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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Streets_in_the_sky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streets_in_the_sky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Streets in the sky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streets_in_the_sky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towers_in_the_park_and_microdistricts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towers_in_the_park_and_microdistricts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Towers in the park and microdistricts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towers_in_the_park_and_microdistricts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Developments by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Central and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deck_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deck_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deck access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deck_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_tower_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_tower_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Green tower blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_tower_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tower block</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%82" title="برج شاهق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج شاهق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бейек бина – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бейек бина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Жилищен блок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жилищен блок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliter" title="Soliter – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Soliter" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifici_de_gran_altura" title="Edifici de gran altura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edifici de gran altura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1_budova" title="Výšková budova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výšková budova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jhus" title="Højhus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højhus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochhaus" title="Hochhaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochhaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rghoone" title="Kõrghoone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrghoone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio_de_gran_altura" title="Edificio de gran altura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edificio de gran altura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdomo" title="Turdomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turdomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altuera_handiko_eraikin" title="Altuera handiko eraikin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Altuera handiko eraikin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ساختمان بلندمرتبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختمان بلندمرتبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immeuble_de_grande_hauteur" title="Immeuble de grande hauteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immeuble de grande hauteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloque_de_apartamentos" title="Bloque de apartamentos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bloque de apartamentos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B8%B5_%EA%B1%B4%EB%AC%BC" title="고층 건물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고층 건물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF_%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բազմահարկ շենքեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազմահարկ շենքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambeni_neboder" title="Stambeni neboder – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stambeni neboder" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangunan_tinggi" title="Bangunan tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangunan tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1h%C3%BDsi" title="Háhýsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háhýsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_a_torre" title="Casa a torre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Casa a torre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רב-קומות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב-קומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokinis_namas" title="Blokinis namas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Blokinis namas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogbouw" title="Hoogbouw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogbouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%A4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" title="高層建築物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高層建築物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yhus" title="Høyhus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyhus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysoko%C5%9Bciowiec" title="Wysokościowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wysokościowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Высотное здание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высотное здание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise_building" title="High-rise building – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High-rise building" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1_budova" title="Výšková budova – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výšková budova" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Tall building; as opposed to a low-rise building</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"High-rise" and "Tower Block" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_Rise_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="High Rise (disambiguation)">High Rise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Block_(film)" title="Tower Block (film)">Tower Block (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GatewayVueNB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GatewayVueNB.jpg/220px-GatewayVueNB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GatewayVueNB.jpg/330px-GatewayVueNB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GatewayVueNB.jpg/440px-GatewayVueNB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="4307" /></a><figcaption>A newer high-rise tower in downtown <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S., known as the <i>Hub City</i>. High-rise towers often anchor <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business districts</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilnius_CBD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vilnius_CBD.jpg/220px-Vilnius_CBD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vilnius_CBD.jpg/330px-Vilnius_CBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vilnius_CBD.jpg/440px-Vilnius_CBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>High-rise towers in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Central_Business_District" title="Vilnius Central Business District">Vilnius Central Business District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majakka,_Kalasatama,_Helsinki_(July_2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Majakka%2C_Kalasatama%2C_Helsinki_%28July_2019%29.jpg/220px-Majakka%2C_Kalasatama%2C_Helsinki_%28July_2019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Majakka%2C_Kalasatama%2C_Helsinki_%28July_2019%29.jpg/330px-Majakka%2C_Kalasatama%2C_Helsinki_%28July_2019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Majakka%2C_Kalasatama%2C_Helsinki_%28July_2019%29.jpg/440px-Majakka%2C_Kalasatama%2C_Helsinki_%28July_2019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Majakka" title="Majakka">Majakka</a></i> high-rise building in <a href="/wiki/Kalasatama" title="Kalasatama">Kalasatama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tower block</b>, <b>high-rise</b>, <b>apartment tower</b>, <b>residential tower</b>, <b>apartment block</b>, <b>block of flats</b>, or <b>office tower</b> is a tall <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a>, as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Low-rise_building" title="Low-rise building">low-rise building</a> and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. It is used as a <a href="/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">residential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">office building</a>, or other functions including <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, or with multiple purposes combined. Residential high-rise buildings are also known in some varieties of English, such as <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, as <b>tower blocks</b> and may be referred to as <b>MDUs</b>, standing for <b>multi-dwelling units</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A very tall high-rise building is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a>. </p><p>High-rise buildings became possible to construct with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> (lift) and with less expensive, more abundant building materials. The materials used for the <a href="/wiki/Structural_system" title="Structural system">structural system</a> of high-rise buildings are <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="North American">North American</a>–style <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel frame</a>, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no clear difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with forty or more stories and taller than 150 metres (490 ft) is generally considered a skyscraper.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-rise structures pose particular design challenges for <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical</a> engineers, particularly if situated in a <a href="/wiki/Seismic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic activity">seismically active</a> region or if the underlying soils have geotechnical risk factors such as high <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressibility</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a>. They also pose serious challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. New and old building design, building systems such as the building <a href="/wiki/Standpipe_(firefighting)" title="Standpipe (firefighting)">standpipe</a> system, <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">fire sprinkler</a> systems, and other things such as stairwell and <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> evacuations pose significant problems. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian <a href="/wiki/Wind_engineering#Wind_comfort" title="Wind engineering">wind comfort</a> and wind danger concerns are addressed. In order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with <a href="/wiki/Setback_(architecture)" title="Setback (architecture)">setbacks</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">Apartment buildings</a> have technical and economic advantages in areas of high <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, and have become a distinctive feature of housing accommodation in virtually all densely populated <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> around the world. In contrast with <a href="/wiki/Low-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-rise">low-rise</a> and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land and decrease the cost of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal infrastructure">municipal infrastructure</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various bodies have defined "high-rise": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a> defines a high-rise as "A multi-story structure between 35–100 metres (115–328 ft) tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i> defines a high-rise as "a building having many storeys".</li> <li>The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings defined a high-rise as "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuation</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> defines a high-rise as being higher than 75 feet (23 m), or about seven stories.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L-feuerwehr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/L-feuerwehr.png/220px-L-feuerwehr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/L-feuerwehr.png/330px-L-feuerwehr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/L-feuerwehr.png/440px-L-feuerwehr.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>Sliding ladder for firefighters in 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>High-rise apartment buildings had already appeared in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>: the <i><a href="/wiki/Insula_(building)" title="Insula (building)">insulae</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and several other cities in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, some of which might have reached up to ten or more stories,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479f._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479f.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one reportedly having 200 stairs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the destruction caused by poorly built high-rise <i>insulae</i> collapsing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (r. 30 BC – 14 AD), set limits of 20–25 metres (66–82 ft) for multi-story buildings, but met with limited success,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as these limits were often ignored despite the likelihood of taller <i>insulae</i> collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478–9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower <a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">floors</a> were typically occupied by either shops or wealthy families, while the upper stories were rented out to the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479_ff._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479_ff.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a> indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincial</a> towns, such as in third century AD <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PapyrusOxyrhynchus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PapyrusOxyrhynchus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Arab Egypt</a>, the initial capital city of <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a>, in the 10th century, described them as resembling <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a>, in the early 11th century, described some of them rising up to 14 stories, with <a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof gardens</a> on the top story complete with ox-drawn <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a> for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigating</a> them.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joan_D._Barghusen,_Bob_Moulder_2001_11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joan_D._Barghusen,_Bob_Moulder_2001_11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rented</a> out to <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">tenants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortada_2003_viii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortada_2003_viii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skyline of many important <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, which fulfilled defensive but also representative purposes. The residential <a href="/wiki/Towers_of_Bologna" title="Towers of Bologna">Towers of Bologna</a> numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, a law of 1251 decreed that all urban buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m, the regulation immediately put into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner_Müller_345_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_Müller_345-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even medium-sized towns such as <a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a> are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner_Müller_345_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_Müller_345-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> have adopted <a href="/wiki/Communal_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal living">communal living</a> structures designed to be easily defensible in the forms of Weilongwu (围龙屋) and <a href="/wiki/Tulou" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulou">Tulou</a> (土楼), the latter are large, enclosed and fortified earth building, between three and five stories high and housing up to 80 families. The oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-rises were built in the <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a> in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all made out of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mud bricks</a>, but about five hundred of them are <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower houses</a>, which rise five to sixteen stories high,<sup id="cite_ref-Helfritz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfritz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each floor having one or two <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jerome_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerome-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique of building was implemented to protect residents from Bedouin attacks. While Shibam has existed for around two thousand years, most of the city's houses date from the 16th century. The city has the tallest mud buildings in the world, some more than 30 <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meters</a> (100 <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">feet</a>) high.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipman_154–62_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipman_154–62-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shibam has been called "one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction" or "<a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> of the desert".<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The engineer's definition of high-rise buildings comes from the development of <a href="/wiki/Fire_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire truck">fire trucks</a> in the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Magirus" title="Magirus">Magirus</a> had shown the first <a href="/wiki/Cogwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogwheel">cogwheel</a> sliding ladder in 1864. The first <a href="/wiki/Turntable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable ladder">turntable ladder</a> drawn by horses was developed in 1892 which had a length of 25 meters. The <a href="/wiki/Extension_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension ladder">extension ladder</a> was motorized by Magirus in 1904. The definition of a maximum of 22 meters for the highest floor was common in the building regulations at the time and it is still so today in Germany. The common height for turntable ladders did later go to 32 meters (100 feet), so that 30 meter is a common limit in some building regulations today, for example in Switzerland. Any building that exceeds the height of the usual turntable ladders in a city must install additional fire safety equipment, so that these high-rise buildings have a different section in the building regulations in the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Y_House.JPG/220px-Y_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Y_House.JPG/330px-Y_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Y_House.JPG/440px-Y_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>A residential block in <a href="/wiki/Steinfurt" title="Steinfurt">Steinfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, Germany, forming a "Y"</figcaption></figure> <p>The residential tower block with its typical <a href="/wiki/Concrete_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete construction">concrete construction</a> is a familiar feature of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">Modernist architecture</a>. Influential examples include <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>'s "housing unit", his <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité d'Habitation">Unité d'Habitation</a>, repeated in various European cities starting with his <a href="/wiki/Ville_Radieuse" title="Ville Radieuse">Cité radieuse</a> in Marseille (1947–52), constructed of <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ton_brut" title="Béton brut">béton brut</a></i>, rough-cast <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, as steel for framework was unavailable in post-war France. Residential tower blocks became standard in housing urban populations displaced by <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance" title="Slum clearance">slum clearances</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-rise projects after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> typically rejected the classical designs of the <a href="/wiki/Early_skyscrapers" title="Early skyscrapers">early skyscrapers</a>, instead embracing the uniform <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">international style</a>; many older skyscrapers were redesigned to suit contemporary tastes or even got demolished - such as New York's <a href="/wiki/Singer_Building" title="Singer Building">Singer Building</a>, once the world's tallest skyscraper. However, with the movements of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="New Classical Architecture">New Classical Architecture</a>, that established since the 1980s, a more classical approach came back to global skyscraper design, that is popular today. </p><p>Other contemporary styles and movements in high-rise design include <a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">organic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Futurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Futurism">neo-futurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">structuralist</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">high-tech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">deconstructivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">blob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">streamline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novelty_architecture" title="Novelty architecture">novelty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">critical regionalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> (or <i>Art Deco Nouveau</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Neohistorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohistorist">neohistorist</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivalist</a>. </p><p>Currently, the tallest high-rise apartment building in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a> on <a href="/wiki/Billionaires%27_Row" title="Billionaires' Row">Billionaires' Row</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, towering at 1,550 feet (470 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streets_in_the_sky">Streets in the sky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Streets in the sky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Streets in the sky" redirects here. For the third studio album by UK rock band The Enemy, see <a href="/wiki/Streets_in_the_Sky" title="Streets in the Sky">Streets in the Sky</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Hill_deck.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Park_Hill_deck.JPG/220px-Park_Hill_deck.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Park_Hill_deck.JPG/330px-Park_Hill_deck.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Park_Hill_deck.JPG/440px-Park_Hill_deck.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"Street in the sky" at Park Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>Streets in the sky is a style of <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> that emerged in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-SIS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally built to replace run-down <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced housing</a>, the new designs included not only modern improvements such as inside <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a>, but also shops and other community facilities within high-rise blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-intute_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intute-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the buildings and developments are <a href="/wiki/Trellick_Tower" title="Trellick Tower">Trellick Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfron_Tower" title="Balfron Tower">Balfron Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm" title="Broadwater Farm">Broadwater Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Gardens" title="Robin Hood Gardens">Robin Hood Gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keeling_House" title="Keeling House">Keeling House</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Hunslet_Grange" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunslet Grange">Hunslet Grange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill, Sheffield</a>, and Castlefields and <a href="/wiki/Southgate_Estate" title="Southgate Estate">Southgate Estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a>. These were an attempt to develop a new architecture, differentiated from earlier large housing estates, such as <a href="/wiki/Quarry_Hill,_Leeds" title="Quarry Hill, Leeds">Quarry Hill flats</a> in Leeds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alison_and_Peter_Smithson" title="Alison and Peter Smithson">Alison and Peter Smithson</a> were the architects of <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Gardens" title="Robin Hood Gardens">Robin Hood Gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As another large example, in 2005 it was decided to carry out a 20-year process of demolition and replacement of dwellings with modern houses in the <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury_Estate" title="Aylesbury Estate">Aylesbury Estate</a> in south London, built in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hulme_Crescents" title="Hulme Crescents">Hulme Crescents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> were the largest social housing scheme in Europe when built in 1972 but lasted just 22 years. The Crescents had one of the worst reputations of any British social housing schemes and were marred by numerous design and practical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-parkinson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkinson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideal of Streets in the Sky often did not work in practice. Unlike an actual city street, these walkways were not thoroughfares, and often came to a dead end multiple storeys above the ground. They lacked a regular flow of passers-by, and the walkways and especially the stairwells could not be seen by anyone elsewhere, so there was no deterrent to crime and disorder. There were no "eyes on the street" as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a> in her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_and_Life_of_Great_American_Cities" title="The Death and Life of Great American Cities">The Death and Life of Great American Cities</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27Habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité d'Habitation">Unité d'Habitation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> provides a more successful example of the concept, with the fifth floor walkway including a shop and café.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towers_in_the_park_and_microdistricts"><a href="/wiki/Towers_in_the_park" title="Towers in the park">Towers in the park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">microdistricts</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Towers in the park and microdistricts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flemington_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flemington_aerial.jpg/500px-Flemington_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flemington_aerial.jpg/750px-Flemington_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flemington_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debney_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Debney Estate">Debney Meadows</a> (Flemington Estate) (1962-1965) in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Towers in the park</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(architecture_and_engineering)" title="Morphology (architecture and engineering)">morphology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a><sup id="cite_ref-GLOBE_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOBE-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high-rise apartment buildings characterized by a high-rise building surrounded by a swath of landscaped land; e.g., the tower does not directly front the street. </p><p>It is based on an ideology popularised by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Plan_Voisin" title="Plan Voisin">Plan Voisin</a>, an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a> aimed at reducing the problem of urban congestion. It was introduced in several large cities across the world, notably in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GLOBE_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOBE-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a solution for housing, especially for <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a>, reaching a peak of popularity in the 1960s with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Prefabricated_building" title="Prefabricated building">prefabrication technology</a>. </p><p>By the early 1970s, opposition to this style of towers mounted, with many, including urban planners, now referring to them as "<a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neighbourhoods like <a href="/wiki/St._James_Town" title="St. James Town">St. James Town</a> were originally designed to house young "swinging single" middle class residents, but the apartments lacked appeal and the area quickly became much poorer. From its early days of implementation the concept was criticised for making residents feel unsafe, including large empty common areas dominated by <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> culture and crime. The layout was criticised for normalising anti-social behaviour and hampering the efforts of essential services, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow,_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_(31330935432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Moscow%2C_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_%2831330935432%29.jpg/250px-Moscow%2C_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_%2831330935432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Moscow%2C_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_%2831330935432%29.jpg/375px-Moscow%2C_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_%2831330935432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Moscow%2C_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_%2831330935432%29.jpg/500px-Moscow%2C_Maly_Chertanovsky_Pond_%2831330935432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>A panel housing <a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">microdistrict</a> (<i>П-44</i> series) (<a href="/wiki/Chertanovo_Severnoye_District" title="Chertanovo Severnoye District">Chertanovo Severnoye District</a> of Moscow) (Late Soviet era) is built with a similar idea in mind</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of microdistricts as an urban planning concept dates back to the 1920s, when the Soviet Union underwent rapid <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_urban_planning_ideologies_of_the_1920s" title="Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s">Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s</a>, residential complexes—compact territories with residential dwellings, schools, shops, entertainment facilities, and <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green spaces</a>—started to prevail in urban planning practice, as they allowed for more careful and efficient planning of the rapid urban expansion. These complexes were seen as an opportunity to build a collective society,<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dijk_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dijk-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an environment suitable and necessary for the new way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Gentile_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentile-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_by_region">Developments by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developments by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitefield_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Whitefield_Panorama.jpg/556px-Whitefield_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="556" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Whitefield_Panorama.jpg/834px-Whitefield_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Whitefield_Panorama.jpg/1112px-Whitefield_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4067" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Modern panorama of <a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Bangalore" title="Whitefield, Bangalore">Whitefield, Bangalore</a> in India</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:595px;max-width:595px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg/200px-Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg/300px-Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg/400px-Hong_Kong_Isnald_Eastern_District_Buildings_200909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">High-rise buildings, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg/195px-Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg/293px-Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg/390px-Vladivostok-view-august-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5928" data-file-height="3952" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern towers of <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, Russia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/188px-Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/282px-Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/376px-Abu_Dhabi_%E2%80%93_Corniche_3_-_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B8%D8%A8%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Road in front, skyline in background (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, Middle East)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Residential tower complexes are common in Asian countries such as China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Pakistan, Iran and South Korea, as urban densities are very high. In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and urban <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, land prices are so high that a large portion of the population lives in high-rise apartments. In fact, over 60% of Hong Kong residents live in apartments, many of them <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominiums</a>. Of them in 2020, 2,112,138 were identified residents of public housing,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is 28% of the total population. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Williams_Goldhagen" title="Sarah Williams Goldhagen">Sarah Williams Goldhagen</a> (2012) celebrated the work of innovative architecture firms such as WOHA (based in Singapore), Mass Studies (based in Seoul), Amateur Architecture Studio (based in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangzhou, China">Hangzhou, China</a>), and the New York City-based Steven Holl in the transformation of residential towers into "vertical communities" or "vertical cities in the sky" providing aesthetic, unusually designed silhouettes on the skyline, comfortable private spaces and attractive public spaces. None of these "functional, handsome, and humane high-rise residential buildings" are <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldhagen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldhagen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meinhold_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinhold-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg/150px-%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg/225px-%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg/300px-%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%82%E8%BD%AE%E5%8E%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%8C%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Xiaoqu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaoqu">xiaoqu</a></i> entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2012 Pritzker Prize was awarded to Chinese architect Wang Shu. Among his winning designs is the Vertical Courtyard Apartments, six 26-story towers by his architectural firm Amateur Architecture Studio built in Hangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinhold_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinhold-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "These towers were designed to house two-story apartments, in which every inhabitant would enjoy "the illusion of living on the second floor", accomplished by folding concrete floor planes (like "bamboo mats," claims the firm), so that every third story opens into a private courtyard. In the larger towers, the two-story units are stacked slightly askew, adding to the visual interest of the variegated façades (Goldhagen 2012)."<sup id="cite_ref-Goldhagen_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldhagen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_tower01s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Grace_tower01s3200.jpg/150px-Grace_tower01s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Grace_tower01s3200.jpg/225px-Grace_tower01s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Grace_tower01s3200.jpg/300px-Grace_tower01s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Okayama_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okayama prefecture">Okayama prefecture</a> "mansions"</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing in Japan</a> includes various traits coming from different eras. The word <i><a href="/wiki/Danchi" title="Danchi">danchi</a></i> now either means an employer-provided housing or has a meaning similar to "<a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">projects</a>". For modern hi-rises, there are two <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">borrowed</a> words to make a distinction: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Apaato</i>" (アパート）is used to describe a rather small apartment, initially made to be rented;</li> <li>a large, modern apartment would be a "<i>Mansion</i>" (マンション). The "mansion" nickname is used for both residential towers and for individual condominium apartments (for being roomy, spacey enough to compare to detached houses).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, the tower blocks are called Apartment Complex (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아파트 단지</span></span>). The first residential towers began to be built after the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The South Korean government needed to build many apartment complexes in the cities to be able to accommodate the citizens. In the 60 years since, as the population increased considerably, tower blocks have become more common. This time, however, the new tower blocks integrated shopping malls, parking systems, and other convenient facilities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Tower_Palace" title="Samsung Tower Palace">Samsung Tower Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, is the tallest apartment complex in Asia. </p><p>In Seoul, approximately 80 percent of its residents live in apartment complexes which comprise 98 percent of recent residential construction.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seoul proper is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, eight times greater than <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, though less than <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and Paris. Its metropolitan area is the densest in the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák">Panelák</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Med5_DSC0185.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Med5_DSC0185.JPG/220px-Med5_DSC0185.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Med5_DSC0185.JPG/330px-Med5_DSC0185.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Med5_DSC0185.JPG/440px-Med5_DSC0185.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Osiedle Batorego in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Jahodov%C3%A1_od_Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Painted <a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák">paneláks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague,_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague, Czech Republic">Prague, Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloc_P10,_Bucharest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bloc_P10%2C_Bucharest.jpg/220px-Bloc_P10%2C_Bucharest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bloc_P10%2C_Bucharest.jpg/330px-Bloc_P10%2C_Bucharest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bloc_P10%2C_Bucharest.jpg/440px-Bloc_P10%2C_Bucharest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Renovated apartment building from 1963 in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest,_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest, Romania">Bucharest, Romania</a>. With the 2010s, renovation of older apartment buildings in Eastern Europe has become common, especially in countries which get <a href="/wiki/Structural_Funds_and_Cohesion_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund">EU funds</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although some <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, already started building housing estates that were considered to be of a high standard for their time, many of these structures perished during the Second World War. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG/200px-EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG/300px-EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG/400px-EU-EE-Tallinn-PT-Kopli-Kopliranna_24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Refurbished 5-story <a href="/wiki/Khrushchyovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchyovka">Khrushchyovka</a>, winter in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, tower blocks were constructed in great numbers to produce plenty of cheap accommodation for the growing postwar populations of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire#The_Soviet_Union_and_its_satellite_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">its satellite states</a>. This took place mostly in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, though in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> this process started <a href="/wiki/Three-Year_Plan" title="Three-Year Plan">even earlier</a> due to the severe damages that Polish cities sustained during World War II. Throughout the former Eastern Bloc countries, tower blocks built during the Soviet years make up much of the current housing estates and most of them were built in the specific <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realist</a> style of architecture that was dominant in the territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>: blocky buildings of that era are colloquially known as <a href="/wiki/Khrushchyovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchyovka">Khrushchyovka</a>. However, there were also larger and more ambitious projects built in Eastern Europe at the time, which have since become recognisable examples of post-war <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernism</a>; such as the largest <i><a href="/wiki/Falowiec" title="Falowiec">falowiec</a></i> building in the <a href="/wiki/Przymorze_Wielkie" title="Przymorze Wielkie">Przymorze Wielkie</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, with a length of 860 m (2,821.52 ft) and 1,792 flats, it is the second longest housing block in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-zupgra_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupgra-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>, the mass construction of standardised housing blocks began in the 1950s and 1960s with the outskirts of the cities, some of which were made up of slums.<sup id="cite_ref-Elleh2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elleh2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction continued in the 1970s and 1980s, under the <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">systematisation</a> programme of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, which consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to build blocks of flats (<i>blocuri</i>), as a result of increasing urbanisation following an accelerated industrialisation process.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák">panelák</a> building under <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> resulted from two main factors: the postwar housing shortage and the ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">ruling party</a>. </p><p>In Eastern European countries, opinions about these buildings vary greatly, with some deeming them as eyesores on their city's landscape while others glorify them as relics of a bygone age and historical examples of unique architectural styles (such as socialist realism, <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">brutalism</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-zupgra_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupgra-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, and especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s, many of the former Eastern Bloc countries have begun construction of new, more expensive and modern housing. The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Warsaw" title="Śródmieście, Warsaw">Śródmieście</a> borough of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, the capital of Poland, has seen the development of an array of skyscrapers. Russia is also currently undergoing a dramatic buildout, growing a commercially shaped skyline. Moreover, the ongoing changes made to postwar housing estates since the 2000s in former communist countries vary – ranging from simply applying a new coat of paint to the previously grey exterior to thorough modernisation of entire buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-zupgra_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupgra-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, among former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states, a majority of the population lives in flats in Latvia (65.1%), Estonia (63.8%), Lithuania (58.4%), Czech Republic (52.8%), and Slovakia (50.3%) (as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, data from <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all flat dwellers in Eastern Europe live in Cold War-era blocks of flats; many live in buildings constructed after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and some in buildings that survived World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tower_block" title="Special:EditPage/Tower block">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Western Europe, there are fewer high-rise buildings because of the historic city centres. In the 1960s, developers began demolishing older buildings to replace them with modern high-rise buildings. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> there are numerous modern high-rise buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Quarter_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Quarter (Brussels)">Northern Quarter</a> business district. The government of Belgium wants to recreate <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on a small scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Défense at night"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg/900px-Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg/1350px-Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg/1800px-Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13187" data-file-height="2206" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg" title="File:Panorama La Défense.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> at night</div></div></div> <p>There are some tall residential buildings in <i>La Défense</i> district, such as <a href="/wiki/Tour_D%C3%A9fense_2000" title="Tour Défense 2000">Tour Défense 2000</a>, even though the district is mainly "commercial". This allows the residents to walk to the nearby office buildings without using vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tower_blocks_in_Great_Britain" title="Tower blocks in Great Britain">Tower blocks in Great Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argylebuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Argylebuilding.jpg/220px-Argylebuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Argylebuilding.jpg/330px-Argylebuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Argylebuilding.jpg/440px-Argylebuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Argyle_Building,_Glasgow" title="Argyle Building, Glasgow">Argyle Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tower blocks were first built in the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, and were seen as a cheap way to replace 19th-century urban slums and war-damaged buildings. They were originally seen as desirable, but quickly fell out of favour as tower blocks attracted rising crime and social disorder, particularly after the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Ronan_Point" title="Ronan Point">Ronan Point</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tower blocks are controversial and numerous examples have been demolished, many still remain in large cities. Due to lack of proper regulation, some tower blocks present a significant fire risk and even though there have been efforts to make them more safe,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern safety precautions can be prohibitively expensive to retrofit. The <a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower</a> fire in 2017 was partly caused by council ignorance, as a local action group complained to the council about the fire hazards of the tower several years before the incident, yet remedial work had not been carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-guardiansafety_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardiansafety-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fire further made tower blocks less desirable to British residents. </p><p>There are old high-rise buildings built in the 1960s and 1970s in areas of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> such as <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hackney,_London" title="Hackney, London">Hackney</a>, and virtually any area in London with <a href="/wiki/Council_house" title="Council house">council housing</a>. Some new high-rises are being built in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nine_Elms" title="Nine Elms">Nine Elms</a>. In east London, some old high-rises are being gentrified, in addition to new high-rises being built in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Stratford,_London" title="Stratford, London">Stratford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ireland">Ireland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_Dock,_Dublin_Docklands,_June_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Capital_Dock%2C_Dublin_Docklands%2C_June_2021.jpg/220px-Capital_Dock%2C_Dublin_Docklands%2C_June_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Capital_Dock%2C_Dublin_Docklands%2C_June_2021.jpg/330px-Capital_Dock%2C_Dublin_Docklands%2C_June_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Capital_Dock%2C_Dublin_Docklands%2C_June_2021.jpg/440px-Capital_Dock%2C_Dublin_Docklands%2C_June_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capital_Dock" title="Capital Dock">Capital Dock</a>, 22-story "mixed use" building in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Republic of Ireland</dt></dl> <p>The majority of residential high-rise buildings in the Republic of Ireland were concentrated in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Ballymun" title="Ballymun">Ballymun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ballymun_Flats" title="Ballymun Flats">Ballymun Flats</a> were built between 1966 and 1969: seven 15-story towers, nineteen 8-story blocks and ten 4-story blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the "seven towers" referred to in the <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> song "Running to Stand Still".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They have since been demolished. </p><p>Inner Dublin flat complexes, typically of 4-5 storeys include Sheriff Street (demolished), <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Mansions_(housing)" title="Fatima Mansions (housing)">Fatima Mansions</a> (demolished and redeveloped), St Joseph's Gardens (demolished; replaced by Killarney Court flat complex), St Teresa's Gardens, Dolphin House, Liberty House, St Michael's Estate (8 storeys) and O'Devaney Gardens and a lot more mainly throughout the north and south inner city of Dublin. Suburban flat complexes were built exclusively on the northside of the city in <a href="/wiki/Ballymun" title="Ballymun">Ballymun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coolock" title="Coolock">Coolock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilbarrack" title="Kilbarrack">Kilbarrack</a>. These flats were badly affected by a heroin epidemic that hit working-class areas of Dublin in the 1980s and early 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Residential tower blocks were previously uncommon outside of Dublin, but during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> the largest cities such as Dublin, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> witnessed new large apartment building, although their heights have generally been restricted. Some large towns such as <a href="/wiki/Navan" title="Navan">Navan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullingar" title="Mullingar">Mullingar</a> have also witnessed the construction of many modern apartment blocks. </p> <dl><dt>Northern Ireland</dt></dl> <p>Tower blocks in Northern Ireland were never built to the frequency as in cities on the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, but taller high-rises are generally more common than in the Republic of Ireland. Most tower blocks and flat complexes are found in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, although many of these have been demolished since the 1990s and replaced with traditional <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">public housing units</a>. The mid-rise Divis flats complex in west Belfast was built between 1968 and 1972. It was demolished in the early 1990s after the residents demanded new houses due to mounting problems with their flats. <a href="/wiki/Divis_Tower" title="Divis Tower">Divis Tower</a>, built separately in 1966, still stands, however; and in 2007 work began to convert the former British Army base at the top two floors into new dwellings. Divis Tower was for several decades Ireland's tallest residential building, having since being surpassed by the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Obel_Tower" title="Obel Tower">Obel Tower</a> in the city centre. In the north of the city, the iconic seven-tower complex in the <a href="/wiki/New_Lodge,_Belfast" title="New Lodge, Belfast">New Lodge</a> remains, although so too the problems that residents face, such as poor piping and limited sanitation. Farther north, the four tower blocks in <a href="/wiki/Rathcoole_(Belfast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathcoole (Belfast)">Rathcoole</a> dominate the local skyline, while in south Belfast, the tower blocks in Seymour Hill, Belvoir and <a href="/wiki/Finaghy" title="Finaghy">Finaghy</a> remain standing. </p><p>Most of the aforementioned high-rise flats in the city were built by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Trust" title="Northern Ireland Housing Trust">Northern Ireland Housing Trust</a> (NIHT) as part of overspill housing schemes, the first such development being the pair of point blocks in East Belfast's <a href="/wiki/Cregagh" title="Cregagh">Cregagh</a> estate. These eleven-story towers were completed in 1961 and were the first tall council housing blocks on the island of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NIHT also designed the inner city Divis Flats complex. The six-to-eight-storey deck-access flats that comprised most of the Divis estate were of poor build quality and were all demolished by the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlendinningMuthesius1994367_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlendinningMuthesius1994367-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar slab blocks were built by the NIHT in East Belfast (Tullycarnet) and Derry's <a href="/wiki/Bogside" title="Bogside">Bogside</a> area, all four of which have been demolished. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Corporation">Belfast Corporation</a> constructed seven tower blocks on the former Victoria Barracks site in the New Lodge district. While the Corporation built some <a href="/wiki/Mid-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-rise">mid-rise</a> flats as part of <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> schemes (most notably the now demolished Unity Flats and the Weetabix Flats in the Shankill area), New Lodge was its only high-rise project in the inner city; there were three more in outlying areas of the city during the 1960s, two being in Mount Vernon in North Belfast and one being in the <a href="/wiki/Clarawood" title="Clarawood">Clarawood</a> estate, East Belfast. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Belfast" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast">Royal Hospital</a> built three thirteen-story towers for use as staff accommodation, prominently located adjacent to the M2 Motorway at Broadway. Belfast City Hospital also constructed a high-rise slab block which since privatisation has been named Bradbury Court, formerly known as Erskine House. Queens University Belfast built several eleven storey towers at its Queens Elms student accommodation. Of the three sixteen-story point blocks of <a href="/wiki/Larne" title="Larne">Larne</a> Borough Council in the late 1960s, only one remains.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canada" title="List of tallest buildings in Canada">List of tallest buildings in Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada, large <a href="/wiki/Multi-family_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family buildings">multi-family buildings</a> are usually known as <i>apartment buildings</i> or <i>apartment blocks</i> if they are rented from one common landowner, or <i>condominiums</i> or <i>condo towers</i> if each dwelling unit is individually owned; they may be called <i>low-rise</i> (or <i>walk-up</i>), <i>mid-rise</i>, <i>high-rise</i>, or <i>skyscraper</i> depending on their height. Tall residential towers are a staple building type in all large cities. Their relative prominence in Canadian cities varies substantially, however. In general, more populated cities have more high-rises than smaller cities, due to a relative scarcity of land and a greater demand for housing. </p><p>However, some cities such as <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> have fewer high-rise buildings due to several factors: a focus on <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a>, height restrictions, and lower growth rates. In middle-sized cities with a relatively low population density, such as <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> there are more apartment towers but they are greatly outnumbered by <a href="/wiki/Single-family_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-family house">single-family houses</a>. Most of the largest residential towers in Canada are found in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>; the country's most densely populated cities. </p><p>Toronto contains the second largest concentration of high-rise apartment buildings in North America (after New York). In Canada, like in other New World countries, but unlike Western Europe, most high-rise towers are located in the city centre (or "downtown"), where smaller, older buildings were demolished to make way in <a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">redevelopment</a> schemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tower_block" title="Special:EditPage/Tower block">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest buildings in the United States">List of tallest buildings in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City" title="List of tallest buildings in New York City">List of tallest buildings in New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg/220px-Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg/330px-Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg/440px-Central_Park_Tower_from_street_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York City, the tallest residential high-rise tower in the world, December 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, tower blocks are commonly referred to as "midrise" or "highrise apartment buildings", depending on their height, while buildings that house fewer flats (apartments), or are not as tall as the tower blocks, are called "lowrise apartment buildings". Specifically, "midrise" buildings are as tall as the streets are wide, allowing five hours of sunlight on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the first residential towers were the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Village,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Village, Manhattan">Castle Village</a> towers in Manhattan, New York City, completed in 1939. Their cross-shaped design was copied in towers in <a href="/wiki/Parkchester,_Bronx" title="Parkchester, Bronx">Parkchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuyvesant Town">Stuyvesant Town</a> residential developments. </p><p>The government's experiments in the 1960s and 1970s to use high-rise apartments as a means of providing the housing solution for the poor broadly resulted in failure. Made in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_in_the_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower in the park">tower in the park</a> style, all but a few high-rise <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">housing projects</a> in the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cabrini%E2%80%93Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabrini–Green">Cabrini–Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_Homes" title="Robert Taylor Homes">Robert Taylor Homes</a> in Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Penn_South" title="Penn South">Penn South</a> in Manhattan, and the <a href="/wiki/Desire_Projects" title="Desire Projects">Desire Projects</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, fell victim to the "<a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettofication</a>" and are now being torn down, renovated, or replaced. Another example is the former <a href="/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe" title="Pruitt–Igoe">Pruitt–Igoe</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, torn down in the 1970s. </p><p>In contrast to their <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a> counterparts, commercially developed high-rise apartment buildings continue to flourish in cities around the country largely due to high land prices and the housing boom of the 2000s. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> in New York City, featuring high-rise apartments, is the wealthiest urban neighborhood in the United States. </p><p>Currently, the tallest residential building in the world is <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, having a height of 1,550 feet (470 m) with the highest occupied floor at 1,417 feet (432 m).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_towers_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Waterloo_towers_2.JPG/220px-Waterloo_towers_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Waterloo_towers_2.JPG/330px-Waterloo_towers_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Waterloo_towers_2.JPG/440px-Waterloo_towers_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Housing commission towers in Waterloo, Sydney, Australia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia" title="List of tallest buildings in Australia">List of tallest buildings in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Sydney" title="List of tallest buildings in Sydney">List of tallest buildings in Sydney</a></div> <p>High-rise living in Australia was limited to the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_CBD" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney CBD">Sydney CBD</a> until the 1960s, when a short-lived fashion saw public housing tenants located in new high-rise developments, especially in Sydney and Melbourne. The buildings pictured along with four other 16-story blocks were constructed on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> and were available to sailors and their families for accommodation. Due to social problems within these blocks the Navy left and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing" title="Department of Housing">Department of Housing</a> took charge and flats were let to low income and immigrant families. During the 1980s many people escaping communism in Eastern bloc countries were housed in these buildings. Developers have enthusiastically adopted the term "apartment" for these new high-rise blocks, perhaps to avoid the stigma still attached to housing commission flats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deck_access">Deck access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deck access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deck access is a type of flat that is accessed from a walkway that is open to the elements, as opposed to flats that are accessed from fully enclosed internal corridors. Deck-access blocks of flats are usually fairly low-rise structures. The decks can vary from simple walkways, which may be covered or uncovered, to decks wide enough for small vehicles. The best-known example of deck-access flats in the UK is <a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill, Sheffield</a>, where the decks are wide enough to allow electric vehicles; however, the design is inspired by French Modernist architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, particularly his <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation" title="Unité d'habitation">Unité d'habitation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_tower_blocks">Green tower blocks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Green tower blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_(36776424576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_%2836776424576%29.jpg/220px-Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_%2836776424576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_%2836776424576%29.jpg/330px-Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_%2836776424576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_%2836776424576%29.jpg/440px-Brocker_000308_173001_518483_4578_%2836776424576%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>An apartment with a <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>Green tower blocks have some scheme of living plants or <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on their roofs or incorporate other <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> design features.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highrise_(documentary)" title="Highrise (documentary)"><i>Highrise</i> (documentary)</a>, a project about life in high-rise apartments around the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">Prefabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_panel_system_building" title="Large panel system building">Large panel system building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Cutie de chibrituri</a> – meaning <i>Matchboxes</i> in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is the equivalent in Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_engineering" title="Wind engineering">Wind engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires_in_high-rise_buildings" title="List of fires in high-rise buildings">List of fires in high-rise buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-rise_fa%C3%A7ade_fires" title="List of high-rise façade fires">List of high-rise façade fires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDSW8ZXByAcC&pg=PA13">BICSI</a> McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-138211-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-138211-9">0-07-138211-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547956/skyscraper">"skyscraper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=skyscraper&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F547956%2Fskyscraper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818012446/http://standards.emporis.com/?nav=realestate&lng=3&esn=18727">Data Standards: high-rise building (ESN 18727)</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Emporis Standards. Accessed online 16 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also Murat Saatcioglu, "High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster", in <i>Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards</i> Dordrecht, NL: Springer, 2016. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_168">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_168</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation web cs1">Hall, John R. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711065726/http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/pdf/os.highrise.pdf">"High-rise building fires"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nfpa.org</i>. NFPA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/pdf/os.highrise.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nfpa.org&rft.atitle=High-rise+building+fires&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfpa.org%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fos.highrise.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479f.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479f._6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrete2004">Aldrete 2004</a>, pp. 79f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, Epigrams, 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrete2004">Aldrete 2004</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, 5.3.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander G. McKay: Römische Häuser, Villen und Paläste, <a href="/wiki/Feldmeilen" title="Feldmeilen">Feldmeilen</a> 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7611-0585-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7611-0585-1">3-7611-0585-1</a> p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478–9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200478–9_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrete2004">Aldrete 2004</a>, pp. 78–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479_ff.-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrete200479_ff._12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldrete2004">Aldrete 2004</a>, pp. 79 ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PapyrusOxyrhynchus-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PapyrusOxyrhynchus_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2719, in: Katja Lembke, Cäcilia Fluck, Günter Vittmann: <i>Ägyptens späte Blüte. Die Römer am Nil</i>, Mainz 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-3276-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-3276-9">3-8053-3276-9</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif1992" class="citation cs2">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992), <i>Islamic Architecture in Cairo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 6, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09626-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09626-4"><bdi>90-04-09626-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09626-4&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joan_D._Barghusen,_Bob_Moulder_2001_11-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joan_D._Barghusen,_Bob_Moulder_2001_11_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarghusenMoulder2001" class="citation cs2">Barghusen, Joan D.; Moulder, Bob (2001), <i>Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Cairo</i>, Twenty-First Century Books, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-3221-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-3221-2"><bdi>0-8225-3221-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Cairo&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8225-3221-2&rft.aulast=Barghusen&rft.aufirst=Joan+D.&rft.au=Moulder%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortada_2003_viii-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mortada_2003_viii_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortada2003" class="citation cs2">Mortada, Hisham (2003), <i>Traditional Islamic principles of built environment</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. viii, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1700-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1700-5"><bdi>0-7007-1700-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Islamic+principles+of+built+environment&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1700-5&rft.aulast=Mortada&rft.aufirst=Hisham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Müller_345-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Müller_345_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Müller_345_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Müller: "dtv-Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14th ed., 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-03020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-03020-5">978-3-423-03020-5</a>, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knapp, Ronald G.. China's old dwellings. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2000. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helfritz-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helfritz_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfritz1937" class="citation cs2">Helfritz, Hans (April 1937), "Land without shade", <i>Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society</i>, <b>24</b> (2): 201–16, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068373708730789">10.1080/03068373708730789</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Central+Asian+Society&rft.atitle=Land+without+shade&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-16&rft.date=1937-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068373708730789&rft.aulast=Helfritz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeromeChiariBorelli1999" class="citation cs2">Jerome, Pamela; Chiari, Giacomo; Borelli, Caterina (1999), "The Architecture of Mud: Construction and Repair Technology in the Hadhramaut Region of Yemen", <i>APT Bulletin</i>, <b>30</b> (2–3): 39–48 [44], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1504639">10.2307/1504639</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504639">1504639</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APT+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+Mud%3A+Construction+and+Repair+Technology+in+the+Hadhramaut+Region+of+Yemen&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=39-48+44&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1504639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1504639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jerome&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Chiari%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Borelli%2C+Caterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192">Old Walled City of Shibam</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Centre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shipman_154–62-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shipman_154–62_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipman1984" class="citation cs2">Shipman, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Houses+in+Seoul&rft.btitle=Urban+Trans+Formation&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Ruby+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Minsuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holcimfoundation.org%2Fportals%2F1%2Fdocs%2Ff07%2Fwk-norm%2Ff07-wk-norm-cho02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/393438.html">"Seoul ranks highest in population density among OECD countries"</a>. <i>The Hankyoreh</i>. 15 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=Seoul+ranks+highest+in+population+density+among+OECD+countries&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_international%2F393438.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zupgra-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zupgra_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zupgra_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zupgra_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobeckaNavarro2020" class="citation book cs1">Sobecka, Martyna; Navarro, David (2020). <i>Brutal Poland</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>: Zupagrafika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788395057472" title="Special:BookSources/9788395057472"><bdi>9788395057472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brutal+Poland&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Zupagrafika&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788395057472&rft.aulast=Sobecka&rft.aufirst=Martyna&rft.au=Navarro%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elleh2014-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elleh2014_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElleh2014" class="citation book cs1">Elleh, Nnamdi (28 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyzjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Reading the Architecture of the Underprivileged Classes</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 212–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6786-1"><bdi>978-1-4094-6786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Architecture+of+the+Underprivileged+Classes&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6786-1&rft.aulast=Elleh&rft.aufirst=Nnamdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyzjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitricaGrigorescuUrucu2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitrica, Bianca; Grigorescu, Ines; Urucu, Veselina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313679886"><i>Dezvoltarea urbană și ariile metropolitane</i></a> [<i>The urban development and metropolitan areas</i>]. Editura Academiei Române. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-27-2695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-27-2695-2"><bdi>978-973-27-2695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dezvoltarea+urban%C4%83+%C8%99i+ariile+metropolitane&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-973-27-2695-2&rft.aulast=Mitrica&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft.au=Grigorescu%2C+Ines&rft.au=Urucu%2C+Veselina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F313679886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumitrescu" class="citation web cs1">Dumitrescu, Ionel-Claudiu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/urbanizarea-in-romania-secolului-xx-interbelic-vs-comunism">"Urbanizarea în România secolului XX: interbelic vs comunism"</a> [Urbanization in the 20th century Romania: interwar period vs communist period]. <i>historia.ro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historia.ro&rft.atitle=Urbanizarea+%C3%AEn+Rom%C3%A2nia+secolului+XX%3A+interbelic+vs+comunism&rft.aulast=Dumitrescu&rft.aufirst=Ionel-Claudiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historia.ro%2Fsectiune%2Fgeneral%2Farticol%2Furbanizarea-in-romania-secolului-xx-interbelic-vs-comunism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see section Source data for tables and figures, Housing statistics: tables and figures <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Housing_statistics">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/heritage/ronan-point">"Ronan Point"</a>. <i>The Open University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Open+University&rft.atitle=Ronan+Point&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fhistory-the-arts%2Fhistory%2Fheritage%2Fronan-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/building-control-news/unsafe-cladding-removal-works-still-incomplete-on-over-300-high-rise-buildings-in-manchester-and-london/115651/">"Unsafe cladding removal works still incomplete on over 300 high-rise buildings in Manchester and London"</a>. 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unsafe+cladding+removal+works+still+incomplete+on+over+300+high-rise+buildings+in+Manchester+and+London&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbctoday.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbuilding-control-news%2Funsafe-cladding-removal-works-still-incomplete-on-over-300-high-rise-buildings-in-manchester-and-london%2F115651%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardiansafety-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardiansafety_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2017" class="citation news cs1">Wahlquist, Calla (14 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/14/fire-safety-concerns-raised-by-grenfell-tower-residents-in-2012">"Fire safety concerns raised by Grenfell Tower residents in 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fire+safety+concerns+raised+by+Grenfell+Tower+residents+in+2012&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft.aulast=Wahlquist&rft.aufirst=Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fjun%2F14%2Ffire-safety-concerns-raised-by-grenfell-tower-residents-in-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0313/ballymun.html">"Demolition of famous Dublin tower block"</a>. RTÉ News. 13 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Demolition+of+famous+Dublin+tower+block&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2005%2F0313%2Fballymun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlendinningMuthesius1994" class="citation book cs1">Glendinning, Miles; Muthesius, Stefan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWuBQgAACAAJ"><i>Tower Block: Modern Public Housing in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland</i></a>. Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300054446" title="Special:BookSources/9780300054446"><bdi>9780300054446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+Block%3A+Modern+Public+Housing+in+England%2C+Scotland%2C+Wales+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+for+Studies+in+British+Art&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780300054446&rft.aulast=Glendinning&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft.au=Muthesius%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWuBQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlendinningMuthesius1994367-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlendinningMuthesius1994367_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlendinningMuthesius1994">Glendinning & Muthesius (1994)</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riverdale Flats, Larne (1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geograph.ie/photo/2313893">http://www.geograph.ie/photo/2313893</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=7238036318061410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD">"Avenues and Mid-Rise Buildings Study"</a>. <i>City of Toronto</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=Avenues+and+Mid-Rise+Buildings+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.toronto.ca%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fcontentonly%3Fvgnextoid%3D7238036318061410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings?list=tallest100-residential">"100 Tallest All-Residential Buildings - the Skyscraper Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Tallest+All-Residential+Buildings+-+the+Skyscraper+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Fbuildings%3Flist%3Dtallest100-residential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC 'English Heritage' documentary about Park Hill flats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003337/http://www.sustainingtowers.org/ROOFa.htm">"de beste bron van informatie over sustainingtowers. Deze website is te koop!"</a>. sustainingtowers.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainingtowers.org/ROOFa.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=de+beste+bron+van+informatie+over+sustainingtowers.+Deze+website+is+te+koop%21&rft.pub=sustainingtowers.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainingtowers.org%2FROOFa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salford.gov.uk/pr-10-2680.htm">"Tower blocks go green with power-saving panels"</a>. Salford.gov.uk. 20 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tower+blocks+go+green+with+power-saving+panels&rft.pub=Salford.gov.uk&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salford.gov.uk%2Fpr-10-2680.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040623073806/http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-present.htm">"State of the Art"</a>. <i>Sustaining: towers blocks</i>. Battle McCarthy Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-present.htm">the original</a> on 23 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sustaining%3A+towers+blocks&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainingtowers.org%2FSOA-present.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrete2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Aldrete" title="Gregory S. Aldrete">Aldrete, Gregory S.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinroman00aldr"><i>Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33174-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33174-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Roman+City%3A+Rome%2C+Pompeii+and+Ostia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33174-9&rft.aulast=Aldrete&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinroman00aldr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunleavy1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dunleavy" title="Patrick Dunleavy">Dunleavy, Patrick</a> (1981). <i>The politics of mass housing in Britain, 1945–1975</i>. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+mass+housing+in+Britain%2C+1945%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Oxford%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dunleavy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Hanley, Lynsey (2007). <i>Estates: an intimate history</i>. London: Granta Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estates%3A+an+intimate+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=Lynsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1987" class="citation book cs1">Power, A. (1987). <i>Property before people</i>. London: Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+before+people&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1997" class="citation book cs1">Power, A. (1997). <i>Estates on the edge</i>. Great Britain: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estates+on+the+edge&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaatcioglu2016" class="citation book cs1">Saatcioglu, Murat (2016). "High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster". <i>Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards</i>. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Dordrecht, NL: Springer. pp. 451–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4399-4_168">10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8699-0"><bdi>978-90-481-8699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High-Rise+Buildings+in+Natural+Disaster&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Natural+Hazards&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+NL&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+Sciences+Series&rft.pages=451-452&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4399-4_168&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8699-0&rft.aulast=Saatcioglu&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+block" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_block&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:High-rises" 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developments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_commercial_developments" title="Category:Planned commercial developments">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tallest_buildings_and_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="Template:Tallest buildings and structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="Template talk:Tallest buildings and structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tallest buildings and structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tallest_buildings_and_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">Tallest buildings and structures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_buildings" title="History of the world's tallest buildings">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">Storey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Africa" title="List of tallest buildings in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Asia" title="List of tallest buildings in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Balkans" title="List of tallest buildings in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of tallest buildings in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Scandinavia" title="List of tallest buildings in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Oceania" title="List of tallest buildings in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>The Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_America" title="List of tallest buildings in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Central_America" title="List of tallest buildings in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Latin_America" title="List of tallest buildings in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_America" title="List of tallest buildings in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_country" title="List of tallest buildings by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Algeria" title="List of tallest buildings in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Argentina" title="List of tallest buildings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia" title="List of tallest buildings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Austria" title="List of tallest buildings in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of tallest buildings in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bangladesh" title="List of tallest buildings in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bolivia" title="List of tallest buildings in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of tallest buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Brazil" title="List of tallest buildings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Bulgaria" title="List of tallest buildings in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cambodia" title="List of tallest buildings in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canada" title="List of tallest buildings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chile" title="List of tallest buildings in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_China" title="List of tallest buildings in China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Macau" title="List of tallest buildings in Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Colombia" title="List of tallest buildings in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Croatia" title="List of tallest buildings in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cyprus" title="List of tallest buildings in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of tallest buildings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Denmark" title="List of tallest buildings in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ecuador" title="List of tallest buildings in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Estonia" title="List of tallest buildings in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Finland" title="List of tallest buildings in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_France" title="List of tallest buildings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of tallest buildings in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Germany" title="List of tallest buildings in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Greece" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Iceland" title="List of tallest buildings in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_India" title="List of tallest buildings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indonesia" title="List of tallest buildings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Iran" title="List of tallest buildings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest buildings in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Israel" title="List of tallest buildings in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Italy" title="List of tallest buildings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Japan" title="List of tallest structures in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of tallest buildings in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kenya" title="List of tallest buildings in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kosovo" title="List of tallest buildings in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kuwait" title="List of tallest buildings in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Latvia" title="List of tallest buildings in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Lebanon" title="List of tallest buildings in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Lithuania" title="List of tallest buildings in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Malaysia" title="List of tallest buildings in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Malta" title="List of tallest buildings in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mexico" title="List of tallest buildings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Monaco" title="List of tallest buildings in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Mongolia" title="List of tallest buildings in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Morocco" title="List of tallest buildings in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Myanmar" title="List of tallest buildings in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of tallest buildings in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Nigeria" title="List of tallest buildings in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_Korea" title="List of tallest buildings in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of tallest buildings in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Norway" title="List of tallest buildings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Panama_City" title="List of tallest buildings in Panama City">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Peru" title="List of tallest buildings in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tallest structures in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Poland" title="List of tallest buildings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest buildings in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Romania" title="List of tallest buildings in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Russia" title="List of tallest buildings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Serbia#Buildings" title="List of tallest structures in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Singapore" title="List of tallest buildings in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Slovenia" title="List of tallest buildings in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Slovakia" title="List of tallest buildings in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Africa" title="List of tallest buildings in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Korea" title="List of tallest buildings in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Spain" title="List of tallest buildings in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Sweden" title="List of tallest buildings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Switzerland" title="List of tallest buildings in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Taiwan" title="List of tallest buildings in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Tanzania" title="List of tallest buildings in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Thailand" title="List of tallest structures in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Turkey" title="List of tallest buildings in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ukraine" title="List of tallest buildings in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of tallest buildings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest buildings in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Uruguay" title="List of tallest buildings in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Venezuela" title="List of tallest buildings in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Vietnam" title="List of tallest buildings in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of tallest buildings in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more" title="List of buildings with 100 floors or more">100+ floors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architects_of_supertall_buildings" title="List of architects of supertall buildings">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_height_to_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings by height to roof">Buildings by height to roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of countries with the most skyscrapers">Countries with most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_designed_by_women" title="List of tallest buildings designed by women">Designed by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_Eastern_Orthodox_church_buildings" title="List of tallest Eastern Orthodox church buildings">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mosques" title="List of tallest mosques">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_educational_buildings" title="List of tallest educational buildings">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_future_tallest_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of future tallest buildings">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hospitals" title="List of tallest hospitals">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels" title="List of tallest hotels">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_buildings" title="List of most expensive buildings">Most expensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_residential_buildings" title="List of tallest residential buildings">Residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skyscrapers_by_floor_area" title="List of skyscrapers by floor area">Skyscrapers by floor area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest twin buildings and structures">Twin buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_voluntarily_demolished_buildings" title="List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings">Voluntarily demolished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_wooden_buildings" title="List of tallest wooden buildings">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_skyscrapers" title="List of early skyscrapers">Early skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supertall_skyscrapers" title="List of supertall skyscrapers">Supertall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megatall_skyscrapers" title="List of megatall skyscrapers">Megatall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">Structures</a><br />(of any type)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Africa" title="List of tallest structures in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of tallest structures in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Europe" title="List of tallest structures in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of tallest structures built in the Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_South_America" title="List of tallest structures in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_by_country" title="List of tallest structures by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Afghanistan" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Algeria" title="List of tallest structures in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Armenia" title="List of tallest structures in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Australia" title="List of tallest structures in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Austria" title="List of tallest structures in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Bahrain" title="List of tallest structures in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Belgium" title="List of tallest structures in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Bulgaria" title="List of tallest structures in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Canada" title="List of tallest structures in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_China" title="List of tallest structures in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of tallest structures in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Denmark" title="List of tallest structures in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Estonia" title="List of tallest structures in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Finland" title="List of tallest structures in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_France" title="List of tallest structures in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Germany" title="List of tallest structures in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Greece" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Hungary" title="List of tallest structures in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest structures in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_India" title="List of tallest structures in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Indonesia" title="List of tallest structures in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Iran" title="List of tallest structures in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Italy" title="List of tallest structures in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Japan" title="List of tallest structures in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Kosovo" title="List of tallest structures in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Luxembourg" title="List of tallest structures in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Myanmar" title="List of tallest structures in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of tallest structures in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_New_Zealand" title="List of tallest structures in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Norway" title="List of tallest structures in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tallest structures in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Poland" title="List of tallest structures in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest structures in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Romania" title="List of tallest structures in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_structures_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of the tallest structures in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Serbia" title="List of tallest structures in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Slovakia" title="List of tallest structures in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_South_Africa" title="List of tallest structures in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Spain" title="List of tallest structures in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of tallest structures in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Sweden" title="List of tallest structures in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Switzerland" title="List of tallest structures in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Tunisia" title="List of tallest structures in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Turkey" title="List of tallest structures in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Turkmenistan" title="List of tallest structures in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of tallest structures in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest structures in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of tallest structures in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_%E2%80%93_300_to_400_metres" title="List of tallest structures – 300 to 400 metres">300 to 400 metres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_%E2%80%93_400_to_500_metres" title="List of tallest structures – 400 to 500 metres">400 to 500 metres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">Before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_chimneys" title="List of tallest chimneys">Chimneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_crosses_in_the_world" title="List of tallest crosses in the world">Crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams" title="List of tallest dams">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flagpoles_by_height" title="List of flagpoles by height">Flagpoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ferris_wheels" title="List of Ferris wheels">Ferris wheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">Freestanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_lighthouses" title="List of tallest lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest twin buildings and structures">Twin structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additionally_guyed_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Additionally guyed tower">Additionally guyed tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_obstacle" title="Air traffic obstacle">Air traffic obstacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">All buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_height_considerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna height considerations">Antenna height considerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_skyscrapers" title="Early skyscrapers">Early skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires_in_high-rise_buildings" title="List of fires in high-rise buildings">Fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_restriction_laws" title="Height restriction laws">Height restriction laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visionary_tall_buildings_and_structures" title="List of visionary tall buildings and structures">List of visionary tall buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Oil platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partially_guyed_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Partially guyed tower">Partially guyed tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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