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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Steel_grades_standards_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_grades_standards_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Steel grades standards by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_grades_standards_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_standard_steel_grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_standard_steel_grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European standard steel grades</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_standard_steel_grades-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European standard steel grades subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_standard_steel_grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Category_1_:_steel_specified_by_purpose_of_use_and_mechanical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Category_1_:_steel_specified_by_purpose_of_use_and_mechanical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Category 1 : steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Category_1_:_steel_specified_by_purpose_of_use_and_mechanical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additional_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Additional symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Electrical steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_per_steel_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_per_steel_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Standard per steel name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_per_steel_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Category_2_:_Steel_specified_by_chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Category_2_:_Steel_specified_by_chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Category 2 : Steel specified by chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Category_2_:_Steel_specified_by_chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Petroleum_Institute_(API)_steel_grades" 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The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Steel_grades" title="Talk:Steel grades">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Steel_grades" title="Talk:Steel grades">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Steel grades</b> to classify various <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steels</a> by their composition and physical properties have been developed by a number of <a href="/wiki/Standards_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards organizations">standards organizations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steel_grades_standards_by_country">Steel grades standards by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Steel grades standards by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For alloys in general (including steel), <a href="/wiki/Unified_numbering_system" title="Unified numbering system">unified numbering system</a> (UNS) of <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">Society of Automotive Engineers</a> (SAE).</li> <li>American steel grades : AISI/<a href="/wiki/SAE_steel_grades" title="SAE steel grades">SAE steel grades</a> standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standards" title="British Standards">British Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/67751.html">ISO/TS 4949:2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European standards</a> – EN 10027</li> <li>Japanese steel grades : <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards" title="Japanese Industrial Standards">Japanese Industrial Standards</a> (JIS) standard and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaiji_Kyokai" title="Nippon Kaiji Kyokai">NK</a> standard</li> <li>Germany steel grades : <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">DIN</a> standard</li> <li>China steel grades : <a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">GB</a> standard</li> <li>Czech steel grades : <a href="/wiki/Czech_technical_standard" title="Czech technical standard">ČSN</a> standard</li> <li>Russia steel grades : <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a> standard</li> <li>Spain steel grades : <a href="/wiki/AENOR" title="AENOR">UNE</a> standard</li> <li>France steel grades : <a href="/wiki/AFNOR" title="AFNOR">AFNOR</a> standard</li> <li>Italy steel grades : <a href="/wiki/Ente_Nazionale_Italiano_di_Unificazione" title="Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione">UNI</a> standard</li> <li>Sweden steel grades : <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Institute_for_Standards" title="Swedish Institute for Standards">SIS</a> standard</li> <li>Norway steel grades : <a href="/wiki/DNV_GL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNV GL">DNV</a> standard</li></ul> <p>Note that an increasing number of national European standards (DIN, AFNOR, UNE, UNI, etc.) and UK standards are being withdrawn and replaced by European Standards (EN). This task is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">Comité Européen de Normalisation</a> (CEN) (European Committee for Standardization). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_standard_steel_grades">European standard steel grades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European standard steel grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg/220px-EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg/330px-EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg/440px-EN10027-steelgrade-diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>EN 10027-1 steel grade designation system.</figcaption></figure> <p>European standard steel grade names fall into two categories:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties.</li> <li>Steel specified by chemical composition.</li></ol> <p>The inclusion of a letter 'G' before the code indicates the steel is specified in the form of a casting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Category_1_:_steel_specified_by_purpose_of_use_and_mechanical_properties">Category 1 : steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Category 1 : steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic grade designations for category 1 steels consist of a single letter (designating application) then a number signifying the mechanical property (often yield strength) dictated in the standard for that application designation. For some application designations another letter is included before the property value, this number is used to indicate any special requirements or conditions. These additional letters and values depend entirely on the application of the steel and are specified in the standard and far too numerous to mention here. </p><p>The next set of 3 digits gives the steel's minimum yield strength. So S355 has a minimum yield strength of 355 MPa for the smallest thickness range covered by the relevant standard – i.e. EN10025.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a table indicating the most common application codes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Application symbol</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Mechanical Property</th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <td>S</td> <td>Structural steel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Minimum Yield Strength</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td>Steel for pressure lines and vessels</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Minimum Yield Strength</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>Steel for pipe and tube</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Minimum Yield Strength</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>Engineering steels</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Minimum Yield Strength</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>Steel for reinforced concrete</td> <td>Characteristic Yield Case</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>Steel for rail use</td> <td>Minimum Yield Case</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>High Tensile Strength Flat products</td> <td>Minimum Yield Case</td> <td>If followed by T then the given mechanical property is minimum tensile strength </td></tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td>Flat Products for Cold Forming</td> <td></td> <td>Followed by C, D or X and two numbers characterising steel </td></tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td>Tinmill Products</td> <td>Nominal Yield Case</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td>Electrical Steel</td> <td></td> <td>Number = 100 × specific loss in W/kg <p>Number = 100 × nom thick in mm </p><p>Letter for type of product (A, K, P or S<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_symbols">Additional symbols</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Additional symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the above category codes there are symbols that can be added to the grade code to identify any additional compositional requirements, delivery conditions, mechanical properties, &c. These values depend solely on the type/application code given in the first part of the code and are so numerous as to be impossible to indicate here. Additional symbols are separated from the main code by the plus sign (+). </p><p>The most common additional symbols are the impact and temperature codes for structural steels, category 1 - Sxxx. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Impact Resistance </th> <th colspan="2">Temperature </th></tr> <tr> <th>Impact<br />code</th> <th>Testing<br />strength</th> <th>Temperature<br />code</th> <th>Testing<br />temperature </th></tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>27 J</td> <td>R</td> <td>Room temperature </td></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>40 J</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>60 J</td> <td>2</td> <td>-20 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"></td> <td>3</td> <td>-30 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>-40 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>-50 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>-60 °C </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Example : S355J2 </p><p>Delivery condition codes are also relatively common, the most common being: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Condition </th></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>Annealed </td></tr> <tr> <td>QT</td> <td>Quenched and tempered </td></tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td>Normalised </td></tr> <tr> <td>SR</td> <td>Stress relieved </td></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>Cold worked </td></tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>Untreated </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deoxidization" title="Deoxidization">Deoxidated</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Example : S355J2+N </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrical_steel">Electrical steel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electrical steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical steel type of product letters (bold are most recent version 2016): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code </th> <th>Maximum specific loss <p>expressed for magnetic induction </p> </th> <th>Type of product </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>A</b> </td> <td>1.5 T @50 Hz </td> <td>non oriented </td></tr> <tr> <td>D (formerly B) </td> <td>" </td> <td>non-alloy semi-finished (not finally annealed) </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>" </td> <td>alloy semi-finished (not finally annealed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>K</b> (=D+E) </td> <td>" </td> <td>non-alloy and alloy electrical steel sheet/strip in the semi-processed state </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>" </td> <td>for normal grain oriented products </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>P</b> </td> <td>1.7 T @50 Hz </td> <td>high permeability grain oriented </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>S</b> </td> <td>" </td> <td>conventional grain oriented </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_per_steel_name">Standard per steel name</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard per steel name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to EN 10027-1 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Application </th> <th>Mechanical <p>property </p> </th> <th>additional symbol </th> <th>Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">S </td> <td>235 </td> <td>JR </td> <td>EN 10025-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">355 </td> <td>JR </td> <td>EN 10025-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>J0 </td> <td>EN 10025-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>J2 </td> <td>EN 10025-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>K2 </td> <td>EN 10025-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>EN 10025-3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NL </td> <td>EN 10025-3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>450 </td> <td>J0 </td> <td>EN 10025-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">P </td> <td rowspan="2">265 </td> <td>GH </td> <td>EN 10028-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NB </td> <td>EN 10120 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">355 </td> <td>NH </td> <td>EN 10028-3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>EN 10028-5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ML1 </td> <td>EN 10028-5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>EN 10028-6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Category_2_:_Steel_specified_by_chemical_composition">Category 2 : Steel specified by chemical composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Category 2 : Steel specified by chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the descriptive steel grade naming system indicated above, within EN 10027-2 is defined a system for creating unique steel grade numbers. While less descriptive and intuitive than the grand names they are easier to tabulate and use in data processing applications. </p><p>The number is in the following format: x.yyzz(zz)<br />Where x is the material type (only 1 is specified so far), yy is the steel group number (specified in EN10027-2) and zz(zz) is a sequential number designated by the certifying body, the number in brackets being unused but reserved for later use. </p><p>The steel groups are indicated below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b>Non-alloy steels</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>00 & 90</td> <td>Basic steels </td></tr> <tr> <td>0x & 9x</td> <td>Quality steels </td></tr> <tr> <td>1x</td> <td>Special steels </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b>Alloy steels</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2x</td> <td>Tool steels </td></tr> <tr> <td>3x</td> <td>Miscellaneous steels </td></tr> <tr> <td>4x</td> <td>Stainless and heat resistant steels </td></tr> <tr> <td>5x – 8x</td> <td>Structural, pressure vessel and engineering steels </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 & 98</td> <td>Special physical properties </td></tr> <tr> <td>09 & 99</td> <td>Other purpose steels </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current certification body is the <a href="/wiki/Stahlinstitut_VDEh" title="Stahlinstitut VDEh">VDEh</a> in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf, Germany">Düsseldorf, Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a table comparing steel grades from different grading systems. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of steel grades by chemistry<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>EN steel number<br />(Europe)</th> <th>EN steel name<br />(Europe)</th> <th>ASTM grade<br />(USA)</th> <th>AISI/SAE grade<br />(USA)</th> <th>UNS<br />(USA)</th> <th>DIN<br />(Germany)</th> <th>BS<br />(UK)</th> <th>UNI<br />(Italy)</th> <th>JIS<br />(Japan) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Carbon steels </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.1141<br />1.0401<br />1.0453</td> <td>C15D<br />C18D</td> <td></td> <td>1010<br />1018</td> <td></td> <td>CK15<br />C15<br />C16.8</td> <td>040A15<br />080M15<br />080A15<br />EN3B</td> <td>C15<br />C16<br />1C15</td> <td>S12C<br />S15<br />S15CK<br />S15C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.0503<br />1.1191<br />1.1193<br />1.1194</td> <td>C45</td> <td></td> <td>1045<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>C45<br />CK45<br />CF45<br />CQ45</td> <td>060A47<br />080A46<br />080M46</td> <td>C45<br />1C45<br />C46<br />C43</td> <td>S45C<br />S48C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.0726<br />1.0727</td> <td>35S20<br />45S20</td> <td></td> <td>1140/1146</td> <td></td> <td>35S20<br />45S20</td> <td>212M40<br />En8M</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.0715<br />1.0736</td> <td>11SMn37</td> <td></td> <td>1215</td> <td></td> <td>9SMn28<br />9SMn36</td> <td>230M07<br />En1A</td> <td>CF9SMn28<br />CF9SMn36</td> <td>SUM 25<br />SUM 22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.0718<br />1.0737</td> <td>11SMnPb30<br />11SMnPb37</td> <td></td> <td>12L14</td> <td></td> <td>9SMnPb28<br />9SMnPb36</td> <td>230M07 Leaded<br />En1B Leaded</td> <td>CF9SMnPb29<br />CF9SMnPb36</td> <td>SUM 22<br />SUM 23<br />SUM 24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.1555</td> <td>C120U</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>C125W</td> <td>BW1C</td> <td>C120KU</td> <td>SK2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Alloy steels </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.7218</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4130</td> <td></td> <td>25CrMo4<br />GS-25CrMo4</td> <td>708A30<br />CDS110</td> <td>25CrMo4 (KB)<br />30CrMo4</td> <td>SCM 420<br />SCM 430<br />SCCrM1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.7223<br />1.7225<br />1.7227<br />1.3563</td> <td>42CrMo4</td> <td></td> <td>4140/4142</td> <td></td> <td>41CrMo4<br />42CrMo4<br />42CrMoS4<br />43CrMo4</td> <td>708M40<br />708A42<br />709M40<br />En19<br />En19C</td> <td>41CrMo4<br />38CrMo4 (KB)<br />G40 CrMo4<br />42CrMo4</td> <td>SCM 440<br />SCM 440H<br />SNB 7<br /> SCM 4M<br />SCM 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.6582<br />1.6562</td> <td>34CrNiMo6</td> <td></td> <td>4340</td> <td></td> <td>34CrNiMo6<br />40NiCrMo8-4</td> <td>817M40<br />En24</td> <td>35NiCrMo6 (KB)<br />40NiCrMo7 (KB)</td> <td>SNCM 447<br />SNB24-1-5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.6543<br />1.6523</td> <td>20NiCrMo2-2</td> <td></td> <td>8620</td> <td></td> <td>21NiCrMo22<br />21NiCrMo2</td> <td>805A20<br />805M20</td> <td>20NiCrMo2</td> <td>SNCM 200 (H) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.5415</td> <td>16Mo3</td> <td>A204 A/B/C</td> <td></td> <td>K12822<br />K12320<br />K12020<br />K11820</td> <td>15Mo3</td> <td>1503-243B<br />240<br />243</td> <td>15Mo3<br />16Mo3</td> <td>STBA12 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Stainless steels </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.4310</td> <td>X10CrNi18-8</td> <td></td> <td>301<sup id="cite_ref-3xx_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3xx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>S30100</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4318</td> <td>X2CrNiN18-7</td> <td></td> <td>301LN</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4305</td> <td>X8CrNiS18-9</td> <td></td> <td>303</td> <td>S30300</td> <td>X10CrNiS18-9</td> <td>303S 31<br />En58M</td> <td>X10CrNiS18-09</td> <td>SUS 303 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4301</td> <td>X2CrNi19-11<br />X2CrNi18-10</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAE_304_stainless_steel" title="SAE 304 stainless steel">304</a><sup id="cite_ref-3xx_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3xx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>S30400</td> <td>X5CrNi18-9<br />X5CrNi18-10<br />XCrNi19-9</td> <td>304S 15<br />304S 16<br />304S 18<br />304S 25<br />En58E</td> <td>X5CrNi18-10</td> <td>SUS 304<br />SUS 304-CSP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4306</td> <td>X2CrNi19-11</td> <td></td> <td>304L</td> <td>S30403</td> <td></td> <td>304S 11</td> <td></td> <td>SUS304L </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4311</td> <td>X2CrNiN18-10</td> <td></td> <td>304LN</td> <td>S30453</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4948</td> <td>X6CrNi18-11</td> <td></td> <td>304H</td> <td>S30409</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4303</td> <td>X5CrNi18-12</td> <td></td> <td>305</td> <td>S30500</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4401<br />1.4436</td> <td>X5CrNiMo17-12-2<br />X5CrNiMo18-14-3</td> <td></td> <td>316<sup id="cite_ref-3xx_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3xx-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>S31600</td> <td>X5CrNiMo17 12 2<br />X5CrNiMo17 13 3<br />X5CrNiMo 19 11<br />X5CrNiMo 18 11</td> <td>316S 29<br />316S 31<br />316S 33<br />En58J</td> <td>X5CrNiMo17 12<br />X5CrNiMo17 13<br />X8CrNiMo17 13</td> <td>SUS 316<br />SUS316TP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4404</td> <td>X2CrNiMo17-12-2</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAE_316L_stainless_steel" title="SAE 316L stainless steel">316L</a></td> <td>S31603</td> <td></td> <td>316S 11</td> <td></td> <td>SUS316L </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4406<br />1.4429</td> <td>X2CrNiMoN17-12-2<br />X2CrNiMoN17-13-3</td> <td></td> <td>316LN</td> <td>S31653</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4571</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>316Ti</td> <td>S31635</td> <td>X6CrNiMoTi17-12</td> <td>320S 33</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4438</td> <td>X2CrNiMo18-15-4</td> <td></td> <td>317L</td> <td>S31703</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4541</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>321</td> <td>S32100</td> <td>X6CrNiTi18-10</td> <td>321S 31</td> <td></td> <td>SUS321 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4848</td> <td>GX40CrNiSi25-20</td> <td>A351 HK40</td> <td></td> <td>J94204</td> <td>SEW 595 GX40CrNiSi25-20</td> <td>310C40</td> <td></td> <td>SCH22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4859</td> <td>GX10NiCrSiNb32-20</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>N08151</td> <td>GX10NiCrSiNb32-20</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4878</td> <td>X12CrNiTi18-9 <br /> X8CrNiTi18-10</td> <td></td> <td>321H</td> <td>S32109</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4906</td> <td>X7CrNiNb18-10</td> <td></td> <td>347H</td> <td>S34709</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4512</td> <td>X6CrTi12</td> <td></td> <td>409</td> <td>S40900</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>SUH409 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>410</td> <td>S41000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4016</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>430</td> <td>S43000</td> <td>X6Cr17</td> <td>430S 17</td> <td></td> <td>SUS430 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>440A</td> <td>S44002</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4112</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>440B</td> <td>S44003</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4125</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/440C" title="440C">440C</a></td> <td>S44004</td> <td>X105CrMo17</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>SUS440C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4104</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>430F</td> <td>S44020</td> <td>X14CrMoS17</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>SUS430F </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4057 </td> <td>X17CrNi16-2 </td> <td> </td> <td>431 X<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>S43100 </td> <td>X16CrNi16 </td> <td>431S 29 </td> <td> </td> <td>SUS431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.5423</td> <td>16Mo5</td> <td>A335 P1</td> <td>4520<br />4419H<br />4419</td> <td>K11522</td> <td>16Mo5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>STPA12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.7715</td> <td>14MoV6-3</td> <td>A335 P2</td> <td></td> <td>K11547</td> <td>14MoV6-3</td> <td>660</td> <td></td> <td>STPA20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.7335<br />1.7338</td> <td>13CrMo4-5<br />10CrMo5-5</td> <td>A335 P11</td> <td></td> <td>K11597</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>STPA23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.7375<br />1.7380<br />1.7383</td> <td>10CrMo9-10<br />11CrMo9-10<br />12CrMo9-10</td> <td>A335 P22</td> <td></td> <td>K21590</td> <td>17175 10CrMo910</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>STPA24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.7362<br />1.7366</td> <td>X11CrMo5<br />X12CrMo5<br />12CrMo19-5</td> <td>A335 P5</td> <td>501<br />502</td> <td>K41545<br />S50100<br />S50200</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>STPA25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.7386</td> <td>X11CrMo9-1<br />X12CrMo9-1</td> <td>A335 P9</td> <td>503</td> <td>S50400<br />S50488<br />K90941</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>STPA26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4903</td> <td>X10CrMoVNbN9-1</td> <td>A335 P91</td> <td></td> <td>K91560</td> <td>X10CrMoVNbN9-1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4905<br />1.4906</td> <td>X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1<br />X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1</td> <td>A335 P92</td> <td></td> <td>K92460</td> <td>X11CrMoWVNb9-1-1<br />X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4539</td> <td>X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5</td> <td></td> <td>904L</td> <td>N08904</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4547</td> <td>X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>S31254</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.4565 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>NIT50 </td> <td>S20910 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>NIT60 </td> <td>S21800 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Tool steels </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.2363</td> <td>X100CrMoV5</td> <td></td> <td>A-2</td> <td>T30102<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>X100CrMoV51</td> <td>BA 2</td> <td>X100CrMoV5-1 KU</td> <td>SKD 12 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A-3</td> <td>T30103<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A-4</td> <td>T30104<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A-6</td> <td>T30106<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A-7</td> <td>T30107<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A-8</td> <td>T30108<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>A-9</td> <td>T30109<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.2365</td> <td>X32CrMoV3-3<br />32CrMoV12-28</td> <td></td> <td>H10</td> <td>T20810</td> <td>X32CrMoV3-3<br />32CrMoV12-28</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>SKD 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.2379</td> <td>X153CrMoV12</td> <td></td> <td>D-2</td> <td></td> <td>X153CrMoV12-1</td> <td>BD 2</td> <td>X155CrVMo12-1</td> <td>SKD 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.2510</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>O-1</td> <td></td> <td>100MnCrW4</td> <td>Bo 1</td> <td>95MnWCr-5 KU</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Petroleum_Institute_(API)_steel_grades"><span id="American_Petroleum_Institute_.28API.29_steel_grades"></span>American Petroleum Institute (API) steel grades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American Petroleum Institute (API) steel grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_coding">Color coding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Color coding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to clearly distinguish the steel grade, tubing, casing and its coupling should be painted with color codes respectively. Color bands should be painted on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.octgproducts.com/OCTG-tubing.html">tubing and casing</a> body longer than 600mm to either end. The whole outer-body of the coupling needs to be painted color and then color codes </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Steel Grade </th> <th>Coupling </th> <th>Tubular Body </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><b>API Tubing and Casing</b> </td> <td>H40 </td> <td>None </td> <td>None or black band at the manufacturer's option </td></tr> <tr> <td>J55 </td> <td>all green. </td> <td>one green band </td></tr> <tr> <td>K55 </td> <td>all green </td> <td>two green bands </td></tr> <tr> <td>N80-1 </td> <td>all red </td> <td>one red band </td></tr> <tr> <td>N80-Q </td> <td>all red + one green band </td> <td>one red band + one green band </td></tr> <tr> <td>L80-1 </td> <td>all red + one brown band </td> <td>one red band + one brown band </td></tr> <tr> <td>L80-9Cr </td> <td>colorless + two yellow bands </td> <td>one red band + one brown band + two yellow bands </td></tr> <tr> <td>L80-13Cr </td> <td>colorless + one yellow band </td> <td>one red band + one brown band + one yellow band </td></tr> <tr> <td>C90-1 </td> <td>all purple </td> <td>one purple band </td></tr> <tr> <td>T95-1 </td> <td>all silver </td> <td>one silver band </td></tr> <tr> <td>C110 </td> <td>all white + two brown bands </td> <td>one white band + two brown bands </td></tr> <tr> <td>P110 </td> <td>all white </td> <td>one white band </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q125 </td> <td>all orange </td> <td>one orange band </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>API 5B and 5CT provide various steel grades and color codes of each grade, offering detailed and overall information of casing and tubing, which help you clearly pick out the most suitable products for different well application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i>EN 10027</i>, European Committee for Standardization</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EN+10027&rft.pub=European+Committee+for+Standardization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+grades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oakleysteel.co.uk/thick-steel-plates/steel-information/guide-en-10027-steel-names">"EN 10027 Steel Names and their Meaning"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EN+10027+Steel+Names+and+their+Meaning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oakleysteel.co.uk%2Fthick-steel-plates%2Fsteel-information%2Fguide-en-10027-steel-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+grades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.3ppars.com/WebsiteImages/download/48771479212.PDF">https://www.3ppars.com/WebsiteImages/download/48771479212.PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325222517/https://www.3ppars.com/WebsiteImages/download/48771479212.PDF">Archived</a> 2022-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringas2016" class="citation book cs1">Bringas, John E, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astm.org/ds67d-eb.html"><i>Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards, 5th Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fds67d-eb">10.1520/ds67d-eb</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-7077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-7077-3"><bdi>978-0-8031-7077-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kleinmetals.ch&rft.atitle=Chronifer+M-15+X+%28431+X%29+steel+developed+by+L.+Klein+SA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kleinmetals.ch%2Fsteel%2Fchronifer-m-15-x-watchmaking-alloys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+grades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/tool_steels/show_tool.cfm?ID=AISI_A2&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%20A2"><i>AISI A2</i></a>, Efunda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515140752/http://www.etunda.com/">archived</a> from the 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href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/tool_steels/show_tool.cfm?ID=AISI_A4&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%20A4"><i>AISI A4</i></a>, Efunda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515140752/http://www.etunda.com/">archived</a> from the original on 2010-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AISI+A4&rft.pub=Efunda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Ftool_steels%2Fshow_tool.cfm%3FID%3DAISI_A4%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DAISI%2520A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+grades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/tool_steels/show_tool.cfm?ID=AISI_A9&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%20A9"><i>AISI A9</i></a>, Efunda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515140752/http://www.etunda.com/">archived</a> from the original on 2010-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AISI+A9&rft.pub=Efunda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Falloys%2Ftool_steels%2Fshow_tool.cfm%3FID%3DAISI_A9%26show_prop%3Dall%26Page_Title%3DAISI%2520A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+grades" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberg1996" class="citation cs2">Oberg, E.; et al. (1996), <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> (25th ed.), Industrial Press Inc, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540311874" title="Special:BookSources/3540311874"><bdi>3540311874</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.edition=25th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3540311874&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+grades" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_grades&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steelnumber.com/en/number_en10027_eu.php">Steel classification according to EN 10027-2.Free searchable database "European steel and alloy grades"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagener-feinstahl.de/werkstoffliste2007.php?lng=en">Comparison of various steel standards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427173039/http://www.hagener-feinstahl.de/werkstoffliste2007.php?lng=en">Archived</a> 2019-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westyorkssteel.com/steel-specifications/international-standards/tool-steel/">Comparison of various tool steel standards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Matter/Steel_Europe.html">General guide to the EN 10027 steel name and numbering systems.</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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