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title="View PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/the-medical-consequences-development-and-educational-approach-of-down-syndrome.pdf&aid=105822" title="Download PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </div> </div> <h2 class="font-size-7 mt-2">The Medical Consequences, Development and Educational Approach of Down Syndrome</h2> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/keerthi-sharma-65524' title='Keerthi Sharma' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Keerthi Sharma</a><sup><a href='#Keerthi_Sharma'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> <a id="Keerthi_Sharma"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Keerthi Sharma, Department of Genetics, University of New York, New York, USA, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='keerthi182@usedu.com'></i> <p><a href="#ai"><strong>Author info »</strong></a></p> <h4>Description</h4> <p>Down syndrome is a genetic condition that affects individuals from birth, impacting their physical and cognitive development. First identified by British physician John Langdon Down in the 19th century, Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material disrupts the normal course of development, leading to a range of physical and intellectual challenges. Despite the challenges, individuals with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling lives with proper support and understanding.</p> <p><strong>Genetic basis</strong></p> <p>Down syndrome is primarily caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, a condition known as trisomy 21. In the majority of cases (about 95%), this extra chromosome is the result of a random error during the formation of reproductive cells, leading to an additional chromosome in the fertilized egg. The remaining cases may result from translocation or mosaicism, where only some <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> have an extra chromosome 21 [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>, <a href="#2" title="2">2</a>].</p> <p><strong>Physical characteristics</strong></p> <p>Individuals with Down syndrome often share certain physical characteristics, although the degree of expression can vary. Common features include a flattened facial profile, upwardslanting almond-shaped eyes, a small nose, and a protruding tongue. They may also exhibit lower muscle tone, resulting in a more relaxed posture [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>].</p> <p><strong>Medical challenges</strong></p> <p>Down syndrome is associated with an increased risk of certain medical conditions. Congenital heart defects are prevalent, affecting approximately half of individuals with Down syndrome. Regular cardiac screenings are crucial for early detection and intervention. Other health concerns may include respiratory issues, hearing loss, and thyroid dysfunction [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>].</p> <p><strong>Cognitive development</strong></p> <p>Cognitive development in individuals with Down syndrome is typically delayed compared to their peers. However, the range of intellectual abilities is broad, with some individuals having mild to moderate cognitive impairment and others functioning at a higher level. Early intervention, educational support, and targeted therapies can significantly improve cognitive outcomes [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>].</p> <p><strong>Social and emotional aspects</strong></p> <p>People with Down syndrome, like anyone else, have unique personalities, interests, and emotions. Social development may progress at a different pace, and individuals with Down syndrome may benefit from social skills training and inclusion in mainstream educational and community settings. Supportive environments foster emotional well-being and a sense of belonging [<a href="#6" title="6">6</a>-<a href="#8" title="8">8</a>].</p> <p><strong>Educational strategies</strong></p> <p>Effective educational strategies for individuals with Down syndrome involve a personalized and inclusive approach. Specialized <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/education-26444.html'>education</a> plans tailored to each individual's strengths and challenges can help optimize learning outcomes. Speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy are often integral components of the educational journey [<a href="#9" title="9">9</a>].</p> <p><strong>Inclusion and advocacy</strong></p> <p>Promoting inclusivity and advocating for the rights of individuals with Down syndrome is crucial. As societal attitudes evolve, efforts to create inclusive communities, workplaces, and educational settings become increasingly important. Advocacy organizations play a pivotal role in raising awareness, providing resources, and supporting individuals with Down syndrome and their families [<a href="#10" title="10">10</a>]. <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>Down syndrome is a complex genetic condition that manifests in a variety of ways, impacting both physical and cognitive development. While individuals with Down syndrome face unique challenges, with appropriate support, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute meaningfully to society. Understanding and embracing diversity, fostering inclusion, and advocating for equal opportunities are essential steps towards creating a more inclusive world for individuals with Down syndrome and other developmental differences.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li id='Reference_Title_Link' value='1'><a name="1" id='1'></a>Zhang MW, Liang XY, Wang J, Gao LD, Liao HJ, He YH, et al. <a href="https://www.seizure-journal.com/article/S1059-1311(23)00254-6/fulltext">Epilepsy-associated genes: an update</a>. 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Drug Discov Today. 2023:103610. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103610">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Treatment+to+cure%3A+Advancing+AAV+gene+therapy+manufacture&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1704360548766&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3A3f7mmpOOpwoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37169134/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> </ol>   <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body px-3 pb-0"> <h4 class="font-size-4"><a id="ai"></a>Author Info</h4> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/keerthi-sharma-65524' title='Keerthi Sharma' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Keerthi Sharma</a><sup><a href='#Keerthi_Sharma'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> Department of Genetics, University of New York, New York, USA<br> <div> </div> <p><strong>Citation:</strong> Sharma K (2023) The Medical Consequences, Development and Educational Approach of Down Syndrome. J Genet Syndr Gene Ther. 14:410.</p> <p> <strong>Received: </strong>27-Nov-2023, Manuscript No. JGSGT-24-29022; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>30-Nov-2023, Pre QC No. JGSGT-24-29022 (PQ); <strong>Reviewed: </strong>14-Dec-2023, QC No. JGSGT-24-29022; <strong>Revised: </strong>21-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. JGSGT-24-29022 (R); <strong>Published:</strong> 28-Dec-2023 , DOI: 10.35248/2157-7412.23.14.410</p> <p><strong>Copyright: </strong>© 2023 Sharma K. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="bg-blue-grey-900 py-3"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Content Links</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled footer-links font-size-3"> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/online-tools.html" title="Click here">Tools</a> </li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/feedback.html" title="Click here">Feedback</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/careers.html" title="Click here">Careers</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/privacy-policy.html" title="Click here">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/authors-reviewers-editors.html" title="Click here">Authors, Reviewers & Editors</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Contact Longdom</h4> <p>Longdom Group SA<br> Avenue Roger Vandendriessche,<br> 18, 1150 Brussels, Belgium<br> Phone: +442038085340 <br><strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:info@longdom.org" class="white" title="Click here">info@longdom.org</a></p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Connect</h4> <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer flex-column a-pl-0"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/longdompublisher" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-facebook-hover"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f bg-facebook"></i> Facebook</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/longdom-publishing-sl/" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-linkedin-hover"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in bg-linkedin"></i> Linkedin</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LongdomP" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-twitter-hover"><i class="fab fa-twitter bg-twitter"></i> Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/longdom_publisher/" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-instagram-hover"><i class="fab fa-instagram bg-instagram"></i> Instagram</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row text-center"> <div class="col"> <p>Copyright © 2024 <a href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Click here" class="white">Longdom Publishing</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <a href="#0" class="cd-top js-cd-top">Top</a>   <script defer src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? 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