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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Asian culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Other culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Microbiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agar_plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agar_plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Agar plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agar_plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motility_assays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motility_assays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Motility assays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motility_assays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Plant biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Agar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="أغار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أغار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqar" title="Aqar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aqar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অ্যাগার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাগার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A0i-i%C3%A0n" title="Chhài-iàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhài-iàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Агар (прадукт) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агар (прадукт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар-агар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Агар-агар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelozo" title="Gelozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gelozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آگار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gar-%C3%A1gar" title="Ágar-ágar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ágar-ágar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%AC%B4" title="우무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80-%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ագար-ագար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ագար-ագար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अगर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अगर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agaro" title="Agar-agaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Agar-agaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar_agar" title="Agar agar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agar agar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8" title="אגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ager-ager" title="Ager-ager – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ager-ager" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಅಗಾರ್ (ಅಗಾರ್-ಅಗಾರ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗಾರ್ (ಅಗಾರ್-ಅಗಾರ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აგარ-აგარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგარ-აგარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Агар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар-агар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Агар-агар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agars" title="Agars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Agars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaras_(med%C5%BEiaga)" title="Agaras (medžiaga) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Agaras (medžiaga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaragar" title="Agaragar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agaragar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Агар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC" title="അഗർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="ကျောက်ကျော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ကျော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaragar" title="Agaragar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Agaragar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E5%A4%A9" title="寒天 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="寒天" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਐਗਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਗਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="ایگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gar-%C3%A1gar" title="Ágar-ágar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ágar-ágar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar-agar" title="Agar-agar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agar-agar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар-агар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агар-агар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agari" title="Agari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Agari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Агар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ager" title="Ager – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ager" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அகார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар-агар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Агар-агар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агар-агар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агар-агар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اگاروز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اگاروز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar" title="Agar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Agar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%BC%E8%84%82" title="琼脂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="琼脂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%9C" title="大菜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大菜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%8F%9C" title="洋菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洋菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agor" title="Agor – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Agor" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Thickening agent used in microbiology and food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Agar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Agar (disambiguation)">Agar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenTeaYokan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GreenTeaYokan.jpg/250px-GreenTeaYokan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GreenTeaYokan.jpg/330px-GreenTeaYokan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GreenTeaYokan.jpg/500px-GreenTeaYokan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Green tea-flavored <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan" title="Yōkan">yōkan</a>, a popular Japanese <a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">red bean</a> jelly made from agar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/220px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/330px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/440px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blood_agar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood agar">blood agar</a> plate used to culture bacteria and diagnose infection</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Agar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>), or <b>agar-agar</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Gelling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelling agent">jelly-like substance</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of some species of <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>, primarily from "<a href="/wiki/Gracilaria" title="Gracilaria">ogonori</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Gelidiaceae" title="Gelidiaceae">tengusa</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As found in nature, agar is a mixture of two components, the linear polysaccharide <a href="/wiki/Agarose" title="Agarose">agarose</a> and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called <a href="/wiki/Agaropectin" title="Agaropectin">agaropectin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae and is released on boiling. These algae are known as <a href="/wiki/Agarophyte" title="Agarophyte">agarophytes</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> (red algae) phylum.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The processing of food-grade agar removes the agaropectin, and the commercial product is essentially pure agarose. </p><p>Agar has been used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a> throughout Asia and also as a solid <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> to contain <a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">culture media</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiological</a> work. Agar can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a>; an <a href="/wiki/Appetite_suppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Appetite suppressant">appetite suppressant</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> substitute for <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>; a thickener for <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves#Jelly" title="Fruit preserves">fruit preserves</a>, ice cream, and other desserts; as a clarifying agent in <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a>; and for <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> paper and fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>agar</i> comes from <b>agar-agar</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name for red algae (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigartina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigartina (page does not exist)">Gigartina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eucheuma" title="Eucheuma">Eucheuma</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Gracilaria" title="Gracilaria">Gracilaria</a></i>) from which the jelly is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as <b>Kanten</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">寒天</span>) (from the phrase <i><b>kan</b>-zarashi <a href="/wiki/Tokoroten" title="Tokoroten">tokoro<b>ten</b></a></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寒曬心太</span></span>) or "cold-exposed agar"), <b>Japanese isinglass</b>, <b>China grass</b>, <b>Ceylon moss</b> or <b>Jaffna moss</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gracilaria_edulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gracilaria edulis (page does not exist)">Gracilaria edulis</a></i> or its synonym <i>G. lichenoides</i> is specifically referred to as <b>agal-agal</b> or <b>Ceylon agar</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Edible seaweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ogo.jpg/170px-Ogo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ogo.jpg/255px-Ogo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ogo.jpg/340px-Ogo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ogonori" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogonori">Ogonori</a>, the most common red algae used to make agar</figcaption></figure> <p>Macroalgae have been used widely as food by coastal cultures, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaneveld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gracilaria" title="Gracilaria">Gracilaria</a></i>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">gulaman</a></i> (also <i>guraman</i>, <i>gar-garao</i>, or <i>gulaman dagat</i>, among other names) in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, have been harvested and used as food for centuries, eaten both fresh or sun-dried and turned into jellies. The earliest historical attestation is from the <i><a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a></i> (1754) by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priests Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar, where <i>golaman</i> or <i>gulaman</i> was defined as <i>"una yerva, de que se haze conserva a modo de Halea, naze en la mar"</i> ("a herb, from which a jam-like preserve is made, grows in the sea"), with an additional entry for <i>guinolaman</i> to refer to food made with the jelly.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaneveld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a>, derived from gusô (<i><a href="/wiki/Eucheuma" title="Eucheuma">Eucheuma</a></i> spp.), which also congeals into a gel-like texture is also used similarly among the <a href="/wiki/Visayan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan peoples">Visayan peoples</a> and have been recorded in the even earlier <i>Diccionario De La Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueina y Haraia de la isla de Panay y Sugbu y para las demas islas</i> (c.1637) of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> missionary <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_M%C3%A9ntrida" class="extiw" title="es:Alonso de Méntrida">Alonso de Méntrida</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>. In the book, Méntrida describes gusô as being cooked until it melts, and then allowed to congeal into a sour dish.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, agar is extracted from <i>Graciliaria</i> and eaten as a type of pickle or a sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaneveld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jelly seaweeds were also favoured and foraged by <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> communities living on the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in Southeast Asia for centuries. 19th century records indicate that dried <i>Graciliaria</i> were one of the bulk exports of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> to China. Poultices made from agar were also used for swollen knee joints and sores in <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a> and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaneveld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The application of agar as a food additive in Japan is alleged to have been discovered in 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%BF%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:美濃">美濃</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:太郎">太郎</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:左">左</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:衞">衞</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:門">門</a></span></span>), an innkeeper in current <a href="/wiki/Fushimi-ku,_Kyoto" title="Fushimi-ku, Kyoto">Fushimi-ku, Kyoto</a> who, according to legend, was said to have discarded surplus seaweed soup (<a href="/wiki/Tokoroten" title="Tokoroten">Tokoroten</a>) and noticed that it gelled later after a winter night's freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-DifcoMan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DifcoMan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agar was first subjected to chemical analysis in 1859 by the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Anselme_Payen" title="Anselme Payen">Anselme Payen</a>, who had obtained agar from the marine algae <i>Gelidium corneum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 19th century, agar began to be used as a solid medium for growing various microbes. Agar was first described for use in microbiology in 1882 by the German microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Walther_Hesse" title="Walther Hesse">Walther Hesse</a>, an assistant working in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch's</a> laboratory, on the suggestion of his wife <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hesse" title="Fanny Hesse">Fanny Hesse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ln_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ln-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agar quickly supplanted gelatin as the base of microbiological media, due to its higher melting temperature, allowing microbes to be grown at higher temperatures without the media liquefying.<sup id="cite_ref-hesse_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hesse-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its newfound use in microbiology, agar production quickly increased. This production centered on Japan, which produced most of the world's agar until World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Loban_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loban-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the outbreak of World War II, many nations were forced to establish domestic agar industries in order to continue microbiological research.<sup id="cite_ref-Loban_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loban-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of World War II, approximately 2,500 tons of agar were produced annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Loban_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loban-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s, production worldwide had increased dramatically to approximately 10,000 tons each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Loban_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loban-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, production of agar has fluctuated due to unstable and sometimes over-utilized seaweed populations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agarose_polymere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Agarose_polymere.svg/250px-Agarose_polymere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Agarose_polymere.svg/330px-Agarose_polymere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Agarose_polymere.svg/500px-Agarose_polymere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The structure of an <a href="/wiki/Agarose" title="Agarose">agarose</a> polymer</figcaption></figure> <p>Agar consists of a mixture of two <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>: agarose and agaropectin, with agarose making up about 70% of the mixture, while agaropectin makes about 30% of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agarose is a linear polymer, made up of repeating units of <a href="/wiki/Agarose#Structure" title="Agarose">agarobiose</a>, a disaccharide made up of <a href="/wiki/D-galactose" class="mw-redirect" title="D-galactose">D-galactose</a> and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agaropectin is a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules that occur in lesser amounts, and is made up of alternating units of D-galactose and L-galactose heavily modified with acidic side-groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucuronate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucuronate">glucuronate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agar exhibits a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis#Liquid–solid-phase_transitions" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> whereby, when mixed with water, it solidifies and forms a <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> below about 32–42 °C (305–315 K; 90–108 °F), which is called the <a href="/wiki/Gel_point" title="Gel point">gel point</a>, and melts above 85 °C (358 K; 185 °F), which is the <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">Hysteresis</a> is the property of having a difference between the gel point and melting point temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This property lends a suitable balance between easy melting and good gel stability at relatively high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature (37 °C), agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature, such as gelatin.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sago_Gulaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sago_Gulaman.jpg/250px-Sago_Gulaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sago_Gulaman.jpg/330px-Sago_Gulaman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">Sago</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">gulaman</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a> is made from agar (<i><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">gulaman</a></i>), pearl <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a>, and sugar syrup flavored with <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_amaryllifolius" title="Pandanus amaryllifolius">pandan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agar-agar is a natural vegetable <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is white and semi-<a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a> when sold in packages as washed and dried strips or in powdered form.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used to make jellies,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Puddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Puddings">puddings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When making jelly, it is boiled in water until the solids dissolve. Sweetener, flavoring, coloring, fruits and or vegetables are then added, and the liquid is poured into <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molds</a> to be served as desserts and vegetable <a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">aspics</a> or incorporated with other desserts such as a layer of jelly in a <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agar-agar is approximately 80% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, so it can serve as an intestinal regulator.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its bulking quality has been behind <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">fad diets</a> in Asia, for example the <i>kanten</i> (the Japanese word for agar-agar<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) diet. Once ingested, <i>kanten</i> triples in size and absorbs water. This results in the consumers feeling fuller. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_culinary">Asian culinary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asian culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One use of agar in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a> is in <i><a href="/wiki/Anmitsu" title="Anmitsu">anmitsu</a></i>, a dessert made of small cubes of agar jelly and served in a bowl with various fruits or other ingredients.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also the main ingredient in <i>mizu yōkan</i>, another popular Japanese food.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippine cuisine</a>, it is used to make the jelly bars in the various <a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">gulaman</a> refreshments like <i><a href="/wiki/Sago%27t_gulaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sago't gulaman">sago't gulaman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Samalamig" title="Samalamig">samalamig</a></i>, or desserts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Buko_pandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buko pandan">buko pandan</a></i>, <i>agar flan</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">halo-halo</a></i>, <i>fruit cocktail jelly</i>, and the black and red <i>gulaman</i> used in various fruit salads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a>, jellies made of flavored layers of agar-agar, called <i>thạch</i>, are a popular dessert, and are often made in ornate molds for special occasions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, agar is used for making desserts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese cuisine</a>, a sweet jelly known as <i>kyauk kyaw</i> is made from agar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Agar jelly is widely used in Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">bubble tea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_culinary">Other culinary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg/220px-00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg/330px-00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg/440px-00114jfCuisine_of_Bulacan_Food_Cakes_Delicaciesfvf_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Crema_de_fruta" title="Crema de fruta">Crema de fruta</a></i>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> fruitcake, is made with an agar layer on top to keep the fruit components in place.</figcaption></figure> <p>It can be used as addition to (or as a replacement for) <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> in jelly, jam, or marmalade, as a substitute to gelatin for its superior gelling properties, and as a strengthening ingredient in souffles and custards. Another use of agar-agar is in a <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> dish <i>ptich'ye moloko</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's milk">bird's milk</a>), a rich jellified custard (or soft <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a>) used as a cake filling or chocolate-glazed as individual sweets. </p><p>Agar-agar may also be used as the gelling agent in gel clarification, a culinary technique used to clarify stocks, sauces, and other liquids. <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has traditional candies made out of Agar gelatin, most of them in colorful, half-circle shapes that resemble a <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> fruit slice, and commonly covered with sugar. They are known in Spanish as <i>Dulce de Agar</i> (Agar sweets) </p><p>Agar-agar is an allowed nonorganic/nonsynthetic additive used as a thickener, gelling agent, texturizer, moisturizer, emulsifier, flavor enhancer, and absorbent in certified organic foods.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Microbiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agar_plate">Agar plate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agar plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agar_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Agar_Plate.jpg/220px-Agar_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Agar_Plate.jpg/330px-Agar_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Agar_Plate.jpg/440px-Agar_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>100 mm (3.9 in) diameter <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dishes</a> containing agar gel for bacterial culture</figcaption></figure> <p>An agar plate or <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a> is used to provide a <a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">growth medium</a> using a mix of agar and other nutrients in which microorganisms, including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, can be cultured and observed under the microscope. Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable. Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium. Nutrients are typically added to meet the nutritional needs of the <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> organism, the formulations of which may be "undefined" where the precise composition is unknown, or "defined" where the exact chemical composition is known. Agar is often dispensed using a sterile <a href="/wiki/Media_dispenser" title="Media dispenser">media dispenser</a>. </p><p>Different algae produce various types of agar. Each agar has unique properties that suit different purposes. Because of the agarose component, the agar solidifies. When heated, agarose has the potential to melt and then solidify. Because of this property, they are referred to as "physical gels". In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylamide" title="Polyacrylamide">polyacrylamide</a> polymerization is an irreversible process, and the resulting products are known as chemical gels. </p><p>There are a variety of different types of agar that support the growth of different microorganisms. A nutrient agar may be permissive, allowing for the cultivation of any non-fastidious microorganisms; a commonly-used nutrient agar for bacteria is the Luria Bertani (LB) agar which contains <a href="/wiki/Lysogeny_broth" title="Lysogeny broth">lysogeny broth</a>, a nutrient-rich medium used for bacterial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 2216 Marine Broth (MB) agar, with high salt content, is optimized for growing heterotrophic marine bacteria like those of the Vibrio genus, while Terrific Broth (TB) agar is used to non-selectively culture high yields of the bacterium <i>E. coli</i>. More generally, enriched media is an agar variety that is infused with the necessary nutrients required by fastidious organisms to grow. Despite the large diversity of agar mediums, yeast extract is a common ingredient across all varieties as it is a macronutrient that provides a nitrogen source for all bacterial cell types. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactose_fementing_(LF),_and_non-lactose_fermenting_(NLF)_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lactose_fementing_%28LF%29%2C_and_non-lactose_fermenting_%28NLF%29_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg/220px-Lactose_fementing_%28LF%29%2C_and_non-lactose_fermenting_%28NLF%29_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lactose_fementing_%28LF%29%2C_and_non-lactose_fermenting_%28NLF%29_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg/330px-Lactose_fementing_%28LF%29%2C_and_non-lactose_fermenting_%28NLF%29_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lactose_fementing_%28LF%29%2C_and_non-lactose_fermenting_%28NLF%29_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg/440px-Lactose_fementing_%28LF%29%2C_and_non-lactose_fermenting_%28NLF%29_colonies_on_MacConkey_agar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Other fastidious organisms may require the addition of different biological fluids such as horse or sheep blood, serum, egg yolk, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agar plates can also be selective, and can be used to promote the growth of bacteria of interest while inhibiting others. A variety of chemicals may be added to create an environment favourable for specific types of bacteria or bacteria with certain properties, but not conducive for growth of others. For example, antibiotics may be added in cloning experiments whereby bacteria with antibiotic-resistant plasmid are selected.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to antibiotic treated agar, other selective and indicator agar plates include TCBS agar and MacConkey agar. Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar is used to differentiate Vibrio species based on their sucrose metabolism, since only some will metabolize the sucrose in the plate and change its pH. Indicator dyes included in the gel will display a visual change of the pH by changing the gel color from green to yellow. MacConkey agar contains bile salts and crystal violet to selectively grow gram-negative bacteria and differentiate between species using pH-indicator dyes that demonstrate lactose metabolism properties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp/250px-Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp/330px-Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp/500px-Microorganisms-11-01566-g008.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2174" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motility_assays">Motility assays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Motility assays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a gel, an agar or agarose medium is porous and therefore can be used to measure microorganism motility and mobility. The gel's porosity is directly related to the concentration of agarose in the medium, so various levels of effective viscosity (from the cell's "point of view") can be selected, depending on the experimental objectives. </p><p>A common identification assay involves culturing a sample of the organism deep within a block of nutrient agar. Cells will attempt to grow within the gel structure. Motile species will be able to migrate, albeit slowly, throughout the gel, and infiltration rates can then be visualized, whereas non-motile species will show growth only along the now-empty path introduced by the invasive initial sample deposition. </p><p>Another setup commonly used for measuring <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a> and chemokinesis utilizes the under-agarose cell migration assay, whereby a layer of agarose gel is placed between a cell population and a chemoattractant. As a concentration gradient develops from the diffusion of the chemoattractant into the gel, various cell populations requiring different stimulation levels to migrate can then be visualized over time using microphotography as they tunnel upward through the gel against gravity along the gradient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_biology">Plant biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plant biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg/220px-Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg/330px-Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg/440px-Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" title="Physcomitrella patens">Physcomitrella patens</a></i> plants growing <a href="/wiki/Axenic" title="Axenic">axenically</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> on <a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">agar plates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a> has 9 cm (3.5 in) diameter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Research grade agar is used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> biology as it is optionally supplemented with a nutrient and/or vitamin mixture that allows for seedling germination in Petri dishes under sterile conditions (given that the seeds are sterilized as well). Nutrient and/or vitamin supplementation for <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> is standard across most experimental conditions. <a href="/wiki/Murashige_and_Skoog_medium" title="Murashige and Skoog medium">Murashige & Skoog</a> (MS) nutrient mix and Gamborg's B5 vitamin mix in general are used. A 1.0% agar/0.44% MS+vitamin dH<sub>2</sub>O solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps. </p><p>When using agar, within any growth medium, it is important to know that the solidification of the agar is pH-dependent. The optimal range for solidification is between 5.4 and 5.7.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the application of potassium hydroxide is needed to increase the pH to this range. A general guideline is about 600 μl 0.1M KOH per 250 ml GM. This entire mixture can be sterilized using the liquid cycle of an <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclave</a>. </p><p>This medium nicely lends itself to the application of specific concentrations of phytohormones etc. to induce specific growth patterns in that one can easily prepare a solution containing the desired amount of hormone, add it to the known volume of GM, and autoclave to both sterilize and evaporate off any solvent that may have been used to dissolve the often-polar hormones. This hormone/GM solution can be spread across the surface of Petri dishes sown with germinated and/or etiolated seedlings. </p><p>Experiments with the <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" title="Physcomitrella patens">Physcomitrella patens</a></i>, however, have shown that choice of the gelling agent – agar or <a href="/wiki/Gellan_gum" title="Gellan gum">Gelrite</a> – does influence <a href="/wiki/Phytohormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytohormone">phytohormone</a> sensitivity of the plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birgit_Hadeler_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birgit_Hadeler-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agar is used: </p> <ul><li>As an <a href="/wiki/Dental_impression" title="Dental impression">impression material</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>.</li> <li>As a medium to precisely orient the tissue specimen and secure it by <b>agar pre-embedding</b> (especially useful for small endoscopy biopsy specimens) for <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a> processing<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To make <a href="/wiki/Salt_bridge" title="Salt bridge">salt bridges</a> and gel plugs for use in <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Formicarium" title="Formicarium">formicariums</a> as a transparent substitute for sand and a source of nutrition.</li> <li>As a natural ingredient in forming <a href="/wiki/Modeling_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Modeling clay">modeling clay</a> for young children to play with.</li> <li>As an allowed biofertilizer component in organic farming.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As a substrate for <a href="/wiki/Precipitin#Precipitin_reaction" title="Precipitin">precipitin reactions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>.</li> <li>At different times as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photographic emulsions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrowroot" title="Arrowroot">arrowroot</a> in preparing silver paper and as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">fish glue</a> in resist etching.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As an MRI elastic gel phantom to mimic tissue mechanical properties in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Elastography" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Resonance Elastography">Magnetic Resonance Elastography</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Arts, for example in "<a href="/wiki/Microbial_art" title="Microbial art">microbial art</a>" in which agar acts as canvas, and microbes as a form of paint</li></ul> <p>Gelidium agar is used primarily for bacteriological plates. Gracilaria agar is used mainly in food applications. </p><p>In 2016, AMAM, a Japanese company, developed a prototype for Agar-based commercial <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">packaging</a> system called Agar Plasticity, intended as a replacement for oil-based plastic packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis" title="Agarose gel electrophoresis">Agarose gel electrophoresis</a> – Method for separation and analysis of biomolecules using agarose gel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a> – Aquaculture involving the farming of algae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alginic_acid" title="Alginic acid">Alginic acid</a> – Polysaccharide found in brown algae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a> – Absence of disease-causing microorganisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose" title="Bacterial cellulose">Bacterial cellulose</a> – Organic compound</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a> – Natural linear sulfated polysaccharide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gellan_gum" title="Gellan gum">Gellan gum</a> – Gelling and thickening agent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunodiffusion" title="Immunodiffusion">Immunodiffusion</a> – immunological method, involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoelectrophoresis" title="Immunoelectrophoresis">Immunoelectrophoresis</a> – Biochemical methods of separation and characterization of proteins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_bean_agar" title="Lima bean agar">Lima bean agar</a> – Agar medium used to cultivate Phytophthora sojae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouchterlony_double_immunodiffusion" title="Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion">Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion</a> – Biomedical technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R2A_agar" title="R2A agar">R2A agar</a> – Bacterial culture medium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_immunodiffusion" title="Radial immunodiffusion">Radial immunodiffusion</a> – Laboratory technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAgel" title="SEAgel">SEAgel</a> – Type of aerogel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokoroten" title="Tokoroten">Tokoroten</a> – Seaweed-based Japanese dish</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShimamura2010" class="citation web cs1">Shimamura, Natsu (August 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/topics/japanese-traditional-foods/vol.-4-agar">"Agar"</a>. <i>The Tokyo Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tokyo+Foundation&rft.atitle=Agar&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Shimamura&rft.aufirst=Natsu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tokyofoundation.org%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fjapanese-traditional-foods%2Fvol.-4-agar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English"><i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i></a> (2nd ed.). 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsPhillips2000" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter W.; Phillips, Glyn O. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXS7qnh-ZOEC&pg=PA28">"2: Agar"</a>. <i>Handbook of hydrocolloids</i>. Cambridge, England: Woodhead. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85573-501-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85573-501-6"><bdi>1-85573-501-6</bdi></a>. <q>Agar is made from seaweed and it is attracted to bacteria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Agar&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+hydrocolloids&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Woodhead&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85573-501-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Glyn+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXS7qnh-ZOEC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balfour" title="Edward Balfour">Balfour, Edward Green</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaindiaa00unkngoog/page/n63">"agar"</a>. <i>Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures</i>. Scottish and Adelphi Presses. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=agar&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+eastern+and+southern+Asia%2C+commercial%2C+industrial+and+scientific%3A+products+of+the+mineral%2C+vegetable+and+animal+kingdoms%2C+useful+arts+and+manufactures&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Scottish+and+Adelphi+Presses&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Edward+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyclopdiaindiaa00unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2006" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTr-ouCbL2AC"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280681-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280681-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTr-ouCbL2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodb.ca/foods/FOOD00284">"Showing Food Agar"</a>. <i>The Metabolomics Innovation Centre (TMIC)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509052540/https://foodb.ca/foods/FOOD00284">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metabolomics+Innovation+Centre+%28TMIC%29&rft.atitle=Showing+Food+Agar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodb.ca%2Ffoods%2FFOOD00284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1857" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Edward Green (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28708921_0002/page/13"><i>Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific...</i></a> Scottish Press. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+commercial%2C+industrial+and+scientific...&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Scottish+Press&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Edward+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28708921_0002%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapmanChapman1980" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, V. J.; Chapman, D.J. (1980). <i>Seaweeds and their Uses</i> (third ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-5808-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-5808-1"><bdi>978-94-009-5808-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seaweeds+and+their+Uses&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-94-009-5808-1&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=V.+J.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1885" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Edward (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283118/page/n76"><i>The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia: commercial, industrial and scientific, products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures</i></a>. B. Quaritch. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+eastern+and+southern+Asia%3A+commercial%2C+industrial+and+scientific%2C+products+of+the+mineral%2C+vegetable%2C+and+animal+kingdoms%2C+useful+arts+and+manufactures&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=B.+Quaritch&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283118%2Fpage%2Fn76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1932" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272771/view?partId=nla.obj-435838799#page/n18/">"agar"</a>. <i>A Malay-English dictionary (romanised)</i>. Vol. I. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 9 – via <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">TROVE</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=agar&rft.btitle=A+Malay-English+dictionary+%28romanised%29&rft.place=Mytilene%2C+Greece&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Salavopoulos+%26+Kinderlis&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-60272771%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-435838799%23page%2Fn18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agar-agar.org/en/">Agar-Agar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903170258/http://www.agar-agar.org/en/">Archived</a> 2011-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Agar-Agar.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/agara012.html">"Agar-Agar"</a>. Botanical.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agar-Agar&rft.pub=Botanical.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanical.com%2Fbotanical%2Fmgmh%2Fa%2Fagara012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopley2010" class="citation book cs1">Hopley, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5umXDDmqxwIC&q=agar+gelling+southeast+asia+dessert&pg=PA31"><i>Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, Form and Process</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048126385" title="Special:BookSources/9789048126385"><bdi>9789048126385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Coral+Reefs%3A+Structure%2C+Form+and+Process&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048126385&rft.aulast=Hopley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5umXDDmqxwIC%26q%3Dagar%2Bgelling%2Bsoutheast%2Basia%2Bdessert%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaneveld-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaneveld_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaneveld1959" class="citation journal cs1">Zaneveld, Jacques S. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288011">"The Utilization of Marine Algae in Tropical South and East Asia"</a>. <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959EcBot..13...89Z">1959EcBot..13...89Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859244">10.1007/BF02859244</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288011">4288011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=The+Utilization+of+Marine+Algae+in+Tropical+South+and+East+Asia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02859244&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959EcBot..13...89Z&rft.aulast=Zaneveld&rft.aufirst=Jacques+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells1916" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Albert H. 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From p. 225: <i>"Die Tuberkelbacillen lassen sich auch noch auf anderen Nährsubstraten kultiviren, wenn letztere ähnliche Eigenschaften wie das erstarrte Blutserum besitzen. So wachsen sie beispielsweise auf einer mit Agar-Agar bereiteten, bei Blutwärme hart bleibenden Gallerte, welche einen Zusatz von Fleischinfus und Pepton erhalten hat."</i> (The tubercule bacilli can also be cultivated on other media, if the latter have properties similar to those of congealed blood serum. Thus they grow, for example, on a gelatinous mass which was prepared with agar-agar, which remains solid at blood temperature, and which has received a supplement of meat broth and peptone.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ln-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ln_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, A. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630173511/https://www.asm.org/ccLibraryFiles/FILENAME/0000000227/580892p425.pdf">"Walther and Angelina Hesse–Early Contributors to Bacteriology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ASM News</i>. <b>58</b> (8). Translated by Gröschel, D.H.M.: <span class="nowrap">425–</span>428. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asm.org/ccLibraryFiles/FILENAME/0000000227/580892p425.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">734–</span>735. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520045859" title="Special:BookSources/9780520045859"><bdi>9780520045859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Seaweeds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E734-%3C%2Fspan%3E735&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780520045859&rft.aulast=Lobban&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Michael+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQG4tqjFPWJ0C%26q%3Dagar%2Bgelling%2Bmalay%2Bjapan%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallaway2015" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Ewen (8 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F528171a">"Lab staple agar hit by seaweed shortage"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>528</b> (7581). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+Seaweed-Based+Material+Could+Replace+Plastic+Packaging&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.good.is%2Farticles%2Fagar-plasticity-amam-araki-maetani-muraoka-packaging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3055784/design-award/design-looks-ahead">"Design Looks Ahead"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. 26 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Design+Looks+Ahead&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3055784%2Fdesign-award%2Fdesign-looks-ahead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_Romantic_Era" title="Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era">Romantic Era</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food<br />and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Burgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Resource_Group" title="Vegetarian Resource Group">Vegetarian Resource Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Obstbau-Siedlung" title="Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung">Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a></i> (2003–2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Magazines</a><br />and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Journal">Vegan Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Magazine" title="The Vegetarian Magazine">The Vegetarian Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Books</a><br />and reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acetaria:_A_Discourse_of_Sallets" title="Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets">Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Cookery" title="Primitive Cookery">Primitive Cookery</a></i> (1767)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></i> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth%27s_Gone_Raw" title="Elizabeth's Gone Raw">Elizabeth's Gone Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" 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