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queuing algorithm</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: crack queuing algorithm"> <meta name="keywords" content="crack queuing algorithm"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="crack queuing algorithm"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4059</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: crack queuing algorithm</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4059</span> Crack Width Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members under Shrinkage Effect by Pseudo-Discrete Crack Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20J.%20Ma">F. J. Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20H.%20Kwan"> A. K. H. Kwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crack caused by shrinkage movement of concrete is a serious problem especially when restraint is provided. It may cause severe serviceability and durability problems. The existing prediction methods for crack width of concrete due to shrinkage movement are mainly numerical methods under simplified circumstances, which do not agree with each other. To get a more unified prediction method applicable to more sophisticated circumstances, finite element crack width analysis for shrinkage effect should be developed. However, no existing finite element analysis can be carried out to predict the crack width of concrete due to shrinkage movement because of unsolved reasons of conventional finite element analysis. In this paper, crack width analysis implemented by finite element analysis is presented with pseudo-discrete crack model, which combines traditional smeared crack model and newly proposed crack queuing algorithm. The proposed pseudo-discrete crack model is capable of simulating separate and single crack without adopting discrete crack element. And the improved finite element analysis can successfully simulate the stress redistribution when concrete is cracked, which is crucial for predicting crack width, crack spacing and crack number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20queuing%20algorithm" title="crack queuing algorithm">crack queuing algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20width%20analysis" title=" crack width analysis"> crack width analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage%20effect" title=" shrinkage effect"> shrinkage effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50507/crack-width-analysis-of-reinforced-concrete-members-under-shrinkage-effect-by-pseudo-discrete-crack-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4058</span> Automatic Queuing Model Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahad%20Suleiman">Fahad Suleiman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Queuing, in medical system is the process of moving patients in a specific sequence to a specific service according to the patients’ nature of illness. The term scheduling stands for the process of computing a schedule. This may be done by a queuing based scheduler. This paper focuses on the medical consultancy system, the different queuing algorithms that are used in healthcare system to serve the patients, and the average waiting time. The aim of this paper is to build automatic queuing system for organizing the medical queuing system that can analyses the queue status and take decision which patient to serve. The new queuing architecture model can switch between different scheduling algorithms according to the testing results and the factor of the average waiting time. The main innovation of this work concerns the modeling of the average waiting time is taken into processing, in addition with the process of switching to the scheduling algorithm that gives the best average waiting time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuing%20systems" title="queuing systems">queuing systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuing%20system%20models" title=" queuing system models"> queuing system models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduling%20algorithms" title=" scheduling algorithms"> scheduling algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patients" title=" patients"> patients</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38535/automatic-queuing-model-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4057</span> Numerical Analysis of Effect of Crack Location on the Crack Breathing Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Mobarak">H. M. Mobarak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helen%20Wu"> Helen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keqin%20Xiao"> Keqin Xiao </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed to investigate the crack breathing behavior at different crack locations considering the effect of unbalance force. A two-disk rotor with a crack is simulated using ABAQUS. The duration of each crack status (open, closed and partially open/closed) during a full shaft rotation was examined to analyse the crack breathing behavior. Unbalanced shaft crack breathing behavior was found to be different at different crack locations. The breathing behavior of crack along the shaft length is divided into different regions depending on the unbalance force and crack location. The simulated results in this work can be further utilised to obtain the time-varying stiffness matrix of the cracked shaft element under the influence of unbalance force. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20breathing" title="crack breathing">crack breathing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20location" title=" crack location"> crack location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slant%20crack" title=" slant crack"> slant crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unbalance%20force" title=" unbalance force"> unbalance force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotating%20shaft" title=" rotating shaft"> rotating shaft</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83659/numerical-analysis-of-effect-of-crack-location-on-the-crack-breathing-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4056</span> Application the Queuing Theory in the Warehouse Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Masek">Jaroslav Masek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juraj%20Camaj"> Juraj Camaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Nedeliakova"> Eva Nedeliakova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of optimization of store management is not only designing the situation of store management itself including its equipment, technology and operation. In optimization of store management we need to consider also synchronizing of technological, transport, store and service operations throughout the whole process of logistic chain in such a way that a natural flow of material from provider to consumer will be achieved the shortest possible way, in the shortest possible time in requested quality and quantity and with minimum costs. The paper deals with the application of the queuing theory for optimization of warehouse processes. The first part refers to common information about the problematic of warehousing and using mathematical methods for logistics chains optimization. The second part refers to preparing a model of a warehouse within queuing theory. The conclusion of the paper includes two examples of using queuing theory in praxis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuing%20theory" title="queuing theory">queuing theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistics%20system" title=" logistics system"> logistics system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20methods" title=" mathematical methods"> mathematical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warehouse%20optimization" title=" warehouse optimization"> warehouse optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34523/application-the-queuing-theory-in-the-warehouse-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">593</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4055</span> Dependence of Shaft Stiffness on the Crack Location</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Mobarak">H. M. Mobarak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helen%20Wu"> Helen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chunhui%20Yang"> Chunhui Yang </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, an analytical model is developed to study crack breathing behavior under the effect of crack location and unbalance force. Crack breathing behavior is determined using effectual bending angle by studying the transient change in closed area of the crack. The status of the crack of a balanced shaft is symmetrical about shaft rotational angle and the duration of each crack status remains unchanged. The global stiffness of the balanced shaft is independent of crack location. Different crack breathing behavior for the unbalanced shaft has been observed. The influence of crack location on the unbalanced shaft stiffness can be divided into three regions. When the crack is located between 0.3L and 0.8335L, where L is the total length of the shaft, the unbalanced shaft is less stiff and when located outside this region it is stiffer than the balanced shaft. It was also found that unbalanced shaft stiffness has a maximum value with a crack at 0.1946L, a minimum value at 0.8053L and same value as balanced shaft at 0.3L and 0.8335L. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracked%20shaft" title="cracked shaft">cracked shaft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20location" title=" crack location"> crack location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shaft%20stiffness" title=" shaft stiffness"> shaft stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unbalanced%20force" title=" unbalanced force"> unbalanced force</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58562/dependence-of-shaft-stiffness-on-the-crack-location" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4054</span> Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of the Harmfulness of Defects in Oil Pipes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Medjadji">B. Medjadji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Aminallah"> L. Aminallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Serier"> B. Serier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Benlebna"> M. Benlebna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the finite element method in 3-D is used to calculate the integral J in the semi-elliptical crack in a pipe subjected to internal pressure. The stress-strain curve of the pipe has been determined experimentally. The J-integral was calculated in two fronts crack (Ф = 0 and Ф = π/2). The effect of the configuration of the crack on the J integral is analysed. The results show that an external longitudinal crack in a pipe is the most dangerous. It also shows that the increase in the applied pressure causes a remarkable increase of the integral J. The effect of the depth of the crack becomes important when the ratio between the depth of the crack and the thickness of the pipe (a / t) tends to 1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%20integral" title="J integral">J integral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipeline" title=" pipeline"> pipeline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack" title=" crack"> crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MEF" title=" MEF"> MEF</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4115/three-dimensional-numerical-analysis-of-the-harmfulness-of-defects-in-oil-pipes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4053</span> Finite Element and Experimental Investigation of Ductile Crack Growth of Surface Cracks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20A.%20Terfas">Osama A. Terfas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhakim%20A.%20Hameda"> Abdelhakim A. Hameda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdusalam%20A.%20Alktiwi"> Abdusalam A. Alktiwi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An investigation on ductile crack growth of shallow semi-elliptical surface cracks with a/w=0.2, a/c=0.33 under bending was carried out, where a is the crack depth, w is the plate thickness and c is the crack length at surface. Finite element analysis and experiments were modelling and the crack growth model were verified with experimental data. The results showed that the initial crack shape was no longer maintained as the crack developed under ductile tearing. The maximum growth at the deepest point at early stages was stopped when the crack depth reached half thickness and growth occurred beneath surface. Excellent agreement in the crack shape patterns was observed between the experiments and the crack growth model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20growth" title="crack growth">crack growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductile%20tearing" title=" ductile tearing"> ductile tearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20stress" title=" mean stress"> mean stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20cracks" title=" surface cracks "> surface cracks </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19645/finite-element-and-experimental-investigation-of-ductile-crack-growth-of-surface-cracks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4052</span> Critical Evaluation and Analysis of Effects of Different Queuing Disciplines on Packets Delivery and Delay for Different Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omojokun%20Gabriel%20Aju">Omojokun Gabriel Aju</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Communication network is a process of exchanging data between two or more devices via some forms of transmission medium using communication protocols. The data could be in form of text, images, audio, video or numbers which can be grouped into FTP, Email, HTTP, VOIP or Video applications. The effectiveness of such data exchange will be proved if they are accurately delivered within specified time. While some senders will not really mind when the data is actually received by the receiving device, inasmuch as it is acknowledged to have been received by the receiver. The time a data takes to get to a receiver could be very important to another sender, as any delay could cause serious problem or even in some cases rendered the data useless. The validity or invalidity of a data after delay will therefore definitely depend on the type of data (information). It is therefore imperative for the network device (such as router) to be able to differentiate among the packets which are time sensitive and those that are not, when they are passing through the same network. So, here is where the queuing disciplines comes to play, to handle network resources when such network is designed to service widely varying types of traffics and manage the available resources according to the configured policies. Therefore, as part of the resources allocation mechanisms, a router within the network must implement some queuing discipline that governs how packets (data) are buffered while waiting to be transmitted. The implementation of the queuing discipline will regulate how the packets are buffered while waiting to be transmitted. In achieving this, various queuing disciplines are being used to control the transmission of these packets, by determining which of the packets get the highest priority, less priority and which packets are dropped. The queuing discipline will therefore control the packets latency by determining how long a packet can wait to be transmitted or dropped. The common queuing disciplines are first-in-first-out queuing, Priority queuing and Weighted-fair queuing (FIFO, PQ and WFQ). This paper critically evaluates and analyse through the use of Optimized Network Evaluation Tool (OPNET) Modeller, Version 14.5 the effects of three queuing disciplines (FIFO, PQ and WFQ) on the performance of 5 different applications (FTP, HTTP, E-Mail, Voice and Video) within specified parameters using packets sent, packets received and transmission delay as performance metrics. The paper finally suggests some ways in which networks can be designed to provide better transmission performance while using these queuing disciplines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applications" title="applications">applications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first-in-first-out%20queuing%20%28FIFO%29" title=" first-in-first-out queuing (FIFO)"> first-in-first-out queuing (FIFO)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimised%20network%20evaluation%20tool%20%28OPNET%29" title=" optimised network evaluation tool (OPNET)"> optimised network evaluation tool (OPNET)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=packets" title=" packets"> packets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priority%20queuing%20%28PQ%29" title=" priority queuing (PQ)"> priority queuing (PQ)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuing%20discipline" title=" queuing discipline"> queuing discipline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weighted-fair%20queuing%20%28WFQ%29" title=" weighted-fair queuing (WFQ)"> weighted-fair queuing (WFQ)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26471/critical-evaluation-and-analysis-of-effects-of-different-queuing-disciplines-on-packets-delivery-and-delay-for-different-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4051</span> Influence of Angular Position of Unbalanced Force on Crack Breathing Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roselyn%20Zaman">Roselyn Zaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mobarak%20Hossain"> Mobarak Hossain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new mathematical model is developed to study crack breathing behavior considering effect of angular position of unbalanced force at different crack locations. Crack breathing behavior has been determined using effectual bending angle by studying the transient change of the crack area. Different crack breathing behavior of the unbalanced shaft has been observed for different combination of angular position of unbalanced force with crack location except crack locations 0.3L and 0.8335L, where L is the total length of the shaft, where unbalanced shaft behave completely like the balanced shaft. Based on different combination of angular position of unbalanced force with crack location, the stiffness of unbalanced shaft can be divided into three regions. An unbalanced shaft is overall stiffer than a balanced shaft when angular position of unbalance force is between 90° to 270° and crack located between 0.3L and 0.8335L, and it is overall flexible when the crack located in outside this crack region. On the other hand, it is overall flexible when angular position of unbalanced force is between 0° to 90° or 270° to 360° and crack located in middle region and it is overall stiffer for outside this crack region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracked%20shaft" title="cracked shaft">cracked shaft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20location" title=" crack location"> crack location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shaft%20stiffness" title=" shaft stiffness"> shaft stiffness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unbalanced%20force" title=" unbalanced force"> unbalanced force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20unbalanced%20force%20orientation" title=" and unbalanced force orientation"> and unbalanced force orientation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87582/influence-of-angular-position-of-unbalanced-force-on-crack-breathing-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4050</span> Advanced Concrete Crack Detection Using Light-Weight MobileNetV2 Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Hui">Li Hui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riyadh%20Hindi"> Riyadh Hindi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concrete structures frequently suffer from crack formation, a critical issue that can significantly reduce their lifespan by allowing damaging agents to enter. Traditional methods of crack detection depend on manual visual inspections, which heavily relies on the experience and expertise of inspectors using tools. In this study, a more efficient, computer vision-based approach is introduced by using the lightweight MobileNetV2 neural network. A dataset of 40,000 images was used to develop a specialized crack evaluation algorithm. The analysis indicates that MobileNetV2 matches the accuracy of traditional CNN methods but is more efficient due to its smaller size, making it well-suited for mobile device applications. The effectiveness and reliability of this new method were validated through experimental testing, highlighting its potential as an automated solution for crack detection in concrete structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Concrete%20crack" title="Concrete crack">Concrete crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title=" computer vision"> computer vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MobileNetV2%20neural%20network" title=" MobileNetV2 neural network"> MobileNetV2 neural network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176483/advanced-concrete-crack-detection-using-light-weight-mobilenetv2-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176483.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4049</span> Concrete Cracking Simulation Using Vector Form Intrinsic Finite Element Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Z.%20Wang">R. Z. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20C.%20Lin"> B. C. Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20H.%20Huang"> C. H. Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study proposes a new method to simulate the crack propagation under mode-I loading using Vector Form Intrinsic Finite Element (VFIFE) method. A new idea which is expected to combine both VFIFE and J-integral is proposed to calculate the stress density factor as the crack critical in elastic crack. The procedure of implement the cohesive crack propagation in VFIFE based on the fictitious crack model is also proposed. In VFIFIE, the structure deformation is described by numbers of particles instead of elements. The strain energy density and the derivatives of the displacement vector of every particle is introduced to calculate the J-integral as the integral path is discrete by particles. The particle on the crack tip separated into two particles once the stress on the crack tip satisfied with the crack critical and then the crack tip propagates to the next particle. The internal force and the cohesive force is applied to the particles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VFIFE" title="VFIFE">VFIFE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20propagation" title=" crack propagation"> crack propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fictitious%20crack%20model" title=" fictitious crack model"> fictitious crack model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20critical" title=" crack critical"> crack critical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43158/concrete-cracking-simulation-using-vector-form-intrinsic-finite-element-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4048</span> Effect the Use of Steel Fibers (Dramix) on Reinforced Concrete Slab</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Ananda">Faisal Ananda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junaidi%20Al-Husein"> Junaidi Al-Husein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oni%20Febriani"> Oni Febriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juli%20Ardita"> Juli Ardita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Indra"> N. Indra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syaari%20Al-Husein"> Syaari Al-Husein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bukri"> A. Bukri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, concrete technology continues to grow and continue to innovate one of them using fibers. Fiber concrete has advantages over non-fiber concrete, among others, strong against the effect of shrinkage, ability to reduce crack, fire resistance, etc. In this study, concrete mix design using the procedures listed on SNI 03-2834-2000. The sample used is a cylinder with a height of 30 cm and a width of 15cm in diameter, which is used for compression and tensile testing, while the slab is 400cm x 100cm x 15cm. The fiber used is steel fiber (dramix), with the addition of 2/3 of the thickness of the slabs. The charging is done using a two-point loading. From the result of the research, it is found that the loading of non-fiber slab (0%) of the initial crack is the maximum crack that has passed the maximum crack allowed with a crack width of 1.3 mm with a loading of 1160 kg. The initial crack with the largest load is found on the 1% fiber mixed slab, with the initial crack also being a maximum crack of 0.5mm which also has exceeded the required maximum crack. In the 4% slab the initial crack of 0.1 mm is a minimal initial crack with a load greater than the load of a non-fiber (0%) slab by load1200 kg. While the maximum load on the maximum crack according to the applicable maximum crack conditions, on the 5% fiber mixed slab with a crack width of 0.32mm by loading 1250 kg. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack" title="crack">crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dramix" title=" dramix"> dramix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber" title=" fiber"> fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load" title=" load"> load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slab" title=" slab"> slab</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81402/effect-the-use-of-steel-fibers-dramix-on-reinforced-concrete-slab" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81402.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4047</span> Performance Optimization on Waiting Time Using Queuing Theory in an Advanced Manufacturing Environment: Robotics to Enhance Productivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganiyat%20Soliu">Ganiyat Soliu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glen%20Bright"> Glen Bright</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiemela%20Onunka"> Chiemela Onunka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Performance optimization plays a key role in controlling the waiting time during manufacturing in an advanced manufacturing environment to improve productivity. Queuing mathematical modeling theory was used to examine the performance of the multi-stage production line. Robotics as a disruptive technology was implemented into a virtual manufacturing scenario during the packaging process to study the effect of waiting time on productivity. The queuing mathematical model was used to determine the optimum service rate required by robots during the packaging stage of manufacturing to yield an optimum production cost. Different rates of production were assumed in a virtual manufacturing environment, cost of packaging was estimated with optimum production cost. An equation was generated using queuing mathematical modeling theory and the theorem adopted for analysis of the scenario is the Newton Raphson theorem. Queuing theory presented here provides an adequate analysis of the number of robots required to regulate waiting time in order to increase the number of output. Arrival rate of the product was fast which shows that queuing mathematical model was effective in minimizing service cost and the waiting time during manufacturing. At a reduced waiting time, there was an improvement in the number of products obtained per hour. The overall productivity was improved based on the assumptions used in the queuing modeling theory implemented in the virtual manufacturing scenario. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20optimization" title="performance optimization">performance optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuing%20theory" title=" queuing theory"> queuing theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotics" title=" robotics"> robotics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102213/performance-optimization-on-waiting-time-using-queuing-theory-in-an-advanced-manufacturing-environment-robotics-to-enhance-productivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4046</span> Influence of Maximum Fatigue Load on Probabilistic Aspect of Fatigue Crack Propagation Life at Specified Grown Crack in Magnesium Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seon%20Soon%20Choi">Seon Soon Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The principal purpose of this paper is to find the influence of maximum fatigue load on the probabilistic aspect of fatigue crack propagation life at a specified grown crack in magnesium alloys. The experiments of fatigue crack propagation are carried out in laboratory air under different conditions of the maximum fatigue loads to obtain the fatigue crack propagation data for the statistical analysis. In order to analyze the probabilistic aspect of fatigue crack propagation life, the goodness-of fit test for probability distribution of the fatigue crack propagation life at a specified grown crack is implemented through Anderson-Darling test. The good probability distribution of the fatigue crack propagation life is also verified under the conditions of the maximum fatigue loads. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20propagation%20life" title="fatigue crack propagation life">fatigue crack propagation life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20alloys" title=" magnesium alloys"> magnesium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20fatigue%20load" title=" maximum fatigue load"> maximum fatigue load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability" title=" probability"> probability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66629/influence-of-maximum-fatigue-load-on-probabilistic-aspect-of-fatigue-crack-propagation-life-at-specified-grown-crack-in-magnesium-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4045</span> Study of the Toughening by Crack Bridging in Mullite Alumina Zirconia Ceramics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Gheldane">F. Gheldane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bouras"> S. Bouras</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crack propagation behaviour of alumina mullite zirconia ceramic is investigated under monotonic and cyclic loading by means SENB bending method. This material show R-curve effects, i.e. an increase in crack growth resistance with increasing crack depth. The morphological study showed that the resistance of the crack propagation is mainly connected to the crack bridging. The value of bridging stress is in good agreement with the literature. Furthermore, cyclic-loading fatigue is caused by a decrease in the stress-shielding effect, due to degradation of bridging sites under cyclic loading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina%20mullite%20zirconia" title="alumina mullite zirconia">alumina mullite zirconia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R-curve" title=" R-curve"> R-curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridging" title=" bridging"> bridging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toughening" title=" toughening"> toughening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack" title=" crack"> crack</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15375/study-of-the-toughening-by-crack-bridging-in-mullite-alumina-zirconia-ceramics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15375.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4044</span> Finite Element Analysis of a Dynamic Linear Crack Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brian%20E.%20Usibe">Brian E. Usibe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper addresses the problem of a linear crack located in the middle of a homogeneous elastic media under normal tension-compression harmonic loading. The problem of deformation of the fractured media is solved using the direct finite element numerical procedure, including the analysis of the dynamic field variables of the problem. A finite element algorithm that satisfies the unilateral Signorini contact constraint is also presented for the solution of the contact interaction of the crack faces and how this accounts for the qualitative and quantitative changes in the solution when determining the dynamic fracture parameter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonic%20loading" title="harmonic loading">harmonic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20crack" title=" linear crack"> linear crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20parameter" title=" fracture parameter"> fracture parameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20number" title=" wave number"> wave number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEA" title=" FEA"> FEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20interaction" title=" contact interaction"> contact interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186593/finite-element-analysis-of-a-dynamic-linear-crack-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4043</span> Interaction between the Main Crack and Dislocation in the Glass Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mezzidi">A. Mezzidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hamli%20Benzahar"> H. Hamli Benzahar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study evaluates the stress and stress intensity factor during the propagation of a crack at presence of a dislocation near of crack tip. The problem is formulated using a glass material having an equivalent elasticity modulus and a Poisson ratio. In this research work, the proposed material is a plate form with a main crack in one of these ends and a dislocation near this crack, subjected to tensile stresses according to the mode 1 opening. For each distance between the two cracks, we can determine these stresses. This study is treated by finite elements method by using the software (ABAQUS) rate. It is shown here in that obtained results agreed with those determined by other researchers <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack" title="crack">crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dislocation" title=" dislocation"> dislocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass" title=" glass"> glass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44082/interaction-between-the-main-crack-and-dislocation-in-the-glass-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44082.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4042</span> Effect of Load Ratio on Probability Distribution of Fatigue Crack Propagation Life in Magnesium Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seon%20Soon%20Choi">Seon Soon Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is necessary to predict a fatigue crack propagation life for estimation of structural integrity. Because of an uncertainty and a randomness of a structural behavior, it is also required to analyze stochastic characteristics of the fatigue crack propagation life at a specified fatigue crack size. The essential purpose of this study is to present the good probability distribution fit for the fatigue crack propagation life at a specified fatigue crack size in magnesium alloys under various fatigue load ratio conditions. To investigate a stochastic crack growth behavior, fatigue crack propagation experiments are performed in laboratory air under several conditions of fatigue load ratio using AZ31. By Anderson-Darling test, a goodness-of-fit test for probability distribution of the fatigue crack propagation life is performed and the good probability distribution fit for the fatigue crack propagation life is presented. The effect of load ratio on variability of fatigue crack propagation life is also investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20propagation%20life" title="fatigue crack propagation life">fatigue crack propagation life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20ratio" title=" load ratio"> load ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20alloys" title=" magnesium alloys"> magnesium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20distribution" title=" probability distribution"> probability distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34718/effect-of-load-ratio-on-probability-distribution-of-fatigue-crack-propagation-life-in-magnesium-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">649</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4041</span> Effect of Specimen Thickness on Probability Distribution of Grown Crack Size in Magnesium Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seon%20Soon%20Choi">Seon Soon Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fatigue crack growth is stochastic because of the fatigue behavior having an uncertainty and a randomness. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the probability distribution of a grown crack size at a specific fatigue crack propagation life for maintenance of structure as well as reliability estimation. The essential purpose of this study is to present the good probability distribution fit for the grown crack size at a specified fatigue life in a rolled magnesium alloy under different specimen thickness conditions. Fatigue crack propagation experiments are carried out in laboratory air under three conditions of specimen thickness using AZ31 to investigate a stochastic crack growth behavior. The goodness-of-fit test for probability distribution of a grown crack size under different specimen thickness conditions is performed by Anderson-Darling test. The effect of a specimen thickness on variability of a grown crack size is also investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20size" title="crack size">crack size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20propagation" title=" fatigue crack propagation"> fatigue crack propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20alloys" title=" magnesium alloys"> magnesium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20distribution" title=" probability distribution"> probability distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specimen%20thickness" title=" specimen thickness"> specimen thickness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11001/effect-of-specimen-thickness-on-probability-distribution-of-grown-crack-size-in-magnesium-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4040</span> Optimization of the Numerical Fracture Mechanics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hentati">H. Hentati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Abdelmoula"> R. Abdelmoula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Jia"> Li Jia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Maalej"> A. Maalej</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we present numerical simulations of the quasi-static crack propagation based on the variation approach. We perform numerical simulations of a piece of brittle material without initial crack. An alternate minimization algorithm is used. Based on these numerical results, we determine the influence of numerical parameters on the location of crack. We show the importance of trying to optimize the time of numerical computation and we present the first attempt to develop a simple numerical method to optimize this time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20mechanics" title="fracture mechanics">fracture mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation%20approach" title=" variation approach"> variation approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanic" title=" mechanic"> mechanic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5187/optimization-of-the-numerical-fracture-mechanics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">606</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4039</span> Methodologies for Crack Initiation in Welded Joints Applied to Inspection Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guang%20Zou">Guang Zou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kian%20Banisoleiman"> Kian Banisoleiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arturo%20Gonz%C3%A1lez"> Arturo González</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Crack initiation and propagation threatens structural integrity of welded joints and normally inspections are assigned based on crack propagation models. However, the approach based on crack propagation models may not be applicable for some high-quality welded joints, because the initial flaws in them may be so small that it may take long time for the flaws to develop into a detectable size. This raises a concern regarding the inspection planning of high-quality welded joins, as there is no generally acceptable approach for modeling the whole fatigue process that includes the crack initiation period. In order to address the issue, this paper reviews treatment methods for crack initiation period and initial crack size in crack propagation models applied to inspection planning. Generally, there are four approaches, by: 1) Neglecting the crack initiation period and fitting a probabilistic distribution for initial crack size based on statistical data; 2) Extrapolating the crack propagation stage to a very small fictitious initial crack size, so that the whole fatigue process can be modeled by crack propagation models; 3) Assuming a fixed detectable initial crack size and fitting a probabilistic distribution for crack initiation time based on specimen tests; and, 4) Modeling the crack initiation and propagation stage separately using small crack growth theories and Paris law or similar models. The conclusion is that in view of trade-off between accuracy and computation efforts, calibration of a small fictitious initial crack size to S-N curves is the most efficient approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20initiation" title="crack initiation">crack initiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20reliability" title=" fatigue reliability"> fatigue reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inspection%20planning" title=" inspection planning"> inspection planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=welded%20joints" title=" welded joints"> welded joints</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57736/methodologies-for-crack-initiation-in-welded-joints-applied-to-inspection-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4038</span> An Approach for the Assessment of Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Naweed">Muhammad Naweed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Tariq%20Murtaza"> Usman Tariq Murtaza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waseem%20Siddique"> Waseem Siddique</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A pallet body approach is a finite element-based computational approach used for the modeling and assessment of a three-dimensional surface crack. The approach is capable of inserting the crack in an engineering structure and generating high-quality hexahedral mesh in the cracked region of the structure. The approach is capable of computing the stress intensity factors along a semi-elliptical surface crack numerically. The objective of this work is to present that the stress intensity factors produced by the approach can be used with confidence for capturing the parameters during the fatigue crack growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pallet%20body%20approach" title="pallet body approach">pallet body approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-elliptical%20surface%20crack" title=" semi-elliptical surface crack"> semi-elliptical surface crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factors" title=" stress intensity factors"> stress intensity factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20growth" title=" fatigue crack growth"> fatigue crack growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161448/an-approach-for-the-assessment-of-semi-elliptical-surface-crack" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4037</span> Fracture and Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis and Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volkmar%20Nolting">Volkmar Nolting</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fatigue crack growth prediction has become an important topic in both engineering and non-destructive evaluation. Crack propagation is influenced by the mechanical properties of the material and is conveniently modelled by the Paris-Erdogan equation. The critical crack size and the total number of load cycles are calculated. From a Larson-Miller plot the maximum operational temperature can for a given stress level be determined so that failure does not occur within a given time interval t. The study is used to determine a reasonable inspection cycle and thus enhances operational safety and reduces costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracturemechanics" title="fracturemechanics">fracturemechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20growth%20prediction" title=" crack growth prediction"> crack growth prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifetime%20of%20a%20component" title=" lifetime of a component"> lifetime of a component</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20health%20monitoring" title=" structural health monitoring"> structural health monitoring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186532/fracture-and-fatigue-crack-growth-analysis-and-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4036</span> Characteristics of Cumulative Distribution Function of Grown Crack Size at Specified Fatigue Crack Propagation Life under Different Maximum Fatigue Loads in AZ31</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seon%20Soon%20Choi">Seon Soon Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Magnesium alloy has been widely used in structure such as an automobile. It is necessary to consider probabilistic characteristics of a structural material because a fatigue behavior of a structure has a randomness and uncertainty. The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the grown crack size at a specified fatigue crack propagation life and to investigate a statistical crack propagation in magnesium alloys. The statistical fatigue data of the grown crack size are obtained through the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) tests under different maximum fatigue load conditions conducted on the replicated specimens of magnesium alloys. The 3-parameter Weibull distribution is used to find the CDF of grown crack size. The CDF of grown crack size in case of larger maximum fatigue load has longer tail in below 10 percent and above 90 percent. The fatigue failure occurs easily as the tail of CDF of grown crack size becomes long. The fatigue behavior under the larger maximum fatigue load condition shows more rapid propagation and failure mode. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20distribution%20function" title="cumulative distribution function">cumulative distribution function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20propagation" title=" fatigue crack propagation"> fatigue crack propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grown%20crack%20size" title=" grown crack size"> grown crack size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20alloys" title=" magnesium alloys"> magnesium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20fatigue%20load" title=" maximum fatigue load"> maximum fatigue load</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76512/characteristics-of-cumulative-distribution-function-of-grown-crack-size-at-specified-fatigue-crack-propagation-life-under-different-maximum-fatigue-loads-in-az31" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4035</span> The Cracks Propagation Monitoring of a Cantilever Beam Using Modal Analysis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Raki">Morteza Raki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abolghasem%20Zabihollah"> Abolghasem Zabihollah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Askari"> Omid Askari </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cantilever beam is a simplified sample of a lot of mechanical components used in a wide range of applications, including many industries such as gas turbine blade. Due to the nature of the operating conditions, beams are subject to variety of damages especially crack propagates. Crack propagation may lead to catastrophic failure during operation. Therefore, online detection of crack presence and its propagation is very important and may reduce possible significant cost of the whole system failure. This paper aims to investigate the effect of cracks presence and crack propagation on one end fixed beam`s vibration. A finite element model will be developed for the blade in which the modal response of the structure with and without crack will be studied.  <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blade" title="blade">blade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20propagation" title=" crack propagation"> crack propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20monitoring" title=" health monitoring"> health monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modal%20analysis" title=" modal analysis"> modal analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48812/the-cracks-propagation-monitoring-of-a-cantilever-beam-using-modal-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4034</span> Compressive Stresses near Crack Tip Induced by Thermo-Electric Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Jin-Chee%20Liu">Thomas Jin-Chee Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the thermo-electro-structural coupled-field in a cracked metal plate is studied using the finite element analysis. From the computational results, the compressive stresses reveal near the crack tip. This conclusion agrees with the past reference. Furthermore, the compressive condition can retard and stop the crack growth during the Joule heating process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20stress" title="compressive stress">compressive stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20tip" title=" crack tip"> crack tip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joule%20heating" title=" Joule heating"> Joule heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10730/compressive-stresses-near-crack-tip-induced-by-thermo-electric-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4033</span> Modeling of Crack Propagation Path in Concrete with Coarse Trapezoidal Aggregates by Boundary Element Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chong%20Wang">Chong Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandre%20Urbano%20Hoffmann"> Alexandre Urbano Hoffmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interaction between a crack and a trapezoidal aggregate in a single edge notched concrete beam is simulated using boundary element method with an automatic crack extension program. The stress intensity factors of the growing crack are obtained from the J-integral. Three crack extension paths: deflecting around the particulate, growing along the interface and penetrating into the particulate are achieved in terms of the mismatch state of mechanical characteristics of matrix and the particulate. The toughening is also given by the ratio of stress intensity factors. The results reveal that as stress shielding occurs, toughening is obtained when the crack is approaching to a stiff and strong aggregate weakly bonded to a relatively soft matrix. The present work intends to help for the design of aggregate reinforced concretes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregate%20concrete" title="aggregate concrete">aggregate concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20element%20method" title=" boundary element method"> boundary element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-phase%20composite" title=" two-phase composite"> two-phase composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20extension%20path" title=" crack extension path"> crack extension path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%2Fparticulate%20interaction" title=" crack/particulate interaction"> crack/particulate interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28453/modeling-of-crack-propagation-path-in-concrete-with-coarse-trapezoidal-aggregates-by-boundary-element-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4032</span> Numerical Study of Fatigue Crack Growth at a Web Stiffener of Ship Structural Details</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wentao%20He">Wentao He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingxi%20Liu"> Jingxi Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=De%20Xie"> De Xie </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is necessary to manage the fatigue crack growth (FCG) once those cracks are detected during in-service inspections. In this paper, a simulation program (FCG-System) is developed utilizing the commercial software ABAQUS with its object-oriented programming interface to simulate the fatigue crack path and to compute the corresponding fatigue life. In order to apply FCG-System in large-scale marine structures, the substructure modeling technique is integrated in the system under the consideration of structural details and load shedding during crack growth. Based on the nodal forces and nodal displacements obtained from finite element analysis, a formula for shell elements to compute stress intensity factors is proposed in the view of virtual crack closure technique. The cracks initiating from the intersection of flange and the end of the web-stiffener are investigated for fatigue crack paths and growth lives under water pressure loading and axial force loading, separately. It is found that the FCG-System developed by authors could be an efficient tool to perform fatigue crack growth analysis on marine structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20path" title="crack path">crack path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack" title=" fatigue crack"> fatigue crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20live" title=" fatigue live"> fatigue live</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FCG-system" title=" FCG-system"> FCG-system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20crack%20closure%20technique" title=" virtual crack closure technique"> virtual crack closure technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8860/numerical-study-of-fatigue-crack-growth-at-a-web-stiffener-of-ship-structural-details" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">568</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4031</span> Diagonal Crack Width of RC Members with High Strength Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Y.%20Lee">J. Y. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20S.%20Lim"> H. S. Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Yoon"> S. H. Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an analysis of the diagonal crack widths of RC members with various types of materials by simulating a compatibility-aided truss model. The analytical results indicated that the diagonal crack width was influenced by not only the shear reinforcement ratio but also the yield strength of shear reinforcement and the compressive strength of concrete. The yield strength of shear reinforcement and the compressive strength of concrete decreased the diagonal shear crack width of RC members for the same shear force because of the change of shear failure modes. However, regarding the maximum shear crack width at shear failure, the shear crack width of the beam with high strength materials was greater than that of the beam with normal strength materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagonal%20crack%20width" title="diagonal crack width">diagonal crack width</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20strength%20stirrups" title=" high strength stirrups"> high strength stirrups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20strength%20concrete" title=" high strength concrete"> high strength concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RC%20members" title=" RC members"> RC members</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20behavior" title=" shear behavior"> shear behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46565/diagonal-crack-width-of-rc-members-with-high-strength-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4030</span> The Relationship between Fatigue Crack Growth and Residual Stress in Rails</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Husem">F. Husem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20E.%20Turan"> M. E. Turan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sun"> Y. Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ahlatci"> H. Ahlatci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Tozlu"> I. Tozlu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residual stress and fatigue crack growth rates are important to determine mechanical behavior of rails. This study aims to make relationship between residual stress and fatigue crack growth values in rails. For this purpose, three R260 quality rails (0.6-0.8% C, 0.6-1.25 Mn) were chosen. Residual stress of samples was measured by cutting method that is related in railway standard. Then samples were machined for fatigue crack growth test and analyze was completed according to the ASTM E647 standard which gives information about parameters of rails for this test. Microstructure characterizations were examined by Light Optic Microscope (LOM). The results showed that residual stress change with fatigue crack growth rate. The sample has highest residual stress exhibits highest crack growth rate and pearlitic structure can be seen clearly for all samples by microstructure analyze. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title="residual stress">residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20growth" title=" fatigue crack growth"> fatigue crack growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R260" title=" R260"> R260</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASTM%20E647" title=" ASTM E647"> ASTM E647</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56215/the-relationship-between-fatigue-crack-growth-and-residual-stress-in-rails" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20queuing%20algorithm&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20queuing%20algorithm&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20queuing%20algorithm&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20queuing%20algorithm&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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