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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_differencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Data differencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_differencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lossy_audio_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lossy_audio_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Lossy audio compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lossy_audio_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coding_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coding_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Coding methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coding_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>Speech encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encoding_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Encoding theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inter-frame_coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-frame_coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Inter-frame coding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-frame_coding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_block-based_transform_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_block-based_transform_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Hybrid block-based transform formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_block-based_transform_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outlook_and_currently_unused_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlook_and_currently_unused_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Outlook and currently unused potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlook_and_currently_unused_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data compression</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datenkompression" title="Datenkompression – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Datenkompression" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ضغط بيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضغط بيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compresi%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Compresión de datos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compresión de datos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%C9%99nl%C9%99rin_s%C4%B1xla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Verilənlərin sıxlaşdırılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verilənlərin sıxlaşdırılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="উপাত্ত সংকোচন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাত্ত সংকোচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сьцісканьне зьвестак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцісканьне зьвестак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Компресиране на данни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компресиране на данни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%BEimanje_podataka" title="Sažimanje podataka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sažimanje podataka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressi%C3%B3_de_dades" title="Compressió de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compressió de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komprese_dat" title="Komprese dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komprese dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakompression" title="Datakompression – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datakompression" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datenkompression" title="Datenkompression – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Datenkompression" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmete_pakkimine" title="Andmete pakkimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andmete pakkimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Συμπίεση δεδομένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμπίεση δεδομένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compresi%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Compresión de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compresión de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datumdensigo" title="Datumdensigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Datumdensigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu-konpresio" title="Datu-konpresio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datu-konpresio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فشرده‌سازی داده‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشرده‌سازی داده‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Compression de données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compression de données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhbhr%C3%BA_sonra%C3%AD" title="Comhbhrú sonraí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhbhrú sonraí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%95%EC%B6%95" title="데이터 압축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 압축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Տվյալների սեղմում (կոմպրեսիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տվյալների սեղմում (կոմպրեսիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="आंकड़ा संपीडन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आंकड़ा संपीडन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%BEimanje_podataka" title="Sažimanje podataka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sažimanje podataka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresi_data" title="Kompresi data – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kompresi data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressione_dei_dati" title="Compressione dei dati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compressione dei dati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דחיסת נתונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דחיסת נתונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Мәліметтерді сығымдау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәліметтерді сығымдау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandamuzi_data" title="Ugandamuzi data – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugandamuzi data" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresyona_daney%C3%AA" title="Kompresyona daneyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kompresyona daneyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83" title="Берилиштерди кысуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Берилиштерди кысуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressio_datorum" title="Compressio datorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Compressio datorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_saspie%C5%A1ana" title="Datu saspiešana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datu saspiešana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaudinimas" title="Glaudinimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Glaudinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatt%C3%B6m%C3%B6r%C3%ADt%C3%A9s" title="Adattömörítés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adattömörítés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mampatan_data" title="Mampatan data – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mampatan data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datacompressie" title="Datacompressie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Datacompressie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%9C%A7%E7%B8%AE" title="データ圧縮 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="データ圧縮" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakompresjon" title="Datakompresjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Datakompresjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakomprimering" title="Datakomprimering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Datakomprimering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7_%D9%86%DA%9A%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%81%D9%87_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86)" title="د ډېټا نښتیځه (کمپرېشن) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډېټا نښتیځه (کمپرېشن)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="Data compression" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresja_danych" title="Kompresja danych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kompresja danych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compress%C3%A3o_de_dados" title="Compressão de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compressão de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compresie_de_date" title="Compresie de date – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Compresie de date" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Сжатие данных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сжатие данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjeshja_e_t%C3%AB_dh%C3%ABnave" title="Ngjeshja e të dhënave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjeshja e të dhënave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Data compression" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresia_d%C3%A1t" title="Kompresia dát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kompresia dát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="پەستاندنی داتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەستاندنی داتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresija_podataka" title="Kompresija podataka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kompresija podataka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresija_podataka" title="Kompresija podataka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompresija podataka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedonpakkaus" title="Tiedonpakkaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedonpakkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakompression" title="Datakompression – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datakompression" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="การบีบอัดข้อมูล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบีบอัดข้อมูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_s%C4%B1k%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma" title="Veri sıkıştırma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri sıkıştırma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Стиснення даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стиснення даних" 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title="数据压缩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数据压缩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE" title="數據壓縮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數據壓縮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9" title="数据压缩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数据压缩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Compression_algorithm&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression algorithm">Compression algorithm</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compact encoding of digital data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Source coding" redirects here. For the term in computer programming, see <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, <b>data compression</b>, <b>source coding</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>bit-rate reduction</b> is the process of encoding <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> using fewer <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> than the original representation.<sup id="cite_ref-mahdi53_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahdi53-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any particular compression is either <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a>. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">statistical redundancy</a>. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information.<sup id="cite_ref-PujarKadlaskar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PujarKadlaskar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, a device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression) as a decoder. </p><p>The process of reducing the size of a <a href="/wiki/Data_file" title="Data file">data file</a> is often referred to as data compression. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>, it is called source coding: encoding is done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Salomon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Source coding should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Channel_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel coding">channel coding</a>, for error detection and correction or <a href="/wiki/Line_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Line coding">line coding</a>, the means for mapping data onto a signal. </p><p>Data Compression algorithms present a <a href="/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_tradeoff" title="Space–time tradeoff">space-time complexity trade-off</a> between the bytes needed to store or transmit information, and the <a href="/wiki/Computational_resource" title="Computational resource">Computational resources</a> needed to perform the encoding and decoding. The design of data compression schemes involves balancing the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using <a href="/wiki/Lossy_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy data compression">lossy data compression</a>), and the computational resources or time required to compress and decompress the data.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lossless">Lossless</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lossless"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless compression</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">Lossless data compression</a> <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> usually exploit <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">statistical redundancy</a> to represent data without losing any <a href="/wiki/Self-information" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-information">information</a>, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of color that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding "red pixel, red pixel, ..." the data may be encoded as "279 red pixels". This is a basic example of <a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">run-length encoding</a>; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempel–Ziv">Lempel–Ziv</a> (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Optimized_LZW_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Optimized_LZW-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a> is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but compression can be slow. In the mid-1980s, following work by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Welch" title="Terry Welch">Terry Welch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">Lempel–Ziv–Welch</a> (LZW) algorithm rapidly became the method of choice for most general-purpose compression systems. LZW is used in <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> images, programs such as <a href="/wiki/PKZIP" title="PKZIP">PKZIP</a>, and hardware devices such as modems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman encoded</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar-based codes">Grammar-based codes</a> like this can compress highly repetitive input extremely effectively, for instance, a biological <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">data collection</a> of the same or closely related species, a huge versioned document collection, internet archival, etc. The basic task of grammar-based codes is constructing a context-free grammar deriving a single string. Other practical grammar compression algorithms include <a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a>. </p><p>The strongest modern lossless compressors use <a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">probabilistic</a> models, such as <a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">prediction by partial matching</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">Burrows–Wheeler transform</a> can also be viewed as an indirect form of statistical modelling.<sup id="cite_ref-mahmud2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahmud2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a further refinement of the direct use of <a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Probabilistic model">probabilistic modelling</a>, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">arithmetic coding</a>. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a <a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">finite-state machine</a> to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression compared to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was in an optional (but not widely used) feature of the <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> image coding standard.<sup id="cite_ref-TomLane_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomLane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been applied in various other designs including <a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> and <a href="/wiki/HEVC" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC</a> for video coding.<sup id="cite_ref-HEVC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEVC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archive software typically has the ability to adjust the "dictionary size", where a larger size demands more <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> during compression and decompression, but compresses stronger, especially on repeating patterns in files' content.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lossy">Lossy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lossy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy compression</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_JPEG_and_PNG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Comparison_of_JPEG_and_PNG.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Composite image showing JPG and PNG image compression. Left side of the image is from a JPEG image, showing lossy artefacts; the right side is from a PNG image.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1980s, digital images became more common, and standards for lossless <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a> emerged. In the early 1990s, lossy compression methods began to be widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these schemes, some loss of information is accepted as dropping nonessential detail can save storage space. There is a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-off</a> between preserving information and reducing size. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information.<sup id="cite_ref-Arcangel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arcangel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a> for sound, and <a href="/wiki/Psychovisual" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychovisual">psychovisuals</a> for images and video. </p><p>Most forms of lossy compression are based on <a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">transform coding</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT). It was first proposed in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Nasir Ahmed</a>, who then developed a working algorithm with T. Natarajan and <a href="/wiki/K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> in 1973, before introducing it in January 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DCT_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DCT is the most widely used lossy compression method, and is used in multimedia formats for images (such as JPEG and <a href="/wiki/HEIF" class="mw-redirect" title="HEIF">HEIF</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-JPEG_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPEG-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/H.264/AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/AVC">AVC</a> and HEVC) and audio (such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>). </p><p>Lossy image compression is used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, to increase storage capacities. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming video">streaming video</a> use lossy <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding formats</a>. Lossy compression is extensively used in video. </p><p>In lossy audio compression, methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible (or less audible) components of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>. Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> is distinguished as a separate discipline from general-purpose audio compression. Speech coding is used in <a href="/wiki/Internet_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telephony">internet telephony</a>, for example, audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players.<sup id="cite_ref-mahmud2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahmud2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lossy compression can cause <a href="/wiki/Generation_loss" title="Generation loss">generation loss</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theoretical basis for compression is provided by <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and, more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Shannon%27s_source_coding_theorem" title="Shannon's source coding theorem">Shannon's source coding theorem</a>; domain-specific theories include <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory" title="Algorithmic information theory">algorithmic information theory</a> for lossless compression and <a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">rate–distortion theory</a> for lossy compression. These areas of study were essentially created by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, who published fundamental papers on the topic in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Other topics associated with compression include <a href="/wiki/Coding_theory" title="Coding theory">coding theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">statistical inference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marak_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marak-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_learning">Machine learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Machine learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a close connection between <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and compression. A system that predicts the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_probabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior probabilities">posterior probabilities</a> of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">arithmetic coding</a> on the output distribution). Conversely, an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for "general intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-Mahoney_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Market_Efficiency_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market_Efficiency-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Gal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Gal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative view can show compression algorithms implicitly map strings into implicit <a href="/wiki/Feature_space_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature space vector">feature space vectors</a>, and compression-based similarity measures compute similarity within these feature spaces. For each compressor C(.) we define an associated vector space ℵ, such that C(.) maps an input string x, corresponding to the vector norm ||~x||. An exhaustive examination of the feature spaces underlying all compression algorithms is precluded by space; instead, feature vectors chooses to examine three representative lossless compression methods, LZW, LZ77, and PPM.<sup id="cite_ref-ScullyBrodley_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScullyBrodley-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/AIXI" title="AIXI">AIXI</a> theory, a connection more directly explained in <a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a>, the best possible compression of x is the smallest possible software that generates x. For example, in that model, a zip file's compressed size includes both the zip file and the unzipping software, since you can not unzip it without both, but there may be an even smaller combined form. </p><p>Examples of AI-powered audio/video compression software include <a href="/wiki/NVIDIA_Maxine" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA Maxine">NVIDIA Maxine</a>, AIVC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of software that can perform AI-powered image compression include <a href="/wiki/OpenCV" title="OpenCV">OpenCV</a>, <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>'s Image Processing Toolbox (IPT) and High-Fidelity Generative Image Compression.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_machine_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsupervised machine learning">unsupervised machine learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/K-means_clustering" title="K-means clustering">k-means clustering</a> can be utilized to compress data by grouping similar data points into clusters. This technique simplifies handling extensive datasets that lack predefined labels and finds widespread use in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data compression aims to reduce the size of data files, enhancing storage efficiency and speeding up data transmission. K-means clustering, an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, is employed to partition a dataset into a specified number of clusters, k, each represented by the <a href="/wiki/Centroid" title="Centroid">centroid</a> of its points. This process condenses extensive datasets into a more compact set of representative points. Particularly beneficial in <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, k-means clustering aids in data reduction by replacing groups of data points with their centroids, thereby preserving the core information of the original data while significantly decreasing the required storage space.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language models</a> (LLMs) are also efficient lossless data compressors on some data sets, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>'s research with the Chinchilla 70B model. Developed by DeepMind, Chinchilla 70B effectively compressed data, outperforming conventional methods such as <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a> (PNG) for images and <a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Lossless Audio Codec">Free Lossless Audio Codec</a> (FLAC) for audio. It achieved compression of image and audio data to 43.4% and 16.4% of their original sizes, respectively. There is, however, some reason to be concerned that the data set used for testing overlaps the LLM training data set, making it possible that the Chinchilla 70B model is only an efficient compression tool on data it has already been trained on.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_differencing">Data differencing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data differencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubio_Diff_Screenshot3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nubio_Diff_Screenshot3.png/220px-Nubio_Diff_Screenshot3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nubio_Diff_Screenshot3.png/330px-Nubio_Diff_Screenshot3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Nubio_Diff_Screenshot3.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/File_comparison" title="File comparison">Comparison</a> of two revisions of a file</figcaption></figure> <p>Data compression can be viewed as a special case of <a href="/wiki/Data_differencing" title="Data differencing">data differencing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC_3284_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_3284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vdelta_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vdelta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data differencing consists of producing a <i>difference</i> given a <i>source</i> and a <i>target,</i> with patching reproducing the <i>target</i> given a <i>source</i> and a <i>difference.</i> Since there is no separate source and target in data compression, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a difference from nothing. This is the same as considering absolute <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a> (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of <a href="/wiki/Relative_entropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative entropy">relative entropy</a> (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data. </p><p>The term <i>differential compression</i> is used to emphasize the data differencing connection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image">Image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy coding</a> originated in the 1940s with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano coding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the basis for <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a> which was developed in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Huffman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform coding</a> dates back to the late 1960s, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a> (FFT) coding in 1968 and the <a href="/wiki/Hadamard_transform" title="Hadamard transform">Hadamard transform</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadamard_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadamard-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important image compression technique is the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT), a technique developed in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DCT is the basis for JPEG, a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> format which was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a> (JPEG) in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-t81_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t81-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG greatly reduces the amount of data required to represent an image at the cost of a relatively small reduction in image quality and has become the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">image file format</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its highly efficient DCT-based compression algorithm was largely responsible for the wide proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photo">digital photos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">Lempel–Ziv–Welch</a> (LZW) is a <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">lossless compression</a> algorithm developed in 1984. It is used in the <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> format, introduced in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-cloanto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloanto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a>, a lossless compression algorithm specified in 1996, is used in the <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a> (PNG) format.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelet compression">Wavelet compression</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">wavelets</a> in image compression, began after the development of DCT coding.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a> standard was introduced in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the DCT algorithm used by the original JPEG format, JPEG 2000 instead uses <a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">discrete wavelet transform</a> (DWT) algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-Unser_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unser-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG 2000 technology, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a> extension, was selected as the <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standard</a> for <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio coding format</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Audio codec</a></div> <p>Audio data compression, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">dynamic range compression</a>, has the potential to reduce the transmission <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> and storage requirements of audio data. <a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs#Audio_compression_formats" title="List of codecs">Audio compression formats compression algorithms</a> are implemented in <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> as audio <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codecs</a>. In both lossy and lossless compression, <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">information redundancy</a> is reduced, using methods such as <a href="/wiki/Coding_theory" title="Coding theory">coding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a>, DCT and <a href="/wiki/Linear_prediction" title="Linear prediction">linear prediction</a> to reduce the amount of information used to represent the uncompressed data. </p><p>Lossy audio compression algorithms provide higher compression and are used in numerous audio applications including <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a> and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>. These algorithms almost all rely on <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a> to eliminate or reduce fidelity of less audible sounds, thereby reducing the space required to store or transmit them.<sup id="cite_ref-mahdi53_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahdi53-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acceptable trade-off between loss of audio quality and transmission or storage size depends upon the application. For example, one 640 MB <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) holds approximately one hour of uncompressed <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity</a> music, less than 2 hours of music compressed losslessly, or 7 hours of music compressed in the <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> format at a medium <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>. A digital sound recorder can typically store around 200 hours of clearly intelligible speech in 640 MB.<sup id="cite_ref-Olympus_WS-120_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olympus_WS-120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that can be decoded to an exact digital duplicate of the original. Compression ratios are around 50–60% of the original size,<sup id="cite_ref-FLAC_comparison_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLAC_comparison-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless codecs use <a href="/wiki/Curve_fitting" title="Curve fitting">curve fitting</a> or linear prediction as a basis for estimating the signal. Parameters describing the estimation and the difference between the estimation and the actual signal are coded separately.<sup id="cite_ref-FLAC_overview_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLAC_overview-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of lossless audio compression formats exist. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs#Lossless_compression" title="List of codecs">list of lossless codecs</a> for a listing. Some formats are associated with a distinct system, such as <a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Stream Transfer">Direct Stream Transfer</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Lossless_Packing" title="Meridian Lossless Packing">Meridian Lossless Packing</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio file formats</a> feature a combination of a lossy format and a lossless correction; this allows stripping the correction to easily obtain a lossy file. Such formats include <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a> (Scalable to Lossless), <a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OptimFROG_DualStream" class="mw-redirect" title="OptimFROG DualStream">OptimFROG DualStream</a>. </p><p>When audio files are to be processed, either by further compression or for <a href="/wiki/Audio_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio editing">editing</a>, it is desirable to work from an unchanged original (uncompressed or losslessly compressed). Processing of a lossily compressed file for some purpose usually produces a final result inferior to the creation of the same compressed file from an uncompressed original. In addition to sound editing or mixing, lossless audio compression is often used for archival storage, or as master copies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lossy_audio_compression">Lossy audio compression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lossy audio compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg/220px-AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg/330px-AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg/440px-AudiodatenkompressionManowarThePowerOfThySword.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="4517" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrograms</a> of audio in an uncompressed format and several lossy formats. The lossy spectrograms show <a href="/wiki/Bandlimiting" title="Bandlimiting">bandlimiting</a> of higher frequencies, a common technique associated with lossy audio compression.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to standalone audio-only applications of file playback in MP3 players or computers, digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression, by discarding less-critical data based on <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> optimizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaiswal_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaiswal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychoacoustics recognizes that not all data in an audio stream can be perceived by the human <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>. Most lossy compression reduces redundancy by first identifying perceptually irrelevant sounds, that is, sounds that are very hard to hear. Typical examples include high frequencies or sounds that occur at the same time as louder sounds. Those irrelevant sounds are coded with decreased accuracy or not at all. </p><p>Due to the nature of lossy algorithms, <a href="/wiki/Audio_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio quality">audio quality</a> suffers a <a href="/wiki/Digital_generation_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital generation loss">digital generation loss</a> when a file is decompressed and recompressed. This makes lossy compression unsuitable for storing the intermediate results in professional audio engineering applications, such as sound editing and multitrack recording. However, lossy formats such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> are very popular with end-users as the file size is reduced to 5-20% of the original size and a megabyte can store about a minute's worth of music at adequate quality. </p><p>Several proprietary lossy compression algorithms have been developed that provide higher quality audio performance by using a combination of lossless and lossy algorithms with adaptive bit rates and lower compression ratios. Examples include <a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a>, <a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated#Codec_description" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCL6_(codec)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCL6 (codec) (page does not exist)">SCL6</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coding_methods">Coding methods</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coding methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the <a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (MDCT) to convert <a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">time domain</a> sampled waveforms into a transform domain, typically the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">frequency domain</a>. Once transformed, component frequencies can be prioritized according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components is assessed using the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">absolute threshold of hearing</a> and the principles of <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous masking">simultaneous masking</a>—the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency—and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Temporal_masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal masking">temporal masking</a>—where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. <a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">Equal-loudness contours</a> may also be used to weigh the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic model">psychoacoustic models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faxin47_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faxin47-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other types of lossy compressors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive coding</a> (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. LPC uses a model of the human vocal tract to analyze speech sounds and infer the parameters used by the model to produce them moment to moment. These changing parameters are transmitted or stored and used to drive another model in the decoder which reproduces the sound. </p><p>Lossy formats are often used for the distribution of streaming audio or interactive communication (such as in cell phone networks). In such applications, the data must be decompressed as the data flows, rather than after the entire data stream has been transmitted. Not all audio codecs can be used for streaming applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaiswal_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaiswal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a> is introduced by the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment, called a <i>frame</i>, of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality. </p><p>In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analyzed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Speech_encoding">Speech encoding</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Speech encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Speech_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech encoding">Speech encoding</a> is an important category of audio data compression. The perceptual models used to estimate what aspects of speech a human ear can hear are generally somewhat different from those used for music. The range of frequencies needed to convey the sounds of a human voice is normally far narrower than that needed for music, and the sound is normally less complex. As a result, speech can be encoded at high quality using a relatively low bit rate. </p><p>This is accomplished, in general, by some combination of two approaches: </p> <ul><li>Only encoding sounds that could be made by a single human voice.</li> <li>Throwing away more of the data in the signal—keeping just enough to reconstruct an "intelligible" voice rather than the full frequency range of human <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>.</li></ul> <p>The earliest algorithms used in speech encoding (and audio data compression in general) were the <a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law algorithm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law algorithm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa-audioPC-925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Placa-audioPC-925.jpg/220px-Placa-audioPC-925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Placa-audioPC-925.jpg/330px-Placa-audioPC-925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Placa-audioPC-925.jpg/440px-Placa-audioPC-925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Solidyne 922: The world's first commercial audio bit compression <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a> for PC, 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Early audio research was conducted at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>. There, in 1950, <a href="/wiki/C._Chapin_Cutler" title="C. Chapin Cutler">C. Chapin Cutler</a> filed the patent on <a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">differential pulse-code modulation</a> (DPCM).<sup id="cite_ref-DPCM_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPCM-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_DPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive DPCM">Adaptive DPCM</a> (ADPCM) was introduced by P. Cummiskey, <a href="/wiki/Nikil_Jayant" title="Nikil Jayant">Nikil S. Jayant</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceptual coding">Perceptual coding</a> was first used for <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> compression, with <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive coding</a> (LPC).<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial concepts for LPC date back to the work of <a href="/wiki/Fumitada_Itakura" title="Fumitada Itakura">Fumitada Itakura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nagoya_University" title="Nagoya University">Nagoya University</a>) and Shuzo Saito (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a>) in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Bishnu_S._Atal" title="Bishnu S. Atal">Bishnu S. Atal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Manfred R. Schroeder</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> developed a form of LPC called <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_predictive_coding" title="Adaptive predictive coding">adaptive predictive coding</a> (APC), a perceptual coding algorithm that exploited the masking properties of the human ear, followed in the early 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">code-excited linear prediction</a> (CELP) algorithm which achieved a significant <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">compression ratio</a> for its time.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perceptual coding is used by modern audio compression formats such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Audio Codec">AAC</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT), developed by <a href="/wiki/N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Nasir Ahmed</a>, T. Natarajan and <a href="/wiki/K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-DCT_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (MDCT) used by modern audio compression formats such as MP3,<sup id="cite_ref-Guckert_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guckert-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Luo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and AAC.<sup id="cite_ref-brandenburg_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandenburg-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MDCT was proposed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following earlier work by Princen and Bradley in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">broadcast automation</a> audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-Zwicker_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwicker-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name <a href="/wiki/Audicom" title="Audicom">Audicom</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Solidyne_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solidyne-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35 years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using this technology manufactured by a number of companies because the inventor refused to patent his work, preferring to publish it and leave it in the public domain. <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE's <i>Journal on Selected Areas in Communications</i> (<i>JSAC</i>), in February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding.<sup id="cite_ref-Possibilities_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Possibilities-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding format</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Video codec</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed video</a> requires a very high <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video#Storage_and_Data_Rates_for_Uncompressed_Video" title="Uncompressed video">data rate</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs#Lossless_video_compression" title="List of codecs">lossless video compression</a> codecs perform at a compression factor of 5 to 12, a typical <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200.<sup id="cite_ref-MSU2007_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two key video compression techniques used in <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standards">video coding standards</a> are the DCT and <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> (MC). Most video coding standards, such as the <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> formats, typically use motion-compensated DCT video coding (block motion compensation).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most video codecs are used alongside audio compression techniques to store the separate but complementary data streams as one combined package using so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">container formats</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIP_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIP-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encoding_theory">Encoding theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Encoding theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. Such data usually contains abundant amounts of spatial and temporal <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">redundancy</a>. Video compression algorithms attempt to reduce redundancy and store information more compactly. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Video_compression_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression formats">video compression formats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">codecs</a> exploit both spatial and temporal redundancy (e.g. through difference coding with <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a>). Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between e.g. temporally adjacent frames (inter-frame coding) or spatially adjacent pixels (intra-frame coding). <a href="/wiki/Inter-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-frame">Inter-frame</a> compression (a temporal <a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">delta encoding</a>) (re)uses data from one or more earlier or later frames in a sequence to describe the current frame. <a href="/wiki/Intra-frame_coding" title="Intra-frame coding">Intra-frame coding</a>, on the other hand, uses only data from within the current frame, effectively being still-image compression.<sup id="cite_ref-faxin47_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faxin47-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format#Intra-frame_video_coding_formats" title="Video coding format">intra-frame video coding formats</a> used in camcorders and video editing employ simpler compression that uses only intra-frame prediction. This simplifies video editing software, as it prevents a situation in which a compressed frame refers to data that the editor has deleted. </p><p>Usually, video compression additionally employs <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> techniques like <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">quantization</a> that reduce aspects of the source data that are (more or less) irrelevant to the human visual perception by exploiting perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression.<sup id="cite_ref-TomLane_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomLane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in all lossy compression, there is a <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-off</a> between <a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">video quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>, cost of processing the compression and decompression, and system requirements. Highly compressed video may present visible or distracting <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">artifacts</a>. </p><p>Other methods other than the prevalent DCT-based transform formats, such as <a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">fractal compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matching_pursuit" title="Matching pursuit">matching pursuit</a> and the use of a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">discrete wavelet transform</a> (DWT), have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products. <a href="/wiki/Wavelet_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelet compression">Wavelet compression</a> is used in still-image coders and video coders without motion compensation. Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.<sup id="cite_ref-faxin47_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faxin47-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inter-frame_coding">Inter-frame coding</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inter-frame coding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter_frame" title="Inter frame">Inter frame</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Motion compensation</a></div> <p>In inter-frame coding, individual frames of a video sequence are compared from one frame to the next, and the <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video compression codec</a> records the <a href="/wiki/Residual_frame" title="Residual frame">differences</a> to the reference frame. If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved, the system can simply issue a short command that copies that part of the previous frame into the next one. If sections of the frame move in a simple manner, the compressor can emit a (slightly longer) command that tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, lighten, or darken the copy. This longer command still remains much shorter than data generated by intra-frame compression. Usually, the encoder will also transmit a residue signal which describes the remaining more subtle differences to the reference imagery. Using entropy coding, these residue signals have a more compact representation than the full signal. In areas of video with more motion, the compression must encode more data to keep up with the larger number of pixels that are changing. Commonly during explosions, flames, flocks of animals, and in some panning shots, the high-frequency detail leads to quality decreases or to increases in the <a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">variable bitrate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_block-based_transform_formats">Hybrid block-based transform formats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid block-based transform formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg/440px-Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg/660px-Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg/880px-Hybrid_video_encoder_processing_stages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Processing stages of a typical video encoder</figcaption></figure> <p>Many commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> or <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>) share the same basic architecture that dates back to <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> which was standardized in 1988 by the ITU-T. They mostly rely on the DCT, applied to rectangular blocks of neighboring pixels, and temporal prediction using <a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">motion vectors</a>, as well as nowadays also an in-loop filtering step. </p><p>In the prediction stage, various <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">deduplication</a> and difference-coding techniques are applied that help decorrelate data and describe new data based on already transmitted data. </p><p>Then rectangular blocks of remaining <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> data are transformed to the frequency domain. In the main lossy processing stage, frequency domain data gets quantized in order to reduce information that is irrelevant to human visual perception. </p><p>In the last stage statistical redundancy gets largely eliminated by an <a href="/wiki/Entropy_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy coder">entropy coder</a> which often applies some form of arithmetic coding. </p><p>In an additional in-loop filtering stage various filters can be applied to the reconstructed image signal. By computing these filters also inside the encoding loop they can help compression because they can be applied to reference material before it gets used in the prediction process and they can be guided using the original signal. The most popular example are <a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">deblocking filters</a> that blur out blocking artifacts from quantization discontinuities at transform block boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format#History" title="Video coding format">Video coding format § History</a></div> <p>In 1967, A.H. Robinson and C. Cherry proposed a <a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">run-length encoding</a> bandwidth compression scheme for the transmission of analog television signals.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DCT, which is fundamental to modern video compression,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Nasir Ahmed</a>, T. Natarajan and <a href="/wiki/K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-DCT_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patents_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patents-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a>, which debuted in 1988, commercially introduced the prevalent basic architecture of video compression technology.<sup id="cite_ref-history_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding format</a> based on DCT compression.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.261 was developed by a number of companies, including <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/PictureTel" title="PictureTel">PictureTel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>, <a href="/wiki/BT_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="BT plc">BT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most popular <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standards</a> used for codecs have been the <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> standards. <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Experts_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Experts Group">Motion Picture Experts Group</a> (MPEG) in 1991, and it was designed to compress <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>-quality video. It was succeeded in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>/<a href="/wiki/H.262" class="mw-redirect" title="H.262">H.262</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-history_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was developed by a number of companies, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mp2-patents_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp2-patents-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2 became the standard video format for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/SD_digital_television" class="mw-redirect" title="SD digital television">SD digital television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, it was followed by <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Visual" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Visual">MPEG-4</a>/<a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also developed by a number of companies, primarily Mitsubishi Electric, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mp4-patents_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp4-patents-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> was developed in 2003 by a number of organizations, primarily Panasonic, <a href="/wiki/Godo_kaisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Godo kaisha">Godo Kaisha IP Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-avc-patents_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avc-patents-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AVC commercially introduced the modern <a href="/wiki/Context-adaptive_binary_arithmetic_coding" title="Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding">context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding</a> (CABAC) and <a href="/wiki/Context-adaptive_variable-length_coding" title="Context-adaptive variable-length coding">context-adaptive variable-length coding</a> (CAVLC) algorithms. AVC is the main video encoding standard for <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a>, and is widely used by video sharing websites and streaming internet services such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>, web software such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> broadcasts over terrestrial and satellite television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetics_compression_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetics compression algorithms">Genetics compression algorithms</a> are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for <a href="/wiki/HapMap" class="mw-redirect" title="HapMap">HapMap</a> data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and is less computationally intensive than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF-based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset.<sup id="cite_ref-HapZipper_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HapZipper-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other algorithms developed in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold—allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).<sup id="cite_ref-genome_email_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genome_email-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genome_contracts_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genome_contracts-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a benchmark in genetics/genomics data compressors, see <sup id="cite_ref-Morteza_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteza-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outlook_and_currently_unused_potential">Outlook and currently unused potential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Outlook and currently unused potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that the total amount of data that is stored on the world's storage devices could be further compressed with existing compression algorithms by a remaining average factor of 4.5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300 <a href="/wiki/Exabytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabytes">exabytes</a> of hardware digits in 2007, but when the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295 exabytes of <a href="/wiki/Shannon_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Shannon information">Shannon information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Capacity_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Capacity-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">HTTP compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_description_length" title="Minimum description length">Minimum description length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulo-N_code" title="Modulo-N code">Modulo-N code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_coding" title="Motion coding">Motion coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_redundancy_compression" title="Set redundancy compression">Set redundancy compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal code (data compression)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_quantization" title="Vector quantization">Vector quantization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wade-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wade_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWade1994" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Graham (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJswCy7_W8YC"><i>Signal coding and processing</i></a> (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42336-6"><bdi>978-0-521-42336-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-22</span></span>. <q>The broad objective of source coding is to exploit or remove 'inefficient' redundancy in the <a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> source and thereby achieve a reduction in the overall source rate R.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signal+coding+and+processing&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42336-6&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJswCy7_W8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahdi53-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahdi53_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahdi53_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahdiMohammed,_M.A.Mohamed,_A.J.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mahdi, O.A.; Mohammed, M.A.; Mohamed, A.J. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijcsi.org/papers/IJCSI-9-6-3-53-59.pdf">"Implementing a Novel Approach an Convert Audio Compression to Text Coding via Hybrid Technique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Computer Science Issues</i>. <b>9</b> (6, No. 3): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320103924/http://ijcsi.org/papers/IJCSI-9-6-3-53-59.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Computer+Science+Issues&rft.atitle=Implementing+a+Novel+Approach+an+Convert+Audio+Compression+to+Text+Coding+via+Hybrid+Technique&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6%2C+No.+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=O.A.&rft.au=Mohammed%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+A.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijcsi.org%2Fpapers%2FIJCSI-9-6-3-53-59.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PujarKadlaskar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PujarKadlaskar_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPujarKadlaskar,_L.M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pujar, J.H.; Kadlaskar, L.M. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jatit.org/volumes/research-papers/Vol15No1/3Vol15No1.pdf">"A New Lossless Method of Image Compression and Decompression Using Huffman Coding Techniques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524105217/http://www.jatit.org/volumes/research-papers/Vol15No1/3Vol15No1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+and+Applied+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=A+New+Lossless+Method+of+Image+Compression+and+Decompression+Using+Huffman+Coding+Techniques&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Pujar&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft.au=Kadlaskar%2C+L.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jatit.org%2Fvolumes%2Fresearch-papers%2FVol15No1%2F3Vol15No1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salomon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2008" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, David (2008). <i>A Concise Introduction to Data Compression</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848000728" title="Special:BookSources/9781848000728"><bdi>9781848000728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Introduction+to+Data+Compression&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781848000728&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tank-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tank_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTank2011" class="citation book cs1">Tank, M.K. (2011). 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/63104">"Mathematical properties of the JPEG2000 wavelet filters"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Image Processing</i>. <b>12</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1080–</span>1090. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITIP...12.1080U">2003ITIP...12.1080U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIP.2003.812329">10.1109/TIP.2003.812329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18237979">18237979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2765169">2765169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Image+Processing&rft.atitle=Mathematical+properties+of+the+JPEG2000+wavelet+filters&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1080-%3C%2Fspan%3E1090&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTIP.2003.812329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2765169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18237979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ITIP...12.1080U&rft.aulast=Unser&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Blu%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F63104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Gary (8–12 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/wftp3/av-arch/video-site/0312_Wai/VCEG-U06.doc">"General characteristics and design considerations for temporal subband video coding"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">Video Coding Experts Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITU-T&rft.atitle=General+characteristics+and+design+considerations+for+temporal+subband+video+coding&rft.date=2003-12-08%2F2003-12-12&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fwftp3%2Fav-arch%2Fvideo-site%2F0312_Wai%2FVCEG-U06.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBovik2009" class="citation book cs1">Bovik, Alan C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXmSPPB_c_0C&pg=PA355"><i>The Essential Guide to Video Processing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080922508" title="Special:BookSources/9780080922508"><bdi>9780080922508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Guide+to+Video+Processing&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780080922508&rft.aulast=Bovik&rft.aufirst=Alan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwXmSPPB_c_0C%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2005" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Charles S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYw3ehoBnjkC&pg=PA147"><i>Understanding Digital Cinema: A Professional Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780240806174" title="Special:BookSources/9780240806174"><bdi>9780240806174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Digital+Cinema%3A+A+Professional+Handbook&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780240806174&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYw3ehoBnjkC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamMcGregor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Stuart; McGregor, Iain (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F8265301">"Subjective Evaluation of Music Compressed with the ACER Codec Compared to AAC, MP3, and Uncompressed PCM"</a>. <i>International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting</i>. <b>2019</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F8265301">10.1155/2019/8265301</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Digital+Multimedia+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Subjective+Evaluation+of+Music+Compressed+with+the+ACER+Codec+Compared+to+AAC%2C+MP3%2C+and+Uncompressed+PCM&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2019%2F8265301&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2019%252F8265301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olympus_WS-120-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olympus_WS-120_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Olympus WS-120 digital speech recorder, according to its manual, can store about 178 hours of speech-quality audio in .WMA format in 500 MB of flash memory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLAC_comparison-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FLAC_comparison_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoalson" class="citation web cs1">Coalson, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xiph.org/flac/comparison.html">"FLAC Comparison"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Format+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxiph.org%2Fflac%2Fdocumentation_format_overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaiswal-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaiswal_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaiswal_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaiswal2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaiswal, R.C. (2009). <i>Audio-Video Engineering</i>. 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Berlin: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threedimensional00yufa/page/n62">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642126512" title="Special:BookSources/9783642126512"><bdi>9783642126512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three-Dimensional+Model+Analysis+and+Processing&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783642126512&rft.au=Faxin+Yu&rft.au=Hao+Luo&rft.au=Zheming+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreedimensional00yufa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPCM-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DPCM_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="harv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2605361">US patent 2605361</a>, C. 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310967">21310967</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206531385">206531385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Technological+Capacity+to+Store%2C+Communicate%2C+and+Compute+Information&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=6025&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1200970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206531385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21310967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...332...60H&rft.au=Hilbert%2C+Martin&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez%2C+Priscila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1200970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_compression&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvd-hq.info/data_compression_3.php">"Part 3: Video compression"</a>, <i>Data Compression Basics</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+3%3A+Video+compression&rft.btitle=Data+Compression+Basics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvd-hq.info%2Fdata_compression_3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Larbier" class="citation cs2">Pierre Larbier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905092232/http://extranet.ateme.com/download.php?file=1114"><i>Using 10-bit AVC/H.264 Encoding with 4:2:2 for Broadcast Contribution</i></a>, Ateme, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extranet.ateme.com/download.php?file=1114">the original</a> on 2009-09-05</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+10-bit+AVC%2FH.264+Encoding+with+4%3A2%3A2+for+Broadcast+Contribution&rft.pub=Ateme&rft.au=Pierre+Larbier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextranet.ateme.com%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3D1114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830224011/http://extranet.ateme.com/download.php?file=1194">Why does 10-bit save bandwidth (even when content is 8-bit)?</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2017-08-30)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830224021/http://extranet.ateme.com/download.php?file=1196">Which compression technology should be used?</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2017-08-30)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/99/04705184/0470518499.pdf"><i>Introduction to Compression Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Wiley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928023157/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/99/04705184/0470518499.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2007-09-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Compression+Theory&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wiley.com%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F99%2F04705184%2F0470518499.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+compression" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3296.pdf">EBU subjective listening tests on low-bitrate audio codecs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techgage.com/article/audio_archiving_guide_part_1_-_music_formats/">Audio Archiving Guide: Music Formats</a> (Guide for helping a user pick out the right codec)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928023157/http://mia.ece.uic.edu/~papers/WWW/MultimediaStandards/chapter7.pdf">MPEG 1&2 video compression intro (pdf format)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived September 28, 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=Lossless_comparison">hydrogenaudio wiki comparison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/pscico-guyb/realworld/www/compression.pdf">Introduction to Data Compression</a> by Guy E Blelloch from <a href="/wiki/CMU" class="mw-redirect" title="CMU">CMU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monkeysaudio.com/theory.html">Explanation of lossless signal compression method used by most codecs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315021124/http://www.videsignline.com/howto/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=185301351">Videsignline – Intro to Video Compression</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2010-03-15)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527124650/http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/tsu12345usen/TSU12345USEN.PDF">Data Footprint Reduction Technology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2013-05-27)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siliconmentor.blogspot.in/2014/12/what-is-run-length-coding-in-video.html">What is Run length Coding in video compression</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">Byte pair encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZSS + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li>LZHAM</li></ul></li> <li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Predictive type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Audio">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.267&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.267 (page does not exist)">H.267 / Enhanced Coding Model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P2/AVS+</a>(GB/T 20090.2/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) <ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li> <li>AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_Video_Codec_Suite" title="Ut Video Codec Suite">Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P10</a>(GB/T 20090.10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Vivid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Vivid (page does not exist)">Audio Vivid</a>(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a>(GB/T 22726)</li> <li>ExAC(SJ/T 11299.4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAudio" title="RTAudio">RTAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li>TTA <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_compression_software609" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Compression_software" title="Template talk:Compression software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compression_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Compression software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_compression_software609" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data compression</a> software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_archivers" title="Comparison of file archivers">Archivers</a> with<br /> compression<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_archivers" title="Comparison of file archivers">comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7-Zip" title="7-Zip">7-Zip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_(software)" title="Ark (software)">Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_Applications#Expander" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Applications">Expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeArc" title="FreeArc">FreeArc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Archive_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="GNOME Archive Manager">GNOME Archive Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info-ZIP" title="Info-ZIP">Info-ZIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB_Archiver" title="KGB Archiver">KGB Archiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(command)" title="Pax (command)">pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeaZip" title="PeaZip">PeaZip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAD_(software)" title="XAD (software)">XAD</a> (decompression only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xarchiver" title="Xarchiver">Xarchiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipeg" title="Zipeg">Zipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPAQ" title="ZPAQ">ZPAQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filzip" title="Filzip">Filzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(computing)" title="Lhasa (computing)">Lhasa</a> (decompression only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StuffIt_Expander" title="StuffIt Expander">StuffIt Expander</a> (decompression only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unarchiver" title="The Unarchiver">The Unarchiver</a> (decompression only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUGZip" title="TUGZip">TUGZip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZipGenius" title="ZipGenius">ZipGenius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(file_format)" title="ARC (file format)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALZip" title="ALZip">ALZip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARJ" title="ARJ">ARJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BetterZip" title="BetterZip">BetterZip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBinary" title="MacBinary">MacBinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKZIP" title="PKZIP">PKZIP/SecureZIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerArchiver" title="PowerArchiver">PowerArchiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StuffIt" title="StuffIt">StuffIt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinAce" title="WinAce">WinAce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinRAR" title="WinRAR">WinRAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinZip" title="WinZip">WinZip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-archiving<br />compressors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Generic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compress_(software)" title="Compress (software)">compress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lzip" title="Lzip">lzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lzop" title="Lzop">lzop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_(software)" title="Pack (software)">pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzip" title="Rzip">rzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XZ_Utils" title="XZ Utils">XZ Utils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">zstd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Executable_compression" title="Executable compression">For code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/UPX" title="UPX">UPX</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Audio">Audio<br /> compression</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;padding-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_FDK_AAC" title="Fraunhofer FDK AAC">Fraunhofer FDK AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_AAC_Codec" title="Nero AAC Codec">Nero AAC Codec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAAC" title="FAAC">FAAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_(multimedia_project)" title="Helix (multimedia project)">Helix DNA Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L3enc" title="L3enc">l3enc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TooLAME" title="TooLAME">TooLAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libavcodec" title="Libavcodec">libavcodec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">libcelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">libopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">libspeex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">libvorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Encoder" title="Windows Media Encoder">Windows Media Encoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;padding-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libavcodec" title="Libavcodec">libavcodec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">mp4als</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_(codec)" title="Shorten (codec)">Shorten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Video">Video<br /> compression</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 ASP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3ivx" title="3ivx">3ivx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Digital" title="Nero Digital">Nero Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDX4" title="HDX4">HDX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xvid" title="Xvid">Xvid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoreAVC" title="CoreAVC">CoreAVC</a></li> <li>Blu-code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Digital" title="Nero Digital">Nero Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenH264" title="OpenH264">OpenH264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X264" title="X264">x264</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X265" title="X265">x265</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">CineForm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">DNxHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_(multimedia_project)" title="Helix (multimedia project)">Helix DNA Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libavcodec" title="Libavcodec">libavcodec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">Schrödinger (Dirac)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Bitrate_Control" title="Smart Bitrate Control">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorenson codec">Sorenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">libtheora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libvpx" title="Libvpx">libvpx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Encoder" title="Windows Media Encoder">Windows Media Encoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">compression methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_formats" title="Template:Compression formats">compression formats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data8" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data" title="Template:Data"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data" title="Template talk:Data"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data8" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">Anonymization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_archaeology" title="Data archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_curation" title="Data curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_ecosystem" title="Data ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_editing" title="Data editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load" title="Extract, transform, load">ETL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extract,_load,_transform" title="Extract, load, transform">ELT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_extraction" title="Data extraction">Extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loading" title="Data loading">Load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_farming" title="Data farming">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_format_management" title="Data format management">Format management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_fusion" title="Data fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_cooperative" title="Data cooperative">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_infrastructure" title="Data infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_integration" title="Data integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Data library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_lineage" title="Data lineage">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">Loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_philanthropy" title="Data philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_pre-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data pre-processing">Pre-processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_preservation" title="Data preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Protection (privacy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_reduction" title="Data reduction">Reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">Retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_steward" title="Data steward">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_data_analysis" title="Topological data analysis">Topological data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Wrangling/munging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_files91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_files" title="Template:Computer files"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_files" title="Template talk:Computer files"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_files" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer files"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_files91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">Computer files</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">Binary file</a> / <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_file" title="Data file">Data file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">File format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_formats" title="List of file formats">List of file formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_signatures" title="List of file signatures">File signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">Magic number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open file formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_file_format" title="Proprietary file format">Proprietary file formats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafile">Metafile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidecar_file" title="Sidecar file">Sidecar file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">Sparse file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap file">Swap file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_file" title="System file">System file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-byte_file" title="Zero-byte file">Zero-byte file</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">Filename</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_filename" title="Long filename">Long filename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filename_mangling" title="Filename mangling">Filename mangling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_filename_extensions" title="List of filename extensions">List of filename extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">File size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_file_and_hidden_directory" title="Hidden file and hidden directory">Hidden file / Hidden directory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory/folder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">NTFS links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_folder" title="Temporary folder">Temporary folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_structure" title="Directory structure">Directory structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic file system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="File operation">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">File descriptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcut_(computing)" title="Shortcut (computing)">Shortcut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(Mac_OS)" title="Alias (Mac OS)">Alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(OS/2)" title="Shadow (OS/2)">Shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic link</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_comparison" title="File comparison">File comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_managers" title="Comparison of file managers">Comparison of file managers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_fragmentation" title="File system fragmentation">File system fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">File-system permissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_synchronization" title="File synchronization">File synchronization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_verification" title="File verification">File verification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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