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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-示例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#示例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>示例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-示例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">参数统计</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。15种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="إحصاء معلمي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحصاء معلمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica_param%C3%A8trica" title="Estadística paramètrica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estadística paramètrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametrische_Statistik" title="Parametrische Statistik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parametrische Statistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parametric statistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica_param%C3%A9trica" title="Estadística paramétrica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estadística paramétrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آمار پارامتری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمار پارامتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica_parametrica" title="Statistica parametrica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statistica parametrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪ್ರಾಚಲೀಯ ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಚಲೀಯ ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Параметарска статистика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Параметарска статистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametrische_toets" title="Parametrische toets – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parametrische toets" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica_param%C3%A9trica" title="Estatística paramétrica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatística paramétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Параметрическая статистика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Параметрическая статистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parametric statistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik_parametrik" title="Statistik parametrik – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Statistik parametrik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametrik_istatistik" title="Parametrik istatistik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parametrik istatistik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1849855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/zh-hant/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&action=history" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arrows-orphan.svg/44px-Arrows-orphan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arrows-orphan.svg/66px-Arrows-orphan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Arrows-orphan.svg/88px-Arrows-orphan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="76" data-file-height="72" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>沒有或很少條目<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&namespace=0">链入本條目</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年10月11日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請根据<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C_(%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:格式手册 (链接)">格式指引</a>，在其他相關條目加入本條目的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:內部連結">內部連結</a>，來<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A7%8B%E7%AF%89%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:構築網絡">建構維基百科內部網絡</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>母數統計</b>（Parametric statistics）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a>的一个分支，它假设样本数据来自总体，而总体可以透过具有固定参数集的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">概率分布</a>进行充分建模。 <sup id="cite_ref-GeisserJohnson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeisserJohnson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>相反，<b>非参数模型</b>的确切区别在于其参数集（或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5_(%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0)" class="mw-redirect" title="特徵 (机器学习)">特征集</a> ）不是固定的，如果收集到新的相关信息，则该参数集可能会增加甚至减少。 <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大多数著名的统计方法都是参数化的。 <sup id="cite_ref-Cox_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>关于非参数（和半参数）模型， <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="戴维·科克斯">戴维·考克斯爵士</a>说：“这些模型通常较少涉及结构和分布形式的假设，但通常都包含有关独立性的强有力假设”。 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="示例"><span id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B"></span>示例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：示例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="正态分布">正态分布族</a>都具有相同的一般形态，并可以通过均值和标准差进行<i>参数化</i> 。这意味着，如果均值和标准差已知，并且分布是正态的，则任何将来观察到的给定范围内的概率都是已知的。 </p><p>假设有一个存在99个测试分数的样本，平均值为100，标准差为1。如果假设所有99个测试分数都是从正态分布中随机观察到的，那么我们预测第100个测试分数有1％的概率将高于102.33（即平均值加2.33标准偏差）。给定99个来自相同正态分布的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="独立 (概率论)">独立</a>观测值，可使用参数统计方法计算上述标准偏差值。 </p><p>对同一事物的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%AF%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" title="無母數統計">非参数</a>估计是前99个分数中的最大值。不需要假设考试分数的分布情况就可以推断出，在我们进行考试之前，最高分数会出现在前100个分数中。因此，第100个分数有1％的可能性高于之前的99个分数。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA" title="羅納德·愛爾默·費雪">RA Fisher</a>在1925年的《 <i>Statistical Methods for Research Workers</i> 》中提到了参数统计，这为现代统计奠定了基础。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GeisserJohnson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeisserJohnson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeisser2006" class="citation">Geisser, S., Modes of Parametric Statistical Inference, John Wiley & Sons, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Geisser&rft.btitle=Modes+of+Parametric+Statistical+Inference&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation">Murphy, Kevin, Machine Learning: A probabilistic perspective, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 16, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.btitle=Machine+Learning%3A+A+probabilistic+perspective&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cox_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCox2006" class="citation">Cox, D. R., Principles of Statistical Inference, Cambridge University Press, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Statistical+Inference&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox2006">Cox 2006</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF" title="集中趋势">集中趋势</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平均数">平均数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平方平均数">平方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术平均数">算術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何平均数">幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="调和平均数">調和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF-%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术-几何平均数">算术-几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95-%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何-调和平均数">几何-调和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B8" title="希羅平均數">希羅</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="平均数不等式">平均数不等式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="中位數">中位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="众数 (数学)">眾數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="离散程度">离散程度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="全距">全距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="变异系数">变异系数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="百分位数">百分位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E8%B7%9D" title="四分位距">四分位距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="四分位数">四分位数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="方差">方差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%B7%AE" title="平均差">平均差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8" title="標準分數">標準分數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%AA%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="切比雪夫不等式">切比雪夫不等式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分布形态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shape of the distribution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分布形态（页面不存在）">分布形态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Shape of the distribution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shape of the distribution</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="中心极限定理">中心极限定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="矩 (數學)">矩</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="偏度">偏態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="峰度">峰態</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">离散概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次數 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Count data"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B8_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次數 (統計學)（页面不存在）">次數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_data" class="extiw" title="en:Count data"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Count data</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>· <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="列聯表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contingency table"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%81%94%E8%A1%A8" title="列联表">列聯表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_table" class="extiw" title="en:Contingency table"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contingency table</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/120px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/180px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/240px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假說檢定</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%B4%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93" title="信賴區間">置信区间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">实验设计</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7" title="重抽样">重抽样</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E6%B3%95" title="刀切法">刀切法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%B3%95" title="自助法">自助法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="交叉驗證">交叉驗證</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重複 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Replication (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重複 (統計學)（页面不存在）">重复</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Replication (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Replication (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BB%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阻碍（页面不存在）">阻碍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="區集" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blocking (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="區集（页面不存在）">區集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Blocking (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blocking (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="缺失数据">缺失数据</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="样本量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sample size"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="样本量（页面不存在）">样本量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size" class="extiw" title="en:Sample size"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sample size</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="标准误差">標準誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="虛無假說">零假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="對立假說">备择假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%80%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E8%88%87%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="型一錯誤與型二錯誤">第一类错误与第二类错误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%9B" title="檢定力">统计功效</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E5%80%BC" title="效应值">效应值</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">常规估计</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最小距離估計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minimum distance estimation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最小距離估計（页面不存在）">最小距離估計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" class="extiw" title="en:Minimum distance estimation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minimum distance estimation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="矩估计">矩估计</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大间距（页面不存在）">最大间距</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假设检验</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生t检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="F检验">F檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="卡方检验">卡方检验</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Wald檢定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wald test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wald%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wald檢定（页面不存在）">Wald檢定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald_test" class="extiw" title="en:Wald test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wald test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼-惠特尼檢定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mann–Whitney U test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC-%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼-惠特尼檢定（页面不存在）">曼-惠特尼檢定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" class="extiw" title="en:Mann–Whitney U test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mann–Whitney U test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秩和检验（页面不存在）">秩和检验</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="生存分析">生存分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="生存函数">生存函数</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%98%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乘積極限估計量（页面不存在）">乘積極限估計量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對數秩和檢定（页面不存在）">對數秩和檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="失效率">失效率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="危險比例模式（页面不存在）">危險比例模式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>及<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="干擾因素">干擾因素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E7%A7%AF%E7%9F%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="皮尔逊积矩相关系数">皮尔逊積矩相關係數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="等級相關" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rank correlation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等級相關（页面不存在）">等級相關</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation" class="extiw" title="en:Rank correlation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rank correlation</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="斯皮尔曼等级相关系数">斯皮尔曼等级相关系数</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯德等級相關係數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯德等級相關係數（页面不存在）">肯德等級相關係數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_tau_rank_correlation_coefficient" class="extiw" title="en:Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (统计学)">自由度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="误差">误差和残差</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="線性回歸">線性回歸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="線性模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linear model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性模型（页面不存在）">線性模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_model" class="extiw" title="en:Linear model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linear model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="一般线性模型">一般线性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="廣義線性模型">廣義線性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="簡單線性迴歸">簡單線性迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝叶斯回归" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bayesian linear regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯回归（页面不存在）">贝叶斯回归</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian linear regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bayesian linear regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共變異數分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analysis of covariance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共變異數分析（页面不存在）">协方差分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of covariance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analysis of covariance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="非线性回归">非线性回归</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非参数回归模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonparametric regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非参数回归模型（页面不存在）">非参数回归模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Nonparametric regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonparametric regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半参数回归模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semiparametric regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半参数回归模型（页面不存在）">半参数回归模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Semiparametric regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semiparametric regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%A6%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯斯諦迴歸">邏輯斯諦迴歸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="统计图形">统计图形</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%BC%E5%9B%BE" title="饼图">饼图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE" title="条形图">条形图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%A0%87%E5%9B%BE" title="双标图">双标图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="箱形圖">箱形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%96" title="管制圖">管制圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林圖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest plot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林圖（页面不存在）">森林圖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_plot" class="extiw" title="en:Forest plot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest plot</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BE" title="直方图">直方图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E5%9C%96" title="分位圖">分位圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="趋势图">趋势图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="散布圖">散点图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E8%91%89%E5%9C%96" title="幹葉圖">莖葉圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷达图" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radar chart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷达图（页面不存在）">雷达图</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Radar chart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radar chart</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="示意地圖">示意地圖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="统计类型" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q47103999"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统计类型（页面不存在）">统计类型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47103999" class="extiw" title="d:Q47103999"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q47103999</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="回應過程效度">回應過程效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%A4%E7%94%A8" title="統計誤用">統計誤用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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