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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendering_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendering_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Calendering textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendering_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calender</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="مصقلة ورق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصقلة ورق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandr" title="Kalandr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalandr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Каляндры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каляндры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calandra" title="Calandra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calandra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calandria_(m%C3%A1quina)" title="Calandria (máquina) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calandria (máquina)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کلندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80" title="Կալանդր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալանդր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="कैलेंडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलेंडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiniranje" title="Satiniranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Satiniranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggelek" title="Penggelek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penggelek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calandra_(meccanica)" title="Calandra (meccanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calandra (meccanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Каландр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каландр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanderen" title="Kalanderen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalanderen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandr" title="Kalandr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalandr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Каландр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каландр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanteri" title="Kalanteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalanteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalander" title="Kalander – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalander" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Каландр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каландр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BB%B6%E6%88%90%E5%9E%8B" title="压延成型 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="压延成型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of hard pressure rollers that produces a surface effect on fabric, paper, or plastic film</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colander" title="Colander">colander</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Callander" title="Callander">Callander</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calender_process.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calender_process.png/220px-Calender_process.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calender_process.png/330px-Calender_process.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calender_process.png/440px-Calender_process.png 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Calender process</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INTERIEUR,_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/INTERIEUR%2C_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg/220px-INTERIEUR%2C_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/INTERIEUR%2C_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg/330px-INTERIEUR%2C_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/INTERIEUR%2C_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg/440px-INTERIEUR%2C_KALANDER_-_Renkum_-_20265137_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Calender at end of <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">paper machine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Calender.jpg/220px-Calender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Calender.jpg/330px-Calender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Calender.jpg/440px-Calender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Old calender machine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoke,_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll,_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll%2C_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg/220px-Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll%2C_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll%2C_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg/330px-Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll%2C_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll%2C_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg/440px-Holyoke%2C_Massachusetts_-_Paper._American_Writing_Paper_Co._Super-calender_-_putting_on_roll%2C_starting_operation._-_NARA_-_518330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>Threading paper through calender rolls, 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG/220px-Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG/330px-Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG/440px-Calander_-_Pressing_Machine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption>Calender machine for electrode pressing in Lithium-ion battery manufacturing</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>calender</b> is a series of hard pressure rollers used to finish or smooth a sheet of material such as <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, or plastics. Calender rolls are also used to form some types of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">plastic films</a> and to apply coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some calender rolls are heated or cooled as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calenders are sometimes misspelled <i>calendars</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "calender" itself is a derivation of the word κύλινδρος <i>kylindros</i>, the Greek word that is also the source of the word "cylinder".<sup id="cite_ref-MW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calender mills for pressing serge were apparently introduced to the Netherlands by Flemish refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In eighteenth century China, workers called "calenderers" in the silk- and cotton-cloth trades used heavy rollers to press and finish cloth. </p><p>In 1836, Edwin M. Chaffee, of the Roxbury India Rubber Company, patented a four-roll calender to make rubber sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-Polymers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polymers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaffee worked with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> with the intention to "produce a sheet of rubber laminated to a fabric base".<sup id="cite_ref-Plastics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plastics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calenders were also used for paper and fabrics long before later applications for thermoplastics. With the expansion of the rubber industry the design of calenders grew as well, so when PVC was introduced the machinery was already capable of processing it into film.<sup id="cite_ref-Plastics_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plastics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As recorded in an overview on the history of the development of calenders, "There was development in both Germany and the United States and probably the first successful calendering of PVC was in 1935 in Germany, where in the previous year the Hermann Berstorff Company of Hannover designed the first calender specifically to process this plastic".<sup id="cite_ref-Plastics_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plastics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past, for paper, sheets were worked on with a polished <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a> or pressed between polished <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> sheets in a press. With the continuously operating paper machine it became part of the process of rolling the paper (in this case also called web paper).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pressure between the rollers, the "nip pressure", can be reduced by heating the rolls or moistening the paper surface. This helps to keep the bulk and the stiffness of the web paper which is beneficial for its later use. </p><p>Modern calenders have hard heated rollers made from chilled <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, and soft rollers coated with <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polymeric</a> composites. The soft roller is slightly non-cylindrical, tapered in diameter toward both ends, to widen the working nip and distribute the specific pressure on the paper more evenly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendering_paper">Calendering paper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calendering paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a principal paper application, the calender is located at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> process (on-line). Those that are used separately from the process (off-line) are also called <i>supercalenders</i>. The purpose of a calender is to make the <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> smooth and glossy for <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, as well as of a consistent thickness for <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> that use paper as their <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> membrane. </p><p>The calender section of a <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">paper machine</a> consists of a calender and other equipment. The <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> web is run between in order to further smooth it out, which also gives it a more uniform thickness. The pressure applied to the web by the rollers determines the finish of the paper, in three basic types: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_finish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine finish (page does not exist)">machine finish</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=MF_Paper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MF Paper (page does not exist)">MF Paper</a>, which can range from a rough, matte (non glossy) look, to a smooth, high-quality finish.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercalendered_finish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supercalendered finish (page does not exist)">supercalendered finish</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=MG_Paper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MG Paper (page does not exist)">MG Paper</a> (Machine Glazed), glossy/glazed and suitable for high-degree, fine-screened <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> printing.</li></ul> <ul><li>plater finish, obtained by placing cut sheets of paper between stacked <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> plates and put under pressure and heat. A special finish such as a linen finish would be achieved by placing a piece of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> between the plate and the sheet of paper, or else an embossed steel roll might be used.</li></ul> <p>After calendering, the web has a moisture content of about 6% (depending on the finish). It is wound onto a roll called a <i>tambour</i>, and stored for final cutting and shipping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercalender">Supercalender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supercalender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>supercalender</b> is a stack of calenders consisting of alternating <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>-covered rolls through which <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> is passed to increase its <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, smoothness and gloss. It is similar to a calender except that alternate chilled cast-iron and softer rolls are used. The rolls used to supercalender uncoated paper usually consist of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> and highly compressed paper, while the rolls used for <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">coated paper</a> are usually cast iron and highly compressed cotton. The finish produced varies according to the raw material used to make the paper and the pressure exerted on it, and ranges from the highest English finish to a highly glazed surface. Supercalendered papers are sometimes used for books containing fine line blocks or <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftones</a> because they print well from type and halftones, although for the latter they are not as good as coated paper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendering_textiles">Calendering textiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calendering textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering (textiles)</a></div> <p>Calendering is a finishing process used on cloth and fabrics. A calender is employed, usually to smooth, coat, or thin a material. </p><p>With textiles, fabric is passed under rollers at high temperatures and pressures. Calendering is used on fabrics such as <a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">moire</a> to produce its watered effect and also on <a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a> and some types of <a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">sateens</a>. </p><p>Various man-made fabrics made from synthetic materials are also calendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_materials">Other materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calender_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Calender_machine.jpg/220px-Calender_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Calender_machine.jpg/330px-Calender_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Calender_machine.jpg/440px-Calender_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Calender rolls for milling and mixing rubber</figcaption></figure> <p>Calenders can also be applied to materials other than paper and textiles when a smooth, flat surface is desirable. </p><p>Polymers such as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a> polymer sheets, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, are calendered. </p><p>The calender is also an important processing machine in the rubber industries, especially in the manufacture of tires, where it is used for the inner layer and fabric layer. </p><p>Calendering can also be used for polishing, or making uniform, coatings applied to substrates- an older use was in polishing magnetic tapes, for which the contact roller rotates much faster than the web speed. More recently, it is used in the production of certain types of secondary battery cells (such as spirally-wound or prismatic lithium-ion cells) to achieve uniform thickness of electrode material coatings on current collector foils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_mechanics" title="Contact mechanics">Contact mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_mill" title="Roller mill">Roller mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolling (metalworking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_roll_rubber_mill" title="Two roll rubber mill">Two roll rubber mill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFWilfried_W._Baumgarten1992"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5167894A/en">US5167894A</a>, Wilfried W. Baumgarten, "Apparatus comprising an extruder and a calender for producing sheets and/or foils from plastic or rubber mixtures", published 1992</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US5167894A&rft.cc=&rft.title=Apparatus+comprising+an+extruder+and+a+calender+for+producing+sheets+and%2For+foils+from+plastic+or+rubber+mixtures&rft.inventor=Wilfried+W.+Baumgarten&rft.pubdate=1992"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFPav,_Lauscher1984"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4425489A/en">US4425489A</a>, Pav, Lauscher, "Electromagnetic heating system for calender rolls or the like", published 1984</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US4425489A&rft.cc=&rft.title=Electromagnetic+heating+system+for+calender+rolls+or+the+like&rft.inventor=Pav%2C+Lauscher&rft.pubdate=1984"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calender">"Definition of CALENDER"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+CALENDER&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcalender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalender" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Uytven1971" class="citation journal cs1">Van Uytven, R. (1971). "The Fulling Mill: Dynamic of the Revolution in Industrial Attitudes". <i>Acta Historiae Neerlandica</i>. <b>V</b>: 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Historiae+Neerlandica&rft.atitle=The+Fulling+Mill%3A+Dynamic+of+the+Revolution+in+Industrial+Attitudes&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Van+Uytven&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalender" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polymers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polymers_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1990" class="citation book cs1">White, James Lindsay (July 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9X5C_0kpgIC&pg=PA49"><i>Principles of Polymer Engineering Rheology</i></a>. Wiley-Interscience. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471853626" title="Special:BookSources/9780471853626"><bdi>9780471853626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Polymer+Engineering+Rheology&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=1990-07-20&rft.isbn=9780471853626&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9X5C_0kpgIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalender" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plastics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plastics_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plastics_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plastics_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1995" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, W. G. (December 31, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUipGAKOh3gC&pg=PA52"><i>Plastics: Surface and Finish</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854045167" title="Special:BookSources/9780854045167"><bdi>9780854045167</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastics%3A+Surface+and+Finish&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1995-12-31&rft.isbn=9780854045167&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUipGAKOh3gC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalender" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410031409/http://glossary.ippaper.com/default.asp?req=glossary%2Fterm%2F2525&catitemid=">"International Paper - Web Paper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glossary.ippaper.com/default.asp?req=glossary%2Fterm%2F2525&catitemid=">the original</a> on 2009-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Paper+-+Web+Paper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglossary.ippaper.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Freq%3Dglossary%252Fterm%252F2525%26catitemid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalender" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calender&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Westerlund Leslie. C. " How to Make Smooth Papermaking Technology" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876141-55-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-876141-55-7">1-876141-55-7</a>;Westerlund Eco Services; Rockingham; W.Australia. 2008.</li> <li>Hawkins, William E, The Plastic Film and Foil Web Handling Guide CRC Press 2003</li> <li>Jenkins, W. A., and Osborn, K. R. Plastic Films: Technology and Packaging Applications, CRC Press 1992</li> <li>Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08704-6">978-0-470-08704-6</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span 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