact with biomolecules like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors are macromolecules that recognize signal molecules like drugs and initiate a response. Drugs can act as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists depending on how they activate or inhibit receptor activity. The drug-receptor interaction is governed by affinity and intrinsic activity. Transmembrane signaling is accomplished by G-protein coupled receptors, receptors with intrinsic ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors, and transcription factor receptors.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mechanism-of-action-of-drugs/53229536","userLogin":"ckoppala","userName":"Koppala RVS Chaitanya","viewCount":5870},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"Receptor ppt","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":42,"score":0.5081,"slideshowId":"182393507","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"receptor-ppt","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptorppt-191015133702-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"1. John Langley first postulated the concept of drug receptors in 1878 based on his experiments showing that nicotine and curare analogues interacted specifically with muscle cells to cause contraction or relaxation. \n\n2. Paul Ehrlich further developed the drug receptor concept in the early 1900s, demonstrating that the stereochemical structure of a drug was important for its binding and interaction with receptors. \n\n3. Receptors are specific binding sites, usually protein molecules, located on cells or within cells that drugs and neurotransmitters interact with to produce their effects. The binding of a drug or neurotransmitter to its receptor triggers signal transduction pathways that mediate the drug's ultimate physiological or pharmacological response.","tags":["vaibhav.bhamre@gmail.com","bhaveshamrute@gmail.com"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptor-ppt/182393507","userLogin":"RakeshAmrutkar","userName":"RakeshAmrutkar","viewCount":392},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"Biological drug targets.pptx","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":36,"score":0.4942,"slideshowId":"261900512","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"biological-drug-targetspptx","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/biologicaldrugtargets-231008042511-70f976d0-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"This document discusses biological drug targets and summarizes key points about receptors and drug-receptor interactions. It begins with an introduction to biological drug targets and explains that drugs produce their effects by binding to receptors and causing biochemical or physical changes. It then discusses the main types of receptors - ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and nuclear receptors. Theories of drug-receptor interaction are also summarized, including occupancy theory, rate theory, induced fit theory, and others. Finally, the document briefly introduces artificial enzymes as synthetic molecules that can mimic the functions of natural enzymes.","tags":["acu","saccp","sacp"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/biological-drug-targetspptx/261900512","userLogin":"PurushothamKN1","userName":"PurushothamKN1","viewCount":6735},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"Receptors and receptors classification","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":23,"score":0.4942,"slideshowId":"102550726","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"receptors-and-receptors-classification","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/receptors-180617081307-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Definition\r\nClassification and description of each class.\r\nDescription of individual receptor.\r\nForces affecting the drug receptor binding.\r\nBinding of drug receptor affect drug action.\r\nAgonist and antagonist.\r\nDisease due to malfunctioning of receptors.\r\nNew drug design based on structure of receptors\r\nReceptor as target for drug discovery.\r\nDrug action not mediated by receptor.\r\n","tags":["pharmaceutical","pharma"],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/receptors-and-receptors-classification/102550726","userLogin":"peshawa11","userName":"caucasus international university","viewCount":5209},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"3. molecular mech of drug action presentn","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":76,"score":0.4938,"slideshowId":"18097363","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"3-molecular-mech-of-drug-action-presentn","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/3-molecularmechofdrugactionpresentn-130403022118-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"The document discusses the molecular mechanisms of action of drugs. It describes four main ways drugs produce effects in the body: 1) by acting on receptors, 2) by inhibiting carriers, 3) by modulating or blocking ion channels, and 4) by inhibiting enzymes. It focuses on describing the different types of protein targets for drug action, including receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules. It provides details on the structure and function of receptors, the main types of receptor families, and concepts such as receptor heterogeneity, subtypes, and the actions of agonists and antagonists.","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/3-molecular-mech-of-drug-action-presentn/18097363","userLogin":"suniu","userName":"suniu","viewCount":12132},{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"Pharmacodynamcis","isSavedByCurrentUser":false,"pageCount":54,"score":0.4831,"slideshowId":"240119890","sourceName":"cm_text","strippedTitle":"pharmacodynamcis","thumbnail":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/pharmacodynamcis-201215062318-thumbnail.jpg?width=600\u0026height=600\u0026fit=bounds","description":"Mechanism of drug action, Relationship between drug conc \u0026 effect, Receptors, Structural \u0026 families of receptors, Quantitation of drug receptor interaction \u0026 elicited effects ","tags":[],"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pharmacodynamcis/240119890","userLogin":"Meghanasweetie1","userName":"Meghanasweetie1","viewCount":255}],"whatsHot":[],"alsoLiked":[],"similarTo":[{"algorithmId":"3","displayTitle":"2. 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