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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confluences_(downstream_to_upstream)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confluences_(downstream_to_upstream)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Confluences (downstream to upstream)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confluences_(downstream_to_upstream)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservoirs_(downstream_to_upstream)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoirs_(downstream_to_upstream)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reservoirs (downstream to upstream)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservoirs_(downstream_to_upstream)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biggest_cities_on_the_shores_of_the_Volga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biggest_cities_on_the_shores_of_the_Volga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Biggest cities on the shores of the Volga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biggest_cities_on_the_shores_of_the_Volga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_across_the_Volga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_across_the_Volga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bridges across the Volga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_across_the_Volga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Human history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th-century_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>20th-century conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Satellite imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Volga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 174 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Эдил – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Эдил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AE%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8B_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ቮልጋ ወንዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቮልጋ ወንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folga" title="Folga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Folga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="فولغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Volga" title="Río Volga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río Volga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="ভল্গা নদী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভল্গা নদী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Volga" title="Ríu Volga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Volga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volqa" title="Volqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Volqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7" title="وولقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وولقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad_Volga" title="Tukad Volga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad Volga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="ভোলগা নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভোলগা নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="वोल्गा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वोल्गा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥོར་ཅཱ་གཙང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥོར་ཅཱ་གཙང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эжэл мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эжэл мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BB" title="Атăл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атăл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_(suba_sa_Rusya,_lat_45,92,_long_47,87)" title="Volga (suba sa Rusya, lat 45,92, long 47,87) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Volga (suba sa Rusya, lat 45,92, long 47,87)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volha" title="Volha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Volga" title="Mtsinje wa Volga – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Volga" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Volga" title="Afon Volga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Volga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βόλγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόλγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Рав – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рав" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgo" title="Volgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Volgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Volga" title="Riu Volga – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Riu Volga" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="رود ولگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود ولگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Naddi" title="Volga Naddi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Volga Naddi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Volga" title="An Volga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Volga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Volga" title="Río Volga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Volga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Идал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Идал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80" title="વોલ્ગા નદી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વોલ્ગા નદી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_h%C3%B2" title="Volga hò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Volga hò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%95" title="볼가강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼가강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%A1_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Վոլգա (գետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոլգա (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="वोल्गा नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वोल्गा नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivero_Volga" title="Rivero Volga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rivero Volga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayan_Volga" title="Karayan Volga – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karayan Volga" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Volga" title="Sungai Volga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Volga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Волгæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Волгæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94" title="וולגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Volga" title="Kali Volga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Volga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%94l%C9%A9ka_P%C9%94%C9%94" title="Fɔlɩka Pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɔlɩka Pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ವೋಲ್ಗಾ ನದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೋಲ್ಗಾ ನದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Итил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Итил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ვოლგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოლგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Еділ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еділ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowr_Volga" title="Dowr Volga – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dowr Volga" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_(kuksa)" title="Volga (kuksa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Volga (kuksa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Волга дарыясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Волга дарыясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Йыл – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Йыл" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rha" title="Rha – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Volga" title="Rio Volga – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Volga" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_(ony)" title="Volga (ony) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volga (ony)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%97_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="വോൾഗ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വോൾഗ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="वोल्गा नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वोल्गा नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ვოლგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვოლგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نهر الفولجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الفولجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ولگا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولگا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Volga" title="Sungai Volga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Volga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Volga" title="Riu Volga – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Riu Volga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рава – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рава" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Ижил мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ижил мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဗော်လ်ဂါမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗော်လ်ဂါမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="भोल्गा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भोल्गा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="भोल्गा खुसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भोल्गा खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E5%B7%9D" title="ヴォルガ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォルガ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ийдал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ийдал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga_(Struum)" title="Wolga (Struum) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wolga (Struum)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lga" title="Vòlga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vòlga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB" title="Юл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Юл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਵੋਲਗਾ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੋਲਗਾ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دریائے وولگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائے وولگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%A7" title="ولګا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولګا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D1%8E)" title="Волга (ю) – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Волга (ю)" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lga" title="Vòlga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vòlga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82ga" title="Wołga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wołga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Volga" title="Rio Volga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Volga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_(d%C3%A1rya)" title="Volga (dárya) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Volga (dárya)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edil" title="Edil – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Edil" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Волґа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Волґа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi_i_Vollg%C3%ABs" title="Lumi i Vollgës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi i Vollgës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="වොල්ගා නදිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වොල්ගා නදිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вльга – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вльга" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82ga" title="Wołga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wołga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%86%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ڕووباری ڤۆڵگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووباری ڤۆڵگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Volga" title="Ilog Volga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Volga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வோல்கா ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வோல்கா ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_n_Volga" title="Asif n Volga – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asif n Volga" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Идел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Идел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="వోల్గా నది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వోల్గా నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="แม่น้ำวอลกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำวอลกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Волга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Волга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دریائے وولگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے وولگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ۋولگا دەرياسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋولگا دەرياسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga" title="Volga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Volga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volg" title="Volg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Volg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Volga" title="Sông Volga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Volga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_(flumed)" title="Volga (flumed) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volga (flumed)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%A9%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="窩瓦河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="窩瓦河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Volga" title="Salog Volga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog Volga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8D%A1%E6%B2%B3" title="浮卡河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="浮卡河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90" title="וואלגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="伏加河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伏加河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolga" title="Vuolga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuolga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="伏尔加河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伏尔加河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolga" title="Wolga – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wolga" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Volga" title="Way Volga – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Way Volga" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volga&params=45_41_42_N_47_53_51_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°41′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°53′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.69500°N 47.89750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.69500; 47.89750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Russia; longest river in Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Volga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Volga (disambiguation)">Volga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wolga" redirects here. For the genus of rotifers, see <a href="/wiki/Wolga_(rotifer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolga (rotifer)">Wolga (rotifer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Volga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg/330px-Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg/500px-Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg/960px-Yaroslavl._Volga_River._Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_P5212700_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Volga at <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volgarivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Volgarivermap.png/330px-Volgarivermap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Volgarivermap.png/500px-Volgarivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Volgarivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Volga drainage basin</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="250" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_77698d9996f712b2a83dfd545b22e388f12273db"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Volga&revid=1282440994&groups=_77698d9996f712b2a83dfd545b22e388f12273db" width="300" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Volga&revid=1282440994&groups=_77698d9996f712b2a83dfd545b22e388f12273db 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> *<i>vòlga</i> 'wetness'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Волга</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Togliatti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valdai_Hills" title="Valdai Hills">Valdai Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver Oblast</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volga&params=57_15_4.7_N_32_28_5.1_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°15′4.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°28′5.1″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.251306°N 32.468083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.251306; 32.468083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">228 m (748 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volga&params=45_41_42_N_47_53_51_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°41′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°53′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.69500°N 47.89750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.69500; 47.89750</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−28 m (−92 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3,531 km (2,194 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-gvr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,360,000 km<sup>2</sup> (530,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-gvr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,404,107.6 km<sup>2</sup> (542,129.0 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> (Basin size: 1,391,271.8 km<sup>2</sup> (537,173.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">8,060 m<sup>3</sup>/s (285,000 cu ft/s) <p>8,103.078 m<sup>3</sup>/s (286,157.5 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a>: 8,110.544 m<sup>3</sup>/s (286,421.2 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (180,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">48,500 m<sup>3</sup>/s (1,710,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> (Basin size: 1,359,396.8 km<sup>2</sup> (524,866.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">8,150 m<sup>3</sup>/s (288,000 cu ft/s) 8,228.298 m<sup>3</sup>/s (290,579.6 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5,090 m<sup>3</sup>/s (180,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">48,450 m<sup>3</sup>/s (1,711,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> (Basin size: 1,218,995.3 km<sup>2</sup> (470,656.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,680 m<sup>3</sup>/s (271,000 cu ft/s) 7,785.921 m<sup>3</sup>/s (274,957.2 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> (Basin size: 479,637.3 km<sup>2</sup> (185,189.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,940 m<sup>3</sup>/s (104,000 cu ft/s) <p>2,806.467 m<sup>3</sup>/s (99,109.4 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> (Basin size: 153,657.8 km<sup>2</sup> (59,327.6 sq mi): 1,008.277 m<sup>3</sup>/s (35,607.0 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <a href="/wiki/Rybinsk" title="Rybinsk">Rybinsk</a> (Basin size: 150,119.8 km<sup>2</sup> (57,961.6 sq mi): 993.253 m<sup>3</sup>/s (35,076.4 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a> (Basin size: 24,658.6 km<sup>2</sup> (9,520.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">176 m<sup>3</sup>/s (6,200 cu ft/s) 186.157 m<sup>3</sup>/s (6,574.1 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Volga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Волга</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈvoɫɡə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/Ru-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Ru-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-Волга.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe#Rivers_of_Europe_by_length" title="List of rivers of Europe">longest river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the longest <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a> river in the world. Situated in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, it flows through <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central Russia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. The Volga has a length of 3,531 km (2,194 mi), and a catchment area of 1,360,000 km<sup>2</sup> (530,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-gvr_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> at delta – between 8,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (280,000 cu ft/s) and 8,500 m<sup>3</sup>/s (300,000 cu ft/s) – and of <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. It is widely regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers in Russia">national river</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The hypothetical old Russian state, the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a>, arose along the Volga <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 830 AD</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannholm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannholm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the river served as an important meeting place of various <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river flows in Russia through <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">forest steppes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. Five of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">ten largest cities of Russia</a>, including the nation's capital, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, are located in the Volga's drainage basin. Because the Volga drains into the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic</a> body of water, the Volga does not naturally connect to any of the world's oceans. </p><p>Some of the largest <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> in the world are located along the Volga River. The river has a symbolic meaning in <a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian culture</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_folklore" title="Russian folklore">folklore</a> often refer to it as Волга-матушка <i>Volga-Matushka</i> (Mother Volga). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg/250px-Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg/330px-Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg/500px-Rybinsk_Reservoir._Cruise_ship_Maksim_Litvinov_P5213234_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Cruise ship on the Volga.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large river ending in triangular delta into sea, seen from above the atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg/180px-ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg/270px-ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg/360px-ISS-60_Volga_River_flowing_into_the_Caspian_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronym</a> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Volga</i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">Волга</span></span></span>) derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> *<i>vòlga</i> 'wetness, moisture', which is preserved in many Slavic languages, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">vlaga</i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">влага</span></span>) 'moisture', <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">vlaga</i></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">влага</span></span></span>) 'moisture', <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <span title="Czech-language romanization"><i lang="cs-Latn">vláha</i></span> 'dampness', <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">vlaga</i></span> (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">влага</span></span></span>) 'moisture', <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> <span title="Slovene-language romanization"><i lang="sl-Latn">vlaga</i></span> 'moisture', <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">wilgoć</i></span> 'moisture' and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">vlaga</i></span> (<span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">влага</span></span></span>) 'moisture', among others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> name for the Volga was <span title="Scythian-language romanization"><i lang="xsc-Latn">Rahā</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally meaning 'wetness'. This is related to the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> name for a mythical stream, <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Raŋhā</i></span> (<span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁</span></span></span>), which means "wet" or "moisture", and was derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₁res-</span></span></i> or <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₁ers-</span></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name can be compared to several Indo-Iranic terms, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> <span title="Sogdian-language romanization"><i lang="sog-Latn">rʾk</i></span> (<span title="Sogdian-language text"><span lang="sog"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009365396">.mw-parser-output .script-Sogdian,.mw-parser-output .script-Sogd{font-family:Noto Sans Sogdian,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Sogdian script-Sogd" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐽀𐼰𐼸</span>‎</span></span>) 'vein, blood vessel' (from Old Iranian <span title="Iranian languages romanization"><i lang="ira-Latn">*rahaka</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:رگ">رگ</a></span></span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">rag</i></span> 'vein,'<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">rasā́</i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">रसा</span></span></span>) 'dew, liquid, juice; mythical river'), which was also the name of <a href="/wiki/Ras%C4%81" title="Rasā">a tributary</a> of the Indus river.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Scythian name survives in modern <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> as <span title="Moksha-language romanization"><i lang="mdf-Latn">Rav</i></span> (<span title="Moksha-language text"><span lang="mdf"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">Рав</span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> author <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> recorded two more ancient Iranic names of the Volga: </p> <ul><li><span title="English-language romanization"><i lang="en-Latn">Oaros</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Οαρος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Oaros</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Oarus</i>), which was derived from <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> <span title="Scythian-language romanization"><i lang="xsc-Latn">*Varu</i></span>, meaning "broad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The Huns' name of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river, <span title="Hunnic-language romanization"><i lang="xhc-Latn">Var</i></span>, was also derived from Scythian <span title="Scythian-language romanization"><i lang="xsc-Latn">*Varu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span title="English-language romanization"><i lang="en-Latn">Araxes</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Αραξης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Araxēs</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Araxes</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-OlbrychtCimmerians_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlbrychtCimmerians-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OlbrychtNomads_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlbrychtNomads-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic peoples</a> living along the river formerly referred to it as <span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">Itil</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Atil" title="Atil">Atil</a></i>. In modern <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, the Volga is known as <span title="Tatar-language romanization"><i lang="tt-Latn">İdel</i></span> (<span title="Tatar-language text"><span lang="tt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">Идел</span></span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, <span title="Chuvash-language romanization"><i lang="cv-Latn">Atăl</i></span> (<span title="Chuvash-language text"><span lang="cv"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">Атӑл</span></span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>, <span title="Bashkir-language romanization"><i lang="ba-Latn">Iźel</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>, <span title="Kazakh-language romanization"><i lang="kk-Latn">Edıl</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, and <span title="Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="tr-Latn">İdil</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. The Turkic names go back to the ancient Turkic form "<span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">Etil</i></span>/<span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">Ertil</i></span>", the origin and meaning of which are not clear. Perhaps this form has a connection with the hydronym <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River"><i>Irtesh</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkic peoples associated the Itil's origin with the <a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a left tributary to the Kama was named the <a href="/wiki/Belaya_River_(Kama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belaya River (Kama)"><span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">Aq Itil</i></span></a> 'White Itil' which unites with the <a href="/wiki/Ufa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ufa River"><span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">Kara Itil</i></span></a> 'Black Itil' at the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The name <span title="Kabardian-language romanization"><i lang="kbd-Latn">Indyl</i></span> (<span title="Kabardian-language romanization"><i lang="kbd-Latn">Indɨl</i></span>) is used in the <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Cherkess</a> language. </p><p>In Asia the river was known by its other Turkic name <span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">Sarı-su</i></span> 'yellow water', but the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> also used their own name, <span title="Oirat-language romanization"><i lang="xal-Latn">Ijil mörön</i></span> or 'adaptation river'. Presently the <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> group, call the river <span title="Mari (Russia)-language romanization"><i lang="chm-Latn">Jul</i></span> (<span title="Mari (Russia)-language text"><span lang="chm"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">Юл</span></span></span>), meaning 'way' in <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>. Formerly, they called the river <span title="Mari (Russia)-language romanization"><i lang="chm-Latn">Volgydo</i></span>, a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg/250px-Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg/500px-Nizhny_Novgorod_P8132254_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The confluence of the Oka (<i>to the left</i>) and the Volga in Nizhny Novgorod</figcaption></figure> <p>The Volga is the longest <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and its catchment area is almost entirely inside <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, though the longest river in Russia is the <a href="/wiki/Ob_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob river">Ob</a>–<a href="/wiki/Irtysh_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh river">Irtysh river</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">closed basin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, being the longest river to flow into a closed basin. The source of the Volga lies in the village of Volgoverkhov'e in <a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver Oblast</a>. Rising in the <a href="/wiki/Valdai_Hills" title="Valdai Hills">Valdai Hills</a> 225 m (738 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> northwest of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and about 320 km (200 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, the Volga heads east past <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sterzh" title="Lake Sterzh">Lake Sterzh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rybinsk" title="Rybinsk">Rybinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>. From there it turns south, flows past <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, and discharges into the Caspian Sea below <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> at 28 m (92 ft) below sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg/250px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg/500px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Bridge" title="Saratov Bridge">Saratov Bridge</a> by night, <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staritsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Staritsa.jpg/220px-Staritsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Staritsa.jpg/330px-Staritsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Staritsa.jpg/440px-Staritsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="2891" /></a><figcaption>The upper Volga in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Staritsa_(town),_Tver_Oblast" title="Staritsa (town), Tver Oblast">Staritsa</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The Volga has many <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>, most importantly the <a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vetluga_(river)" title="Vetluga (river)">Vetluga</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sura_(river)" title="Sura (river)">Sura</a>. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which flows through an area of about 1,350,000 km<sup>2</sup> (521,238 sq mi) in the most heavily populated part of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a> has a length of about 160 km (99 mi) and includes as many as 500 channels and smaller rivers. The largest <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> in Europe, it is the only place in Russia where <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotuses</a> may be found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year.<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Volga drains most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Russia">Western Russia</a>. Its many large reservoirs provide <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moscow Canal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a> form navigable <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> connecting Moscow to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the Caspian Sea, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. High levels of chemical <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> have adversely affected the river and its habitats. </p><p>The fertile river valley provides large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and other agricultural produce, and also has many mineral riches. A substantial petroleum industry centers on the Volga valley. Other resources include <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>. The Volga Delta and the Caspian Sea are <a href="/wiki/Fishing_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing grounds">fishing grounds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confluences_(downstream_to_upstream)"><span id="Confluences_.28downstream_to_upstream.29"></span>Confluences (downstream to upstream)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Confluences (downstream to upstream)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tver_dusk_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tver_dusk_3.jpg/220px-Tver_dusk_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tver_dusk_3.jpg/330px-Tver_dusk_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tver_dusk_3.jpg/440px-Tver_dusk_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The Starovolzhsky Bridge in <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Volga_Hydroelectric_Station_002_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Volga Hydroelectric Station">Volga Hydroelectric Station</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhtuba" title="Akhtuba">Akhtuba</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Volzhsky,_Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast">Volzhsky</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Irgiz" title="Bolshoy Irgiz">Bolshoy Irgiz</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Volsk" title="Volsk">Volsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(Volga)" title="Samara (Volga)">Samara</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazanka_(river)" title="Kazanka (river)">Kazanka</a> (in Kazan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviyaga" title="Sviyaga">Sviyaga</a> (west of Kazan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetluga_(river)" title="Vetluga (river)">Vetluga</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Kozmodemyansk" title="Kozmodemyansk">Kozmodemyansk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(river)" title="Sura (river)">Sura</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Vasilsursk" title="Vasilsursk">Vasilsursk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerzhenets" title="Kerzhenets">Kerzhenets</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Lyskovo" title="Lyskovo">Lyskovo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzola" title="Uzola">Uzola</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Balakhna" title="Balakhna">Balakhna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unzha" title="Unzha">Unzha</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Yuryevets,_Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Yuryevets, Ivanovo Oblast">Yuryevets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(river)" title="Kostroma (river)">Kostroma</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotorosl" title="Kotorosl">Kotorosl</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheksna" title="Sheksna">Sheksna</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cherepovets" title="Cherepovets">Cherepovets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mologa_(river)" title="Mologa (river)">Mologa</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Vesyegonsk" title="Vesyegonsk">Vesyegonsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinka" title="Kashinka">Kashinka</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Kalyazin" title="Kalyazin">Kalyazin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerl_(Volga)" title="Nerl (Volga)">Nerl</a> (near Kalyazin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medveditsa_(Volga)" title="Medveditsa (Volga)">Medveditsa</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Kimry" title="Kimry">Kimry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubna_(Volga)" title="Dubna (Volga)">Dubna</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shosha_(river)" title="Shosha (river)">Shosha</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Konakovo" title="Konakovo">Konakovo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvertsa" title="Tvertsa">Tvertsa</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazuza" title="Vazuza">Vazuza</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Zubtsov" title="Zubtsov">Zubtsov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selizharovka" title="Selizharovka">Selizharovka</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Selizharovo" title="Selizharovo">Selizharovo</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservoirs_(downstream_to_upstream)"><span id="Reservoirs_.28downstream_to_upstream.29"></span>Reservoirs (downstream to upstream)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reservoirs (downstream to upstream)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of large hydroelectric reservoirs were constructed on the Volga during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet era</a>. They are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Reservoir" title="Volgograd Reservoir">Volgograd Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Reservoir" title="Saratov Reservoir">Saratov Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuybyshev_Reservoir" title="Kuybyshev Reservoir">Kuybyshev Reservoir</a> –  the largest in Europe by surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary_Reservoir" title="Cheboksary Reservoir">Cheboksary Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorky_Reservoir" title="Gorky Reservoir">Gorky Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybinsk_Reservoir" title="Rybinsk Reservoir">Rybinsk Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uglich_Reservoir" title="Uglich Reservoir">Uglich Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivankovo_Reservoir" title="Ivankovo Reservoir">Ivankovo Reservoir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biggest_cities_on_the_shores_of_the_Volga">Biggest cities on the shores of the Volga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biggest cities on the shores of the Volga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges_across_the_Volga">Bridges across the Volga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bridges across the Volga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_rail_bridge" title="Kostroma rail bridge">Kostroma rail bridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_history">Human history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg/250px-Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg/330px-Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg/500px-Volga_River._Tolga_Monastery_P5212881_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Many <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> are located along the banks of the Volga</figcaption></figure> <p>The Volga–<a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a> region has been occupied for at least 9,000 years and supported a bone and antler industry for producing bone arrowheads, spearheads, lanceheads, daggers, hunters knives, and awls. The makers also used local quartz and imported flints.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the Volga formed the boundary between the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> in the Caucasian Steppe and the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> in the Caspian Steppe.<sup id="cite_ref-OlbrychtCimmerians_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlbrychtCimmerians-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Scythians migrated to the west and displaced the Cimmerians, the Volga became the boundary between the territories of the Scythians in the Pontic and Caspian Steppes and the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> in the Caspian and Transcaspian steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-OlbrychtNomads_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlbrychtNomads-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 6th and the 8th centuries, the Alans settled in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Volga_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Volga Area">Middle Volga</a> region and in the steppes of Russia's southern region in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area around the Volga was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic tribes">Slavic tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vyatichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyatichs">Vyatichs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchaks</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium">first millennium</a> AD, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Source is a Master's thesis (October 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore, the river played a vital role in the commerce of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine people</a>. The ancient scholar <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> mentions the lower Volga in his <i>Geography</i> (Book 5, Chapter 8, 2nd Map of Asia). He calls it the <i>Rha</i>, which was the Scythian name for the river. Ptolemy believed the Don and the Volga shared the same upper branch, which flowed from the <a href="/wiki/Hyperborean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperborean">Hyperborean</a> Mountains. Between 2nd and 5th centuries <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic people</a> were very widespread in today's European Russia. Baltic people were widespread from <a href="/wiki/Sozh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozh River">Sozh River</a> till today's Moscow and covered much of today's <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central Russia</a> and intermingled with the East Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian ethnicity in Western Russia and around the Volga river evolved to a very large extent, next to other tribes, out of the East Slavic tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichis</a>. The Vyatichis were originally concentrated on the Oka River.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, several localities in Russia are connected to the Slavic Buzhan tribe, like for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sredniy_Buzhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sredniy Buzhan (page does not exist)">Sredniy Buzhan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg Oblast</a>, Buzan and the <a href="/wiki/Buzan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Buzan River">Buzan River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buzhan (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بوژان‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Būzhān</i></span>; also known as <i>Būzān</i>) is also a village in <a href="/wiki/Buzhan,_Nishapur" title="Buzhan, Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. In late 8th century the Russian state Russkiy Kaganate is recorded in different Northern and Oriental sources. The Volga was one of the main rivers of the Rus' Khaganates culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannholm_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannholm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the river basin played an important role in the movements of peoples from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. A powerful polity of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> once flourished where the <a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a> joins the Volga, while <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Khazaria</a> controlled the lower stretches of the river. Such Volga cities as <a href="/wiki/Atil" title="Atil">Atil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqsin" title="Saqsin">Saqsin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai</a> were among the largest in the medieval world. The river <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">served as an important trade route</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic</a> areas with the various Slavic tribes and Turkic, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, Finnic and other people in Old <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (people)">Rus'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_(1844-1930)_-_Volga_Boatmen_(1870-1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg/250px-Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg/500px-Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Yefimovich_Repin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Yefimovich Repin">Ilya Yefimovich Repin</a>'s 1870-1873 painting <i><a href="/wiki/Barge_Haulers_on_the_Volga" title="Barge Haulers on the Volga">Barge Haulers on the Volga</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Khazars were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimeks">Kimeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> in the lower reaches of the Volga. Later their empire divided into the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Astrakhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanate of Astrakhan">Khanate of Astrakhan</a>, both of which were conquered by the Russians in the course of the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a>. The Russian people's deep feeling for the Volga echoes in national culture and literature, starting from the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Lay_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay of Igor's Campaign">Lay of Igor's Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Volga_Boatman%27s_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="The Volga Boatman's Song">The Volga Boatman's Song</a> is one of many songs devoted to the national river of Russia. </p><p>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>-era dams often involved enforced resettlement of huge numbers of people, as well as destruction of their historical heritage. For instance, the town of <a href="/wiki/Mologa" title="Mologa">Mologa</a> was flooded for the purpose of constructing the <a href="/wiki/Rybinsk_Reservoir" title="Rybinsk Reservoir">Rybinsk Reservoir</a> (then the largest artificial lake in the world). The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Uglich_Reservoir" title="Uglich Reservoir">Uglich Reservoir</a> caused the flooding of several monasteries with buildings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. In such cases the ecological and cultural damage often outbalanced any economic advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th-century_conflicts">20th-century conflicts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th-century conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/200px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/300px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg/400px-Soviet_marines-in_the_battle_of_stalingrad_volga_banks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry#World_War_II" title="Russian Naval Infantry">Marines</a> charge the Volga <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">river bank</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Operation" title="Kazan Operation">Kazan Operation</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, both sides fielded warships on the Volga. In 1918, the Red <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volga Flotilla (page does not exist)">Volga Flotilla</a> participated in driving the Whites eastward, from the Middle Volga <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Operation" title="Kazan Operation">at Kazan</a> to the Kama and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Belaya_River_(Kama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belaya River (Kama)">Belaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> ordered the imprisonment of several military specialists on a barge in the Volga and the sinking of a floating prison in which the officers perished.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, the city on the big bend of the Volga, currently known as <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, possibly the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties" title="List of battles by casualties">bloodiest battle</a> in human history, in which the Soviet Union and the German forces were deadlocked in a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> battle for access to the river. The Volga was (and still is) a vital transport route between central Russia and the Caspian Sea, which provides access to the oil fields of the <a href="/wiki/Apsheron_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> planned to use access to the oil fields of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to fuel future German conquests. Apart from that, whoever held both sides of the river could move forces across the river, to defeat the enemy's <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> beyond the river.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By taking the river, Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> would have been able to move <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">supplies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a>, and men into the northern part of Russia. At the same time, Germany could permanently deny this transport route by the Soviet Union, hampering its access to oil and to supplies via the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a>. </p><p>For this reason, many <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> military assaults were brought about in an attempt to remove the other side from the banks of the river. In these battles, the Soviet Union was the main <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> side, while the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German troops</a> used a more <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defensive</a> stance, though much of the fighting was <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close quarters combat</a>, with no clear offensive or defensive side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>The Volga in the <a href="/wiki/Zhiguli_Mountains" title="Zhiguli Mountains">Zhiguli Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many different ethnicities lived on the Volga river. Numerous were the Eastern Slavic <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatchi</a> tribes which took a decisive role in the development of modern Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the first recorded people along the upper Volga were also the Finnic <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> (Мари) and <a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a> (Мäрӹ) people. Where the Volga flows through the steppes the area was also inhabited by the Iranian people of the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> from 200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since ancient times, even before Rus' states developed, the Volga river was an important trade route where not only Slavic, Turkic and Finnic peoples lived, but also <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> world of the Middle East met the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangian</a> people of the Nordic countries through trading.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 8th and 9th centuries colonization also began from <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. Slavs from Kievan Rus' brought Christianity to the upper Volga, and a portion of non-Slavic local people adopted Christianity and gradually became <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>. The remainder of the Mari people migrated to the east far inland. In the course of several centuries the Slavs assimilated the indigenous Finnic populations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a> peoples. The surviving peoples of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finnic</a> ethnicity include the <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Maris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzya people">Erzyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a> of the middle Volga. Also Khazar and Bulgar peoples inhabited the upper, middle and lower of the Volga River basin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, the earliest Turkic tribes arrived in the 7th century and assimilated some Finno-Ugric and Indo-European population on the middle and lower Volga. The Turkic <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> are descendants of the population of medieval <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>. Another Turkic group, the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a>, formerly inhabited the lower Volga steppes. </p><p>The Volga region is home to a German minority group, the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> had issued a manifesto in 1763 inviting all foreigners to come and populate the region, offering them numerous incentives to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was partly to develop the region but also to provide a buffer zone between the Russians and the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> to the east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of conditions in German territories, Germans responded in the largest numbers. Under the Soviet Union a slice of the region was turned into the <a href="/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volgograd._River_Station_P8080529_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Volgograd._River_Station_P8080529_2200.jpg/250px-Volgograd._River_Station_P8080529_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Volgograd._River_Station_P8080529_2200.jpg/500px-Volgograd._River_Station_P8080529_2200.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3695" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The Volga at Volgograd</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utes_step_raz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Utes_step_raz2.jpg/250px-Utes_step_raz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Utes_step_raz2.jpg/330px-Utes_step_raz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Utes_step_raz2.jpg/500px-Utes_step_raz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In some locations, the Volga has a rocky west bank.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Volga, widened for navigation purposes with construction of huge dams during the years of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, is of great importance to inland shipping and transport in Russia: all the dams in the river have been equipped with large (double) <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">ship locks</a>, so that vessels of considerable dimensions can travel from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> almost to the upstream end of the river. </p><p>Connections with the river <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> are possible through the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a>. Connections with the lakes of the North (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> are possible through the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a>; and commerce with Moscow has been realised by the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moscow Canal</a> connecting the Volga and the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a>. </p><p>This infrastructure has been designed for vessels of a relatively large scale (lock dimensions of 290 by 30 metres (951 ft × 98 ft) on the Volga, slightly smaller on some of the other rivers and canals) and it spans many thousands of kilometers. A number of formerly state-run, now mostly privatized, companies operate passenger and cargo vessels on the river; <a href="/wiki/Volgotanker" title="Volgotanker">Volgotanker</a>, with over 200 <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_tanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum tanker">petroleum tankers</a>, is one of them. </p><p>In the later <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet era</a>, up to the modern times, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> and oil have been among the largest cargo exports transported on the Volga. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until recently access to the Russian waterways was granted to foreign vessels on a very limited scale. The increasing contacts between the European Union and Russia have led to new policies with regard to the access to the Russian inland waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_imagery">Satellite imagery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Satellite imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volgograd_44.67670E_48.66724N.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the river and Volgograd from space."><img alt="View of the river and Volgograd from space." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volgograd_44.67670E_48.66724N.jpg/120px-Volgograd_44.67670E_48.66724N.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Volgograd_44.67670E_48.66724N.jpg/250px-Volgograd_44.67670E_48.66724N.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the river and <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> from space.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga-river-delta-terra-modis-2010-07-17-750-UTC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volga river delta, Terra/MODIS 2010-07-17."><img alt="Volga river delta, Terra/MODIS 2010-07-17." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Volga-river-delta-terra-modis-2010-07-17-750-UTC.jpg/120px-Volga-river-delta-terra-modis-2010-07-17-750-UTC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Volga-river-delta-terra-modis-2010-07-17-750-UTC.jpg/250px-Volga-river-delta-terra-modis-2010-07-17-750-UTC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5416" data-file-height="8120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volga river delta, <a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moderate-Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a> 2010-07-17.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terra/MODIS, 2002-05-17."><img alt="Terra/MODIS, 2002-05-17." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg/92px-Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg/138px-Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg/184px-Volga.A2002137.0745.250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terra/MODIS, 2002-05-17.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terra/MODIS, 2001-10-10."><img alt="Terra/MODIS, 2001-10-10." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Volga.250m.jpg/120px-Volga.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Volga.250m.jpg/250px-Volga.250m.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terra/MODIS, 2001-10-10.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Without_a_Dowry" title="Without a Dowry">Without a Dowry</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Ostrovsky)" title="The Storm (Ostrovsky)">The Storm</a></i> – dramas by the Russian playwright <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ostrovsky" title="Alexander Ostrovsky">Aleksandr Ostrovsky</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Forests" title="In the Forests">In the Forests</a></i>, <i>On the Hills</i> – novels by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Ivanovich_Melnikov" title="Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov">Pavel Melnikov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Bulychov_and_Others" title="Yegor Bulychov and Others">Yegor Bulychov and Others</a></i>, <i>Dostigayev and Others</i> – plays by <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li>"Distance After Distance" – poem by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Tvardovsky" title="Aleksandr Tvardovsky">Aleksandr Tvardovsky</a></li> <li>"On the Volga" – a poem by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Nekrasov" title="Nikolay Nekrasov">Nikolay Nekrasov</a></li> <li>"Volga and <a href="/wiki/Vazuza_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vazuza River">Vazuza</a>" – a poem by <a href="/wiki/Samuil_Marshak" title="Samuil Marshak">Samuil Marshak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice_(Goncharov_novel)" title="The Precipice (Goncharov novel)">The Precipice</a></i> – a novel by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volga_Se_Ganga" title="Volga Se Ganga">Volga Se Ganga</a></i> - a novel by <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi language</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Volga-Volga" title="Volga-Volga">Volga-Volga</a></i> (1938) – a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> film comedy directed by <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Voronina_(film)" title="Ekaterina Voronina (film)">Ekaterina Voronina</a></i> (1957) – Soviet drama film directed by <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Annensky" title="Isidor Annensky">Isidor Annensky</a></li> <li><i>The Bridge Is Built</i> (1965) – a Soviet film about the construction of a road bridge across the Volga in <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Yefremov" title="Oleg Yefremov">Oleg Efremov</a> and Gavriil Egiazarov</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cruel_Romance" title="A Cruel Romance">A Cruel Romance</a></i> (1984) – romantic drama directed by <a href="/wiki/Eldar_Ryazanov" title="Eldar Ryazanov">Eldar Ryazanov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(2007_film)" title="Election Day (2007 film)">Election Day</a></i> (2007) – Russian comedy film directed by Oleg Fomin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Volga_Boatmen" title="The Song of the Volga Boatmen">The Song of the Volga Boatmen</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Exodus" title="Metro Exodus">Metro Exodus</a></i> – Volga is one of main levels of the game</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Depression" title="Caspian Depression">Caspian Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">List of rivers of Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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href="#cite_ref-gvr_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=179058">«Река Волга»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021422/http://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=179058">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Russian State Water Registry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/east-europe/itemlist/category/947-akhtuba">the original</a> on 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rivers+Network&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riversnetwork.org%2Frbo%2Findex.php%2Friver-blogs%2Feast-europe%2Fitemlist%2Fcategory%2F947-akhtuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-readersnatural-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-readersnatural_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-readersnatural_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-readersnatural_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-readersnatural_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-readersnatural_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-readersnatural_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheffelWernet1980" class="citation book cs1">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/east-europe/itemlist/category/950-lower-volga">the original</a> on 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rivers+Network&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riversnetwork.org%2Frbo%2Findex.php%2Friver-blogs%2Feast-europe%2Fitemlist%2Fcategory%2F950-lower-volga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109135035/https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/east-europe/itemlist/category/951-middlevolga">"Rivers Network"</a>. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/east-europe/itemlist/category/951-middlevolga">the original</a> on 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rivers+Network&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riversnetwork.org%2Frbo%2Findex.php%2Friver-blogs%2Feast-europe%2Fitemlist%2Fcategory%2F951-middlevolga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109135025/https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/east-europe/itemlist/category/954-upper-volga">"Rivers Network"</a>. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/east-europe/itemlist/category/954-upper-volga">the original</a> on 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rivers+Network&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riversnetwork.org%2Frbo%2Findex.php%2Friver-blogs%2Feast-europe%2Fitemlist%2Fcategory%2F954-upper-volga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gannholm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gannholm_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannholm_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGannholm" class="citation web cs1">Gannholm, Tore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40313672">"Birka, Varangian Emporium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418181057/https://www.academia.edu/40313672">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birka%2C+Varangian+Emporium&rft.aulast=Gannholm&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40313672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuttwak,_Edward_N.2011" class="citation book cs1">Luttwak, Edward N. (2011). <i>Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire</i>. Belknap Harvard. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674062078" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674062078"><bdi>978-0674062078</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733913679">733913679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Strategy+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Belknap+Harvard&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733913679&rft.isbn=978-0674062078&rft.au=Luttwak%2C+Edward+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Joel (2007). "Iran and Its Neighbors in Late Antiquity: Art of the Sasanian Empire (224–642 C.E.)". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>1 11</b> (4): 797. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.111.4.795">10.3764/aja.111.4.795</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192943660">192943660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Its+Neighbors+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Art+of+the+Sasanian+Empire+%28224%E2%80%93642+C.E.%29&rft.volume=1+11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=797&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192943660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.111.4.795&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNeese2005" class="citation book cs1">McNeese, Tim (2005). <i>The Volga river</i>. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791082474" title="Special:BookSources/0791082474"><bdi>0791082474</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56535045">56535045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volga+river&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56535045&rft.isbn=0791082474&rft.aulast=McNeese&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Max Vasmer</a>'s dictionary under "<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Волга</span></span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1986" class="citation web cs1">Brunner, C. J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arang-river">"ARANG"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812220052/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arang-river">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>Middle Persian <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="pal-Latn">Arang</span></span>/<span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="pal-Latn">Arag</span></span> renders Avestan <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ae-Latn">Raŋhā</span></span>, which is cognate with the Scythian name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">Rhâ</span></span> (<span title="Scythian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="xsc-Latn">*Rahā</span></span>) transmitted by Ptolemy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ARANG&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farang-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.P. Mallory & D.Q. Adams, <i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i>, s.v. "dew" (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), 158-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michiel de Vaan, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italian Languages</i>, s.v. "rōs, rōris" (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 526-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nourai, Ali. 2013. An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and Other Indo-European Languages. Index of Words in Different Languages, vol. 1, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. <i>Les Sarmates: Amazones et lanciers cuirassés entre Oural et Danube</i>. Paris: Editions Errance, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartley2021" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, Janet M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DjoHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>The Volga: A History</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24564-6"><bdi>978-0-300-24564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volga%3A+A+History&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24564-6&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Janet+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjoHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerralaFeoktistov1998" class="citation book cs1">Herrala, Eva; Feoktistov, Aleksandr (1998). <i>Mokšalais-Suomalainen sanakirja</i>. Turku: University of Turku. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-29-1244-9" title="Special:BookSources/951-29-1244-9"><bdi>951-29-1244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mok%C5%A1alais-Suomalainen+sanakirja&rft.place=Turku&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Turku&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=951-29-1244-9&rft.aulast=Herrala&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Feoktistov%2C+Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999129_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1999">Harmatta 1999</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OlbrychtCimmerians-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OlbrychtCimmerians_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OlbrychtCimmerians_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1509846">"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"</a>. In <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Pstrusi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Jadwiga Pstrusińska">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; Fear, Andrew (eds.). <i>Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Księgarnia Akademicka (page does not exist)">Księgarnia Akademicka</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">pl</a>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813195535/https://www.academia.edu/1509846">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cimmerian+Problem+Re-Examined%3A+the+Evidence+of+the+Classical+Sources&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bpl%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1509846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OlbrychtNomads-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OlbrychtNomads_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OlbrychtNomads_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11934986">"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"</a>. In <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Pstrusi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Jadwiga Pstrusińska">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>; Fear, Andrew (eds.). <i>Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Księgarnia Akademicka (page does not exist)">Księgarnia Akademicka</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">pl</a>]</sup>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925135705/https://www.academia.edu/11934986">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Presence+of+Iranian+Peoples+in+Europe+and+Their+Asiatic+Relations&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bpl%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11934986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akhmetyanov R. G. Brief Historical and etymological dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan: Tat. publishing house, 2001. p. 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-298-01004-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-298-01004-0">5-298-01004-0</a> (In tatar: Әхмәтьянов Р. Г. Татар теленең кыскача тарихи-этимологик сүзлеге. — Казан: Тат. кит. нәшр., 2001. б. 76. )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kama-River-Russia">"Kama River | river, Russia | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124125816/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kama-River-Russia">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Kama+River+%7C+river%2C+Russia+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKama-River-Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhilin, M. (2015). Early Mesolithic bone arrowheads from the Volga-Oka interfluve, central Russia. 32. 35-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slm.uni-hamburg.de/ifuu/download/helimski/ural-vorgeschichte.pdf">"VORGESCHICHE DER URALISCHEN SPRACHFAMILIE, GESCHICHTE DER KLEINEREN URALISCHEN SPRACHEN: CHRONOLOGIE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530052002/https://www.slm.uni-hamburg.de/ifuu/download/helimski/ural-vorgeschichte.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VORGESCHICHE+DER+URALISCHEN+SPRACHFAMILIE%2C+GESCHICHTE+DER+KLEINEREN+URALISCHEN+SPRACHEN%3A+CHRONOLOGIE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slm.uni-hamburg.de%2Fifuu%2Fdownload%2Fhelimski%2Fural-vorgeschichte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatona2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Katona, Cseste (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.edu/2018/katona_csete.pdf"><i>Co-operation between the Viking Rus' and the Turkic nomads of the steppe in the ninth-eleventh centuries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MA thesis). Central European University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418221818/http://www.etd.ceu.edu/2018/katona_csete.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Co-operation+between+the+Viking+Rus%27+and+the+Turkic+nomads+of+the+steppe+in+the+ninth-eleventh+centuries&rft.inst=Central+European+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Katona&rft.aufirst=Cseste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.edu%2F2018%2Fkatona_csete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1964/64_2_08_BR1.html">"Marija Gimbutas. "A Survey Study of the Ancient Balts - Reviewed by Jonas Puzinas"</a>. <i>www.lituanus.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804192233/http://www.lituanus.org/1964/64_2_08_BR1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lituanus.org&rft.atitle=Marija+Gimbutas.+%22A+Survey+Study+of+the+Ancient+Balts+-+Reviewed+by+Jonas+Puzinas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1964%2F64_2_08_BR1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhirohov,_Mikhail.2019" class="citation book cs1">Zhirohov, Mikhail. (2019). <i>The Khazars: a Judeo-Turkish Empire on the Steppes, 7th-11th Centuries AD</i>. Nicolle, David., Hook, Christa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472830104" title="Special:BookSources/9781472830104"><bdi>9781472830104</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076253515">1076253515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khazars%3A+a+Judeo-Turkish+Empire+on+the+Steppes%2C+7th-11th+Centuries+AD.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1076253515&rft.isbn=9781472830104&rft.au=Zhirohov%2C+Mikhail.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html">"Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia"</a>. <i>Study.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328092408/https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study.com&rft.atitle=Early+East+Slavic+Tribes+in+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fearly-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620141913/http://www.volgawriter.com/VW%20Volga%20River.htm">"The Volga"</a>. www.volgawriter.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volgawriter.com/VW%20Volga%20River.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FrontPage" title="Microsoft FrontPage">Microsoft FrontPage</a> 12.0)</span> on 20 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Volga&rft.pub=www.volgawriter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volgawriter.com%2FVW%2520Volga%2520River.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In all, Soviet dams flooded 2,600 villages and 165 cities, almost 78,000 sq. km. – the area of Maryland, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New Jersey combined – including nearly 31,000 sq. km. of agricultural land and 31,000 sq. km. of forestland". Quoted from: Paul R. Josephson. <i>Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World</i>. Island Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-777-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-777-3">1-55963-777-3</a>. Page 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Pearce" title="Brian Pearce">Brian Pearce</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1918/raskolnikov/ilyin/index.htm">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203140800/http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1918/raskolnikov/ilyin/index.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Raskolnikov" title="Fyodor Raskolnikov">Fyodor Raskolnikov</a> s "Tales of Sub-lieutenant Ilyin."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2004" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PY2RAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+trotsky+military+specialist&pg=PA129"><i>The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</i></a>. Routledge. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0"><bdi>978-1-135-75840-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000731/https://books.google.com/books?id=PY2RAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+trotsky+military+specialist&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75840-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPY2RAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dstalin%2Btrotsky%2Bmilitary%2Bspecialist%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2004" class="citation book cs1">Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba/page/34/mode/1up?q=Enmity"><i>Stalin : the court of the red tsar</i></a>. London: Grown House. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1766-7"><bdi>978-0-7538-1766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+%3A+the+court+of+the+red+tsar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Grown+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1766-7&rft.aulast=Sebag+Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalincourtofred0000seba%2Fpage%2F34%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DEnmity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_stalingrad.htm">"::The Battle of Stalingrad"</a>. Historylearningsite.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530123434/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_stalingrad.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3AThe+Battle+of+Stalingrad&rft.pub=Historylearningsite.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fbattle_of_stalingrad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html">"Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia | Study.com"</a>. <i>Study.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826183019/https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Study.com&rft.atitle=Early+East+Slavic+Tribes+in+Russia+%7C+Study.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fearly-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikhail.2019" class="citation book cs1">Mikhail., Zhirohov (2019). <i>The Khazars: a Judeo-Turkish Empire on the Steppes, 7th-11th Centuries AD</i>. Nicolle, David., Hook, Christa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472830104" title="Special:BookSources/9781472830104"><bdi>9781472830104</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076253515">1076253515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khazars%3A+a+Judeo-Turkish+Empire+on+the+Steppes%2C+7th-11th+Centuries+AD.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1076253515&rft.isbn=9781472830104&rft.aulast=Mikhail.&rft.aufirst=Zhirohov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBašić2015" class="citation web cs1">Bašić, Marko (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slavorum.org/noble-sarmatian-grave-discovered-in-russia/">"Noble Sarmatian Grave Discovered In Russia"</a>. <i>Slavorum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082047/https://www.slavorum.org/noble-sarmatian-grave-discovered-in-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slavorum&rft.atitle=Noble+Sarmatian+Grave+Discovered+In+Russia&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Ba%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavorum.org%2Fnoble-sarmatian-grave-discovered-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTim.2005" class="citation book cs1">Tim., McNeese (2005). <i>The Volga river</i>. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791082474" title="Special:BookSources/0791082474"><bdi>0791082474</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56535045">56535045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volga+river&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56535045&rft.isbn=0791082474&rft.aulast=Tim.&rft.aufirst=McNeese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/when-the-arabs-met-the-vikings-new-discovery-suggests-ancient-links-1.125718">"When the Arabs met the Vikings: New discovery suggests ancient links"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 6 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525021237/https://www.thenational.ae/world/when-the-arabs-met-the-vikings-new-discovery-suggests-ancient-links-1.125718">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=When+the+Arabs+met+the+Vikings%3A+New+discovery+suggests+ancient+links&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fwhen-the-arabs-met-the-vikings-new-discovery-suggests-ancient-links-1.125718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/the-volga-trade-route/">"The Volga Trade Route"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. 7 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523220533/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/the-volga-trade-route/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Volga+Trade+Route&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fvideo%2Fthe-volga-trade-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnrussianlanguage.net/unique-history-of-volga-river-that-you-need-to-know">"Unique History of Volga River That You Need to Know - Learn Russian Language"</a>. <i>Learn Russian Language</i>. 30 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211616/http://learnrussianlanguage.net/unique-history-of-volga-river-that-you-need-to-know">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Learn+Russian+Language&rft.atitle=Unique+History+of+Volga+River+That+You+Need+to+Know+-+Learn+Russian+Language&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnrussianlanguage.net%2Funique-history-of-volga-river-that-you-need-to-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norkarussia.info/catherines-manifesto-1763.html">"Catherine's Manifesto 1763"</a>. <i>NORKA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304221905/https://www.norkarussia.info/catherines-manifesto-1763.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NORKA&rft.atitle=Catherine%27s+Manifesto+1763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norkarussia.info%2Fcatherines-manifesto-1763.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Timothy (2006). <i>The Worst Hard Time</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618346974" title="Special:BookSources/9780618346974"><bdi>9780618346974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worst+Hard+Time&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780618346974&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotenkoMamedovMooers2000" class="citation journal cs1">Korotenko, K. A.; Mamedov, R. M.; Mooers, C. N. K. (2000). "Prediction of the Dispersal of Oil Transport in the Caspian Sea Resulting from a Continuous Release". <i>Spill Science & Technology Bulletin</i>. <b>6</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): 323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1353-2561%2801%2900050-0">10.1016/S1353-2561(01)00050-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spill+Science+%26+Technology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Prediction+of+the+Dispersal+of+Oil+Transport+in+the+Caspian+Sea+Resulting+from+a+Continuous+Release&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=323&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1353-2561%2801%2900050-0&rft.aulast=Korotenko&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft.au=Mamedov%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Mooers%2C+C.+N.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109123915/http://www.noordersoft.com/indexen.html">"NoorderSoft Waterways Database"</a>. Noordersoft.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noordersoft.com/indexen.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NoorderSoft+Waterways+Database&rft.pub=Noordersoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noordersoft.com%2Findexen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=oac-001%3A1990%3A35%3A%3A381">"Herodotus, Historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians"</a>. In <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Reverdin" class="extiw" title="fr:Olivier Reverdin">Reverdin, Olivier</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Nenci" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Nenci">Nenci, Giuseppe</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodoteetlespeu0035unse"><i>Hérodote et les Peuples Non Grecs</i></a> [<i>Herodotus and the Non-Greek Peoples</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Vand%C5%93uvres" title="Vandœuvres">Vandœuvres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondation_Hardt_pour_l%27%C3%A9tude_de_l%27Antiquit%C3%A9_classique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondation Hardt pour l'étude de l'Antiquité classique (page does not exist)">Fondation Hardt pour l'étude de l'Antiquité classique</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Hardt" class="extiw" title="fr:Fondation Hardt">fr</a>]</sup>. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-774-92415-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-774-92415-4"><bdi>978-3-774-92415-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herodotus%2C+Historian+of+the+Cimmerians+and+the+Scythians&rft.btitle=H%C3%A9rodote+et+les+Peuples+Non+Grecs&rft.place=Vand%C5%93uvres%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Fondation+Hardt+pour+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+classique%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-774-92415-4&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Doac-001%253A1990%253A35%253A%253A381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hartley, J. M. (2021). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300266412/the-volga/">The Volga: A History</a></i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.<sup id="cite_ref-d10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volga">Volga</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volga"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volga">"Volga" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volga&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_volga_delta.html">Volga Delta from Space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://as-volga.com">Photos of the Volga coasts</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1730417">Volga</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=la1gakAbIgw">Video about the source of the Volga</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Russia" title="Template:Rivers of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Rivers of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Rivers_of_Russia_by_drainage_basin754" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers of Russia</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iokanga" title="Iokanga">Iokanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kem_(river)" title="Kem (river)">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Belaya" title="Malaya Belaya">Malaya Belaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezen_(river)" title="Mezen (river)">Mezen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautsiyoki" title="Nautsiyoki">Nautsiyoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niva_(river)" title="Niva (river)">Niva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinega_(river)" title="Pinega (river)">Pinega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhona" title="Sukhona">Sukhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uftyuga_(Northern_Dvina)" title="Uftyuga (Northern Dvina)">Uftyuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaga_(river)" title="Vaga (river)">Vaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vychegda" title="Vychegda">Vychegda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemtsa_(river)" title="Yemtsa (river)">Yomtsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yug_(river)" title="Yug (river)">Yug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onega_(river)" title="Onega (river)">Onega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_(river)" title="Pechora (river)">Pechora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usa_(Pechora)" title="Usa (Pechora)">Usa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponoy" title="Ponoy">Ponoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzuga_(river)" title="Varzuga (river)">Varzuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronya" title="Voronya">Voronya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luga_(river)" title="Luga (river)">Luga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oredezh" title="Oredezh">Oredezh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_(river)" title="Narva (river)">Narva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plyussa_(river)" title="Plyussa (river)">Plyussa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C5%A1up%C4%97" title="Šešupė">Šešupė</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhora" title="Izhora">Izhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_(river)" title="Mga (river)">Mga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhta" title="Okhta">Okhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosna" title="Tosna">Tosna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregolya" title="Pregolya">Pregolya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angrapa" title="Angrapa">Angrapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruch" title="Instruch">Instruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81yna_(river)" title="Łyna (river)">Lava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestra_(Leningrad_Oblast)" title="Sestra (Leningrad Oblast)">Sestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Western Dvina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palata_(river)" title="Palata (river)">Polota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasplya" title="Kasplya">Kasplya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezha_(Daugava)" title="Mezha (Daugava)">Mezha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velikaya" title="Velikaya">Velikaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kukhva" title="Kukhva">Kukhva</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svir" title="Svir">Svir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasha_(river)" title="Pasha (river)">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyat" title="Oyat">Oyat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syas" title="Syas">Syas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_(river)" title="Volkhov (river)">Volkhov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigoda" title="Tigoda">Tigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishera_(Novgorod_Oblast)" title="Vishera (Novgorod Oblast)">Vishera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuoksi" title="Vuoksi">Vuoksi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volchya" title="Volchya">Volchya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilmen" title="Lake Ilmen">Lake Ilmen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lovat_(river)" title="Lovat (river)">Lovat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polist" title="Polist">Polist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(river)" title="Kunya (river)">Kunya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msta" title="Msta">Msta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berezayka" title="Berezayka">Berezayka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretna" title="Peretna">Peretna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uver" title="Uver">Uver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pola_(river)" title="Pola (river)">Pola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelon" title="Shelon">Shelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoma" title="Andoma">Andoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suna_(river)" title="Suna (river)">Suna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodla" title="Vodla">Vodla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytegra_(river)" title="Vytegra (river)">Vytegra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desna_(river)" title="Desna (river)">Desna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyazma_(river)" title="Vyazma (river)">Vyazma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temernik" title="Temernik">Temernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manych" title="Manych">Manych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_(Russia)" title="Sal (Russia)">Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khopyor" title="Khopyor">Khopyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osered" title="Osered">Osered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bityug" title="Bityug">Bityug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_(river)" title="Voronezh (river)">Voronezh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_(river)" title="Kuban (river)">Kuban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Laba" title="Bolshaya Laba">Bolshaya Laba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mius" title="Mius">Mius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzymta" title="Mzymta">Mzymta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeya" title="Yeya">Yeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_(Russia)" title="Kuma (Russia)">Kuma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podkumok" title="Podkumok">Podkumok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulak_(river)" title="Sulak (river)">Sulak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Koysu" title="Andi Koysu">Andi Koysu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malka_(river)" title="Malka (river)">Malka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunzha_(river)" title="Sunzha (river)">Sunzha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilek_(river)" title="Ilek (river)">Ilek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakmara_(river)" title="Sakmara (river)">Sakmara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktay" title="Aktay">Aktay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anish_(river)" title="Anish (river)">Anish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Kokshaga" title="Bolshaya Kokshaga">Bolshaya Kokshaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Cheremshan" title="Bolshoy Cheremshan">Bolshoy Cheremshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Irgiz" title="Bolshoy Irgiz">Bolshoy Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezdna_(Tatarstan)" title="Bezdna (Tatarstan)">Bezdna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapayevka_(river)" title="Chapayevka (river)">Chapayevka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubna_(Volga)" title="Dubna (Volga)">Dubna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilet" title="Ilet">Ilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinka" title="Kashinka">Kashinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazanka_(river)" title="Kazanka (river)">Kazanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerzhenets" title="Kerzhenets">Kerzhenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(river)" title="Kostroma (river)">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotorosl" title="Kotorosl">Kotorosl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudma" title="Kudma">Kudma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Kokshaga" title="Malaya Kokshaga">Malaya Kokshaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Irgiz" title="Maly Irgiz">Maly Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medveditsa_(Volga)" title="Medveditsa (Volga)">Medveditsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mologa_(river)" title="Mologa (river)">Mologa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerl_(Volga)" title="Nerl (Volga)">Nerl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyomda" title="Nyomda">Nyomda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutka_(river)" title="Rutka (river)">Rutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(Volga)" title="Samara (Volga)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selizharovka" title="Selizharovka">Selizharovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheksna" title="Sheksna">Sheksna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shosha_(river)" title="Shosha (river)">Shosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogozha" title="Sogozha">Sogozha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sok_(river)" title="Sok (river)">Sok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suda_(river)" title="Suda (river)">Suda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(river)" title="Sura (river)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviyaga" title="Sviyaga">Sviyaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereshka" title="Tereshka">Tereshka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsivil" title="Tsivil">Tsivil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvertsa" title="Tvertsa">Tvertsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unzha" title="Unzha">Unzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzola" title="Uzola">Uzola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetluga_(river)" title="Vetluga (river)">Vetluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazuza" title="Vazuza">Vazuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeruslan" title="Yeruslan">Yeruslan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, east of the Urals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazeya" title="Alazeya">Alazeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buor-Yuryakh" title="Buor-Yuryakh">Buor-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassokha" title="Rassokha">Rassokha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amguema_(river)" title="Amguema (river)">Amguema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabar_(river)" title="Anabar (river)">Anabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshaya_Kuonamka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshaya Kuonamka (page does not exist)">Bolshaya Kuonamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Kuonamka" title="Malaya Kuonamka">Malaya Kuonamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suolama" title="Suolama">Suolama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udya" title="Udya">Udya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdashkina" title="Bogdashkina">Bogdashkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaun" title="Chaun">Chaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chegitun" title="Chegitun">Chegitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondon" title="Chondon">Chondon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buor-Yuryakh_(Chondon)" title="Buor-Yuryakh (Chondon)">Buor-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchcha" title="Nuchcha">Nuchcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusinaya_(river)" title="Gusinaya (river)">Gusinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigirka" title="Indigirka">Indigirka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allaikha" title="Allaikha">Allaikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badyarikha" title="Badyarikha">Badyarikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Ercha" title="Bolshaya Ercha">Bolshaya Ercha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byoryolyokh" title="Byoryolyokh">Byoryolyokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibagalakh" title="Chibagalakh">Chibagalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhina_(river)" title="Druzhina (river)">Druzhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgi" title="Elgi">Elgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khastakh" title="Khastakh">Khastakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuydusun_(river)" title="Kuydusun (river)">Kuydusun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuyente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyuyente (page does not exist)">Kyuyente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_(river)" title="Moma (river)">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nera_(Indigirka)" title="Nera (Indigirka)">Nera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selennyakh_(river)" title="Selennyakh (river)">Selennyakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandrin" title="Shandrin">Shandrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangina" title="Shangina">Shangina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyandina" title="Uyandina">Uyandina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniveyem" title="Ioniveyem">Ioniveyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatanga_(river)" title="Khatanga (river)">Khatanga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kheta_(river)" title="Kheta (river)">Kheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotuy" title="Kotuy">Kotuy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroma" title="Khroma">Khroma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uryung-Ulakh" title="Uryung-Ulakh">Uryung-Ulakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma_(river)" title="Kolyma (river)">Kolyma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyuy_(Kolyma)" title="Anyuy (Kolyma)">Anyuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayan-Yuryakh" title="Ayan-Yuryakh">Ayan-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhapcha" title="Bakhapcha">Bakhapcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balygychan" title="Balygychan">Balygychan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryozovka_(Kolyma)" title="Beryozovka (Kolyma)">Beryozovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyunda" title="Buyunda">Buyunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debin_(river)" title="Debin (river)">Debin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkodon" title="Korkodon">Korkodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_(river)" title="Kulu (river)">Kulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omolon" title="Omolon">Omolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popovka_(Kolyma)" title="Popovka (Kolyma)">Popovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozhogina" title="Ozhogina">Ozhogina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sededema" title="Sededema">Sededema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymchan_(Kolyma)" title="Seymchan (Kolyma)">Seymchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugoy" title="Sugoy">Sugoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskan" title="Taskan">Taskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenka_(river)" title="Tenka (river)">Tenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasachnaya" title="Yasachnaya">Yasachnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyryanka_(river)" title="Zyryanka (river)">Zyryanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuyol-Yuryakh" title="Kyuyol-Yuryakh">Kyuyol-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena (river)">Lena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldan_(river)" title="Aldan (river)">Aldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batamay_(river)" title="Batamay (river)">Batamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begidyan" title="Begidyan">Begidyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belyanka_(river)" title="Belyanka (river)">Belyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryuk_(river)" title="Biryuk (river)">Biryuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Patom" title="Bolshoy Patom">Bolshoy Patom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buotama" title="Buotama">Buotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byosyuke" title="Byosyuke">Byosyuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_(river)" title="Chaya (river)">Chaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechuy" title="Chechuy">Chechuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherendey_(river)" title="Cherendey (river)">Cherendey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuya_(Lena)" title="Chuya (Lena)">Chuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derba" title="Derba">Derba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhardzhan_(Lena)" title="Dzhardzhan (Lena)">Dzhardzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyanyshka" title="Dyanyshka">Dyanyshka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyekit" title="Eyekit">Eyekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichera" title="Ichera">Ichera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilga_(river)" title="Ilga (river)">Ilga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanchaly" title="Khanchaly">Khanchaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoruongka" title="Khoruongka">Khoruongka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkeme" title="Kenkeme">Kenkeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirenga" title="Kirenga">Kirenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuta_(river)" title="Kuta (river)">Kuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuelenke" title="Kyuelenke">Kyuelenke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyundyudey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyundyudey (page does not exist)">Kyundyudey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linde_(Lena)" title="Linde (Lena)">Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungkha" title="Lungkha">Lungkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapiske" title="Lyapiske">Lyapiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyutenge" title="Lyutenge">Lyutenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markha_(Lena)" title="Markha (Lena)">Markha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhachan" title="Markhachan">Markhachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menda_(river)" title="Menda (river)">Menda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkere" title="Menkere">Menkere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodo_(river)" title="Molodo (river)">Molodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorchuna" title="Motorchuna">Motorchuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_(Lena)" title="Muna (Lena)">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myla_(river)" title="Myla (river)">Myla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namana" title="Namana">Namana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natara" title="Natara">Natara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuora_(Lena)" title="Nuora (Lena)">Nuora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuya_(river)" title="Nyuya (river)">Nyuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olyokma" title="Olyokma">Olyokma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleduy_(river)" title="Peleduy (river)">Peleduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilyuda" title="Pilyuda">Pilyuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyaya_(Lena)" title="Sinyaya (Lena)">Sinyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitte_(river)" title="Sitte (river)">Sitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobolokh-Mayan" title="Sobolokh-Mayan">Sobolokh-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suola_(river)" title="Suola (river)">Suola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamma_(river)" title="Tamma (river)">Tamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayura" title="Tayura">Tayura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikyan" title="Tikyan">Tikyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolba" title="Tuolba">Tuolba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutura" title="Tutura">Tutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympylykan" title="Tympylykan">Tympylykan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyugyuene" title="Tyugyuene">Tyugyuene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uel-Siktyakh" title="Uel-Siktyakh">Uel-Siktyakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undyulyung" title="Undyulyung">Undyulyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_(Lena)" title="Ura (Lena)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilyuy" title="Vilyuy">Vilyuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitim_(river)" title="Vitim (river)">Vitim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadym_(river)" title="Nadym (river)">Nadym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ob_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob (river)">Ob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aley_(river)" title="Aley (river)">Aley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnaulka" title="Barnaulka">Barnaulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biya_(river)" title="Biya (river)">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_(Ob)" title="Chaya (Ob)">Chaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_(Ob)" title="Chulym (Ob)">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazym" title="Kazym">Kazym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasmala_(river)" title="Kasmala (river)">Kasmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katun_(river)" title="Katun (river)">Katun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ket_(river)" title="Ket (river)">Ket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievsky_Yogan" title="Kievsky Yogan">Kievsky Yogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabel_(river)" title="Parabel (river)">Parabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sob_(river)" title="Sob (river)">Sob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synya" title="Synya">Synya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(river)" title="Tom (river)">Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromyogan" title="Tromyogan">Tromyogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tym_(Ob)" title="Tym (Ob)">Tym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyugan" title="Vasyugan">Vasyugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakh" title="Vakh">Vakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatinsky_Yogan" title="Vatinsky Yogan">Vatinsky Yogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenyok_(river)" title="Olenyok (river)">Olenyok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alakit" title="Alakit">Alakit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arga-Sala" title="Arga-Sala">Arga-Sala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyenchime" title="Beyenchime">Beyenchime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birekte" title="Birekte">Birekte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buolkalakh" title="Buolkalakh">Buolkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bur_(river)" title="Bur (river)">Bur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorbusuonka" title="Khorbusuonka">Khorbusuonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelimyar" title="Kelimyar">Kelimyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuoyka" title="Kuoyka">Kuoyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuyutingde" title="Kyuyutingde">Kyuyutingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchimden" title="Merchimden">Merchimden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siligir" title="Siligir">Siligir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukukit" title="Ukukit">Ukukit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoloy" title="Omoloy">Omoloy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arga-Yuryakh" title="Arga-Yuryakh">Arga-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuranakh-Yuryakh" title="Kuranakh-Yuryakh">Kuranakh-Yuryakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur" title="Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur">Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyavaam" title="Palyavaam">Palyavaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegtymel" title="Pegtymel">Pegtymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur_(Russia)" title="Pur (Russia)">Pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyasina" title="Pyasina">Pyasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellyakh" title="Sellyakh">Sellyakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundrun" title="Sundrun">Sundrun</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maly_Khomus-Yuryakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maly Khomus-Yuryakh (page does not exist)">Maly Khomus-Yuryakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_(river)" title="Taz (river)">Taz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khudosey" title="Khudosey">Khudosey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolka_(Taz)" title="Tolka (Taz)">Tolka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uele_(Yakutia)" title="Uele (Yakutia)">Uele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volchya_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volchya (river) (page does not exist)">Volchya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(river)" title="Yana (river)">Yana</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abyrabyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abyrabyt (page does not exist)">Abyrabyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adycha" title="Adycha">Adycha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baky" title="Baky">Baky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytantay" title="Bytantay">Bytantay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgalakh" title="Dulgalakh">Dulgalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldzho" title="Oldzho">Oldzho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartang_(river)" title="Sartang (river)">Sartang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykakh" title="Tykakh">Tykakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakan_(river)" title="Abakan (river)">Abakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara" title="Angara">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhta_(river)" title="Bakhta (river)">Bakhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaikha" title="Bazaikha">Bazaikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Kheta" title="Bolshaya Kheta">Bolshaya Kheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Pit" title="Bolshoy Pit">Bolshoy Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kacha_(river)" title="Kacha (river)">Kacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(river)" title="Kan (river)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kem_(Yenisey)" title="Kem (Yenisey)">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khantayka" title="Khantayka">Khantayka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khemchik" title="Khemchik">Khemchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureyka" title="Kureyka">Kureyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(river)" title="Mana (river)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhnyaya_Tunguska" title="Nizhnyaya Tunguska">Nizhnyaya Tunguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podkamennaya_Tunguska" title="Podkamennaya Tunguska">Podkamennaya Tunguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sym_(river)" title="Sym (river)">Sym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanama_(river)" title="Tanama (river)">Tanama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukhan" title="Turukhan">Turukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeloguy" title="Yeloguy">Yeloguy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazar_(river)" title="Amazar (river)">Amazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amgun" title="Amgun">Amgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyuy_(Amur)" title="Anyuy (Amur)">Anyuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_(Amur)" title="Argun (Amur)">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureya_(river)" title="Bureya (river)">Bureya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorin_(river)" title="Gorin (river)">Gorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur_(river)" title="Gur (river)">Gur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilka_(river)" title="Shilka (river)">Shilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeya_(river)" title="Zeya (river)">Zeya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(river)" title="Anadyr (river)">Anadyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belaya_(Chukotka)" title="Belaya (Chukotka)">Belaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayn" title="Mayn">Mayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanyurer" title="Tanyurer">Tanyurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablon_(river)" title="Yablon (river)">Yablon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeropol" title="Yeropol">Yeropol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arman_(river)" title="Arman (river)">Arman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avacha_(river)" title="Avacha (river)">Avacha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasyn" title="Khasyn">Khasyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_(river)" title="Bolshaya (river)">Bolshaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizhiga_(river)" title="Gizhiga (river)">Gizhiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inya_(Sea_of_Okhotsk)" title="Inya (Sea of Okhotsk)">Inya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_(river)" title="Kamchatka (river)">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatyrka_(river)" title="Khatyrka (river)">Khatyrka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iomrautvaam" title="Iomrautvaam">Iomrautvaam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikhchik_(river)" title="Kikhchik (river)">Kikhchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukhtuy" title="Kukhtuy">Kukhtuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhota" title="Okhota">Okhota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_(river)" title="Ola (river)">Ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paren_(river)" title="Paren (river)">Paren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penzhina" title="Penzhina">Penzhina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belaya_(Penzhina)" title="Belaya (Penzhina)">Belaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklan" title="Oklan">Oklan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taui" title="Taui">Taui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyolomdzha" title="Chyolomdzha">Chyolomdzha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uda_(Khabarovsk_Krai)" title="Uda (Khabarovsk Krai)">Uda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(Uda)" title="Maya (Uda)">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukelayat" title="Ukelayat">Ukelayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbeya" title="Ulbeya">Ulbeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak" title="Urak">Urak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velikaya_(Chukotka)" title="Velikaya (Chukotka)">Velikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(river)" title="Yama (river)">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Sea_of_Okhotsk)" title="Yana (Sea of Okhotsk)">Yana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volga_River80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volga_River" title="Template:Volga River"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volga_River" title="Template talk:Volga River"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volga_River" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volga River"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volga_River80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volga River</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selizharovka" title="Selizharovka">Selizharovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudovka" title="Tudovka">Tudovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazuza" title="Vazuza">Vazuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvertsa" title="Tvertsa">Tvertsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shosha_(river)" title="Shosha (river)">Shosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubna_(Volga)" title="Dubna (Volga)">Dubna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medveditsa_(Volga)" title="Medveditsa (Volga)">Medveditsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerl_(Volga)" title="Nerl (Volga)">Nerl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinka" title="Kashinka">Kashinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit_(river)" title="Sit (river)">Sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mologa_(river)" title="Mologa (river)">Mologa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suda_(river)" title="Suda (river)">Suda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheksna" title="Sheksna">Sheksna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogozha" title="Sogozha">Sogozha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korozhechna" title="Korozhechna">Korozhechna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotorosl" title="Kotorosl">Kotorosl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(river)" title="Kostroma (river)">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyomda" title="Nyomda">Nyomda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unzha" title="Unzha">Unzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzola" title="Uzola">Uzola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudma" title="Kudma">Kudma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerzhenets" title="Kerzhenets">Kerzhenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(river)" title="Sura (river)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetluga_(river)" title="Vetluga (river)">Vetluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutka_(river)" title="Rutka (river)">Rutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsivil" title="Tsivil">Tsivil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Kokshaga" title="Bolshaya Kokshaga">Great Kokshaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Kokshaga" title="Malaya Kokshaga">Little Kokshaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anish_(river)" title="Anish (river)">Anish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilet" title="Ilet">Ilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviyaga" title="Sviyaga">Sviyaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumka_(river)" title="Sumka (river)">Sumka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazanka_(river)" title="Kazanka (river)">Kazanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktay" title="Aktay">Aktay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezdna_(Tatarstan)" title="Bezdna (Tatarstan)">Bezdna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Cheremshan" title="Bolshoy Cheremshan">Bolshoy Cheremshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sok_(river)" title="Sok (river)">Sok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(Volga)" title="Samara (Volga)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapayevka_(river)" title="Chapayevka (river)">Chapayevka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Irgiz" title="Maly Irgiz">Little Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Irgiz" title="Bolshoy Irgiz">Irgiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereshka" title="Tereshka">Tereshka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeruslan" title="Yeruslan">Yeruslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtuba" title="Akhtuba">Akhtuba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volgarivermap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the drainage basin of the Volga"><img alt="Map of the drainage basin of the Volga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Volgarivermap.png/120px-Volgarivermap.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Volgarivermap.png/250px-Volgarivermap.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reservoirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Volgo" title="Lake Volgo">Lake Volgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivankovo_Reservoir" title="Ivankovo Reservoir">Ivankovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uglich_Reservoir" title="Uglich Reservoir">Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybinsk_Reservoir" title="Rybinsk Reservoir">Rybinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorky_Reservoir" title="Gorky Reservoir">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary_Reservoir" title="Cheboksary Reservoir">Cheboksary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuybyshev_Reservoir" title="Kuybyshev Reservoir">Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Reservoir" title="Saratov Reservoir">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Reservoir" title="Volgograd Reservoir">Volgograd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydroelectric<br />stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivankovo_Reservoir" title="Ivankovo Reservoir">Ivankovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uglich_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Uglich Hydroelectric Station">Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybinsk_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Rybinsk Hydroelectric Station">Rybinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary_Dam" title="Cheboksary Dam">Cheboksary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiguli_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Zhiguli Hydroelectric Station">Zhiguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Saratov Hydroelectric Station">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Volga Hydroelectric Station">Volga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moscow Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1690" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1690" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244994202">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1148933330454300478">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242877/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtkvGkFB3CdXjkmt8Hmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079375-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85144286">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629525">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Volha (Rusko : řeka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge169902&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5380922">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=208188">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp355909180qfwj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543694505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/834296">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-d10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunderland2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sunderland, Willard (2021). "Reviewed work: The Volga: A History of Russia's Greatest River, Hartley, Janet M". <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>99</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">761–</span>763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsee.2021.0094">10.1353/see.2021.0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761">10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259804772">259804772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+The+Volga%3A+A+History+of+Russia%27s+Greatest+River%2C+Hartley%2C+Janet+M&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E761-%3C%2Fspan%3E763&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259804772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.99.4.0761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsee.2021.0094&rft.aulast=Sunderland&rft.aufirst=Willard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volga&oldid=1282440994">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volga&oldid=1282440994</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volga_River" title="Category:Volga River">Volga River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Kostroma_Oblast" title="Category:Rivers of Kostroma Oblast">Rivers of Kostroma Oblast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Moscow_Oblast" title="Category:Rivers of Moscow Oblast">Rivers of Moscow Oblast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Category:Rivers of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Rivers of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Category:Rivers of Astrakhan Oblast">Rivers of Astrakhan Oblast</a></li><li><a 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