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<li id="toc-Red_Especial_de_Transmisión_de_Datos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Especial_de_Transmisión_de_Datos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Especial_de_Transmisión_de_Datos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_TESYS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_TESYS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Project TESYS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_TESYS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberpac_and_Red_UNO_X.25" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberpac_and_Red_UNO_X.25"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Iberpac and Red UNO X.25</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberpac_and_Red_UNO_X.25-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Iberpac</b> (or <b>Red UNO</b>) was the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_switched" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet switched">packet switched</a> <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data network</a>. It was operated by <a href="/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Telef%C3%B3nica_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España">Telefónica España</a>, the incumbent Spanish telecommunications operator. Iberpac lents its name to Iberpac Plus and Iberpac Básico, the latest X.25 services in Spain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberpac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Especial_de_Transmisión_de_Datos"><span id="Red_Especial_de_Transmisi.C3.B3n_de_Datos"></span>Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberpac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iberpac evolved from the Spanish <i>Red Especial de Transmisión de Datos</i> (RETD), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Created in 1971, RETD was based on general-purpose <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_418" title="UNIVAC 418">Univac 418</a> III computers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original <i>Red Secundaria de Alto Nivel</i> (RSAN) protocols for RETD were custom-developed by Telefónica (then <a href="/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Telef%C3%B3nica_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España">CTNE</a>) under <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> design principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_TESYS">Project TESYS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberpac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Project TESYS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1978, project <a href="/w/index.php?title=TESYS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TESYS (page does not exist)">TESYS</a> (Telefónica, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SECOINSA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SECOINSA (page does not exist)">SECOINSA</a>, SITRE) started the development of specific-purpose switching nodes. Some of the design principles of TESYS nodes were advanced for their time (<a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Token_passing" title="Token passing">token passing</a> protocols). In contrast, the large user base with terminals based on legacy RSAN protocols slowed the adoption of <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a>, TESYS product development and support were targeted to CTNE only (thus precluding the spread of TESYS to international markets) and data lines in Spain became slow for their time (only 2% lines above 1200 bit/s in Spain in 1982, compare 89% in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberpac_and_Red_UNO_X.25">Iberpac and Red UNO X.25</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberpac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iberpac and Red UNO X.25"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renamed as IBERPAC, the network evolved to X.25 in the 1980s, and it was renamed again as 'Red UNO' in the 1990s. Bank branches and financial services conformed the main user base. IBERPAC enabled new <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">videotex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a> services, although the adoption lagged far behind the popularity of similar services in other countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a>. Services based on legacy RSAN protocols were definitely scrapped in 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberpac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until December 31, 2015, Red UNO supported two legacy X.25 services: flat-rate Iberpac Plus and pay-per-use Iberpac Básico. Iberpac services were targeted to corporate customers with specific reliability demands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberpac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Barber" class="citation web cs1">Derek Barber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res05.htm#f">"The Origins of Packet Switching"</a>. <i>Computer Resurrection Issue 5</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-05</span></span>. <q>The Spanish, dark horses, were the first people to have a public network. They'd got a bank network which they craftily turned into a public network overnight, and beat everybody to the post.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Resurrection+Issue+5&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Packet+Switching&rft.au=Derek+Barber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.man.ac.uk%2FCCS%2Fres%2Fres05.htm%23f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberpac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlarciaHerrera,_S.1974" class="citation conference cs1">Alarcia, G.; Herrera, S. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020141839/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEA/CTA.html">"C.T.N.E.'s PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. ITS APPLICATIONS"</a>. <i>Proceedings of 2nd ICCC 74</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>170. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEA/CTA.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=C.T.N.E.%27s+PACKET+SWITCHING+NETWORK.+ITS+APPLICATIONS&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+2nd+ICCC+74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Alarcia&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Herrera%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerdmoore.ca%2FPS%2FCTNEA%2FCTA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberpac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuenca1980" class="citation conference cs1">Cuenca, L. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020140055/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEC1.html">"A Public Packet Switching Data Communications Network: Eight Years of Operating Experience"</a>. <i>Conference Record of ICC 80</i>. IEEE. pp. 39.3.1–39.3.5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEC1.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Public+Packet+Switching+Data+Communications+Network%3A+Eight+Years+of+Operating+Experience&rft.btitle=Conference+Record+of+ICC+80&rft.pages=39.3.1-39.3.5&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cuenca&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerdmoore.ca%2FPS%2FCTNEC1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberpac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavandera1980" class="citation conference cs1">Lavandera, Luis (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020142212/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/RETDB.html">"Architecture, Protocols and Performance of RETD"</a>. <i>Conference Record of ICC 80</i>. IEEE. pp. 28.4.1–28.4.5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/RETDB.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Architecture%2C+Protocols+and+Performance+of+RETD&rft.btitle=Conference+Record+of+ICC+80&rft.pages=28.4.1-28.4.5&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Lavandera&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerdmoore.ca%2FPS%2FRETDB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIberpac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Jorge Infante, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405211910/http://www.coit.es/foro/pub/ficheros/infante_fd0e6980.pdf">El desarrollo de la red pública de datos en España</a>, <i>Revista BIT del Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación</i>, nº 136, 2002. 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