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criteria</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: proficiency criteria"> <meta name="keywords" content="proficiency criteria"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="proficiency criteria"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3051</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: proficiency criteria</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3051</span> Investigating Classroom Teachers' Perceptions of Assessing U.S. College Students' L2 Chinese Oral Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guangyan%20Chen">Guangyan Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined Chinese teachers’ perceptions of assessing U.S. college students’ L2 (second language) Chinese oral performances at different levels. Ten oral performances were videotaped from which three were chosen as samples to represent three different proficiency levels based on professionals’ judgments according to the ACTFL proficiency guidelines. The three samples were shown to L2 Chinese teachers who completed questionnaires about their assessments for each speech sample. In total, 104 L2 Chinese teachers responded to each of the three samples. The Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) of the teachers’ responses revealed three similar rating criteria patterns for assessing the three levels of oral performances. The teachers’ responses to Samples 2 and 3 revealed five rating criteria: Global proficiency, Chinese conceptual framework, content richness, communication appropriateness, and communication clarity. The teachers’ responses to Sample 1 revealed four rating criteria: global proficiency, Chinese conceptual framework, communication appropriateness/content richness, and communication clarity. However, the analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed that the proficiency levels of the three oral performances differed significantly across all rating criteria. Therefore, the data suggests that L2 classroom teachers could use the similar rating criteria pattern to assess college-level L2 Chinese students’ oral performances at different proficiency levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20assessment" title="language assessment">language assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20Chinese" title=" L2 Chinese"> L2 Chinese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20performance" title=" oral performance"> oral performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rating%20criteria" title=" rating criteria"> rating criteria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28964/investigating-classroom-teachers-perceptions-of-assessing-us-college-students-l2-chinese-oral-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28964.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">539</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3050</span> Relationships between Motivation Factors and English Language Proficiency of the Faculty of Management Sciences Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kawinphat%20Lertpongmanee">Kawinphat Lertpongmanee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purposes of this study were (1) investigate the English language learning motivation and the attainment of their English proficiency, (2) to find out how motivation and motivational variables of the high and low proficiency subjects are related to their English proficiency. The respondents were 80 fourth-year from Faculty of Management Sciences students in Rajabhat Suansunadha University. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires. The statistically analyzed by using the SPSS program for frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation (SD), t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings of this study are summarized as there was a significant difference in overall motivation between high and low proficiency groups of subjects at .05 (p < .05), but not in overall motivational variables. Additionally, the high proficiency group had a significantly higher level of intrinsic motivation than did the low proficiency group at .05 (p < .05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20language%20proficiency" title="English language proficiency">English language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faculty%20of%20management%20sciences" title=" faculty of management sciences"> faculty of management sciences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation%20factors" title=" motivation factors"> motivation factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20subjects" title=" proficiency subjects"> proficiency subjects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43950/relationships-between-motivation-factors-and-english-language-proficiency-of-the-faculty-of-management-sciences-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3049</span> Selection Criteria in the Spanish Secondary Education Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Programmes and Their Effect on Code-Switching in CLIL Methodology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dembele%20Dembele">Dembele Dembele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe"> Philippe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several Second Language Acquisition (SLA) studies have stressed the benefits of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and shown how CLIL students outperformed their non-CLIL counterparts in many L2 skills. However, numerous experimental CLIL programs seem to have mainly targeted above-average and rather highly motivated language learners. The need to understand the impact of the student’s language proficiency on code-switching in CLIL instruction motivated this study. Therefore, determining the implications of the students’ low-language proficiency for CLIL methodology, as well as the frequency with which CLIL teachers use the main pedagogical functions of code-switching, seemed crucial for a Spanish CLIL instruction on a large scale. In the mixed-method approach adopted, ten face-to-face interviews were conducted in nine Valencian public secondary education schools, while over 30 CLIL teachers also contributed with their experience in two online survey questionnaires. The results showed the crucial role language proficiency plays in the Valencian CLIL/Plurilingual selection criteria. The presence of a substantial number of low-language proficient students in CLIL groups, which in turn implied important methodological consequences, was another finding of the study. Indeed, though the pedagogical use of L1 was confirmed as an extended practice among CLIL teachers, more than half of the participants perceived that code-switching impaired attaining their CLIL lesson objectives. Therein, the dissertation highlights the need for more extensive empirical research on how code-switching could prove beneficial in CLIL instruction involving low-language proficient students while maintaining the maximum possible exposure to the target language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CLIL%20methodology" title="CLIL methodology">CLIL methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20language%20proficiency" title=" low language proficiency"> low language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20switching" title=" code switching"> code switching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selection%20criteria" title=" selection criteria"> selection criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code-switching%20functions" title=" code-switching functions"> code-switching functions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176545/selection-criteria-in-the-spanish-secondary-education-content-and-language-integrated-learning-clil-programmes-and-their-effect-on-code-switching-in-clil-methodology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3048</span> Communication Competence or Language Proficiency for Employability: An Investigation on Malaysian Polytechnics ESL Engineering Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chong%20Ling%20Ling">Chong Ling Ling</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Malaysian polytechnic, there are concerns about language proficiency, communicative competence, and employability among Malaysian polytechnic ESL engineering students. This study examined the relationships between communicative competence, language proficiency, and employability using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. Next, Pearson’s Correlation determines the correlation between communication competence, language proficiency, and employability skills of Malaysian Polytechnic ESL engineering students. The total number of participants was 81 final-year engineering students. The findings revealed high positive correlations between the communicative competence -'I can talk with a friend in English.' and employability skill (r = 0.854, p = .031), also, language proficiency -'I can understand the English songs I listen to' and employability skill (r = 0.887, p = .038). The result is consistent with the theories. The result revealed that for the 81 students, communication competence and language proficiency, and employability skills are firmly and significantly correlated. Thus, it concluded that both communicative competence and language proficiency equally essential to ensure a higher employability rate among Malaysian polytechnic ESL engineering students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communicative%20competence" title="communicative competence">communicative competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employability" title=" employability"> employability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20proficiency" title=" language proficiency"> language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysian%20polytechnic" title=" Malaysian polytechnic"> Malaysian polytechnic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138854/communication-competence-or-language-proficiency-for-employability-an-investigation-on-malaysian-polytechnics-esl-engineering-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138854.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3047</span> Number Sense Proficiency and Problem Solving Performance of Grade Seven Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laissa%20Mae%20Francisco">Laissa Mae Francisco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Rolex%20Ingreso"> John Rolex Ingreso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Krizel%20Menguito"> Anna Krizel Menguito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Criselda%20Robrigado"> Criselda Robrigado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rej%20Maegan%20%20Tuazon"> Rej Maegan Tuazon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to determine and describe the existing relationship between number sense proficiency and problem-solving performance of grade seven students from Victorino Mapa High School, Manila. A paper pencil exam containing of 50-item number sense test and 5-item problem-solving test which measures their number sense proficiency and problem-solving performance adapted from McIntosh, Reys, and Bana were used as the research instruments. The data obtained from this study were interpreted and analyzed using the Pearson – Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation to determine the relationship between the two variables. It was found out that students who were low in number sense proficiency tend to be the students with poor problem-solving performance and students with medium number sense proficiency are most likely to have an average problem-solving performance. Likewise, students with high number sense proficiency are those who do excellently in problem-solving performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20sense" title="number sense">number sense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20solving" title=" problem solving"> problem solving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency" title=" proficiency"> proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59954/number-sense-proficiency-and-problem-solving-performance-of-grade-seven-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3046</span> The Relationships between Second Language Proficiency (L2) and Interpersonal Relationships of Students and Teachers: Pilot Study in Wenzhou-Kean University</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hu%20Yinyao">Hu Yinyao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Learning and using a second language have become more and more common in daily life. Understanding the complexity of second language proficiency can help students develop their interpersonal relationships with their friends and professors, even enhancing intimacy. This paper examines Wenzhou-Kean University students' second language proficiency and interpersonal relationships. The purpose of the research was to explore the relationship between second language proficiency, extent of intimacy, and interpersonal relationships of the 100 Wenzhou-Kean University students. A mixed methodology was utilized in the research study. Student respondents from Wenzhou-Kean University were chosen randomly by using random sampling. The data analysis used descriptive data in terms of figures and thematical data in the table. The researcher found that Wenzhou-Kean University’s students have shown lower intermediate level of second language proficiency and that their intimacy is middle when using a second language. Especially when talking about some sensitive topics, students tend not to use a second language due to low proficiency. This research project has a strong implication on interpersonal relationships and second language proficiency. The outcome of the study would be greatly helpful to enhance the interpersonal relationship and intimacy between students and students, students and professors who use. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Interpersonal%20relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20proficiency" title=" second language proficiency"> second language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intimacy" title=" intimacy"> intimacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=univeristy%20students" title=" univeristy students"> univeristy students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183155/the-relationships-between-second-language-proficiency-l2-and-interpersonal-relationships-of-students-and-teachers-pilot-study-in-wenzhou-kean-university" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3045</span> Anxiety and Self-Perceived L2 Proficiency: A Comparison of Which Can Better Predict L2 Pronunciation Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiexuan%20Lin">Jiexuan Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huiyi%20Chen"> Huiyi Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of L2 pronunciation competence remains understudied in the literature and it is not clear what may influence learners’ development of L2 pronunciation. The present study was an attempt to find out which of the two common factors in L2 acquisition, i.e., foreign language anxiety or self-perceived L2 proficiency, can better predict Chinese EFL learners’ pronunciation performance. 78 first-year English majors, who had received a three-month pronunciation training course, were asked to 1) fill out a questionnaire on foreign language classroom anxiety, 2) self-report their L2 proficiency in general, in speaking and in pronunciation, and 3) complete an oral and a written test on their L2 pronunciation (the score of the oral part indicates participants’ pronunciation proficiency in oral production, and the score of the written part indexes participants’ ability in applying pronunciation knowledge in comprehension.) Results showed that the pronunciation scores were negatively correlated with the anxiety scores, and were positively correlated with the self-perceived pronunciation proficiency. But only the written scores in the L2 pronunciation test, not the oral scores, were positively correlated with the L2 self-perceived general proficiency. Neither the oral nor the written scores in the L2 pronunciation test had a significant correlation with the self-perceived speaking proficiency. Given the fairly strong correlations, the anxiety scores and the self-perceived pronunciation proficiency were put in regression models to predict L2 pronunciation performance. The anxiety factor alone accounted for 13.9% of the variance and the self-perceived pronunciation proficiency alone explained 12.1% of the variance. But when both anxiety scores and self-perceived pronunciation proficiency were put in a stepwise regression model, only the anxiety scores had a significant and unique contribution to the L2 pronunciation performance (4.8%). Taken together, the results suggested that the learners’ anxiety level could better predict their L2 pronunciation performance, compared with the self-perceived proficiency levels. The obtained data have the following pedagogical implications. 1) Given the fairly strong correlation between anxiety and L2 pronunciation performance, the instructors who are interested in predicting learners’ L2 pronunciation proficiency may measure their anxiety level, instead of their proficiency, as the predicting variable. 2) The correlation of oral scores (in the pronunciation test) with pronunciation proficiency, rather than with speaking proficiency, indicates that a) learners after receiving some amounts of training are to some extent able to evaluate their own pronunciation ability, implying the feasibility of incorporating self-evaluation and peer comments in course instruction; b) the ‘proficiency’ measure used to predict pronunciation performance should be used with caution. The proficiency of specific skills seemingly highly related to pronunciation (i.e., speaking in this case) may not be taken for granted as an effective predictor for pronunciation performance. 3) The correlation between the written scores with general L2 proficiency is interesting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anxiety" title="anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20EFL%20learners" title=" Chinese EFL learners"> Chinese EFL learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20pronunciation" title=" L2 pronunciation"> L2 pronunciation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-perceived%20L2%20proficiency" title=" self-perceived L2 proficiency"> self-perceived L2 proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48093/anxiety-and-self-perceived-l2-proficiency-a-comparison-of-which-can-better-predict-l2-pronunciation-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48093.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3044</span> Participation in IAEA Proficiency Test to Analyse Cobalt, Strontium and Caesium in Seawater Using Direct Counting and Radiochemical Techniques </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Visetpotjanakit">S. Visetpotjanakit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Khrautongkieo"> C. Khrautongkieo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation monitoring in the environment and foodstuffs is one of the main responsibilities of Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) as the nuclear regulatory body of Thailand. The main goal of the OAP is to assure the safety of the Thai people and environment from any radiological incidents. Various radioanalytical methods have been developed to monitor radiation and radionuclides in the environmental and foodstuff samples. To validate our analytical performance, several proficiency test exercises from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have been performed. Here, the results of a proficiency test exercise referred to as the Proficiency Test for Tritium, Cobalt, Strontium and Caesium Isotopes in Seawater 2017 (IAEA-RML-2017-01) are presented. All radionuclides excepting ³H were analysed using various radioanalytical methods, i.e. direct gamma-ray counting for determining ⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs and developed radiochemical techniques for analysing ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs using AMP pre-concentration technique and 90Sr using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) liquid extraction technique. The analysis results were submitted to IAEA. All results passed IAEA criteria, i.e. accuracy, precision and trueness and obtained ‘Accepted’ statuses. These confirm the data quality from the OAP environmental radiation laboratory to monitor radiation in the environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20atomic%20energy%20agency" title="international atomic energy agency">international atomic energy agency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20test" title=" proficiency test"> proficiency test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20monitoring" title=" radiation monitoring"> radiation monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seawater" title=" seawater"> seawater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93787/participation-in-iaea-proficiency-test-to-analyse-cobalt-strontium-and-caesium-in-seawater-using-direct-counting-and-radiochemical-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3043</span> Verification of Sr-90 Determination in Water and Spruce Needles Samples Using IAEA-TEL-2016-04 ALMERA Proficiency Test Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Visetpotjanakit">S. Visetpotjanakit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Nakkaew"> N. Nakkaew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Determination of <sup>90</sup>Sr in environmental samples has been widely developed with several radioanlytical methods and radiation measurement techniques since <sup>90</sup>Sr is one of the most hazardous radionuclides produced from nuclear reactors. Liquid extraction technique using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) to separate and purify <sup>90</sup>Y and Cherenkov counting using liquid scintillation counter to determine <sup>90</sup>Y in secular equilibrium to <sup>90</sup>Sr was developed and performed at our institute, the Office of Atoms for Peace. The approach is inexpensive, non-laborious, and fast to analyse <sup>90</sup>Sr in environmental samples. To validate our analytical performance for the accurate and precise criteria, determination of <sup>90</sup>Sr using the IAEA-TEL-2016-04 ALMERA proficiency test samples were performed for statistical evaluation. The experiment used two spiked tap water samples and one naturally contaminated spruce needles sample from Austria collected shortly after the Chernobyl accident. Results showed that all three analyses were successfully passed in terms of both accuracy and precision criteria, obtaining “Accepted” statuses. The two water samples obtained the measured results of 15.54 Bq/kg and 19.76 Bq/kg, which had relative bias 5.68% and -3.63% for the Maximum Acceptable Relative Bias (MARB) 15% and 20%, respectively. And the spruce needles sample obtained the measured results of 21.04 Bq/kg, which had relative bias 23.78% for the MARB 30%. These results confirm our analytical performance of <sup>90</sup>Sr determination in water and spruce needles samples using the same developed method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ALMERA%20proficiency%20test" title="ALMERA proficiency test">ALMERA proficiency test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cerenkov%20counting" title=" Cerenkov counting"> Cerenkov counting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determination%20of%2090Sr" title=" determination of 90Sr"> determination of 90Sr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20samples" title=" environmental samples"> environmental samples</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65008/verification-of-sr-90-determination-in-water-and-spruce-needles-samples-using-iaea-tel-2016-04-almera-proficiency-test-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65008.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3042</span> Negotiation of Meaning among Iranian EFL Learners and the Relationship between the Proficiency Levels and the Transfer of Knowledge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Komeili">Z. Komeili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sh.%20Abadikhah"> Sh. Abadikhah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Talebi"> H. Talebi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interaction and negotiation of meaning in the foreign language (FL) contexts are crucial to L2 development. Although research studies on children in EFL contexts have increased in recent years, the study of Iranian children negotiating meaning during their communicative task performance still needs further study. The purpose of this study was to investigate young EFL learners' interaction and negotiation of meaning (NoM) during task completion and examine the difference in meaning negotiation between the different proficiency levels and the association between the learners’ proficiency levels and their transfer of knowledge. The participants were twenty-eight young Iranian EFL learners forming 14 proficiency-matched dyads and were assigned into two different groups according to their proficiency levels. The dyads were asked to complete the collaborative task; their interaction was transcribed and analyzed in terms of their NoM. To test the transfer of knowledge to the subsequent performance, tailor-made tests were designed based on the NoM of each individual dyad. The results indicated a significant positive relationship between the learners’ level of proficiency and their transfer of knowledge to the subsequent performance. Our findings suggest that the elementary group had engaged in more negotiation of meaning compared to the intermediate group, and the higher the proficiency level, the better they performed in the post-test and benefited from the NoM. The study has some implications for researchers, teachers, and young learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaborative%20tasks" title="collaborative tasks">collaborative tasks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation%20of%20meaning" title=" negotiation of meaning"> negotiation of meaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20levels" title=" proficiency levels"> proficiency levels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociocultural%20theory" title=" sociocultural theory"> sociocultural theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tailor-made%20test" title=" tailor-made test"> tailor-made test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140890/negotiation-of-meaning-among-iranian-efl-learners-and-the-relationship-between-the-proficiency-levels-and-the-transfer-of-knowledge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140890.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3041</span> Rapid Method for Low Level 90Sr Determination in Seawater by Liquid Extraction Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Visetpotjanakit">S. Visetpotjanakit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Nakkaew"> N. Nakkaew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Determination of low level <sup>90</sup>Sr in seawater has been widely developed for the purpose of environmental monitoring and radiological research because <sup>90</sup>Sr is one of the most hazardous radionuclides released from atmospheric during the testing of nuclear weapons, waste discharge from the generation nuclear energy and nuclear accident occurring at power plants. A liquid extraction technique using bis-2-etylhexyl-phosphoric acid to separate and purify yttrium followed by Cherenkov counting using a liquid scintillation counter to determine <sup>90</sup>Y in secular equilibrium to <sup>90</sup>Sr was developed to monitor <sup>90</sup>Sr in the Asia Pacific Ocean. The analytical performance was validated for the accuracy, precision, and trueness criteria. Sr-90 determination in seawater using various low concentrations in a range of 0.01 – 1 Bq/L of 30 liters spiked seawater samples and 0.5 liters of IAEA-RML-2015-01 proficiency test sample was performed for statistical evaluation. The results had a relative bias in the range from 3.41% to 12.28%, which is below accepted relative bias of ± 25% and passed the criteria confirming that our analytical approach for determination of low levels of <sup>90</sup>Sr in seawater was acceptable. Moreover, the approach is economical, non-laborious and fast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20test" title="proficiency test">proficiency test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20monitoring" title=" radiation monitoring"> radiation monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seawater" title=" seawater"> seawater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strontium%20determination" title=" strontium determination"> strontium determination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84645/rapid-method-for-low-level-90sr-determination-in-seawater-by-liquid-extraction-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3040</span> Communicative Competence versus Language Proficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pouya%20Vakili">Pouya Vakili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of present paper is to have a rough comparison between language proficiency and communicative competence, moreover, how different scholars in the field of second language acquisition/assessment have defined competence in different paradigms. Researchers differ, however, in how they view 'competence'. Those who are dealing with generative tradition associated with Chomsky have defined it as linguistic competence (knowledge of the grammar of L2). Other researchers have adopted a broader perspective that is examining how learners acquire communicative competence (knowledge of both the L2 grammar and of how this system is put to use in actual communication). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communicative%20competence" title="communicative competence">communicative competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competence" title=" competence"> competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20proficiency" title=" language proficiency"> language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20competence" title=" linguistic competence"> linguistic competence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33462/communicative-competence-versus-language-proficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3039</span> Reliability of Self-Reported Language Proficiency Measures in l1 Attrition Research: A Closer Look at the Can-Do-Scales.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasia%20Sorokina">Anastasia Sorokina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-reported language proficiency measures have been widely used by researchers and have been proven to be an accurate tool to assess actual language proficiency. L1 attrition researchers also rely on self-reported measures. More specifically, can-do-scales has gained popularity in the discipline of L1 attrition research. The can-do-scales usually contain statements about language (e.g., “I can write e-mails”); participants are asked to rate each statement on a scale from 1 (I cannot do it at all) to 5 (I can do it without any difficulties). Despite its popularity, no studies have examined can-do-scales’ reliability at measuring the actual level of L1 attrition. Do can-do-scales positively correlate with lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, and fluency? The present study analyzed speech samples of 35 Russian-English attriters to examine whether their self-reported proficiency correlates with their actual L1 proficiency. The results of Pearson correlation demonstrated that can-do-scales correlated with lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, and fluency. These findings provide a valuable contribution to the L1 attrition research by demonstrating that can-do-scales can be used as a reliable tool to measure L1 attrition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L1%20attrition" title="L1 attrition">L1 attrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=can-do-scales" title=" can-do-scales"> can-do-scales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20diversity" title=" lexical diversity"> lexical diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20complexity" title=" syntactic complexity"> syntactic complexity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136356/reliability-of-self-reported-language-proficiency-measures-in-l1-attrition-research-a-closer-look-at-the-can-do-scales" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3038</span> Third Party Logistics (3PL) Selection Criteria for an Indian Heavy Industry Using SEM </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadama%20Kumar">Nadama Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Parthiban"> P. Parthiban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Niranjan"> T. Niranjan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present paper, we propose an incorporated approach for 3PL supplier choice that suits the distinctive strategic needs of the outsourcing organization in southern part of India. Four fundamental criteria have been used in particular Performance, IT, Service and Intangible. These are additionally subdivided into fifteen sub-criteria. The proposed strategy coordinates Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Non-additive Fuzzy Integral strategies. The presentation of fluffiness manages the unclearness of human judgments. The SEM approach has been used to approve the determination criteria for the proposed show though the Non-additive Fuzzy Integral approach uses the SEM display contribution to assess a supplier choice score. The case organization has a exclusive vertically integrated assembly that comprises of several companies focusing on a slight array of the value chain. To confirm manufacturing and logistics proficiency, it significantly relies on 3PL suppliers to attain supply chain superiority. However, 3PL supplier selection is an intricate decision-making procedure relating multiple selection criteria. The goal of this work is to recognize the crucial 3PL selection criteria by using the non-additive fuzzy integral approach. Unlike the outmoded multi criterion decision-making (MCDM) methods which frequently undertake independence among criteria and additive importance weights, the nonadditive fuzzy integral is an effective method to resolve the dependency among criteria, vague information, and vital fuzziness of human judgment. In this work, we validate an empirical case that engages the nonadditive fuzzy integral to assess the importance weight of selection criteria and indicate the most suitable 3PL supplier. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3PL" title="3PL">3PL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-additive%20fuzzy%20integral%20approach" title=" non-additive fuzzy integral approach"> non-additive fuzzy integral approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy" title=" fuzzy"> fuzzy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79215/third-party-logistics-3pl-selection-criteria-for-an-indian-heavy-industry-using-sem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3037</span> Canadian French as an Additional Language Teacher Candidates' Proficiency and Confidence Pre- and Post-Francophone Home-Stay: Practicum Experience as Revealed through Questionnaire and Interviews</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Callie%20Mady">Callie Mady</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the Canadian French as an additional language teacher candidates’ confidence and language maintenance strategies by means of questionnaires and interviews pre- and post- a Francophone home-stay practicum experience. Teacher French language proficiency is one of the components of teacher knowledge that can influence students’ French as an additional language acquisition. Although advantageous, seeking opportunities to use French in a French milieu comes with challenges. Teachers, for example, have been found to be hesitant to speak French with native speakers for fear of judgment. Another identified challenge to spending time in a French milieu is finances; while teachers have recognized the value of such an experience, cost is prohibitive. In recognition of the potential barriers and the need to maintain/improve the French proficiency of 'French as an additional language' teachers, this study provided a two-week home stay in a Francophone environment for teacher candidates of French as an additional language with financial subsidies for their participation. Through the post-experience interviews, the French as an additional language teacher candidates revealed an improvement in French proficiency. Similarly, the teacher candidates cited an increase in confidence in the interviews and through the questionnaire. They linked this increase in proficiency and confidence to their experiences with their host families and other Francophone members of the community. This study highlights the provision of immersion experiences as means to support teachers’ language confidence and proficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=French%20as%20an%20additional%20language%20education" title="French as an additional language education">French as an additional language education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20language%20confidence" title=" teacher language confidence"> teacher language confidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20language%20maintenance" title=" teacher language maintenance"> teacher language maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20language%20proficiency" title=" teacher language proficiency"> teacher language proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79010/canadian-french-as-an-additional-language-teacher-candidates-proficiency-and-confidence-pre-and-post-francophone-home-stay-practicum-experience-as-revealed-through-questionnaire-and-interviews" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3036</span> The Impact of Language Anxiety on EFL Learners' Proficiency: Case Study of University of Jeddah</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saleh%20Mohammad%20Alqahtani">Saleh Mohammad Alqahtani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Foreign language Anxiety has been found to be a key issue in learning English as foreign language in the classroom. This study investigated the impact of foreign language anxiety on Saudi EFL learners' proficiency in the classroom. A total of 197 respondents had participated in the study, comprising of 96 male and 101 female, who enrolled in preparatory year, first year, second year, and fourth year of English language department at the University of Jeddah. Two instruments were used to answer the study questions. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) was used to identify the levels of foreign language (FL) anxiety for Saudi learners. Moreover, an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) test was used as an objective measure of the learners’ English language proficiency. The data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis. The findings revealed that Saudi EFL learners' experience a level of anxiety in the classroom, and there is a significant differences between the course levels in their level of language anxiety. Moreover, it is also found that female students are less anxious in learning English as a foreign language than male students. The results show that foreign language anxiety and English proficiency are negatively related to each other. Furthermore, the study revealed that there were significant differences between Saudi learners in language use anxiety, while there were no significant differences in language class anxiety. The study suggested that teachers should employ a diversity of designed techniques to encourage the environment of the classroom in order to control learners’ FLA, which in turns will improve their EFL proficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20language%20anxiety" title="foreign language anxiety">foreign language anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FLA" title=" FLA"> FLA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20use%20anxiety" title=" language use anxiety"> language use anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20class%20anxiety" title=" language class anxiety"> language class anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20proficiency" title=" L2 proficiency"> L2 proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99568/the-impact-of-language-anxiety-on-efl-learners-proficiency-case-study-of-university-of-jeddah" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99568.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3035</span> Proficiency Testing of English for Specific Academic Purpose: Using a Pilot Test in a Taiwanese University as an Example</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenli%20Tsou">Wenli Tsou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20Wu"> Jessica Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Courses of English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) have become popular for higher education in Taiwan; however, no standardized tests have been developed for evaluating learners’ English proficiency in individual designated fields. Assuming a learner’s proficiency in a specific academic area is built up with one’s general proficiency in English with specific knowledge and vocabulary in the content areas, an adequate ESAP proficiency test may be constructed by some selected test items related to the designated academic areas. In this study, through collaboration between a language testing institution and a university in Taiwan, three sets of ESAP tests, covering three disciplinary areas of business and the workplace, science and engineering, and health and medicine majors, were developed and administered to sophomore students (N=1704) who were enrolled in ESAP courses at a university in southern Taiwan. For this study, the courses were grouped into the above-mentioned three disciplines, and students took the specialized proficiency test based on the ESAP course they were taking. Because students were free to select which ESAP course to take, each course had both major and non-major students. Toward the end of the one-semester course, ending in January, 2015, each student took two tests, one of general English (General English Proficiency Test, or GEPT) and the other ESAP. Following each test, students filled out a survey, reporting their test taking experiences. After comparing students’ two test scores, it was found that business majors and health and medical students performed better in ESAP than the non-majors in the class, whereas science and engineering majors did about the same as their non-major counterparts. In addition, test takers with CERF B2 (upper intermediate) level or above performed well in both tests, while students who are below B2 did slightly better in ESAP. The findings suggest that students’ test performance have been enhanced by their specialist content and vocabulary knowledge. Furthermore, results of the survey show that the difficulty levels reported by students are consistent with their test performances. Based on the item analysis, the findings can be used to develop proficiency tests for specific disciplines and to identify ability indicators for college students in their designated fields. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=english%20for%20specific%20academic%20purposes%20%28ESAP%29" title="english for specific academic purposes (ESAP)">english for specific academic purposes (ESAP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=general%20english%20proficiency%20test%20%28GEPT%29" title=" general english proficiency test (GEPT)"> general english proficiency test (GEPT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20test" title=" proficiency test"> proficiency test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30188/proficiency-testing-of-english-for-specific-academic-purpose-using-a-pilot-test-in-a-taiwanese-university-as-an-example" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30188.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">529</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3034</span> Evaluating Textbooks for Brazilian Air Traffic Controllers’ English Language Training: A Checklist Proposal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elida%20M.%20R.%20Bonifacio">Elida M. R. Bonifacio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> English language proficiency has become an essential issue in aviation communication after aviation incidents, and accidents happened. Lack of proficiency or inappropriate use of the English language has been found as one of the factors that cause most of those incidents or accidents. Therefore, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established the requirements for minimum English language proficiency of aviation personnel, especially pilots and air traffic controllers in the 192 member states. In Brazil, the discussions about this topic became patent after an accident that occurred in 2006, which was a mid-air collision and costed the life of 154 passengers and crew members. Thus, the number of schools and private practitioners willing to teach English for aviation purposes started to increase. Although the number of teaching materials internationally used for general purposes is relatively large, it would be inappropriate to adopt the same materials in classes that focus on communication in aviation contexts. On the contrary, the options of aviation English materials are scarce; moreover, they are internationally used and may not fulfill the linguistic needs of all their users around the world. In order to diminish the problems that Brazilian practitioners may encounter in the adoption of materials that demand a great level of adaptation to meet their students’ needs, a checklist was thought to evaluate textbooks. The aim of this paper is to propose a checklist that evaluates textbooks used in English language training of Brazilian air traffic controllers. The criteria used to compound the checklist are based on materials development literature, as well as on linguistic requirements established by ICAO on its publications, on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) principles, and on Brazilian aviation English language proficiency test format. The checklist has as main indicators the language learning tenets under which the book was written, graphical features, lexical, grammatical and functional competencies required for minimum proficiency, similarities to official testing format, and support materials, totaling 117 items marked as YES, NO or PARTIALLY. In order to verify if the use of the checklist is effective, an aviation English textbook was evaluated. From this evaluation, it is possible to measure quantitatively how much the material meets the students’ needs and to offer a tool to help professionals engaged in aviation English teaching around the world to choose the most appropriate textbook according to their audience. From the results, practitioners are able to verify which items the material does not fulfill and to make proper adaptations since the perfect material will be difficult to find. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aviation%20English" title="aviation English">aviation English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICAO" title=" ICAO"> ICAO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials%20development" title=" materials development"> materials development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20language%20proficiency" title=" English language proficiency"> English language proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104206/evaluating-textbooks-for-brazilian-air-traffic-controllers-english-language-training-a-checklist-proposal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3033</span> The Effect of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety and Tolerance of Ambiguity on EFL Learners’ Listening Proficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hadi%20Mahmoodi">Mohammad Hadi Mahmoodi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azam%20Ghonchepoor"> Azam Ghonchepoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheilan%20Sohrabi"> Sheilan Sohrabi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foreign language classroom anxiety and ambiguity tolerance on EFL Learners’ listening proficiency. In so doing, 442 EFL learners were randomly selected form Azad University and some accredited language institutions in Hamaden, and were given the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) (1983), and Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (SLTAS) (1995). Participants’ listening proficiency level was determined through listening scores gained in standardized exams given by university professors or institutes in which they studied English. The results of two-way ANOVA revealed that listening proficiency was significantly affected by the interaction of anxiety and AT level of the participants. Each of the two variables were categorized in three levels of High, Mid, and Low. The highest mean score of listening belonged to the group with low degree of anxiety and high degree of ambiguity tolerance, and the lowest listening mean score was gained by the group with high level of anxiety and low level of tolerance of ambiguity. Also, the findings of multiple regressions confirmed that anxiety was the stronger predictor of listening comprehension in contrast with tolerance of ambiguity. Furthermore, the result of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant negative relationship between the participants’ foreign language classroom anxiety and their ambiguity tolerance level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foreign%20Language%20Classroom%20Anxiety" title="Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety">Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Second%20language%20tolerance%20of%20ambiguity" title=" Second language tolerance of ambiguity"> Second language tolerance of ambiguity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Listening%20proficiency" title=" Listening proficiency"> Listening proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19147/the-effect-of-foreign-language-classroom-anxiety-and-tolerance-of-ambiguity-on-efl-learners-listening-proficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">509</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3032</span> The Impact of Governance Criteria in the Supplier Selection Process of Large German Companies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christoph%20K%C3%B6ster">Christoph Köster</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Supplier selection is one of the key challenges in supply chain management and can be considered a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. In the 1960s, it evolved from considering only economic criteria, such as price, quality, and performance, to including environmental and social criteria nowadays. Although receiving considerable attention from scholars and practitioners over the past decades, existing research has not considered governance criteria so far. This is, however, surprising, as ESG (environmental, social, and governance) criteria have gained considerable attention. In order to complement ESG criteria in the supplier selection process, this study investigates German DAX and MDAX companies and evaluates the impact of governance criteria along their supplier selection process. Moreover, it proposes a set of criteria for the respective process steps. Specifically, eleven criteria for the first process step and five criteria for the second process step are identified. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the supplier selection process by elucidating the relevance of governance criteria in the supplier selection process and providing a set of empirically developed governance criteria. These results can be applied by practitioners to complement the criteria set in the supplier selection process and thus balance economic, environmental, social, and governance targets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESG" title="ESG">ESG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20supplier%20selection" title=" sustainable supplier selection"> sustainable supplier selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153736/the-impact-of-governance-criteria-in-the-supplier-selection-process-of-large-german-companies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3031</span> Developing Second Language Learners’ Reading Comprehension through Content and Language Integrated Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaine%20Gulozer">Kaine Gulozer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A strong methodological conception in the practice of teaching, content, and language integrated learning (CLIL) is adapted to boost efficiency in the second language (L2) instruction with a range of proficiency levels. This study aims to investigate whether the incorporation of two different mediums of meaningful CLIL reading activities (in-school and out-of-school settings) influence L2 students’ development of comprehension skills differently. CLIL based instructional methodology was adopted and total of 50 preparatory year students (N=50, 25 students for each proficiency level) from two distinct language proficiency learners (elementary and intermediate) majoring in engineering faculties were recruited for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods through a post-test design were adopted. Data were collected through a questionnaire, a reading comprehension test and a semi-structured interview addressed to the two proficiency groups. The results show that both settings in relation to the development of reading comprehension are beneficial, whereas the impact of the reading activities conducted in school settings was higher at the elementary language level of students than that of the one conducted out-of-class settings based on the reported interview results. This study suggests that the incorporation of meaningful CLIL reading activities in both settings for both proficiency levels could create students’ self-awareness of their language learning process and the sense of ownership in successful improvements of field-specific reading comprehension. Further potential suggestions and implications of the study were discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20and%20language%20integrated%20learning" title="content and language integrated learning">content and language integrated learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-school%20setting" title=" in-school setting"> in-school setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20proficiency" title=" language proficiency"> language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=out-of-school%20setting" title=" out-of-school setting"> out-of-school setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20comprehension" title=" reading comprehension"> reading comprehension</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101657/developing-second-language-learners-reading-comprehension-through-content-and-language-integrated-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3030</span> The Output Fallacy: An Investigation into Input, Noticing, and Learners’ Mechanisms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samantha%20Rix">Samantha Rix</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the cognitive processing of learners who receive input but produce very little or no output, and who, when they do produce output, exhibit a similar language proficiency as do those learners who produced output more regularly in the language classroom. Previous studies have investigated the benefits of output (with somewhat differing results); therefore, the presentation will begin with an investigation of what may underlie gains in proficiency without output. Consequently, a pilot study was designed and conducted to gain insight into the cognitive processing of low-output language learners looking, for example, at quantity and quality of noticing. This will be carried out within the paradigm of action classroom research, observing and interviewing low-output language learners in an intensive English program at a small Midwest university. The results of the pilot study indicated that autonomy in language learning, specifically utilizing strategies such self-monitoring, self-talk, and thinking 'out-loud', were crucial in the development of language proficiency for academic-level performance. The presentation concludes with an examination of pedagogical implication for classroom use in order to aide students in their language development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20processing" title="cognitive processing">cognitive processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20learners" title=" language learners"> language learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20proficiency" title=" language proficiency"> language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20strategies" title=" learning strategies"> learning strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37442/the-output-fallacy-an-investigation-into-input-noticing-and-learners-mechanisms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3029</span> An Event-Related Potentials Study on the Processing of English Subjunctive Mood by Chinese ESL Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Huang">Yan Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Event-related potentials (ERPs) technique helps researchers to make continuous measures on the whole process of language comprehension, with an excellent temporal resolution at the level of milliseconds. The research on sentence processing has developed from the behavioral level to the neuropsychological level, which brings about a variety of sentence processing theories and models. However, the applicability of these models to L2 learners is still under debate. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying English subjunctive mood processing by Chinese ESL learners. To this end, English subject clauses with subjunctive moods are used as the stimuli, all of which follow the same syntactic structure, “It is + adjective + that … + (should) do + …” Besides, in order to examine the role that language proficiency plays on L2 processing, this research deals with two groups of Chinese ESL learners (18 males and 22 females, mean age=21.68), namely, high proficiency group (Group H) and low proficiency group (Group L). Finally, the behavioral and neurophysiological data analysis reveals the following findings: 1) Syntax and semantics interact with each other on the SECOND phase (300-500ms) of sentence processing, which is partially in line with the Three-phase Sentence Model; 2) Language proficiency does affect L2 processing. Specifically, for Group H, it is the syntactic processing that plays the dominant role in sentence processing while for Group L, semantic processing also affects the syntactic parsing during the THIRD phase of sentence processing (500-700ms). Besides, Group H, compared to Group L, demonstrates a richer native-like ERPs pattern, which further demonstrates the role of language proficiency in L2 processing. Based on the research findings, this paper also provides some enlightenment for the L2 pedagogy as well as the L2 proficiency assessment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20ESL%20learners" title="Chinese ESL learners">Chinese ESL learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20subjunctive%20mood" title=" English subjunctive mood"> English subjunctive mood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERPs" title=" ERPs"> ERPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20processing" title=" L2 processing"> L2 processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105431/an-event-related-potentials-study-on-the-processing-of-english-subjunctive-mood-by-chinese-esl-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3028</span> Overuse Equals to Low Proficiency Level in English: A Corpus-Based Study on the Use of Linking Adverbials between Male and Female Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsungming%20Wu">Tsungming Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper investigates the use of linking adverbials between native male speakers and female speakers in their presentation. From previous studies, overuse of linking adverbials may be an indicator of the low proficiency level in English. In this study, female speakers are found to use more linking adverbials in general. However, the overuse of linking adverbials found in female speakers’ speeches does not imply female speakers’ lower English proficiency, but imply different approaches that male and female speakers adopt in dealing with their presentation tasks. Female speakers are found to be more interactional, leading to their more uses of interactive devices in the presenting process. On the other hand, male speakers take different approaches in dealing with their tasks. Male speakers try to be authoritative and amicable at the same time, resulting in the uses of both interactive devices and distancing devices in their speeches. The paper specifically presents and compares the use of the linking adverbial items, actually and so, in male speakers’ and female speakers’ speeches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LAs" title="LAs">LAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linking%20adverbial" title=" linking adverbial"> linking adverbial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20proficiency" title=" low proficiency"> low proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overuse" title=" overuse"> overuse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48840/overuse-equals-to-low-proficiency-level-in-english-a-corpus-based-study-on-the-use-of-linking-adverbials-between-male-and-female-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48840.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3027</span> The Application of Mapping, Practicing, Using Strategy with Instructional Materials Based on the School Curriculum toward the English Achievement of Indonesian EFL Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eny%20Syatriana">Eny Syatriana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> English proficiency of Indonesian secondary school students is below standard. The low proficiency may come from poor teaching materials that do not meet the students’ need. The main objective for English teachers is to improve the English proficiency of the students. The purpose of this study is to explore the application Mapping, Practicing, Using (MPU) strategy with Instructional Materials Based on the School Curriculum toward the English achievement of Indonesian EFL Students. This paper is part my dissertation entitles 'Designing instructional materials for secondary school students based on the school curriculum' consisting of need analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation; this paper discusses need analysis and creates a model of creating instructional materials through deep discussion among teachers of secondary schools. The subject consisted of six English teachers and students of three classes at three different secondary schools in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pretest and posttest design were administered to see the effectiveness of the MPU strategy. Questionnaires were administered to see the teachers and students’ perception toward the instructional materials. The result indicates that the MPU strategy is effective in improving the English achievement; instructional materials with different strategies improve the English achievement of the students. Both teachers and students argue that the presented instructional materials are effective to be used in the teaching and learning process to increase the English proficiency of the students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency" title="proficiency">proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20for%20secondary%20school%20students" title=" English for secondary school students"> English for secondary school students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instructional%20materials" title=" instructional materials"> instructional materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44027/the-application-of-mapping-practicing-using-strategy-with-instructional-materials-based-on-the-school-curriculum-toward-the-english-achievement-of-indonesian-efl-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3026</span> The Effect of Cross-Curriculum of L1 and L2 on Elementary School Students’ Linguistic Proficiency: To Sympathize with Others</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reiko%20Yamamoto">Reiko Yamamoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reports on a project to integrate Japanese (as a first language) and English (as a second language) education. This study focuses on the mutual effects of the two languages on the linguistic proficiency of elementary school students. The research team consisted of elementary school teachers and researchers at a university. The participants of the experiment were students between 3<sup>rd</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> grades at an elementary school. The research process consisted of seven steps: 1) specifying linguistic proficiency; 2) developing the cross-curriculum of L1 and L2; 3) forming can-do statements; 4) creating a self-evaluation questionnaire; 5) executing the self-evaluation questionnaire at the beginning of the school year; 6) instructing L1 and L2 based on the curriculum; and 7) executing the self-evaluation questionnaire at the beginning of the next school year. In Step 1, the members of the research team brainstormed ways to specify elementary school students’ linguistic proficiency that can be observed in various scenes. It was revealed that the teachers evaluate their students’ linguistic proficiency on the basis of the students’ utterances, but also informed by their non-verbal communication abilities. This led to the idea that competency for understanding others’ minds through the use of physical movement or bodily senses in communication in L1 – to sympathize with others – can be transferred to that same competency in communication in L2. Based on the specification of linguistic proficiency that L1 and L2 have in common, a cross-curriculum of L1 and L2 was developed in Step 2. In Step 3, can-do statements based on the curriculum were also formed, building off of the action-oriented approach from the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) used in Europe. A self-evaluation questionnaire consisting of the main can-do statements was given to the students between 3<sup>rd</sup> grade and 6<sup>th</sup> grade at the beginning of the school year (Step 4 and Step 5), and all teachers gave L1 and L2 instruction based on the curriculum to the students for one year (Step 6). The same questionnaire was given to the students at the beginning of the next school year (Step 7). The results of statistical analysis proved the enhancement of the students’ linguistic proficiency. This verified the validity of developing the cross-curriculum of L1 and L2 and adapting it in elementary school. It was concluded that elementary school students do not distinguish between L1 and L2, and that they just try to understand others’ minds through physical movement or senses in any language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross%20curriculum%20of%20L1%20and%20L2" title="cross curriculum of L1 and L2">cross curriculum of L1 and L2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elementary%20school%20education" title=" elementary school education"> elementary school education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20proficiency" title=" language proficiency"> language proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sympathy%20with%20others" title=" sympathy with others"> sympathy with others</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76463/the-effect-of-cross-curriculum-of-l1-and-l2-on-elementary-school-students-linguistic-proficiency-to-sympathize-with-others" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">438</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3025</span> Utilization of Multi-Criteria Evaluation in Forensic Engineering and the Expertise outside Wall Subsystem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Barnak">Tomas Barnak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libor%20Matejka"> Libor Matejka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to create a standard application using multi-criteria evaluation in the field of forensic engineering. This situation can occur in the professional assessment in several cases such as when it is necessary to consider more criteria variant of the structural subsystems, more variants according to several criteria based on a court claim, which requires expert advice. A problematic situation arises when it is necessary to clearly determine the ranking of the options according to established criteria, and reduce subjective evaluation. For the procurement in the field of construction which is based on the prepared text of the law not only economic criteria but also technical, technological and environmental criteria will be determined. This fact substantially changes the style of evaluation of individual bids. For the above-mentioned needs of procurement, the unification of expert’s decisions and the use of multi-criteria assessment seem to be a reasonable option. In the case of experimental verification when using multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives construction subsystem the economic, technical, technological and environmental criteria will be compared. The core of the solution is to compare a selected number of set criteria, application methods and evaluation weighting based on the weighted values assigned to each of the criteria to use multi-criteria evaluation methods. The sequence of individual variations is determined by the evaluation of the importance of the values of corresponding criteria concerning expertise in the problematic of outside wall constructional subsystems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criteria" title="criteria">criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expertise" title=" expertise"> expertise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-criteria%20evaluation" title=" multi-criteria evaluation"> multi-criteria evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outside%20wall%20subsystems" title=" outside wall subsystems"> outside wall subsystems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47490/utilization-of-multi-criteria-evaluation-in-forensic-engineering-and-the-expertise-outside-wall-subsystem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3024</span> Low-Proficiency L2 Learners’ Dyadic Interactions in Collaborative Writing: An Exploratory Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bing-Qing%20Lu">Bing-Qing Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui-Tzu%20Min"> Hui-Tzu Min</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent research, supported by sociocultural theory, has shown that collaborative writing in the second language (L2) contexts afford students opportunities to interact with each other to co-construct knowledge during the co-composing process. To date, much research on pair interaction in L2 collaborative writing settings has centered on intermediate and advanced learners by using static categorization of pair interaction patterns. Little is known about the fluid nature of pair interaction during collaborative writing, especially among low-proficiency learners. This study, thus, is aimed to explore the interaction dynamics of low-proficiency L2 learners during collaborative writing via examining the interaction pattern, focus of interaction, and the language related episodes (LREs) of 5 low-proficiency L2 writers from Taiwan. Employing a micro-level functional analytical method to capture the changing nature of pair interaction dynamics, the researchers calculated the number of characters/words produced by each pair member during CW and then classified their utterances into four task related-aspects--content, organization, language use, and task management--to determine each pair member's relative contribution to different dimensions of the evolving text. The LREs were also identified and examined. The results show that, of the five pairs, three pairs changed their interaction patterns when discussing different aspects of writing. Regarding the focus of their interaction, all five pairs paid attention to content most, followed by language use, task management, and organization. They were able to successfully resolve the majority of language issues (75.2%) in LREs and use the correct forms in their writing. These findings lend support to the fluid nature of pairs’ interactions and the changing roles of L2 learners in collaborative writing and highlighted the necessity of examining learners’ interaction patterns from a micro-level perspective. These findings also support previous research that low-proficiency pairs are able to correctly revolve 2/3 of their produced LREs, suggesting that collaborative writing may also be suitable for L2 low-proficiency learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaborative%20writing" title="collaborative writing">collaborative writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-proficiency%20L2%20learners" title=" low-proficiency L2 learners"> low-proficiency L2 learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-level%20functional%20analysis" title=" micro-level functional analysis"> micro-level functional analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pair%20interaction%20pattern" title=" pair interaction pattern"> pair interaction pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153963/low-proficiency-l2-learners-dyadic-interactions-in-collaborative-writing-an-exploratory-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3023</span> Audio-Lingual Method and the English-Speaking Proficiency of Grade 11 Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marthadale%20Acibo%20Semacio">Marthadale Acibo Semacio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speaking skill is a crucial part of English language teaching and learning. This actually shows the great importance of this skill in English language classes. Through speaking, ideas and thoughts are shared with other people, and a smooth interaction between people takes place. The study examined the levels of speaking proficiency of the control and experimental groups on pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, and fluency. As a quasi-experimental study, it also determined the presence or absence of significant changes in their speaking proficiency levels in terms of pronouncing the words correctly, the accuracy of grammar and fluency of a language given the two methods to the groups of students in the English language, using the traditional and audio-lingual methods. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed according to the stated specific problems. The study employed a video presentation with prior information about it. In the video, the teacher acts as model one, giving instructions on what is going to be done, and then the students will perform the activity. The students were paired purposively based on their learning capabilities. Observing proper ethics, their performance was audio recorded to help the researcher assess the learner using the modified speaking rubric. The study revealed that those under the traditional method were more fluent than those in the audio-lingual method. With respect to the way in which each method deals with the feelings of the student, the audio-lingual one fails to provide a principle that would relate to this area and follows the assumption that the intrinsic motivation of the students to learn the target language will spring from their interest in the structure of the language. However, the speaking proficiency levels of the students were remarkably reinforced in reading different words through the aid of aural media with their teachers. The study concluded that using an audio-lingual method of teaching is not a stand-alone method but only an aid of the teacher in helping the students improve their speaking proficiency in the English Language. Hence, audio-lingual approach is encouraged to be used in teaching English language, on top of the chalk-talk or traditional method, to improve the speaking proficiency of students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=audio-lingual" title="audio-lingual">audio-lingual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speaking" title=" speaking"> speaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammar" title=" grammar"> grammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pronunciation" title=" pronunciation"> pronunciation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accuracy" title=" accuracy"> accuracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluency" title=" fluency"> fluency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency" title=" proficiency"> proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161963/audio-lingual-method-and-the-english-speaking-proficiency-of-grade-11-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3022</span> L2 Anxiety, Proficiency, and L2 Willingness to Communicate in the Classroom, Outside the Classroom, and in Digital Setting: Insights from Ethiopian Preparatory Schools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merih%20Welay%20Welesilassie">Merih Welay Welesilassie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marianne%20Nikolov"> Marianne Nikolov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research into second and foreign language (L2) acquisitions has demonstrated that L2 anxiety, perceived proficiency, and L2 willingness to communicate (L2WTC) profoundly impact language learning outcomes. However, the complex interplay between these variables has yet to be fully explored, as these factors are dynamic and context-specific and can vary across different learners and learning environments. This study, therefore, utilized a cross-sectional quantitative survey research design to scrutinise the causal relationships between L2 anxiety, English proficiency, and L2WTC of 609 Ethiopian preparatory school students. The model for the L2WTC, both inside and outside the classroom, has been expanded to include an additional sub-scale known as the L2WTC in a digital setting. Moreover, in contrast to the commonly recognised debilitative-focused L2 anxiety, the construct of L2 anxiety has been divided into facilitative and debilitative anxiety. This method allows to measure not only the presence or absence of anxiety but also evaluate if anxiety helps or hinders the L2 learning experience. A self-assessment proficiency measure was also developed specifically for Ethiopian high school students. The study treated facilitative and debilitative anxiety as independent variables while considering self-assessed English proficiency and L2WTC in the classroom, outside the classroom, and in digital settings as dependent variables. Additionally, self-assessed English proficiency was used as an independent variable to predict L2WTC in these three settings. The proposed model, including these variables, was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). According to the descriptive analysis, the mean scores of L2WTC in the three settings were generally low, ranging from 2.30 to 2.84. Debilitative anxiety casts a shadow on the positive aspects of anxiety. Self-assessed English proficiency was also too low. According to SEM, debilitative anxiety displayed a statistically significant negative impact on L2WTC inside the classroom, outside the classroom, in digital settings, and in self-assessed levels of English proficiency. In contrast, facilitative anxiety was found to positively contribute to L2WTC outside the classroom, in digital settings, and in self-assessed English proficiency. Self-assessed English proficiency made a statistically significant and positive contribution to L2WTC within the classroom, outside the classroom, and in digital contexts. L2WTC inside the classroom was found to positively contribute to L2WTC outside the classrooms and in digital contexts. The findings were systematically compared with existing studies, and the pedagogical implications, limitations, and potential avenues for future research were elucidated. The outcomes of the study have the potential to significantly contribute to the advancement of theoretical and empirical knowledge about improving English education, learning, and communication not only in Ethiopia but also in similar EFL contexts, thereby providing valuable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=debilitative%20anxiety" title="debilitative anxiety">debilitative anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facilitative%20anxiety" title=" facilitative anxiety"> facilitative anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20willingness%20to%20communicate" title=" L2 willingness to communicate"> L2 willingness to communicate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-assessed%20English%20proficiency" title=" self-assessed English proficiency"> self-assessed English proficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188972/l2-anxiety-proficiency-and-l2-willingness-to-communicate-in-the-classroom-outside-the-classroom-and-in-digital-setting-insights-from-ethiopian-preparatory-schools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">14</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20criteria&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proficiency%20criteria&page=3">3</a></li> <li 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