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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current term subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Presidium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Senators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Constituencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Senate of Poland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مجلس شيوخ بولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس شيوخ بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Сенат Польшчы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сенат Польшчы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Сэнат Рэспублікі Польшча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэнат Рэспублікі Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0)" title="Сенат (Полша) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сенат (Полша)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_de_Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Senat de Polònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senat de Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C3%A1t_Polska" title="Senát Polska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Senát Polska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Polens_senat" title="Republikken Polens senat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Polens senat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_der_Republik_Polen" title="Senat der Republik Polen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Senat der Republik Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_de_Polonia" title="Senado de Polonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Senado de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_senato" title="Pola senato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pola senato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniako_Senatua" title="Poloniako Senatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poloniako Senatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_Pologne" title="Sénat de Pologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sénat de Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_de_Polonia" title="Senado de Polonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Senado de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%83%81%EC%9B%90" title="폴란드 상원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드 상원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Լեհաստանի սենատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստանի սենատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljski_Senat" title="Poljski Senat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljski Senat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Polandia" title="Senat Polandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senat Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senato_(Polonia)" title="Senato (Polonia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Senato (Polonia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הסנאט של פולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסנאט של פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთის რესპუბლიკის სენატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთის რესპუბლიკის სენატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polijas_Republikas_Sen%C4%81ts" title="Polijas Republikas Senāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polijas Republikas Senāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkijos_Senatas" title="Lenkijos Senatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkijos Senatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szen%C3%A1tus_(Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Szenátus (Lengyelország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szenátus (Lengyelország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaat_(Polen)" title="Senaat (Polen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Senaat (Polen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A2" title="ポーランド共和国上院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド共和国上院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polens_senat" title="Polens senat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polens senat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej" title="Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Senado da Polónia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senado da Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Сенат Польши – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сенат Польши" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Senate of Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljski_Senat" title="Poljski Senat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljski Senat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan_senaatti" title="Puolan senaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolan senaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polens_senat" title="Polens senat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polens senat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya_Senatosu" title="Polonya Senatosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya Senatosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D1%96" title="Сенат Польщі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сенат Польщі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_vi%E1%BB%87n_Ba_Lan" title="Thượng viện Ba Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thượng viện Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Senate of the Republic of Poland</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><i>Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland">11th term</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/300px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/400px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7342" data-file-height="10509" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish parliament">Polish parliament</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1493<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1493</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Poland">historical</a>)<br />1921 (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">contemporary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Marshal of the Senate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><span data-sort-value="Kidawa-Błońska, Małgorzata"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska" title="Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska">Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska</a></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Platform (Poland)">PO</a> <br />since 13 November 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Deputy Marshal of the Senate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Grupi%C5%84ski" title="Rafał Grupiński">Rafał Grupiński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Platform (Poland)">PO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat" title="Magdalena Biejat">Magdalena Biejat</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">NL</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maciej_%C5%BBywno" title="Maciej Żywno">Maciej Żywno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kamiński">Michał Kamiński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats" title="Union of European Democrats">UED</a><br /><i>vacant</i>, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> <br />since 13 November 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">100 senators <i>(51 majority)</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/250px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/375px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/500px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Donald_Tusk" title="Third Cabinet of Donald Tusk">Government</a> (62)</b> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">KO</a> (41)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3DB53A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">TD</a> (12)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AC145A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">L</a> (9)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a> (3)</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> Independent and Self-Governing (3)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Opposition</a> (34)</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#263778; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> (34)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <b>Vacant</b> (1)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://senat.gov.pl">senat<wbr />.gov<wbr />.pl</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98975#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Rules</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senat.gov.pl/en/about-the-senate/regulamin-senatu/">"The Rules and Regulations of the Senate"</a>. <i>senat.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=The+Rules+and+Regulations+of+the+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fabout-the-senate%2Fregulamin-senatu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Senate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Senat</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Polish parliament</a>, the lower house being the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Sejm</a>. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partition</a> of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a <a href="/wiki/Universal_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal ballot">universal ballot</a> and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (<i>Marszałek Senatu</i>). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska" title="Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska">Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska</a>. </p><p>Following a brief period of existence under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejska Street, in close proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Crosses_Square" title="Three Crosses Square">Three Crosses Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów Castle</a>. </p><p>Like most parliaments in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Poland's parliament is asymmetric, where the lower chamber is dominant over the upper chamber. Unlike the Sejm, the Senate cannot unilaterally veto legislation nor can it bring down the government in a vote of no confidence, and the chamber and its members generally receive far less attention compared to the Sejm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In line with Article 10, Paragraph 2, and Article 95 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Polish Constitution of 2 April 1997</a>, the Senate and the Sejm exercise legislative power. The Senate is composed of 100 senators who are elected for a term of four years in general election in a direct vote by secret ballot. Alongside the Sejm, the President of the Polish Republic, the Council of Ministers and all citizens of Poland, the Senate has the right to take legislative initiatives. </p><p>If it is necessary for the Sejm and Senate to convene jointly as a general session of the National Assembly, this joint session will be chaired by the Marshal of the Sejm or by the Marshal of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate is allowed 30 days to examine any piece of draft legislation passed by the Sejm, 14 days if a bill is considered to be urgent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any bill submitted by the Sejm to the Senate may be adopted by the latter without any amendments or amended or rejected (but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm). Any resolution of the Senate, as a result of which a bill is repealed or amended, is considered to be passed provided it has not been rejected by the Sejm. </p><p>However, for the state budget, the Senate has 20 days to examine it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For amending the constitution, the Senate has 60 days for analysis. If the constitution is amended, identical wording of the amendment must be approved by both the Sejm and the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president</a> cannot decide to stage a nationwide referendum on matters of national importance unless he or she has been given explicit permission to do so by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate is also empowered to examine any reports submitted by the Commissioner for the Protection of Citizens' Rights and the National Broadcasting Council. Other than its significant involvement in the legislative process, the Senate is required to grant its consent in the case of appointment or removal of the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation</a>, the Commissioner for Protection of Citizens' Rights and the Ombudsman for Children and the General Inspector for Personal Data Protection. </p><p>However, unlike the Sejm, the Senate has no role in providing for oversight of the executive. The Senate currently appoints one member of the National Broadcasting Council, two members of the Council of the Institute of National Remembrance, two of its own senators to sit on the National Judiciary Board and three members of the Monetary Policy Council of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Marshal of the Senate</a> and any 30 senators may also request the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Tribunal of Poland">Constitutional Tribunal</a> to examine any act of domestic legislation or international agreement to check that it complies with the constitution, ratified international agreements, and other legislation. </p><p>Since the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, the Senate also has the right to report issues about option and implementation of <a href="/wiki/European_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="European legislation">European legislation</a> in Poland to the central authorities of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_and_Commonwealth">Kingdom and Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom and Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Haller,_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_(1506,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johann_Haller%2C_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_%281506%2C_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Johann_Haller%2C_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_%281506%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johann_Haller%2C_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_%281506%2C_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Johann_Haller%2C_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_%281506%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johann_Haller%2C_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_%281506%2C_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Johann_Haller%2C_Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_%281506%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A leaf from the Łaski Statute depicting the Polish Senate in 1503</figcaption></figure> <p>The Senate can be traced back approximately five hundred years to a council of royal advisors. In the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Nobles' Democracy</a>, the Senate was a <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a> rather than an upper chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, and consisted of members of the royal cabinet and the royal court, together with <a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">burgraves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellans</a> (all appointed by the king), and Catholic bishops (see <a href="/wiki/Offices_in_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth#Senatorial_offices" title="Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Senatorial offices</a> for details). It was not until 1453 that the first mention was made of a two chamber legislative body in which the 'lords' of the kingdom were represented in a 'council of lords', however, by 1493 the Sejm, made up of the king, Senate and Chamber of Deputies was finally established as a permanent legislative body for the Polish kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1501 at <a href="/wiki/Mielnik" title="Mielnik">Mielnik</a>, senators attempted to force the soon to be crowned king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I Jagiellon</a> to devolve all royal powers relating to the governing of the state to them. However, whilst Alexander first agreed, after his coronation he refused to affirm this privilege. Later the <a href="/wiki/Nihil_novi" title="Nihil novi">Nihil Novi act</a> of 1505 affirmed the right of both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate to propagate common law for the kingdom. In 1529 the Senate finally reached a decision on its own composition; after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a> to the Kingdom of Poland, the Senate became composed of Roman Catholic diocesan bishops, voivodes, lesser and greater castellans, ministers (grand chamberlain, chancellor, deputy chancellors, grand treasurer and court Marshal), all of whom were appointed for life by the king. At this time the competences of the Senate were also laid down as pertaining to participation in legislation, foreign policy and the Sejm Court. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG/220px-Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG/330px-Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG/440px-Session_of_the_Polish_Senate_in_Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_in_1661.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>The 1661 session of the Senate in <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasna Góra">Jasna Góra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1537 the Senate followed a course of action which would have seen it become the most important institution in protecting landowners’ rights and freedoms. However, this view was at odds with those of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> who believed that the Senate was becoming far too powerful. Resultantly, over the period of 1562–69, the Senate lost many of its powers and influence, eventually becoming subordinate to its formerly-equal companion body, the Chamber of Deputies. In 1569 a very important milestone was achieved when the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> was signed and senators of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> were incorporated into the Royal Senate of Poland in order to form the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. In addition to this, senators from the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, a fiefdom of the Polish king, were incorporated after having been absent since gaining autonomy in 1466. After these developments the Senate was composed of 142 senators: 15 bishops, 35 provincial governors, 31 greater castellans, 47 lesser castellans and 14 ministers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Wojniakowski,_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg/220px-Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg/330px-Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg/440px-Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8277" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>In 1791, the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">Great Sejm</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Four-Year_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-Year Sejm">Four-Year Sejm</a>" of 1788–1792 and Senate adopt the <a href="/wiki/May_3rd_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="May 3rd Constitution">May 3rd Constitution</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle in Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/110px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/165px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/220px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland#Legislative" title="Politics of Poland">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland">Current Parliament</a></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/50px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/75px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/100px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="653" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/50px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/75px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/100px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="327" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/30px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/45px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/60px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Ho%C5%82ownia" title="Szymon Hołownia">Szymon Hołownia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Deputy Marshal of the Sejm">Deputy Marshals</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7342" data-file-height="10509" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Marshal</a> <span data-sort-value="Kidawa- Błońska, Małgorzata Maria"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska" title="Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska">Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska</a></span></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Deputy Marshals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland#Executive" title="Politics of Poland">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>)</li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg/70px-Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg/105px-Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg/140px-Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">PO</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Poland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Poland" title="Ministries of Poland">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Supreme Court of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland#List_of_First_Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="Supreme Court of Poland">First President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Manowska" title="Małgorzata Manowska">Małgorzata Manowska</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">Constitutional Tribunal</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Current_Justices" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Przy%C5%82%C4%99bska" title="Julia Przyłębska">Julia Przyłębska</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Poland">Supreme Administrative Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="State Tribunal (Poland)">State Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Polish_presidential_election" title="2020 Polish presidential election">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">Parliamentary</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Poland" title="Local elections in Poland">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a 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title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodeship (Poland)">Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voivodes_of_Poland_(since_1999)" title="Voivodes of Poland (since 1999)">voivodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_marshal" title="Voivodeship marshal">marshals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>powiat</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Communes <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>gmina</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Radosław Sikorski">Radosław Sikorski</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Poland">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Poland">in Poland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current ambassadors of Poland">Ambassadors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Political history of Poland">political</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Armed forces</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Poland" title="Template:Politics of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Politics of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This old senate did not include the separate post of the Senate Marshal. The Senate's sessions were presided over by the king, who was represented in person by the 'grand royal marshal', a figure who could ultimately be described as prime minister of the kingdom. It was this marshal who, on behalf of the king, presided over joint sessions (in which both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies took part) of the Sejm. Should the grand royal marshal by absent, sessions were presided over by the court's crown marshal. Both of these two marshals sat in the Senate and, like other senators, enjoyed a lifelong appointment by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important senator or 'president of the senate' was, at the time, the archbishop of Gniezno who, as Primate of Poland and 'first Duke of the Kingdom', was considered to hold the most senior state position below that of the monarch. The archbishop presided over sessions of the Senate during periods of the king's absence. The primate even had the right to convene 'secret' councils with the Senate without the king's permission and, should the need arise, even against his will. During periods of interregnum the primate immediately became, by default, the interrex (acting monarch), and thus could convene the Sejm at will. </p><p>In 1573 the Senate received new rights under the Henrician Articles; these allowed the Senate to reprimand the king and instructed that the monarch must always be accompanied by an advisory body of at least four senators. The Senate also ruled that the king must not arbitrarily propagate new laws and that he must first consult with the Senate before entering into marriage or agreeing to inter-state alliances. Under King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III of Poland">Sigismund III of Poland</a> and later his son, King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Władysław IV</a>, the Senate grew in importance and kings began to rule with the help of an advisory body in which they placed most of their trust. This body was colloquially known as the 'Little Senate' and was made up of a number of highly trusted senators loyal to the king. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG/220px-Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG/330px-Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG/440px-Senate_Chamber_design_Warsaw_Louis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Unrealised (1765) plans for a new senate chamber at the Royal Castle in Warsaw</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1631 and 1632 the Senate first used its right to veto constitutional acts adopted by the Chamber of Deputies. This marks the first phase of the Senate's demise as powerful nobles (known as the magnates) begin to exercise their power in the legislature. By 1669 the situation had become so bad that landowners took to the streets and, angered by the magnates machinations during the earlier royal election of <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michael I</a>, shot at passing senators. By 1717 the king was obliged to implement recommendations given by the senators-resident and by 1773 the cardinal laws pertaining to the 'power of legislating for the Republic in three estates' had been passed and the Senate had begun to hold joint debates with the Chamber of Deputies as a single 'united' Sejm. As a result, in 1775, the senators-resident or 'Little Senate' were abolished and were replaced with a '<a href="/wiki/Permanent_Council" title="Permanent Council">Permanent Council</a>' of senators and deputies headed by the king. </p><p>In 1791 a particularly important development took place when the <a href="/wiki/May_3rd_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="May 3rd Constitution">May 3rd Constitution</a> removed the king from the three estate Sejm and transformed the previously equal Chamber of Deputies and Senate into a modern parliament comprising a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> (Chamber of Deputies) and <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> (Senate). The Senate, however, lost much of its right to legislate and, whilst still appointed by the king, senators were now to be chosen and put forward by provincial legislative bodies known as <a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">Sejmiks</a>. </p><p>The Senate continued to exist until 1794, right up until the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>. In 1795 the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">third partition of Poland</a> took place, thus ending the first chapter of the Senate's history.<sup id="cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitions">Partitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the existence of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Congress Kingdom of Poland the president of the Senate presided over the Senate; this officer of state was appointed for life by the king, and was chosen from among the ordinary, secular senators. Additionally, in the Congress Kingdom the Senate was on an equal footing with the Chamber of Deputies, it was then composed of bishops, provincial governors, castellans and <a href="/wiki/Prince_du_Sang" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince du Sang">princes of the imperial blood</a>. Despite this, the Senate of the Congress Kingdom had very little power and was largely a powerless, representative institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second,_People's_and_Third_republics"><span id="Second.2C_People.27s_and_Third_republics"></span>Second, People's and Third republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second, People's and Third republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierwsze_posiedzenie_senatu,_1922_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pierwsze_posiedzenie_senatu%2C_1922_r.jpg/220px-Pierwsze_posiedzenie_senatu%2C_1922_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Pierwsze_posiedzenie_senatu%2C_1922_r.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>The first session of the reestablished Senate in 1922 after its 127-year hiatus</figcaption></figure> <p>In the newly re-established Poland after the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_(Poland)" title="March Constitution (Poland)">March Constitution of 1921</a> set out a system whereby the Senate would be led by its <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Deputy Marshals</a> who were elected via a simple majority system by senators from among their ranks, they were then expected to serve for the Senate's term of office; the same rules were followed under the April Constitution of 1935. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, senators were elected by universal ballot. </p><p>In the 1921 constitution the Senate was established as the upper house of the Polish parliament, which from then on was to be known as the 'National Assembly', with the previously overarching term 'Sejm' being used to refer only to the lower house of parliament. The senate, whilst not having the right to introduce legislation, was entrusted with the right of veto over the Sejm, the right to demand written explanations of policy decisions from government ministers and a part to play in electing, along with the Sejm, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president of the Republic</a> in a unified secret ballot. At the time the Senate was composed of 111 senators, each of whom was elected to represent, along with a number of others, one of Poland's sub-national provinces. The term of office for senators amounted to five years. During the inter-war period the senate met in five convocations.<sup id="cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg/220px-Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg/330px-Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg/440px-Polish_Senate_Commission_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The Senate Agricultural Committee, 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>After a failure in 1926 to consolidate its powers and receive the right to introduce legislation, the Senate continued to function in its original 1921 role, until the <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup</a> of 1926, after which the Senate became the supreme legislative body of the republic and increased its power at the expense of that of the Sejm. However, it was still largely subordinate to the president and, until the death of coup-instigator <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, Chief of State. After the invasion of Poland by German forces, on 2 November 1939, the president of Poland <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a> ordered that the Senate and Sejm cease to operate and remain in recess until the end of the war, after which elections were ordered to take place within 60 days after the cessation of hostilities; this however, was never to take place. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sala_Senatu,_Warszawa,_1930.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sala_Senatu%2C_Warszawa%2C_1930.png/220px-Sala_Senatu%2C_Warszawa%2C_1930.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sala_Senatu%2C_Warszawa%2C_1930.png/330px-Sala_Senatu%2C_Warszawa%2C_1930.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sala_Senatu%2C_Warszawa%2C_1930.png/440px-Sala_Senatu%2C_Warszawa%2C_1930.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>A debate taking place in the Senate, 9 December 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum" title="1946 Polish people's referendum">a referendum</a> organised in 1946 by the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> regime, the Senate was abolished in the post-<a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>. It is estimated, based on actual results obtained after the fall of Communism in 1989, that should the referendum have been fairly organised, the real outcome would have shown that 73% of respondents were in favour of retaining the Senate in the legislative system and the institution would not have been abolished. Indeed, in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where the opposition managed to ensure a fair vote, the 'no' result relating to the question as to whether people favoured the abolition of the Senate was recorded as being 84%. </p><p>The Senate was only reestablished after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989-present)#Round_Table_Agreement_and_democratic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1989-present)">agreement struck between the Communists and Solidarity</a> in 1989. During the first <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative election">election</a> to the newly reestablished senate in 1989 the future-president <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Citizens%27_Committee" title="Solidarity Citizens' Committee">Solidarity</a> Movement won 99 of the 100 seats being contested, with the final seat being taken by an independent. This enormous size of this defeat greatly embarrassed the ruling <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> and hastened their exit from power, thus paving the way for the establishment of a democratic Poland and the foundation of the third republic, in which the Senate was to become a permanent upper house of the new bicameral legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat.gov.pl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nowadays">Nowadays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nowadays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term of office of a senator is four years. The Senate may reject or amend the bills passed by the Sejm but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm. A joint session of the Senate and the Sejm is known as a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Poland">National Assembly</a>. Traditionally, the Senate takes particular care of <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polonia</a></i>, Polish communities outside <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </p><p>Until 2010, senators were elected by a <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">plurality bloc voting</a> method, where two or more candidates with the highest support are elected from each <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral district</a>, and each voter selects as many candidates as there are seats (i.e., there is no proportional representation). The exact number of senators from each electorate was dependent on its population and varied from two to four. Initially, this system was employed in a two-round variant, but it was switched to a one-round version as early as the <a href="/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Polish parliamentary election">1991 Polish parliamentary election</a>. </p><p>Since 2011, senators are elected by the single member, one-round <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> method.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp/240px-Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp/360px-Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp/480px-Medal_Sentu_RP_The_Senate_Medal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska, Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, presents the Medal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland to <a href="/wiki/Dawid_Jung" title="Dawid Jung">Dawid Jung</a>, 2024</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_term">Current term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For recent election results, see <a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election#Senate" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">2023 Polish parliamentary election § Senate</a>.</div> <table style="width: 500px; text-align: center;”"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#AC145A; width:8%; color:white"><b>9</b> </td> <td style="background:#F68F2D; width:42%; color:white"><b>42</b> </td> <td style="background:#3DB53A; width:12%; color:white"><b>12</b> </td> <td style="background:#DCDCDC; width:3%; color:white"><b>3</b> </td> <td style="background:#263778; width:34%; color:white"><b>34</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)"><span style="background-color:inherit; color:#AC145A;"><b>L</b></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)"><span style="background-color:inherit; color:#F68F2D;"><b>KO</b></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)"><span style="background-color:inherit; color:#3DB53A;"><b>TD</b></span></a> </td> <td style="color:#DCDCDC"><abbr title="Koło - Niezależni i Samorządni [Independent and Self-Governing - Caucus]"><b>NiS</b></abbr> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice"><span style="background-color:inherit; color:#263778;"><b>PiS</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidium">Presidium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Office </th> <th colspan="2">Holder </th> <th colspan="2">Terms of office </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Marshal" title="Senior Marshal">Senior Marshal</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#263778; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="background: #E6E6E6; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Sewery%C5%84ski" title="Michał Seweryński">Michał Seweryński</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #E6E6E6;">13 November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-1.meeting_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.meeting-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland"><b>Marshal</b></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska" title="Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska">Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska</a></b> </td> <td>13 November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Incumbent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Deputy Marshals</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#870f57; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat" title="Magdalena Biejat">Magdalena Biejat</a> </td> <td>13 November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-deputy-marshals_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deputy-marshals-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Incumbent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Grupi%C5%84ski" title="Rafał Grupiński">Rafał Grupiński</a> </td> <td>13 November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-deputy-marshals_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deputy-marshals-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Incumbent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3DB53A; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kamiński">Michał Kamiński</a> </td> <td>13 November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-deputy-marshals_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deputy-marshals-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Incumbent</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FAC300; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Maciej Żywno </td> <td>13 November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Incumbent</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senators">Senators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_senators_(2023%E2%80%932027)" title="List of Polish senators (2023–2027)">List of Polish senators (2023–2027)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituencies">Constituencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constituencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_for_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="List of constituencies for the Senate of the Republic of Poland">List of constituencies for the Senate of the Republic of Poland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building">Building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budynek_Senatu,_Warszawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Budynek_Senatu%2C_Warszawa.jpg/220px-Budynek_Senatu%2C_Warszawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Budynek_Senatu%2C_Warszawa.jpg/330px-Budynek_Senatu%2C_Warszawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Budynek_Senatu%2C_Warszawa.jpg/440px-Budynek_Senatu%2C_Warszawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The Senate Building at the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm and Senate Complex of Poland">Sejm complex</a> in Warsaw</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm and Senate Complex of Poland">Senate building</a> was originally an administrative building of the Polish Sejm that was built in the early 1950s and eventually became the Sejm library. However, in 1989, with the re-establishment of the Senate, the need for a permanent workplace for the new institution became obvious. At the time only the Sejm's chamber was big enough to hold Senate debates, so, as a compromise the Senate made temporary use of the Sejm chamber whilst plans for a new Senate building were drawn up. In the meantime the senate's administrative offices and facilities for senators were moved into Bohdan Pniewski's 1950s east wing of the Sejm complex. </p><p>It eventually became clear that the system of alternating with the Sejm in using the latter's debating chamber was becoming more and more problematic, and so, after another 18 months, during which the Senate made use of the Hall of Columns in the Sejm, work on the new Senate chamber finally began. The project revolved around a plan designed by architects Andrzej and Barbara Kaliszewski and Bohdan Napieralski, which would see three conference rooms on the first floor of what is now the Senate building combined to make one usable space, whilst not changing the external elevations of the building or significantly changing its interior style or character. Decorated in a scheme close to that of Pniewski's, which utilises a great number of soft shades of white and grey, the Senate chamber blends well with the rest of its architectural surroundings. The furniture for the chamber, much of which is upholstered in blueish-grey material was specially designed for the Senate's use and incorporates many design features characteristic of 1950s Polish modernism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG/220px-Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG/330px-Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG/440px-Oval_staircase_Polish_Senate_Warsaw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3230" data-file-height="4310" /></a><figcaption>The iconic spiral staircase in the Senate building's main hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst the Senate chamber does have one elevation incorporating large windows, which look out into the Sejm gardens, the specially-designed curtain, which was designed to cover them must always be drawn during debates and it is, in fact, rare to ever see it open. The necessity to close the curtains during debates exists to stop the sun's glare from distracting or disturbing senators during plenary sessions. Behind the presidium, the back of which faces the glazed elevation, hangs a large copy of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">coat of arms of Poland</a>. On either side of the presidium there are places available for government advisors and independent experts who may be required to take part in debates, whilst at the back, around the edge of the chamber there are a small number of places reserved for the public. There is also a special space reserved for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president of Poland</a>, over which hangs an embroidered copy of the <a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack of the President of the Republic of Poland">presidential jack</a>. </p><p>The hall, which provides entrance to the Senate chamber retains, despite renovation in the early 1990s, its original Pniewski architectural features and now serves as a meetings place for senators and their staff before and between debates. In the centre of this same hall stands an iconic <a href="/wiki/Spiral_staircase" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral staircase">spiral staircase</a>, which has become a symbol of the modern Polish Senate; indeed the central pylon of this staircase is decorated with a marble plaque depicting the Senate's traditional emblem, the stylised white eagle intertwined with an 'S'. To the right of the hall the Senate Marshal's office is to be found, along with those of his secretariat and chief of staff. A large reception room also adjoins the hall, and it is in this room that the large oil painting “the Polish Legation and Walezjusz” by Teodor Axentowicz hangs. To the left of the hall is a small foyer for the use of senators and in which hang portraits of all the past marshals of the senate. </p><p>The lower floors of the Senate house the administrative offices of the 'Senate Chancellery' whilst others are used by various legislative experts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Poland_(1935%E2%80%931939)" title="Electoral districts of Poland (1935–1939)">Electoral districts of Poland (1935–1939)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Platform (Poland)">PO</a> (37)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A42B3A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yes!_For_Poland" title="Yes! For Poland">T!DPL</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Michał Kamiński">Michał Kamiński</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Micha%C5%82_Ujazdowski" title="Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski">Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zaj%C4%85c_(mathematician)" title="Józef Zając (mathematician)">Józef Zając</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAC300; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1BB100; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a> (4)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD403; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Democrats" title="Union of European Democrats">UED</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#993333; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Poland" title="Centre for Poland">CdP</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Witkowski" title="Waldemar Witkowski">Waldemar Witkowski</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Konieczny" title="Wojciech Konieczny">Wojciech Konieczny</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Biejat" title="Magdalena Biejat">Magdalena Biejat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_G%C3%B3rska" title="Anna Górska">Anna Górska</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ac145a; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">NL</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED1C24; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Union_(Poland)" title="Labour Union (Poland)">UP</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">PPS</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> Independent (2)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#263778; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> (30)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND article 114"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+POLAND+article+114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND article 123"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+POLAND+article+123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND Article 223"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+POLAND+Article+223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND article 235"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+POLAND+article+235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"Constitution article 125"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+article+125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/5/the-treaty-of-lisbon">"The Treaty of Lisbon | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"</a>. <i>www.europarl.europa.eu</i>. 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Lisbon+%7C+Fact+Sheets+on+the+European+Union+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=2024-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Ffactsheets%2Fen%2Fsheet%2F5%2Fthe-treaty-of-lisbon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senat.gov.pl-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senat.gov.pl_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515165338/http://www.senat.gov.pl/o-senacie/z-dziejow-senatu/historia-senatu/">"Historia Senatu"</a> [History of the Senate]. <i>senat.gov.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.gov.pl/o-senacie/z-dziejow-senatu/historia-senatu/">the original</a> on 15 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Historia+Senatu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.gov.pl%2Fo-senacie%2Fz-dziejow-senatu%2Fhistoria-senatu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senat.gov.pl/gfx/senat/userfiles/_public/k8eng/noty/howare.pdf">"How are senators elected?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>senat.gov.pl</i>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=How+are+senators+elected%3F&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.gov.pl%2Fgfx%2Fsenat%2Fuserfiles%2F_public%2Fk8eng%2Fnoty%2Fhoware.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senat.gov.pl/sklad/kluby-i-kola/">"Senatorowie / Kluby i koła / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"</a>. <i>senat.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Senatorowie+%2F+Kluby+i+ko%C5%82a+%2F+Senat+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.gov.pl%2Fsklad%2Fkluby-i-kola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1.meeting-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1.meeting_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senat.gov.pl/prace/posiedzenia/przebieg,602,1.html">"Prace / Posiedzenia / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"</a>. <i>senat.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Prace+%2F+Posiedzenia+%2F+Senat+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.gov.pl%2Fprace%2Fposiedzenia%2Fprzebieg%2C602%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20230001228">Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 listopada 2023 r. w sprawie wyboru Marszałka Senatu</a>, M.P., 2023, No. 1228 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deputy-marshals-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deputy-marshals_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deputy-marshals_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deputy-marshals_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20230001240">Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 listopada 2023 r. w sprawie wyboru wicemarszałków Senatu</a>, M.P., 2023, No. 1240 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20230001242">Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 13 listopada 2023 r. w sprawie wyboru wicemarszałka Senatu</a>, M.P., 2023, No. 1242 </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_senators_(2011%E2%80%932015)" title="List of Polish senators (2011–2015)">8th term (2011–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_senators_(2015%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Polish senators (2015–2019)">9th term (2015–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_senators_(2019%E2%80%932023)" title="List of Polish senators (2019–2023)">10th term (2019–2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_senators_(2023%E2%80%932027)" title="List of Polish senators (2023–2027)">11th term (2023–2027)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/135px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7342" data-file-height="10509" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Category:Members of the Senate of the Republic of Poland"><b>Category</b></a> <b>·</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Senate_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Members of the Senate of Poland"><b>Commons</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures473" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_upper_houses" title="Template talk:National upper houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)" title="Federal Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Somalia" title="Senate of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(South_Sudan)" title="Council of States (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Sudan)" title="Council of States (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#Senate" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)" title="Consultative Council (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belize)" title="Senate (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cambodia)" title="Senate (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Chad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Chad)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chile" title="Senate of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Senate (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Gabon" title="Senate of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Grenada)" title="Senate (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Senate (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica#Senate" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Japan (post-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)" title="Senate (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Lesotho" title="Senate of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Liberia" title="Senate of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)" title="Senate (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyotha_Hluttaw" title="Amyotha Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)" title="National Council (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)" title="Council of State (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Palau" title="Senate of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Senate of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovenia)" title="National Council (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan" title="National Assembly of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Regions_and_Districts" title="National Council of Regions and Districts">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay" title="Senate of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Afghanistan)" title="House of Elders (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Austria)" title="House of Lords (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(British_Guiana)" title="Senate (British Guiana)">British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Chamber of Representatives of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Nationalities" title="Chamber of Nationalities">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Ceylon" title="Senate of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Costa_Rican_legislature#Senate_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of the Costa Rican legislature">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament#Chamber_of_Counties" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Cuba" title="Congress of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Landstinget">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Council" title="Conservative Council">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_States" title="Chamber of States">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iran" title="Senate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iraq" title="Senate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Japan (pre-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya#Senate" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Maldives" title="Senate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Malta" title="Senate of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania" title="Senate of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Senate of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#Senate" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Portugal)" title="Senate (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia#Senate" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Council (Russian Empire)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Senegal)" title="Senate (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(South_Korea)" title="House of Councillors (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kammaren" title="Första kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)" title="Senate of the Republic (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Weimar Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">List of abolished upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senate_of_Poland&params=52.2256_N_21.0300_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°13′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°01′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.2256°N 21.0300°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.2256; 21.0300</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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