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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalismo_libertario" title="Paternalismo libertario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paternalismo libertario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A1rius_paternalizmus" title="Libertárius paternalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Libertárius paternalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertair_paternalisme" title="Libertair paternalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libertair paternalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertaria%C5%84ski_paternalizm" title="Libertariański paternalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Libertariański paternalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Либертарианский патернализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либертарианский патернализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertaristinen_paternalismi" title="Libertaristinen paternalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libertaristinen paternalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%AE%B6%E9%95%B7%E5%BC%8F%E7%AE%A1%E6%B2%BB" title="自由意志家長式管治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自由意志家長式管治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1129860#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Libertarianism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Nudge_theory" title="Nudge theory">Nudge theory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Social scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Benartzi" title="Shlomo Benartzi">Shlomo Benartzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Shankar" title="Maya Shankar">Maya Shankar</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Government programs</div><div 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href="/wiki/Social_and_Behavioral_Sciences_Team" title="Social and Behavioral Sciences Team">Social and Behavioral Sciences Team</a> (US)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Nudge theory in business</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">Loyalty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef; padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff; ----"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Default_effect" title="Default effect">Default effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarian paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_architecture" title="Choice architecture">Choice architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT-backed_authoritarianism" title="IT-backed authoritarianism">IT-backed authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_behaviour_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for behaviour change">Design for behaviour change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nudge_Theory" title="Template:Nudge Theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nudge_Theory" title="Template talk:Nudge Theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nudge_Theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nudge Theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Libertarian paternalism</b> is the idea that it is both possible and legitimate for private and public institutions to affect behavior while also respecting <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">freedom of choice</a>, as well as the implementation of that idea.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined by behavioral economist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> and legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a> in a 2003 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors further elaborated upon their ideas in a more in-depth article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i> that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They propose that libertarian paternalism is <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a> in the sense that "it tries to influence choices in a way that will make choosers better off, as judged by themselves" (p. 5); note and consider, the concept paternalism specifically requires a restriction of choice. It is <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> in the sense that it aims to ensure that "people should be free to opt out of specified arrangements if they choose to do so" (p. 1161). The possibility to opt out is said to "preserve freedom of choice" (p. 1182). Thaler and Sunstein published <i><a href="/wiki/Nudge_(book)" title="Nudge (book)">Nudge</a></i>, a book-length defense of this political doctrine, in 2008 (new edition 2021).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Libertarian paternalism is similar to asymmetric paternalism, which refers to policies designed to help people who behave irrationally and so are not advancing their own interests, while interfering only minimally with people who behave rationally.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such policies are also asymmetric in the sense that they should be acceptable both to those who believe that people behave rationally and to those who believe that people often behave irrationally. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_policies">Examples of policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_paternalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples of policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setting the default in order to exploit the <a href="/wiki/Default_effect" title="Default effect">default effect</a> is a typical example of a soft paternalist policy. Countries that have an "opt-out" system for voluntary <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation#Opt-in_versus_opt-out" title="Organ donation">organ donation</a> (anyone who did not explicitly refuse to donate their organs in the case of accident is considered a donor) experience dramatically higher levels of organ donation consent, than countries with an opt-in system. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, with an opt-out system, has a consent rate of 99.98%, while <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, with a very similar culture and economic situation, but an opt-in system, has a consent rate of only 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cab drivers in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> have seen an increase in tips from 10% to 22% after passengers had the ability to pay using credit cards on a device installed in the cab whose screen presented them with three default tip options, ranging from 15% to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCcabs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCcabs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently, the default contribution rate for most tax-deferred retirement savings plans in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was zero, and despite the enormous tax advantages, many people took years to start contributing if they ever did. <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economists</a> attribute this to the "<a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">status quo bias</a>", the common human resistance to changing one's behavior, combined with another common problem: the tendency to <a href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">procrastinate</a>. Research by behavioral economists demonstrated, moreover, that firms which raised the default rate instantly and dramatically raised the contribution rates of their employees.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raising default contribution rates is also an example of asymmetric paternalism. Those who are making an informed deliberate choice to put aside zero percent of their income in tax deferred savings still have this option, but those who were not saving simply out of inertia or due to procrastination are helped by higher default contribution rates. It is also asymmetric in the second sense: If you do not believe that defaults matter, because you believe that people will make rational decisions about something as important as retirement saving, then you should not care about the default rate. If you believe that defaults matter, on the other hand, you should want to set defaults at the level that you believe will be best for the largest number of people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_choice_of_term">Criticism of the choice of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_paternalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism of the choice of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been much criticism of the ideology behind the term, <i>libertarian paternalism</i>. For example, it has been argued that it fails to appreciate the traditional libertarian concern with <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> in particular, and instead focuses on freedom of choice in a wider sense.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that, while libertarian paternalism aims to promote wellbeing, there may be more libertarian aims that could be promoted, such as maximizing future liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_paternalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGane2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gane, Nicholas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276421999447">"Nudge Economics as Libertarian Paternalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Theory,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Theory, Culture & Society">Theory, Culture & Society</a></i>. <b>38</b> (6): 119–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276421999447">10.1177/0263276421999447</a></span>.</cite><span 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Regulation</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 155–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1867299X00005468">10.1017/S1867299X00005468</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Risk+Regulation&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Nudge+and+Libertarian+Paternalism%3A+Does+the+Hand+Fit+the+Glove%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-174&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1867299X00005468&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Pelle+Guldborg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1867299X00005468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalerSunstein2003" class="citation journal cs1">Thaler, Richard; Sunstein, Cass (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cooperative-individualism.org/thaler-richard-and-cass-r-sunstein_libertarian-paternalism-2002-may.pdf">"Libertarian Paternalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 175–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F000282803321947001">10.1257/000282803321947001</a>.</cite><span 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Go Figure"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York%27s+Cabbies+Like+Credit+Cards%3F+Go+Figure&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft.au=Michael+M.+Grynbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F08%2Fnyregion%2F08taxi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalerBenartzi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thaler, R.H.; Benartzi, S. (2004). "Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>112</b> (S1): 164–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F380085">10.1086/380085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Save+More+Tomorrow%3A+Using+Behavioral+Economics+to+Increase+Employee+Saving&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=164-187&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F380085&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft.au=Benartzi%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Daniel B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/journl/v1y2004i2p260-271.html">"Statist Quo Bias"</a>. <i>Economic Journal Watch</i>. <b>1</b>: 260–271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Journal+Watch&rft.atitle=Statist+Quo+Bias&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=260-271&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fa%2Fejw%2Fjournl%2Fv1y2004i2p260-271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2004–2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Gregory (2004–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/illlr99&section=43">"Libertarian Paternalism Is an Oxymoron"</a>. <i>Northwestern University Law Review</i>. <b>99</b>: 1245–77. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=615562">615562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Paternalism+Is+an+Oxymoron&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=1245-77&rft.date=2004%2F2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D615562%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2Fhol-cgi-bin%2Fget_pdf.cgi%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Filllr99%26section%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_paternalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalerSunstein2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler, Richard H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cass_R._Sunstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass R. Sunstein">Sunstein, Cass R.</a> (March 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academized.com/nudge-by-richard-h-thaler-and-cass-r-sunstein">"Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness"</a>. Academized.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nudge%3A+Improving+Decisions+About+Health%2C+Wealth%2C+and+Happiness&rft.pub=Academized.com&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft.au=Sunstein%2C+Cass+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademized.com%2Fnudge-by-richard-h-thaler-and-cass-r-sunstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunsteinThaler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sunstein, Cass R.; Thaler, Richard H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol70/iss4/1/">"Libertarian Paternalism is Not an Oxymoron"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 1159–1202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1600573">10.2307/1600573</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600573">1600573</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=405940">405940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Paternalism+is+Not+an+Oxymoron&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1159-1202&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1600573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D405940%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1600573&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass+R.&rft.au=Thaler%2C+Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fuclrev%2Fvol70%2Fiss4%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamererIssacharoffLoewensteinO'donoghue2003" class="citation journal cs1">Camerer, C.; Issacharoff, S.; Loewenstein, G.; O'donoghue, T.; Rabin, M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6924912_ITM">"Regulation for conservatives: behavioral economics and the case for "asymmetric paternalism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania Law Review</i>. <b>151</b> (3): 1211–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312889">10.2307/3312889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312889">3312889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Regulation+for+conservatives%3A+behavioral+economics+and+the+case+for+%22asymmetric+paternalism%22&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1211-54&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3312889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3312889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Camerer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Issacharoff%2C+S.&rft.au=Loewenstein%2C+G.&rft.au=O%27donoghue%2C+T.&rft.au=Rabin%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-6924912_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkin2006" class="citation news cs1">Harkin, James (June 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/24/comment.conservatives">"Libertarian Paternalism"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Paternalism&rft.date=2006-06-24&rft.aulast=Harkin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2006%2Fjun%2F24%2Fcomment.conservatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalerSunstein2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler, Richard H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cass_R._Sunstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass R. Sunstein">Sunstein, Cass R.</a> (April 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-thalerandsunstein2apr02,0,3730262.story">"Designing Better Choices"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Designing+Better+Choices&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft.au=Sunstein%2C+Cass+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-thalerandsunstein2apr02%2C0%2C3730262.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedantam2008" class="citation news cs1">Vedantam, Shankar (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/06/AR2008040601717.html">"A Dose of Libertarian Paternalism"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Dose+of+Libertarian+Paternalism&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Vedantam&rft.aufirst=Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F04%2F06%2FAR2008040601717.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2008" class="citation news cs1">Will, George F. (June 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/142638">"Nudge Against the Fudge"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Nudge+Against+the+Fudge&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F142638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkin2008" class="citation news cs1">Harkin, James (August 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/aug/05/conservatives.ukcrime">"This nudging stuff is nothing new – and it's all a bit shaky"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+nudging+stuff+is+nothing+new+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+all+a+bit+shaky&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Harkin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Faug%2F05%2Fconservatives.ukcrime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinig2016" class="citation book cs1">Heinig, Hans Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783845263939-219.pdf">"Autonomy vs. Technocracy: Libertarian Paternalism Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Choice Architecture in Democracies: Exploring the Legitimacy of Nudging</i>. Recht im Kontext. Vol. 6. Baden-Baden: Nomos. pp. 219–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F9783845263939-219">10.5771/9783845263939-219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8452-6393-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8452-6393-9"><bdi>978-3-8452-6393-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autonomy+vs.+Technocracy%3A+Libertarian+Paternalism+Revisited&rft.btitle=Choice+Architecture+in+Democracies%3A+Exploring+the+Legitimacy+of+Nudging&rft.place=Baden-Baden&rft.series=Recht+im+Kontext&rft.pages=219-227&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F9783845263939-219&rft.isbn=978-3-8452-6393-9&rft.aulast=Heinig&rft.aufirst=Hans+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomos-elibrary.de%2F10.5771%2F9783845263939-219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+paternalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_paternalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2006/11/richard_thaler_1.html">Interview with Richard Thaler about libertarian paternalism</a>. An EconTalk podcast</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grist.org/article/2009-green-nudges-an-interview-with-obama-re">Interview with Cass Sunstein about libertarian paternalism</a>. Grist.com.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical 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