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>الإجهاض</a>: هو إنزال الجنين قبل تمام نموِّه الطبيعي في بطْن أمه، وله طرق عدَّة، وإليك كلمة عن حكمه ملخَّصة من فتوى رسمية منشورة بالفتاوى الإسلامية(1) ومن مقالات بعض العلماء(2).</p><p>إن كان الإجهاض بعد الشهر الرابع فهو حرام بالاتفاق؛ لأنه قتل نفس بغير حق، إلا لضرورة تقْتضيه، فالضرورات تبيح المحظورات، قال تعالى ( فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ ولَا عَادٍ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ ) (البقرة: 173)، ومن الأعذار انقطاع لبن المرأة بعد ظهور الحمل، والرضيع محتاج إليه ولا بديل له، ومنها الشعور بالضعف عن تحمُّل أعباء الحمْل، وكون الوضع بالعملية القيْصرية قد يعرضها للخطر، وإقرار الأطباء أن بقاء الحمل يُفضي إلى هلاكها، أو التأكد من وراثة مرض خبيث. كالذي يذكره الدكتور محمد عبد الحميد وسيأتي بعد. </p><h2 >حكم الإجهاض قبل الشهر الرابع</h2><p>أما قبل الشهر الرابع ففي الإجهاض خلاف:</p><p>1 ـ قال بعض الأحناف كالحَصْكَفِيِّ: إنه مباح ولو بغير إذن الزوج وذلك عند العذر، وقال صاحب ” الخانية “: لا يحِلُّ، قياسًا على ما لو كسَر المُحْرِمُ بيض الصيد، الذي نص الفقهاء على أنه يَضْمَنُه؛ لأنه أصل الصيد، والجزاء الدنيوى أمارة الجزاء الأخروى، فأقل درجات منعه أنه مكروه.</p><p>2 ـ والمالكية منعوه في جميع مراحله ولو قبل الأربعين يومًا، على ما هو المعتمَد من مذهبهم، كما في نص عبارة الدَّرْدِير في الشرح الكبير: لا يجوز إخراج المَنِي المتكوِّن في الرَّحم ولو قبل الأربعين يومًا وفي رأيٍ أنه مكروه، وعبارة ” المتكون في الرحم ” تُعطي أن النُّطفة لو لم تستقرَّ في الرَّحِم يجوز التخلُّص منها.</p><p>3 ـ والمتَّجَه عند <a href="https://islamonline.net/%d9%81%d9%82%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b0%d9%87%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b9%d9%8a/" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">الشافعية</a> هو الحرْمة، وقيل: يُكره في فتْرَتَي النطفة والعلقة، أو هو خلاف الأولى. ومحلُّه إذا لم تكن هناك حاجة، كأن كانت النُّطْفة من زنا فيجوز.</p><p>4 ـ أما عند <a href="https://islamonline.net/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b0%d9%87%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%82%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a9/" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">الحنابلة</a> فيؤخذ من كلام ” المغنى ” لابن قدامة أنها إذا ألقته مضْغة فشَهِد ثقات من القوابل بأن فيه صورة خفيَّة ففيه غُرَّة، وإن شهدْن أنًّه مُبتدأ خلق آدمي ولو بقيَ لتصور ففيه وجهان، أصحُّهما لا شيء فيه.<br><strong>فالخلاصة أن للفقهاء في الإجهاض قبل تمام الأشهر الأربعة أربعة أقوال:<br></strong>ا ـ الإباحة مطلقًا دون توقُّف على عذر، وهو مذهب الزيدية وبعض <a href="https://islamonline.net/%d9%85%d8%b0%d9%87%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%86%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b0%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a8/" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">الحنفية</a> وبعض الشافعية، ويدل عليه كلام المالكية والحنابلة.<br>ب ـ الإباحة عند وجود العذر والكراهة عند عدمه، وهو ما تفيده أقوال الحنفية وبعض الشافعية.<br>جـ ـ الكراهة مطلقًا هو رأي بعض <a href="https://islamonline.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7/" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">المالكية</a>.<br>د ـ التحريم بغير عذر، وهو معتَمَد المالكية والمتَّجَه عند الشافعية والمتَّفق مع الظاهرية.<br>هذا، وتونس أولى الدول الإسلامية التي تبيح الإجهاض، وتركيا ستكون هي الثانية، واشترطت ألا يكون بعد 12 أسبوعًا من الحمل(3).</p><h2 >ما يترتب على الإجهاض من الأحكام الدنيوية</h2><p>كلُّ الفقهاء متَّفقون على وجوب الغُرَّة ” عبد أو أمَة ” في إلقائه ميِّتًا بجناية عليه من أمِّه أو من غيرها، مع اختلاف في بعض التَّفاصيل.</p><p>فالحنفية قالوا: تجب الغُرَّة على العاقلة وإن أسقطه غيرها أو أسقطته هي عمدًا بدون إذْن زوجها، فإنْ أَذِن أو لم تتعمَّد فلا غُرَّة، ولو أمرَت الحامل غيرها بإسقاطه فلا ضمان على المأمورة بل على الحامل إذا لم يأذَن الزوج، والعاقلة هم أقارب الجاني.</p><p>والشافعية قالوا: فيه غرَّة لكلِّ جنين، والظاهرية قالوا: إن كان قبل تمام الأشهر الأربعة ففيه الغرة دون كفَّارة، وإن كان بعدها ففيه الاثنتان. ومَن تعمَّدت قتل جنينها بعد الأشهر الأربعة أو تعمد قتله أجنبي ففيه القَوَد (القصاص بالقتل)، وصرَّح الإباضية بوجوب الغُرَّة.</p><p>هذا، وقد أفتتْ لجنة الفتوى بالأزهر بجَواز الإجْهاض للمرْأة في الشَّهر الأوَّل خشية وِرَاثة مرض خبيث، بشرْط ألا يعرِّض المرأة للخطر(4).</p><p>ولا يجوز أن تُمارَس عمليات الإجهاض لغير الضرورة كالتي ذكرها الدكتور محمد عبد الحميد مدير مستشفى الملك ” المنيرة ” سنة 1935 من أن المرأة إذا كانت مريضة بالسل الرِّئوي الذي يزيده الحمل والوضع وينتقل إلى الجنين، أو بالالتهاب الكُلْوي الذي يعرِّض للتسمم البولي لإضراب الكليتين عن العمل. ويشتد خطر الالتهاب إن صاحَبه ارتشاح في الجسم، أو بالبول السكري الذي لا يوجد له دواء، أو لا يفيده ” الأنسولين ” أو كانت مريضة بالقلب أو ضعف القوى العقلية أو الاضطرابات النفسية. أو بالقَيْء الكثير الذي يُخاف منه على الحامل إذا كان مصحوبًا بزُلال في البول أو بحمَّى أو بنزْف. اهـ.</p><h2 >الإجهاض بسبب الزنا</h2><p>وإذا كان الحمل من زنا، وأجاز الشافعية إجهاضه، فأرى أنه يكون في حالة الإكراه أو ما شابهها حيث يكون الإحساس بالنَّدم والألم النفسي، أما عند الاستهانة بالأعراض وعدم <a href="https://islamonline.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9/" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">الحياء</a> من الاتِّصال الجنسي الحرام فأرى عدم جواز الإجهاض؛ لأن فيه تشجيعًا على الفساد، وإن كان منتشرًا في كثير من البلاد غير الإسلامية، ولذا حرَّمتْه بعض القوانين، ثم رفعت الحظر عنه لممارسته فعلاً، وعالجت بعض الأولاد غير الشرعيين.</p><p>ولتمام الموضوع لبيان حُكم التَّعقيم وحكْم الإجهاض وآثاره والأسباب المبرِّرة له قبل نفْخ الروح في الجنين وبعده. يُرجع إلى كتاب الفتاوى الإسلامية(5). ويُنظر قرار مجمع البحوث الإسلامية ” فتاوى <a href="https://islamonline.net/archive/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85/" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">الشيخ جاد الحق</a> ج5 ص 98 “.</p><p>الهوامش<br>(1) المجلد التاسع ص 3093.<br>(2) مجلة العربي عدد أغسطس1973.<br>(3) الأهرام 19/2/1982.<br>(4) مجلة التَّصوف الإسلامي عدد 84 في يناير 1986.<br>(5) مجلد 9 ص 3093 وما بعدها.</p></p></div><script id="toggle"> var toggleButtons = document.querySelectorAll(".toggle-btn"); toggleButtons.forEach(function(btn) { btn.addEventListener("click", function() { btn.classList.toggle("active"); var parent = btn.parentElement; var content = parent.querySelector(".toggle-content"); if (content) { content.classList.toggle("d-none"); } }); }); </script><style>.quick-menu {}.quick-menu .navigation-container {margin: 2rem 0px;padding: 0;}.quick-menu .nav-menu {display: block;padding: 1rem 0.5rem;margin: 1rem 0 0 auto;}.quick-menu .menu-title {display: block;padding: 1rem 0.5rem;margin: 1rem 0 0 auto;}.quick-menu li {margin-bottom: 1rem;}.quick-menu li a {display: block;padding: 0.5rem;height: 100%;width: 100%;}.popup {top: 0;left: 0;overflow-y: scroll;z-index: 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