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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Non-free_content_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-free_content_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Non-free content criteria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-free_content_criteria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-free content criteria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-free_content_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rationale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meeting the <i>no free equivalent</i> criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Multiple restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meeting the <i>previous publication</i> criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Meeting the <i>contextual significance</i> criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sourcing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Meeting the <i>minimal usage</i> criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Number of items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Image resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_clips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_clips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Video clips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_clips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guideline_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guideline_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Guideline examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guideline_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Guideline examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guideline_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acceptable_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptable_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acceptable use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptable_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_clips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_clips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Audio clips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_clips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unacceptable_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unacceptable_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Unacceptable use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unacceptable_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Non-free image use in list articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Non-free image use in galleries or tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Exemptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Explanation of policy and guidelines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Explanation of policy and guidelines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Legal position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>In general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_to_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_to_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Applied to Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_to_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Handling inappropriate use of non-free content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Wikimedia_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Wikimedia_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other Wikimedia projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Wikimedia_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-free content</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Beleid_oor_redelike_gebruik" title="Wikipedia:Beleid oor redelike gebruik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Beleid oor redelike gebruik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="ويكيبيديا:محتوى غير حر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:محتوى غير حر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:%C6%8Fdal%C9%99tli_istifad%C9%99" title="Vikipediya:Ədalətli istifadə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya:Ədalətli istifadə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Daging_mapangikat" title="Wikipédia:Daging mapangikat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wikipédia:Daging mapangikat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%85-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:অ-মুক্ত উপাদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:Non-free_content" title="विकिपीडिया:Non-free content – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विकिपीडिया:Non-free content" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neslobodan_sadr%C5%BEaj" title="Wikipedia:Neslobodan sadržaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wikipedia:Neslobodan sadržaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Continguts_no_lliures" title="Viquipèdia:Continguts no lliures – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Continguts no lliures" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Fair_use" title="Wikipedie:Fair use – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Fair use" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicipedia:Cynnwys_di-rydd" title="Wicipedia:Cynnwys di-rydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wicipedia:Cynnwys di-rydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%85%E2%80%8D-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विकिपिडिया:अ‍-मुक्त सामग्री – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="विकिपिडिया:अ‍-मुक्त सामग्री" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%95%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B7_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Εύλογη χρήση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Εύλογη χρήση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_mia_l%C3%ACber" title="Wikipedia:File mia lìber – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Wikipedia:File mia lìber" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Regularo_pri_justa_uzo" title="Vikipedio:Regularo pri justa uzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Regularo pri justa uzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ویکی‌پدیا:محتوای غیرآزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:محتوای غیرآزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Exceptions_au_droit_d%27auteur" title="Wikipédia:Exceptions au droit d'auteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Exceptions au droit d'auteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:Uts%C3%BBnderingsdoktrinebelied" title="Wikipedy:Utsûnderingsdoktrinebelied – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy:Utsûnderingsdoktrinebelied" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id:Leathanach_tuairiscithe_%C3%ADomh%C3%A1" title="Vicipéid:Leathanach tuairiscithe íomhá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vicipéid:Leathanach tuairiscithe íomhá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="Wikipedia:منصفانه استفاده – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="Wikipedia:منصفانه استفاده" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6" title="વિકિપીડિયા:ઉચિત વપરાશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયા:ઉચિત વપરાશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%91%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%95%ED%95%9C_%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%A9" title="위키백과:비자유 저작물의 공정한 이용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:비자유 저작물의 공정한 이용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Politika_doktrine_izuzetaka" title="Wikipedija:Politika doktrine izuzetaka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Politika doktrine izuzetaka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Saan_a_nawaya_a_linaon" title="Wikipedia:Saan a nawaya a linaon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wikipedia:Saan a nawaya a linaon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi_nonbebas" title="Wikipedia:Isi nonbebas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Isi nonbebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_non_liberi" title="Wikipedia:File non liberi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:File non liberi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="ויקיפדיה:רישוי תמונות/שימוש הוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:רישוי תמונות/שימוש הוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸದ್ಬಳಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸದ್ಬಳಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვიკიპედია:არათავისუფალი კონტენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია:არათავისუფალი კონტენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%BA%D9%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا:غٲر آزاد مَواد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا:غٲر آزاد مَواد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contenuc_nia_liedesc" title="Wikipedia:Contenuc nia liedesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Wikipedia:Contenuc nia liedesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Godpr%C4%81t%C4%ABga_lieto%C5%A1ana" title="Vikipēdija:Godprātīga lietošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikipēdija:Godprātīga lietošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Fairuse" title="Vikipedija:Fairuse – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Fairuse" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fair_use" title="Wikipédia:Fair use – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Fair use" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:സ്വതന്ത്രമല്ലാത്ത ഉള്ളടക്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:സ്വതന്ത്രമല്ലാത്ത ഉള്ളടക്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="विकिपीडिया:मराठी विकिपीडिया संचिका परवाना नीती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकिपीडिया:मराठी विकिपीडिया संचिका परवाना नीती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ویکی‌پدیا:منصفانه استفاده – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:منصفانه استفاده" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kandungan_tidak_bebas" title="Wikipedia:Kandungan tidak bebas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Kandungan tidak bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Panggunoan_media_non-bebas" title="Wikipedia:Panggunoan media non-bebas – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia:Panggunoan media non-bebas" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:အခမဲ့မဟုတ်သော အကြောင်းအရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:အခမဲ့မဟုတ်သော အကြောင်းအရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%89%88%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="Wikipedia:英語版におけるフリーでないコンテント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:英語版におけるフリーでないコンテント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Noerkin_kontent" title="Vikipediya:Noerkin kontent – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Noerkin kontent" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:Non-free_content" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:Non-free content – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:Non-free content" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conte%C3%BAdo_restrito" title="Wikipédia:Conteúdo restrito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Conteúdo restrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Documentos_non_l%C3%ACberos" title="Wikipedia:Documentos non lìberos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Wikipedia:Documentos non lìberos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:P%C3%ABrmbajtja_jo_e_lir%C3%AB" title="Wikipedia:Përmbajtja jo e lirë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wikipedia:Përmbajtja jo e lirë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="විකිපීඩියා:නිදහස් නොවන අන්තර්ගතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:නිදහස් නොවන අන්තර්ගතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%DA%BB-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="وڪيپيڊيا:اڻ-آزاد مواد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا:اڻ-آزاد مواد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ویکیپیدیا:ناوەرۆکی نائازاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:ناوەرۆکی نائازاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Википедија:Неслободан садржај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Неслободан садржај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Po%C5%A1tena_upotreba" title="Wikipedija:Poštena upotreba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Poštena upotreba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:கட்டுப்பட்ட உள்ளடக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:கட்டுப்பட்ட உள்ளடக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="วิกิพีเดีย:เนื้อหาไม่เสรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:เนื้อหาไม่เสรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸದ್ಬಳಕೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸದ್ಬಳಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Adil_kullan%C4%B1m" title="Vikipedi:Adil kullanım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Adil kullanım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія:Добропорядне використання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Добропорядне використання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ویکیپیڈیا:غیر آزاد مواد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویکیپیڈیا:غیر آزاد مواد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:N%E1%BB%99i_dung_kh%C3%B4ng_t%E1%BB%B1_do" title="Wikipedia:Nội dung không tự do – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wikipedia:Nội dung không tự do" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="Wikipedia:公平使用 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Wikipedia:公平使用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="Wikipedia:合理使用 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:合理使用" 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hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Fair_use" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Non-free_content" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4657739" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFC&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFC">Wikipedia:NFC</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Guideline page about non-free content</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:FU", "WP:FUI", "WP:NOTFREE", and "WP:FUP" redirect here. For WikiProject Fair use, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WPFU" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WPFU">WP:WPFU</a>. For Motto of the day's frequently used idea area, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOTD/FUI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOTD/FUI">WP:MOTD/FUI</a>. For why Wikipedia is not a forum for free speech<i>, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTFREESPEECH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTFREESPEECH">WP:NOTFREESPEECH</a>. For the file use policy, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IUP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IUP">WP:IUP</a>.</i></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">content guideline</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">Editors should generally follow it, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">exceptions</a> may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:F"></span><span id="WP:NFC"></span><span id="WP:NFCP"></span><span id="WP:NONFREE"></span><span id="WP:FAIRUSE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:F&redirect=no">WP:F</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFC&redirect=no">WP:NFC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFCP&redirect=no">WP:NFCP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NONFREE&redirect=no">WP:NONFREE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FAIRUSE&redirect=no">WP:FAIRUSE</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/30px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/45px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/60px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This page contains one or more sections that are English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies</a>. These sections are each individually marked with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Policy_section" title="Template:Policy section">policy section</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. Sections of this page that are not marked as such are not considered policies.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Non-free content can be used in articles only if: <ol><li>Its usage would be considered <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> in United States copyright law and also complies with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">Non-free content criteria</a>;</li> <li>It is used for a purpose that cannot be fulfilled by free material (text or images, existing or to be created); and</li> <li>It has a valid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FURG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FURG">rationale</a> indicating why its usage would be considered fair use within Wikipedia policy and U.S. law.</li></ol></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia copyright</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Policy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">Reusing Wikipedia content</a></li> <li>License text (<div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">Copying within Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">Public domain content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Non-US copyrights">Non-US copyrights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Advice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright">Frequently asked questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Donating_copyrighted_materials" title="Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials">Donating copyrighted material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_text_from_other_sources" title="Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources">Copying text from other sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission" title="Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission">Requesting copyright permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">Close paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_copyright_violations_101" title="Wikipedia:Text copyright violations 101">Guidance for text copyright problems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Copyright problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Files for discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations" title="Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations">Contributor copyright investigations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Resources</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems">General help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_assistance" title="Wikipedia:Copyright assistance">Copyright assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Media copyright questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags" title="Wikipedia:File copyright tags">File copyright tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries" title="Wikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiries">Declaration of consent</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Template:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Template talk:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wikipedia's goal is to be a <b><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">free content</a></b> encyclopedia, with free content defined as content that does not bear copyright restrictions on the right to redistribute, study, modify and improve, or otherwise use works for <b>any purpose</b> in <b>any medium</b>, even <b>commercially</b>. Any content not satisfying these criteria is said to be <b>non-free</b>. This includes all content (including <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">images</a>) that is fully <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a>, or which is made available subject to restrictions such as "non-commercial use only" or "for use on Wikipedia only". (Many images that are generally available free of charge may thus still be "non-free" for Wikipedia's purposes.) The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> uses the definition of "free" described <a href="https://freedomdefined.org/Definition/1.0" class="extiw" title="freedomdefined:Definition/1.0">here</a>. </p><p>The <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy">licensing policy</a> of the Wikimedia Foundation expects all content hosted on Wikimedia projects to be free content; however, there are exceptions. The policy allows projects (with the exception of Wikimedia Commons) to adopt an <i>exemption doctrine policy</i> allowing the use of non-free content. Their use should be minimal and confined (with limited exceptions) to illustrating historically significant events, to include identifying protected works such as logos, or to complement (within narrow limits) articles about copyrighted contemporary works. Non-free content should not be used when a freely licensed file that serves the same purpose can reasonably be expected to be uploaded, as is the case for almost all portraits of living people. Non-free content should be replaced by free content should such emerge. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">non-free content criteria</a> policy currently serves as the exemption doctrine policy of the English Wikipedia, while this document serves to provide guidance associated with this policy. Non-free content can be used on Wikipedia in certain cases (for example, in some situations where acquiring a freely licensed image for a particular subject is not possible), but only within the United States legal doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>, and in accordance with Wikipedia's own non-free content criteria as set out below. The use of non-free content on Wikipedia is therefore subject to <a href="#Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines">purposely stricter standards</a> than those laid down in <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">U.S. copyright law</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Non-free_content_criteria" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-free_content_criteria"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-free_content_criteria"></span>Non-free content criteria <span class="anchor" id="Policy-1"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-free_content_criteria"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/30px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/45px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/60px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This section documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policy</a>, a widely accepted standard that all editors should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_common_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Use common sense">normally</a> follow. Changes made to it should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Transcluded from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria</a>; this is the part of the current page that is official policy</b> </p> <dl><dd><i>As per the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Wikimedia Foundation Licensing policy resolution of March 23, 2007</a>, this document serves as the <b>Exemption Doctrine Policy</b> for the English Wikipedia.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationale" data-mw-thread-id="h-Rationale-Non-free_content_criteria"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Rationale-Non-free_content_criteria"></span>Rationale<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Rationale-Non-free_content_criteria"></span></h3></div> <ul><li>To support Wikipedia's mission to produce perpetually <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> for unlimited distribution, modification and application by all users in all media</li> <li>To minimize legal exposure by limiting the amount of non-free content, using more narrowly defined criteria than apply under the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> provisions in <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a></li> <li>To facilitate the judicious use of non-free content to support the development of a high-quality encyclopedia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy" data-mw-thread-id="h-Policy-Non-free_content_criteria"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Policy-Non-free_content_criteria"></span>Policy<span id="Policy-2"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Policy-Non-free_content_criteria"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFCCP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFCCP&redirect=no">WP:NFCCP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>There is no automatic entitlement to use non-free content in an article or elsewhere on Wikipedia. Articles and other Wikipedia pages may, in accordance with <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Text">the guideline</a>, use brief verbatim textual excerpts from copyrighted media, properly attributed or cited to its original source or author (as described by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citation guideline</a>), and specifically indicated as direct quotations via quotation marks, <code class="nowrap" style=""><blockquote></code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Quote">Quote</a>}}</code>, or a similar method. Other non-free content—including all copyrighted images, audio and video clips, and other media files that lack a free content license—may be used on the English Wikipedia only where <b>all 10</b> of the following criteria are met. </p> <ol><li><span id="FUC1"></span><span id="NFCC1"></span><span id="1"></span><b>No free equivalent.</b> Non-free content is used only where no free equivalent is available, or could be created, that would serve the same encyclopedic purpose.</li> <li><span id="FUC2"></span><span id="NFCC2"></span><span id="2"></span><b>Respect for commercial opportunities.</b> Non-free content is not used in a manner that is likely to replace the original market role of the original copyrighted material.</li> <li><span id="FUC3"></span><span id="NFCC3"></span><span id="3"></span><b>Minimal usage:</b><ol type="a" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li><span id="FUC3a"></span><span id="NFCC3a"></span><span id="3a"></span><b>Minimal number of items.</b> Multiple items of non-free content are not used if one item can convey equivalent significant information.</li><li><span id="FUC3b"></span><span id="NFCC3b"></span><span id="3b"></span><b>Minimal extent of use</b>. An entire work is not used if a portion will suffice. Low-resolution, rather than high-resolution/fidelity/bit rate is used (especially where the original could be used for deliberate copyright infringement). This rule also applies to the copy in the File: namespace.</li></ol></li> <li><span id="FUC4"></span><span id="NFCC4"></span><span id="4"></span><b>Previous publication.</b> Non-free content must be a work which has been published or publicly displayed outside Wikipedia by (or with permission from) the copyright holder, or a <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative of such a work</a> created by a Wikipedia editor.</li> <li><span id="FUC5"></span><span id="NFCC5"></span><span id="5"></span><b>Content.</b> Non-free content meets general Wikipedia content standards and is encyclopedic.</li> <li><span id="FUC6"></span><span id="NFCC6"></span><span id="6"></span><b>Media-specific policy.</b> Non-free content meets Wikipedia's media-specific policy. For example, images must meet <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy</a>.</li> <li><span id="FUC7"></span><span id="NFCC7"></span><span id="7"></span><b>One-article minimum.</b> Non-free content is <a href="/wiki/Category:Orphaned_non-free_use_Wikipedia_files" title="Category:Orphaned non-free use Wikipedia files">used in at least one article</a>.</li> <li><span id="FUC8"></span><span id="NFCC8"></span><span id="8"></span><b>Contextual significance.</b> Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the article topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding.</li> <li><span id="FUC9"></span><span id="NFCC9"></span><span id="9"></span><b>Restrictions on location.</b> Non-free content is allowed only in articles (not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation pages</a>), and only in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Main_namespace" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Main namespace">article namespace</a>, subject to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria_exemptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria exemptions">exemptions</a>. (To prevent an image category from displaying thumbnails, add <code>__NOGALLERY__</code> to it; images are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COLON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COLON">linked</a>, not inlined, from talk pages when they are a topic of discussion.)</li> <li><span id="FUC10"></span><span id="NFCC10"></span><span id="10"></span><b>Image description page.</b> The image or media description page contains the following:<ol type="a" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li><span id="FUC10a"></span><span id="NFCC10a"></span><span id="10a"></span>Identification of the source of the original copyrighted material, supplemented, where possible, with information about the artist, publisher and copyright holder, and year of copyright; this is to help determine the material's potential market value. <i>See: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Multimedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Multimedia</a></i>.</li><li><span id="FUC10b"></span><span id="NFCC10b"></span><span id="10b"></span>A copyright tag that indicates which Wikipedia policy provision is claimed to permit the use. <i>For a list of image copyright tags, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Non-free_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free content">Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free content</a></i>.</li><li><span id="FUC10c"></span><span id="NFCC10c"></span><span id="10c"></span>The name of each article (a link to each article is also recommended) in which fair use is claimed for the item, and a separate, specific non-free use rationale for each use of the item, as explained at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_use_rationale_guideline" title="Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline">Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale is presented in clear, plain language and is relevant to each use.</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement" data-mw-thread-id="h-Enforcement-Non-free_content_criteria"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Enforcement-Non-free_content_criteria"></span>Enforcement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Enforcement-Non-free_content_criteria"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFCCE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFCCE&redirect=no">WP:NFCCE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>A file with a valid non-free-use rationale for some (but not all) articles it is used in will not be deleted. Instead, the file should be removed from the articles for which it lacks a non-free-use rationale, or a suitable rationale added.</li> <li>A file on which non-free use is claimed that is not used in any article (NFCC 7) may be deleted after being tagged for seven days under <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:F5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:F5">speedy deletion criterion F5</a>.</li> <li>A non-free file lacking a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_use_rationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale">non-free use rationale</a> may be deleted after being tagged for seven days under <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:F6" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:F6">speedy deletion criterion F6</a>.</li> <li>A file in use in an article that does not meet F5 or F6 may be deleted under <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:F7" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:F7">speedy deletion criterion F7</a> as follows: <ul><li>Media from a commercial source which are not the subject of sourced commentary may be deleted <strong>immediately</strong> under F7b.</li> <li>Non-free media which fail NFCC 1 (no free equivalent) may be deleted after being tagged as such for <strong>two days</strong> under F7c.</li> <li>Other media with invalid fair-use claims may be deleted after being tagged as such for <strong>seven days</strong> under F7d.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Note that it is the duty of users seeking to include or retain content to provide a valid rationale; those seeking to remove or delete it are not required to show that one cannot be created—see <a href="/wiki/Philosophic_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophic burden of proof">burden of proof</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Files for discussion</a> is the central venue to discuss whether a particular image meets the non-free content criteria, <strong>regardless of whether the file should be deleted or not</strong>. For example, a discussion might be held about whether it is appropriate to use an image in <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARTICLE1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARTICLE1 (page does not exist)">ARTICLE1</a> even if it unquestionably meets the criteria for use in <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARTICLE2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARTICLE2 (page does not exist)">ARTICLE2</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Footnotes-Non-free_content_criteria"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Footnotes-Non-free_content_criteria"></span>Footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Footnotes-Non-free_content_criteria"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time of the Resolution's issuance on March 23, 2007, the page <a class="mw-selflink selflink">WP:Non-free content</a> served as the exemption doctrine policy and is referenced by the Resolution. Since then, the content has been moved around, specifically <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content/Archive_18#This_page_needs_to_be_renamed." title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content/Archive 18">discussed the following May</a>, and now <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">WP:Non-free content criteria</a> serves as the exemption doctrine policy, while <a class="mw-selflink selflink">WP:Non-free content</a> serves as guidance for this.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A redirect pointing to the page where the non-free content is intended to be used is acceptable as the article name in the non-free use rationale.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Implementation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Implementation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Implementation"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tagging_fair_use_image_files"></span>Implementation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Implementation"></span></h2></div> <p>The implementation of the non-free content criteria is done by having two specific elements on the non-free media's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_description_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Image description page">description page</a>: </p> <dl><dt>A copyright license template</dt> <dd>The copyright license template identifies the type of copyright that the original work is under license. This is necessary to demonstrate that the image complies with United States fair use laws.</dd> <dd>You can find a list of these copyright license templates at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags/Non-free" title="Wikipedia:File copyright tags/Non-free">Wikipedia:File copyright tags/Non-free</a>.</dd> <dt>A non-free rationale</dt> <dd>The rationale to use the non-free content is necessary to show that the non-free content criteria have been met. The rationale should clearly address and satisfy all ten points of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">WP:NFCC</a>. A generic template, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-free_use_rationale" title="Template:Non-free use rationale">Non-free use rationale</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, may be used for any non-free media.</dd> <dd>Several other boilerplate rationale templates exist, such as for <a href="/wiki/Template:Album_rationale" title="Template:Album rationale">albums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Film_poster_rationale" title="Template:Film poster rationale">film posters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Template:Logo_rationale" title="Template:Logo rationale">logos</a>. More can be found at <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-free_use_rationale_templates" title="Category:Non-free use rationale templates">Category:Non-free use rationale templates</a>, but editors are cautioned that these are generally tenuous in terms of supporting <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC#8" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">WP:NFCC#8</a>, and are encouraged to improve upon rationales if they can do so. You are not required to use the template forms, but whatever form you chose needs to clearly address all ten criteria in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCCP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCCP">WP:NFCCP</a>.</dd> <dd>It is important to remember that <b>a non-free rationale is needed for <i>each</i> use of the image on Wikipedia.</b> If the image is used in two separate articles, two separate rationales are needed, unique for both articles. If the image is used more than once in the same article, a separate and specific rationale is still needed for each use.</dd></dl> <p>Both the license and the rationale need to be included on the non-free media <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_description_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Image description page">description page</a>. The standard upload tool for Wikipedia will ask you enough questions during the process to fill in both the license and rationale for you, thus simplifying the process. If they are added manually, with or without the help of a template, it is recommended to put the rationale and license under separate sections "Rationale" and "Licensing" respectively. </p><p>Failure to include a licensing template, or a rationale that clearly identifies each article the media file is used in, will lead to the media file being deleted within 7 days after being tagged with warning messages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion-Implementation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion-Implementation"></span>Meeting the <i>no free equivalent</i> criterion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion-Implementation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FREER"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FREER&redirect=no">WP:FREER</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p> Non-free content cannot be used in cases where a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> equivalent, with an acceptable quality sufficient to serve the encyclopedic purpose, is available or could be created. As a quick test, before adding non-free content, ask yourself: </p><ol type="a" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"> <li><span id="FUCa"></span><span id="NFCCa"></span><span id="a"></span>"Can this non-free content be replaced by a free version that has the same effect?" and </li> <li><span id="FUCb"></span><span id="NFCCb"></span><span id="b"></span>"Could the subject be adequately conveyed by properly sourced text without using the non-free content at all?"</li> </ol> <p>If the answer to either is yes, the non-free content probably does not meet this criterion. Note that the replacement image does not need to exist; it is sufficient that it could be created – for example, in most cases, a photograph of a living person can be taken and released under a free licence. </p><p>Another consideration for "no free equivalent" are "freer" versions of non-free media, typically which include <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>. For example, a photograph of a copyrighted <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D work of art</a> will also carry the copyright of the photographer in addition to the copyright of the artist that created the work. We would use a photograph where the photographer has licensed their photograph under a free license, retaining the copyright of the derivative work, instead of a photograph that has non-free licenses for both the photograph and work of art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_restrictions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Multiple_restrictions-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Multiple_restrictions-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion"></span>Multiple restrictions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Multiple_restrictions-Meeting_the_no_free_equivalent_criterion"></span></h4></div> <p>For a <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector image</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a>) of a non-free logo or other design, US law is not clear as to whether the vectorisation of the logo has its own copyright which exists in addition to any copyright on the actual logo. To avoid this uncertainty, editors who upload vector images of non-free logos should use a vector image that was produced by the copyright holder of the logo and should not use a vector image from a site such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seeklogo.com/">seeklogo.com</a> or Brands of the World where the vectorisation of a logo may have been done without authorization from the logo's copyright holder. If an editor bases a vectorisation they did by themself from a free image, they should indicate the source image so that freeness can be confirmed, and release their contribution (the labour of converting to vectors) under a free license to help with the aforementioned ambiguity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion-Implementation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion-Implementation"></span>Meeting the <i>previous publication</i> criterion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Meeting_the_previous_publication_criterion-Implementation"></span></h3></div> <p>Very often, such as for most non-free content emanating from the news and entertainment industries, meeting this criterion is not in question. In rare cases however, non-free content may have been originally leaked and never subsequently published with the copyright holder's permission—such content must not be included in Wikipedia. </p><p>Usually, an accompanying copyright notice is considered sufficient evidence that a publication in the media has been made with appropriate permission. </p><p>If, in this regard, an item of non-free content is questioned or is likely to be questioned, then details of an instance of prior publication with permission must be determined and recorded at the non-free media's description page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion-Implementation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion-Implementation"></span>Meeting the <i>contextual significance</i> criterion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Meeting_the_contextual_significance_criterion-Implementation"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="CS"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFC#CS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFC&redirect=no#CS">WP:NFC#CS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Two of the most common circumstances in which an item of non-free content can meet the contextual significance criterion are: </p> <ul><li>where the item is <i>itself the subject of sourced commentary</i> in the article, or</li> <li>where only by including such non-free content, can the reader <i>identify an object, style, or behavior</i>, that is a subject of discussion in the article.</li></ul> <p>In all cases, meeting the criterion depends on the significance of the understanding afforded by the non-free content, which can be determined according to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">due weight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BALASPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BALASPS">balance</a>. </p><p>To identify a subject of discussion, depiction of a prominent aspect of the subject generally suffices, thus only a single item of non-free content meets the criterion. For example, to allow identification of music albums, books, etc., only an image of the front cover art of the object is normally used; for identification of specific coins and currency, images of the front and back are normally used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sourcing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sourcing-Implementation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sourcing-Implementation"></span>Sourcing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sourcing-Implementation"></span></h3></div> <p>While there is no specific requirement in the non-free content policy to identify the source from which a non-free file was obtained, editors are strongly encouraged to make note of the source on the media's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_description_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Image description page">description page</a>; many of the non-free rationale templates already include a field for this information. This can aid in the cases of disputed media files, or evaluating the non-free or free nature of the image. Lacking a source is not grounds for media removal, but if the nature of the media file is disputed, the lack of a source may prevent the file from being retained. Non-free media must be from a published source; the unpublished non-free media is forbidden. Identification of the source will aid in validating the previous publication of the material. </p><p>The source information should be sufficiently complete to allow any editor to validate that material. While completeness is not required, editors are encouraged to provide as much source information as they can. Some ways to source media files include: </p> <dl><dt>Scanned images</dt> <dd>Identifying the published work, page numbers, and the copyright owner.</dd> <dt>Screenshots and video clips</dt> <dd>Identifying the movie, television show, or other video source, its copyright owner, and the approximate timestamp where the shot or clip was taken.</dd> <dt>Images from the Internet</dt> <dd>Identifying the URL of the image itself or web page hosting the image, and the image's copyright owner (not necessarily the same as the website's).</dd> <dt>Music samples</dt> <dd>Identifying the album, artist, track number, and approximate time stamp of the sample.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion-Implementation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion-Implementation"></span>Meeting the <i>minimal usage</i> criterion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion-Implementation"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Number_of_items-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Number_of_items-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"></span>Number of items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Number_of_items-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"></span></h4></div> <p>Articles are structured and worded to minimize the total number of items of non-free content that are included within the encyclopedia, where it is reasonable to do so. </p><p>For example, an excerpt of a significant artistic work is usually included only in the article about the work, which is then referenced in the articles about its performer and its publisher. </p><p>A single item of non-free content that conveys multiple points of significant understanding within a topic is preferred to multiple non-free items which each convey fewer such points. This is independent of whether the topic is covered by a single article, or is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">split across several</a>. </p><p>For example, an article about an ensemble may warrant the inclusion of a non-free image identifying the ensemble. This is preferable to including separate non-free images for each member of the ensemble, even if the article has been split with each member having their own sub-section of the article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image_resolution" data-mw-thread-id="h-Image_resolution-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Image_resolution-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"></span>Image resolution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Image_resolution-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:IMAGERES"></span><span id="WP:IMAGESRES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IMAGERES&redirect=no">WP:IMAGERES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IMAGESRES&redirect=no">WP:IMAGESRES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>There is no firm guideline on allowable resolutions for non-free content; images should be rescaled as small as possible to still be useful as identified by their rationale, and no larger. This metric is very qualitative, and thus difficult to enforce. Some legal proceedings have <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content/Definition_of_%22low_resolution%22" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content/Definition of "low resolution"">discussed the issue</a>, but are inconclusive here. </p><p>At the low pixel count end of the range, most common pictorial needs can be met with an image containing no more than <i>about 100,000 pixels</i> (0.1 megapixels), obtained by multiplying the horizontal and vertical pixel dimensions of an image. This allows, for example, images with a 4:3 aspect ratio to be shown at 320 × 240 pixels (common for screenshots from TV, films, and video games), while allowing common <a href="/wiki/Cover_art" title="Cover art">cover art</a> to be shown at 250 × 400 pixels. To scale an image down to a specific number of pixels, use this formula: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{new width}}=\left\lfloor {\sqrt {\tfrac {{\text{target pixel count}}\times {\text{original width}}}{\text{original height}}}}\right\rfloor }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>new width</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>target pixel count</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>original width</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>original height</mtext> </mfrac> </mstyle> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{new width}}=\left\lfloor {\sqrt {\tfrac {{\text{target pixel count}}\times {\text{original width}}}{\text{original height}}}}\right\rfloor }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33da2bd377db4fe4bbfa54961acf0fc83c9bb0ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.64ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{new width}}=\left\lfloor {\sqrt {\tfrac {{\text{target pixel count}}\times {\text{original width}}}{\text{original height}}}}\right\rfloor }"/></span></dd></dl> <p>or use <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content/Image_size_calculator?withgadget=calculator">this tool</a></span> to compute it for you. </p><p>At the extreme high end of the range, non-free images where one dimension exceeds 1,000 pixels, or where the pixel count approaches 1 megapixel, will very likely require a close review to verify that the image needs that level of resolution. Editors should ensure that the image rationale fully explains the need for such a level of detail. You also may wish to add the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-free_no_reduce" title="Template:Non-free no reduce">non-free no reduce</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template to the image rationale page to indicate that your image resolution purposely exceeds the 0.1 megapixels guideline, though this still requires you to include a valid rationale that explains this reasoning; large images using this template without a rationale to explain the large size may nonetheless be reduced. </p><p>An original, high resolution image (that can be reasonably scaled down to maintain overall artistic and critical details) may lose some text detail. In such cases, that text should be duplicated on the image description page. Care should be given to the recreation of copyrighted text: for example, while duplication is appropriate for credits from a movie poster that contains factual data, such duplication would not be appropriate for an original poem embedded within an image. </p><p>If a small area of a large image needs high resolution to see details that are discussed in the article text, it may be better to crop the section to show the critical portion at a higher resolution, than to try to reduce the full image. If cropping is performed, editors should indicate the original source of the image and what modifications were made. </p><p>If you believe an image is oversized, either re-upload a new version at the same file location, or tag the image file page with a <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-free_reduce" title="Template:Non-free reduce">Non-free reduce</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template, which will place it in a <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-free_file_size_reduction_requests" title="Category:Wikipedia non-free file size reduction requests">maintenance category</a> to be reduced by volunteers or a bot like <a href="/wiki/User:DatBot" title="User:DatBot">DatBot</a>. </p><p>Note that these guidelines apply to the resolution as stored on the image file page; the reuse of these images in mainspace should follow the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSIMAGES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOSIMAGES">Manual of Style for image use</a>, such as deferring to default thumbnail size to allow the end-user control of the image display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_clips" data-mw-thread-id="h-Video_clips-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Video_clips-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"></span>Video clips<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Video_clips-Meeting_the_minimal_usage_criterion"></span></h4></div> <p>Non-free video clips may be used, but besides meeting all other criteria, there must be some significant justification for using a video clip over a single image. A single image is always considered a more minimal use under NFCC#3 than a video clip if it is an equivalent replacement, so the rationale for the video must describe why a single image is not sufficient, such as capturing a specific type of motion discussed in depth by sources. One such acceptable use is the video clip used on <i><a href="/wiki/Denn%C5%8D_Senshi_Porygon" title="Dennō Senshi Porygon">Dennō Senshi Porygon</a></i>, which is necessary to show a strobing effect discussed at depth that is impossible to capture with still images. </p><p>When non-free video clips are used, they should treated similarly to non-free audio clips: limited to less than 10% of the length of the original work or 30 seconds, whichever is shorter, encoded in a lossy format and resized to meet all other NFCC#3 factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Guideline_examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guideline_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guideline_examples"></span>Guideline examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guideline_examples"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFCCEG"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFCCEG&redirect=no">WP:NFCCEG</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Acceptable_use"></span><span class="anchor" id="Examples_of_acceptable_use"></span>Non-free content that meets all of the <i>policy</i> criteria above but does not fall under one of the designated categories below may or may not be allowable, depending on what the material is and how it is used. These examples are not meant to be exhaustive, and depending on the situation there are exceptions. When in doubt as to whether non-free content may be included, please make a judgement based on the spirit of the policy, not necessarily the exact wording. If you want help in assessing whether a use is acceptable, please ask at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Wikipedia:Media copyright questions</a>. It may also be useful to ask at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyrights">Wikipedia talk:Copyrights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems">Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content">Wikipedia talk:Non-free content</a>; these are places where those who understand copyright law and Wikipedia policy are likely to be watching. </p> <dl><dd><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches">Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches</a>, a guide to evaluating the acceptability of non-free images.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptable_use" data-mw-thread-id="h-Acceptable_use-Guideline_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Acceptable_use-Guideline_examples"></span>Acceptable use<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Acceptable_use-Guideline_examples"></span></h3></div> <p>The following cases are a non-exhaustive list of established examples of acceptable use of non-free media on Wikipedia. Note that the use of such media must still comply with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">Non-free content criteria</a> and provide rationales and licensing information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Text" data-mw-thread-id="h-Text-Acceptable_use"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Text-Acceptable_use"></span>Text<span class="anchor" id="Acceptable_use_of_text"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Text-Acceptable_use"></span></h4></div> <p>Brief <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotations</a> of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. In all cases, an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IC">inline citation</a> following the quote or the sentence where it is used is required. Copyrighted text that is used verbatim must be attributed with quotation marks or other standard notation, such as block quotes. Any alterations must be clearly marked, i.e., [brackets] for added text, an ellipsis (e.g.<code>(...)</code>) for removed text, and emphasis noted after the quotation as "(emphasis added)" or "(emphasis in the original)". Extensive quotation of copyrighted text is prohibited. Please see both <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:QUOTE">WP:QUOTE</a> for use and formatting issues in using quotations, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSQUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOSQUOTE">WP:MOSQUOTE</a> for style guidelines related to quoting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audio_clips" data-mw-thread-id="h-Audio_clips-Acceptable_use"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Audio_clips-Acceptable_use"></span>Audio clips<span class="anchor" id="Acceptable_use_of_audio_clips"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Audio_clips-Acceptable_use"></span></h4></div> <p>All non-free audio files must meet each of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">non-free content criteria</a>; failure to meet those overrides any acceptable allowance here. Advice for preparing non-free audio files for Wikipedia can be found at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Music_samples" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Music samples">Wikipedia:Music samples</a>. The following list is non-inclusive but contains the most common cases where non-free audio samples may be used. </p> <ol><li>Music clips may be used to identify a musical style, group, or iconic piece of music when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the copyright holder. Samples should generally not be longer than 30 seconds or 10% of the length of the original song, whichever is shorter (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Music_samples" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Music samples">Wikipedia:Music samples</a>).</li> <li>Spoken word clips of historical events, such as speeches by public figures, may be used when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the speaker/author.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images-Acceptable_use"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images-Acceptable_use"></span>Images<span class="anchor" id="Acceptable_use_of_images"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images-Acceptable_use"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFCI"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFCI&redirect=no">WP:NFCI</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Some non-free images may be used on Wikipedia, providing they meet both the legal criteria for fair use, and Wikipedia's own guidelines for non-free content. Non-free images that reasonably could be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> images are not suitable for Wikipedia. All non-free images must meet each <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">non-free content criterion</a>; failure to meet those overrides any acceptable allowance here. The following list is not exhaustive but contains the most common cases where non-free images may be used and is subject to the restrictions listed below at <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Images_2">unacceptable use of images</a>, notably #8, which forbids the use of press agency or photo agency (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>) images when the image itself is not the subject of commentary. </p> <ol><li><b>Cover art:</b> Cover art from various items, for visual identification <i>only in the context of</i> critical commentary <i>of that item</i> (not for identification <i>without</i> critical commentary).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Team and corporate logos:</b> For identification. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Logos" title="Wikipedia:Logos">Wikipedia:Logos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Stamps and currency:</b> For identification of the stamp or currency, <i>not</i> the subjects depicted on it.</li> <li><b>Other promotional material:</b> Posters, programs, billboards, ads. For critical commentary.</li> <li><b>Video screenshots:</b> For critical commentary and discussion of the work in question (i.e., films, television programs, and music videos).</li> <li><b>Screenshots from software products:</b> For critical commentary. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Software_screenshots" title="Wikipedia:Software screenshots">Wikipedia:Software screenshots</a>.</li> <li><b>Paintings and other works of visual art:</b> For critical commentary, including images illustrative of a particular technique or school.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Iconic"></span><b>Images with iconic status or historical importance:</b> <ul><li>Iconic or historical images that are themselves the subject of sourced commentary in the article are generally appropriate.</li> <li>Iconic and historical images which are not subject of commentary themselves but significantly aid in illustrating historical events may be used if they meet all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">the non-free content criteria</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC#1" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">no free alternatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC#2" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">respect for commercial opportunity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC#8" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">contextual significance</a>. However, if the image is from a press or photo agency (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>) and is not itself the subject of critical commentary, it is assumed automatically to fail the "respect for commercial opportunity" test.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="NotableImages"></span><b>Images that are themselves subject of commentary</b>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Counterexamples"></span><span class="anchor" id="Examples_of_unacceptable_use"></span><b>Pictures of deceased persons, in articles about that person, provided that ever obtaining a free close substitute is not reasonably likely.</b> Note that if the image is from a press or photo agency (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>) and is not itself the subject of critical commentary it is assumed automatically to fail "respect for commercial opportunity".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unacceptable_use" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unacceptable_use-Guideline_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unacceptable_use-Guideline_examples"></span>Unacceptable use<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unacceptable_use-Guideline_examples"></span></h3></div> <p>The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples where non-free content may not be used outside of the noted exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Text_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Text_2-Unacceptable_use"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Text_2-Unacceptable_use"></span>Text<span class="anchor" id="Unacceptable_use_of_text"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Text_2-Unacceptable_use"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:TOP100" redirects here. For categories for members of published lists, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overcategorization#Published_list" title="Wikipedia:Overcategorization">Wikipedia:Overcategorization § Published list</a>. For top 100 most viewed pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Popular_pages#Top-100_list" title="Wikipedia:Popular pages">Wikipedia:Popular pages § Top-100 list</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TOP100"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TOP100&redirect=no">WP:TOP100</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ol><li>Unattributed pieces of text from a copyrighted source.</li> <li>Excessively long copyrighted excerpts.</li> <li>All copyrighted text poses legal problems when making spoken word audio files from Wikipedia articles, and should be avoided in such files, because the resulting audio file cannot be licensed under the GFDL.</li> <li>A complete or partial recreation of "Top 100" or similar lists where the list has been selected in a creative manner. (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_in_lists" title="Wikipedia:Copyright in lists">Wikipedia:Copyright in lists</a> for further details.) Articles on individual elements from such lists can discuss their inclusion in these lists. Complete lists based on factual data, such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films" title="List of highest-grossing films">List of highest-grossing films</a>, are appropriate to include.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lists that have acceptable free licensing (as with <a href="/wiki/AFI_100_Years..._series" title="AFI 100 Years... series">AFI 100 Years... series</a>) may be reproduced in their entirety as long as proper citations and sourcing are included.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multimedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Multimedia-Unacceptable_use"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Multimedia-Unacceptable_use"></span>Multimedia<span class="anchor" id="Unacceptable_use_of_multimedia"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Multimedia-Unacceptable_use"></span></h4></div> <ol><li>An excessive number of short audio clips in a single article. A small number may be appropriate if each is accompanied by commentary in the accompanying text.</li> <li>A long audio excerpt, to illustrate a stylistic feature of a contemporary band; see above for acceptable limits.</li> <li>A short video excerpt from a contemporary film, without sourced commentary in the accompanying text.</li></ol> <p>The use of non-free media (whether images, audio or video clips) in galleries, discographies, and navigational and user-interface elements generally fails the test for significance (criterion #8). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Images_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images_2-Unacceptable_use"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images_2-Unacceptable_use"></span>Images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images_2-Unacceptable_use"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Unacceptable_use_of_images"></span><span class="anchor" id="UUI"></span><span class="anchor" id="unacceptable_use_images_of_living_people"></span><span class="anchor" id="UULP"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFC#UUI"></span><span id="WP:NFC#UULP"></span><span id="WP:GETTY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFC&redirect=no#UUI">WP:NFC#UUI</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFC&redirect=no#UULP">WP:NFC#UULP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:GETTY&redirect=no">WP:GETTY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ol><li>Pictures of people still alive, groups still active, and buildings still standing; provided that taking a new free picture as a replacement (which is almost always considered possible) would serve the same encyclopedic purpose as the non-free image. This includes non-free promotional images. <dl><dd><i>For some retired or disbanded groups, or retired individuals whose notability rests in large part on their earlier visual appearance, a new picture may not serve the same purpose as an image taken during their career, in which case the use would be acceptable.</i></dd> <dd><i>In considering the ability to take a free photograph, it is expected that the photographer respect all local property and privacy laws and restrictions. For example, we would not accept a free photograph of a structure on inaccessible private property that is not visible from public locations.</i></dd></dl></li> <li>An album cover as part of a discography, as per the above.</li> <li>A rose, cropped from a record album, to illustrate an article on roses.</li> <li>A map, scanned or traced from an atlas, to illustrate the region depicted. Use may be appropriate if the map itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, a controversial map of a disputed territory, if the controversy is discussed in the article.</li> <li>An image whose subject happens to be a war, to illustrate an article on the war. Use may be appropriate if the image itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, an iconic image that has received attention in its own right, if the image is discussed in the article.</li> <li>An image to illustrate an article passage about the image, if the image has its own article (in which case the image may be described and a link provided to the article about the image)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="A_photo_from_a_press_agency_or_photo_agency_(e.g.,_[[Associated_Press|AP]]_or_[[Getty_Images]]),_unless_the_photo_itself_is_the_subject_of_sourced_commentary_in_the_article."></span><span id="UUI7"></span><span class="vanchor-text">A photo from a press agency or photo agency (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>), unless the photo itself is the subject of sourced commentary in the article.</span></span></li> <li>A Barry Bonds baseball card, to illustrate the article on <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bonds" title="Barry Bonds">Barry Bonds</a>. The use may be appropriate to illustrate a passage on <i>the card itself</i>; see the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ripken" title="Billy Ripken">Billy Ripken</a> article.</li> <li>A magazine or book cover, to illustrate the article on the person whose photograph is on the cover. However, if the cover itself is the subject of sourced discussion in the article, it may be appropriate if placed inline next to the commentary. Similarly, a photo of a copyrighted statue (assuming there is no <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a> in the country where the statue was when the photo was taken) can only be used to discuss the statue itself, not the subject of it.</li> <li>An image with an unknown or unverifiable origin. This does not apply to historical images, where sometimes only secondary sources are known, as the ultimate source of some historical images may never be known with certainty.</li> <li>A chart or graph. These can almost always be recreated from the original data.</li> <li>A commercial photograph reproduced in high enough resolution to potentially undermine the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the work.</li> <li>Board or card game artwork and photos where the game itself is shown more than <i><a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis</a></i>; such images can nearly always be replaced by a free <i>de minimis</i> photograph of the game's layout while it is being played. Exceptions are made for parts of a board or card games that have received critical commentary.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="A_logo_of_a_perennial_event_(or_of_its_sponsoring_company),_used_to_illustrate_an_article_about_a_specific_instance_of_that_event._If_each_instance_has_its_own_logo,_such_specific_logos_remain_acceptable."></span><span id="UUI14"></span><span class="vanchor-text">A logo of a perennial event (or of its sponsoring company), used to illustrate an article about a specific instance of that event. If each instance has its own logo, such specific logos remain acceptable.</span></span></li> <li>An image of a newspaper article or other publication that contains long legible sections of copyrighted text. If the text is important as a source or quotation, it should be worked into the Wikipedia article in textual form, with a citation to the newspaper article.</li> <li>A publicity image of a commercial product released by its manufacturer, if the product has already been sold or displayed to the public in such a way that free photographs of it could be taken.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="The_logo_of_an_entity_used_for_identification_of_one_of_its_child_entities,_when_the_child_entity_lacks_its_own_branding._The_specific_child_entity's_logo_remains_acceptable."></span><span id="UUI17"></span><span class="vanchor-text">The logo of an entity used for identification of one of its child entities, when the child entity lacks its own branding. The specific child entity's logo remains acceptable.</span></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles-Guideline_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles-Guideline_examples"></span>Non-free image use in list articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles-Guideline_examples"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFLISTS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFLISTS&redirect=no">WP:NFLISTS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In articles and sections of articles that consist of several small sections of information for a series of elements common to a topic, such as a list of characters in a fictional work, non-free images should be used judiciously to present the key visual aspects of the topic. It is inadvisable to provide a non-free image for each entry in such an article or section. The following considerations should be made to reduce the number of new non-free images associated with such lists: </p> <ol><li>Images that show multiple elements of the list at the same time, such as a cast shot or montage for a television show, are strongly preferred over individual images. Such an image should be provided by the copyright holder or scanned/captured directly from the copyrighted work, instead of being created from multiple non-free images by the user directly (as the "extent" of use is determined by the number and resolution of non-free <i>images</i>, and not the number of <i>files</i>.)</li> <li>Images which are discussed in detail in the context of the article body, such as a discussion of the art style, or a contentious element of the work, are preferable to those that simply provide visual identification of the elements.</li> <li>An image that provides a representative visual reference for other elements in the article, such as what an alien race may look like on a science-fiction television show, is preferred over providing a picture of each element discussed.</li> <li>If another non-free image of an element of an article is used elsewhere within Wikipedia, referring to its other use is preferred over repeating its use on the list and/or including a new, separate, non-free image. If duplicating the use of a non-free image, please be aware that a separate non-free use rationale must be supplied for the image for the new use.</li> <li>For media that involves live actors, do not supply an image of the actor in their role if an appropriate free image of the actor exists on their page (as per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">WP:BLP</a> and above), if there is little difference in appearance between actor and role. However, if there is a significant difference due to age or makeup and costuming, then, when needed, it may be appropriate to include a non-free image to demonstrate the role of the actor in that media.</li> <li>Barring the above, images that are used only to visually identify elements in the article should be used as sparingly as possible. Consider restricting such uses to major characters and elements or those that cannot be described easily in text, as agreed to by editor consensus.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables-Guideline_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables-Guideline_examples"></span>Non-free image use in galleries or tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-free_image_use_in_galleries_or_tables-Guideline_examples"></span></h3></div> <p><span id="Non-free_image_use_in_galleries"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFG"></span><span id="WP:NFTABLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFG&redirect=no">WP:NFG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFTABLE&redirect=no">WP:NFTABLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The use of non-free images arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Gallery">gallery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tabular</a> format is usually unacceptable, but should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Exceptions should be very well-justified and alternate forms of presentation (including with fewer images) strongly considered. </p><p>In categories that include non-free content, MediaWiki's <code>__NOGALLERY__</code> code should be used to disable the display of the content while still listing it. </p><p>User-created montages containing non-free images should be avoided for similar reasons. Within the scope of NFCC#3a, such montages are considered as multiple non-free images based on each non-free image that contributes towards the montage. If a montage is determined to be appropriate, each contributing non-free item should have its source described (such as <a href="/wiki/File:Versions_of_the_Doctor.jpg" title="File:Versions of the Doctor.jpg">File:Versions of the Doctor.jpg</a>). A montage created by the copyright holder of the images used to create the montage is considered a single non-free item and not separate items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exemptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Exemptions-Guideline_examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Exemptions-Guideline_examples"></span>Exemptions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Exemptions-Guideline_examples"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NFEXMP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NFEXMP&redirect=no">WP:NFEXMP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Certain non-article pages are exempt from the non-free content policy. These uses are necessary for creating or managing the encyclopedia, such as <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">special pages</a> and categories that are used to review questionable non-free content uses. Categories that are exempt are listed in <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-free_content_criteria_exemptions" title="Category:Wikipedia non-free content criteria exemptions">Category:Wikipedia non-free content criteria exemptions</a>. Due to software limitations, <a href="/wiki/TimedText" class="mw-redirect" title="TimedText">TimedText</a> pages for non-free video files will automatically include the video file, and as such, pages in the TimedText namespace are presumed to be exempted from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria#9" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">NFCC#9</a>. Fair use rationales are not required for such pages. Article images may appear in article preview popups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></span>Explanation of policy and guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background" data-mw-thread-id="h-Background-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Background-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></span>Background<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Background-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></span></h3></div> <p>"Free" content is defined as that which meets the <a href="https://freedomdefined.org/Definition" class="extiw" title="freedomdefined:Definition">"Definition of Free Cultural Works"</a>. </p><p>Material that is not free is permitted only if it meets the restrictions of this policy. This has been explicitly declared since May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mission_statement" class="extiw" title="wmf:Mission statement">stated mission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, which supports Wikipedia servers and software, is "to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free license</a> or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally." These concerns are embodied in the above requirements that all non-free content must meet, and our policy of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#Files" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">deleting non-compliant content</a>. Being generous to the world sometimes means being hard on ourselves. Please understand that these rules are not arbitrary; they are central to our mission. </p><p>Wikipedia distributes content throughout the world with no restrictions on how people use it. Legally, we could use any copyrighted material for ourselves that is either licensed to us by the owner, or that fits the definition of "fair use" under US copyright law. However, we favor content that everyone can use, not just Wikipedia. We want them to be free to use, redistribute, or modify the content, for any purpose, without significant legal restrictions, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. </p><p>To honor its mission, Wikipedia accepts incoming copyright licenses only if they meet Wikipedia's definition of "free" use. This is a higher standard than we would need just for our own use. But our ability to use a work does not guarantee that others may use it. We reject licenses that limit use exclusively to Wikipedia or for non-commercial purposes. Commercial use is a complex issue that goes well beyond a company's for-profit status, another reason to be careful. In fact, we reject any licenses with significant limitations. That is not free enough. </p><p>Similarly, Wikipedia imposes higher fair-use standards on itself than U.S. copyright law. There are some works, such as important photographs, significant modern artworks, that we cannot realistically expect to be released under a free content license, but that are hard to discuss in an educational context without including examples from the media itself. In other cases such as cover art/product packaging, a non-free work is needed to discuss a related subject. This policy allows such material to be used if it meets U.S. legal tests for fair use, but we impose additional limitations. Just because something is "fair use" on a Wikipedia article in the U.S. <i>does not</i> mean it is fair use in another context. A downstream user's commercial use of content in a commercial setting may be illegal even if our noncommercial use is legal. Use in another country with different fair use and fair dealing laws may be illegal as well. That would fail our mission. We therefore limit the media content we offer, to make sure what we do offer has the widest possible legal distribution. </p><p>We do not want downstream re-users to rely solely on our assurances. They are liable for their own actions, no matter what we tell them. We therefore <i>show</i> them and let them make their own decision. To that end we require a copyright tag describing the nature of a copyrighted work, sourcing material saying exactly where any non-free content comes from, and a detailed <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_media_rationale_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Non-free media rationale guideline">non-free media rationale</a> for every use of copyrighted content in every article, justifying why use in that article is permitted. </p><p>A further goal of minimizing licensed and fair-use material is to encourage creation of original new content, rather than relying on borrowed content that comes with restrictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_position" data-mw-thread-id="h-Legal_position-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Legal_position-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></span>Legal position<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Legal_position-Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_general" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_general-Legal_position"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_general-Legal_position"></span>In general<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_general-Legal_position"></span></h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/COM:Hirtle_chart" class="extiw" title="commons:COM:Hirtle chart"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Public Domain periods in the United States</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a>, creative works published in the United States prior to 1929 are in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. Some creative works published in the United States between 1929 and 1963 are still copyrighted. It is illegal (among other things) to reproduce or make <a href="/wiki/Derivative_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivative works">derivative works</a> of copyrighted works without legal justification.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless a thorough search is conducted to determine that a copyright has expired or not been renewed, it should be regarded as copyrighted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain works have no copyright at all. Most material <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication"> published</a> in the United States before 1929, work published before 1978 without a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_notice" title="Copyright notice">copyright notice</a>, with an expired copyright term, or produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States"> U.S. federal government</a> is <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, i.e., has no copyright. Some such as photos and scans of 2-dimensional objects and other "slavish reproductions", short text phrases, typographic logos, and product designs, do not have a sufficient degree of creativity apart from their functional aspects to have a copyright. </p><p>Copyright law only governs creative expressions that are "fixed in a tangible medium of expression," not the ideas or information behind the works. It is legal to reformulate ideas based on written texts, or create images or recordings inspired by others, as long as there is no copying (see <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> for how much reformulation is necessary). </p><p>If material does have a copyright, it may only be copied or distributed under a license (permission) from the copyright holder, or under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>. If there is a valid license, the user must stay within the scope of the license (which may include limitations on amount of use, geographic or business territory, time period, nature of use, etc.). Fair use, by contrast, is a limited right to use copyrighted works without permission, highly dependent on the specific circumstances of the work and the use in question. It is a doctrine incorporated as a clause in United States copyright code, arising out of a concern that strict application of copyright law would limit criticism, commentary, scholarship, and other important <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> rights. A comparable concept of <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> exists in some other countries, where standards may vary. </p><p>Anything published 1929 or later in other countries and still copyrighted there, is typically also copyrighted in the United States. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-U.S._copyrights" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights">Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which works are ineligible for copyright in the United States? (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applied_to_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Applied_to_Wikipedia-Legal_position"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Applied_to_Wikipedia-Legal_position"></span>Applied to Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Applied_to_Wikipedia-Legal_position"></span></h4></div> <p>Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others. This could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt the project. </p><p>Uploading an image, audio or video file, or text quotation into Wikipedia, and adding that file to a project page, both raise copyright concerns. Editors who do either must make sure their contributions are legal. If there is any doubt as to legality, ask others for help, try to find a free equivalent, or use your own words to make the same point. Also, consider asking the copyright holder to release the work under an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License</a> (CC BY-SA) or a CC BY-SA-compatible license (dual-licensing under a <a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a> license is also possible). See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Boilerplate_request_for_permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Boilerplate request for permission">Wikipedia:Boilerplate request for permission</a> for a sample form letter. </p><p>If a work has no copyright or is licensed to Wikipedia under an acceptable "free" license, it is a free work and may be used on Wikipedia without copyright concerns. See <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm">Cornell University's guide to copyright terms</a> for discussion of works that are not covered by copyright. Also see <a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">free license</a> regarding free licenses and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Free_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses">Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses</a> for a list of copyright tags for these works. Restricted licenses to these works offer some legal rights, but Wikipedia ignores them because they are not free enough for its purposes. Instead, works covered by inadequate licenses are treated the same on Wikipedia as works with no licenses at all. </p><p>If a work is not free, Wikipedia requires that it comply with Wikipedia's non-free use policy. As explained above, this policy is more restrictive than US law requires. Logically, material that satisfies the policy should also satisfy legal requirements as well. However, to be more certain of avoiding legal liability, and to understand the meaning of Wikipedia policy, editors should consider the legal rules as well. See <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> for further information, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-c.html">the Stanford University summary</a> of relevant cases, on the subject of fair use. </p><p>Non-free material is used only if, in addition to other restrictions, we firmly believe that the use would be deemed fair use if we were taken to court. The Wikimedia Foundation reserves the right to remove unfree copyrighted content at any time. Note that citation sources and external links raise other copyright concerns that are addressed in other policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content"></span>Handling inappropriate use of non-free content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Handling_inappropriate_use_of_non-free_content"></span></h2></div> <p>Possibly inappropriate uses of non-free content can be either tagged with {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Proposed_deletion" title="Template:Proposed deletion">subst:proposed deletion</a>}}, if deletion is uncontroversial per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Wikipedia:Proposed deletion</a>, or reported and discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Wikipedia:Files for discussion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_Wikimedia_projects" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_Wikimedia_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_Wikimedia_projects"></span>Other Wikimedia projects<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_Wikimedia_projects"></span></h2></div> <p>This policy is specific to the English-language Wikipedia. Other Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedias in other languages, may have different policies on non-free content. A list of some of the projects and their policies on fair use <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content" class="extiw" title="m:Non-free content">can be read at Wikimedia Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy">Foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:R._Baley/Acquire_a_free_image" title="User:R. Baley/Acquire a free image">Requesting a free photo</a> – "How-To" guide for acquiring free images (5 steps). More useful for novice editors still gaining experience with copyright licenses and uploading free images.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyright_issues" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyright issues">Wikipedia:Basic copyright issues</a> – essay explaining the rationale behind the fair use policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_FAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ">Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Wikipedia:Copyright problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Wikipedia:Media copyright questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_of_all_fair_use_images_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Deletion of all fair use images of living people">Wikipedia:Deletion of all fair use images of living people</a> (historical page)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission" title="Wikipedia:Example requests for permission">Wikipedia:Example requests for permission</a> – how to ask a rights holder for free use of existing materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Removal_of_fair_use_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Removal of fair use images">Wikipedia:Removal of fair use images</a> – essay regarding the removal of images from user and template spaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches">Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches</a> – Wikipedia Signpost article surveying non-free use policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_non-free_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:History of non-free content policies">Wikipedia:History of non-free content policies</a> – survey of the development of the present NFC policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arguments_to_avoid_in_image_deletion_discussions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions">Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Comics/copyright" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics/copyright">Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics/copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fair_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fair use">Wikipedia:WikiProject Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Fair_use" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">Wikipedia:Quotations#Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Veganism_parable" title="Wikipedia:Veganism parable">Wikipedia:Veganism parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plain_and_simple_non-free_content_guide" title="Wikipedia:Plain and simple non-free content guide">Wikipedia:Plain and simple non-free content guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Primer_on_U.S._Fair_Use/Copyright_Law_for_Website" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikilegal/Primer on U.S. Fair Use/Copyright Law for Website">Meta:Wikilegal/Primer on U.S. Fair Use/Copyright Law for Website</a> – prepared by Wikimedia Foundation's Legal team</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NFCI#1 relates to the use of cover art within articles whose main subject is the work associated with the cover. Within such articles, the cover art implicitly satisfies the "contextual significance" NFCC criterion (NFCC#8) by virtue of the marketing, branding, and identification information that the cover conveys. The same rationale does not usually apply when the work is described in other articles, such as articles about the author or musician; in such articles, the NFCC criteria typically require that the cover art itself be significantly discussed within the article. For historical information, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content/Cover_art_RfC" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content/Cover art RfC">RfC Jan 2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content/Archive_57#RfC:_Album_covers_in_artist_articles" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content/Archive 57">RfC Sep 2012</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content/Archive_58#RfC:_Can_cover_art_can_be_used_within_articles_on_authors/bands?" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content/Archive 58">RfC Dec 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The NFCI#2 allowance for logos <b>only</b> applies to the use of the logo on the infobox or lede for the stand-alone article about the entity, and should reflect its most current logo. The use of historical logos for an entity is not allowed, unless the historical logo itself is described in the context of critical commentary about that historical logo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Wikimedia Foundation's associate counsel advised in March 2011 that while the courts have not firmly established precedence on the matter, polls are likely to be protectable as well because the parameters of the survey are chosen by those who conduct the polls and the selection of respondents indicates "at least some creativity." She recommended using polls in accordance with fair use principles, reminding that "Merely republishing them without any commentary or transformation is not fair use." She also recommends that the use of even uncopyrightable lists be considered with regards to licensing agreements that may "bind the user/reader from republishing the list/survey results without permission", noting that "Absent a license agreement, you may still run afoul of state unfair competition and/or misappropriation laws if you take a substantial portion of the list or survey results."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html" class="extiw" title="mailarchive:wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html">May 19, 2005 statement</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales" title="User:Jimbo Wales">Jimbo Wales</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A 1961 Copyright Office study found that fewer than 15% of all registered copyrights were renewed. For books, the figure was even lower: 7%. Barbara Ringer, "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960) "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960), reprinted in Library of Congress Copyright Office. Copyright law revision: Studies prepared for the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, first [-second] session. (Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off, 1961), p. 220. A good guide to investigating the copyright and renewal status of published work is Samuel Demas and Jennie L. Brogdon, "Determining Copyright Status for Preservation and Access: Defining Reasonable Effort," Library Resources and Technical Services 41:4 (October, 1997): 323-334." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm">, Hirtle, Peter (2007) <i>Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States</i> footnote 7</a>. Of the <i>total US material</i> first published between 1929 and 1963, the percentage of renewed copyrights is far lower, because most published material was never registered at all.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To find out how to search for copyright registrations and renewals, see, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf">How to Investigate the Copyright Status of a Work</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/bin/page?forward=home">Stanford's Copyright Renewal Database</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=United%20States%20Copyright%20Office">Project Gutenberg</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/cce/">Iinformation about <i>The Catalog of Copyright Entries</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Non-US copyrights apply in the US under the <a href="/wiki/URAA" class="mw-redirect" title="URAA">URAA</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tineye.com/">TinEye.com</a>, a useful tool to discover other online copies of an image.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchbyimages.com">searchbyimages.com</a>, another useful tool for determining the original author of the image.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/documentary-film-program/film/a-fair-y-use-tale">A Fair(y) Use Tale</a> by Media Education Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.cornell.edu/publicdomain">Coverage of U.S. copyright term durations and the public domain</a> by Cornell University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairuse.stanford.edu/">Coverage of U.S. fair use law</a> by Stanford University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.lib.utexas.edu/fairuse">Guidance about fair use</a> by the University of Texas at Austin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html">U.S. Copyright Office index of fair use cases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmsimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/online_best_practices_in_fair_use.pdf">Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video</a> by the American University Center for Media and Social Impact</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmsimpact.org/code/code-best-practices-fair-use-online-video/">Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video background</a> by the American University Center for Media and Social Impact</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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