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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>IS&T | Library</title>   <base href="https://library.imaging.org/"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico">  <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("TeX Jax Ready",function () { MathJax.Hub.Insert(MathJax.InputJax.TeX.Definitions.macros,{ cancel: ["Extension","cancel"], bcancel: ["Extension","cancel"], xcancel: ["Extension","cancel"], cancelto: ["Extension","cancel"] }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var global = global || window; var Buffer = Buffer || []; var process = process || { env: { DEBUG: undefined }, version: [] }; setTimeout(function () { if (window.MathJax) { MathJax.Hub.Queue( ["Typeset", MathJax.Hub] ); } }, 3000); </script> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: { inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\$','\$']], processEscapes: true } }); </script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_HTMLorMML" async=""></script>   <script src="env.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/animejs/2.0.2/anime.min.js"></script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.scite.ai/badge/scite-badge-latest.min.css">  <style> body, html { height: 100%; 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})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NKDDVTF');</script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.538fd4f5830bfb57a548.css"><style ng-transition="serverApp">@font-face { font-family: Roboto-Black; src: url('Roboto-Black.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-BlackItalic; src: url('Roboto-BlackItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Bold; src: url('Roboto-Bold.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-BoldItalic; src: url('Roboto-BoldItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Italic; src: url('Roboto-Italic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Light; src: url('Roboto-Light.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-LightItalic; src: url('Roboto-LightItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Medium; src: url('Roboto-Medium.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-MediumItalic; src: url('Roboto-MediumItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Regular; src: url('Roboto-Regular.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Thin; src: url('Roboto-Thin.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-ThinItalic; src: url('Roboto-ThinItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } .progress-container[_ngcontent-sc0] { width: 100%; height: 4px; overflow: hidden; z-index: 9999; position: fixed; top: 0px; } .progress-bar[_ngcontent-sc0] { background: var(--primary_color); width: 0%; transition-timing-function: ease-out; transition: width .5s; height: 100vh; } .article-default-cover[_ngcontent-sc0] { height: 14rem !important; padding: 0% !important; -o-object-fit: cover !important; object-fit: cover !important; }</style><style ng-transition="serverApp">@font-face { font-family: Roboto-Black; src: url('Roboto-Black.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-BlackItalic; src: url('Roboto-BlackItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Bold; src: url('Roboto-Bold.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-BoldItalic; src: url('Roboto-BoldItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Italic; src: url('Roboto-Italic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Light; src: url('Roboto-Light.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-LightItalic; src: url('Roboto-LightItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Medium; src: url('Roboto-Medium.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-MediumItalic; src: url('Roboto-MediumItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Regular; src: url('Roboto-Regular.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-Thin; src: url('Roboto-Thin.ttf') format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: Roboto-ThinItalic; src: url('Roboto-ThinItalic.ttf') format("truetype"); } .journal-header-hidden { display: none !important; } .user-name-header { text-transform: capitalize; } .site-navbar-wrap { z-index: 1000; } .site-navbar-wrap { box-shadow: 0 0 30px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } .popup-size-btn { opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 40px; background: #fafafa; border: 1px solid transparent; border-radius: 6px; height: 0px; padding: 0 12px; overflow: hidden; transition: all 500ms; min-width: 135px; text-align: left; } .activePopup { padding: 12px 12px; height: auto; opacity: 1; border: 1px solid #eeeeee; } .btn-size-change { background: #dbdbdb; padding: 5px; line-height: 12px; font-size: 1rem; margin-left: 8px; } .font-size-1 { font-size: 1rem; } .font-size-1-3 { font-size: 1.3rem; } .font-size-1-6 { font-size: 1.6rem; } .bg-color { background: var(--primary_header_bg_color) !important; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu > li > a { font-family: Roboto-Black; font-size: 12px; color: var(--primary_header_text_color) !important; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu > li > a:hover { opacity: .8 !important; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu .has-children .dropdown.arrow-top:before { border-bottom-color: var(--primary_header_text_color) !important; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu .has-children .dropdown { color: #333 !important; background: #000; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu .has-children .dropdown a { color: #fff; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu .has-children .dropdown a:hover { color: var(--primary_color); } .default-border-color { border-color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .default-color { color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .default-color:hover { background-color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .btn-size-change { background: #ed80251c; color: #000; } .btn-size-change:hover { background: var(--primary_color); color: #fff; box-shadow: 0 5px 20px -7px var(--primary_color) !important; } .site-footer { padding-top: 1em !important; } .logo-custom { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; max-height: 3rem; max-width: 99%; transition: all 0.8s ease-in 0s; transition-property: all; transition-duration: 0.8s; transition-timing-function: ease-in; transition-delay: 0s; } .main-menu-top .site-navigation .site-menu > li:last-child > a { padding-right: 20px; } .site-mobile-menu { z-index: 99999; } .site-mobile-menu .site-mobile-menu-body { border-top: 1px solid #eee; } .site-mobile-menu-body { z-index: 99999; } .submit-article-span { border: 1px solid white; border-radius: 6px !important; padding: 9px 9px 9px !important; } .pt-5 { padding-top: 5rem !important; } .mega-dropdown { position: absolute !important; width: 162vw; height: 15em; overflow: auto; right: 0 !important; left: 0 !important; margin-left: calc(50% - 100vw) !important; border-top: 4px solid var(--primary_color) !important; background: #fff !important; box-shadow: 0 8px 24px -5px #ccc !important; } .site-navbar .site-navigation .site-menu .has-children .dropdown a { color: var(--text_primary_color) !important; } .logo-megamenu { display: inline; cursor: pointer; } .logo-in-megamenu { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; max-height: 5rem; max-width: 60%; position: relative; top: 3rem; right: 3rem; float: right; } .mega-menu-section { border-left: 1px solid var(--primary_color); } .mega-menu-name { padding: 8px 12px; font-size: 16px; } .mega-menu-name:hover { color: var(--primary_color) !important; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } .site-navbar-wrap-journal { padding: 5px 0px 5px !important; } .journal-bg-color { background: var(--secondary_header_bg_color) !important; } .jnl-title { text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--secondary_header_text_color); font-family: Roboto-Bold; font-size: 15px; cursor: pointer; outline: none; } .site-navbar-wrap.scrolled .site-navbar-wrap-journal { padding: 5px 0px 5px !important; } .site-navbar-wrap.scrolled .logo-custom { transition: all 0.8s ease-in 0s; transition-property: all; transition-duration: 0.8s; transition-timing-function: ease-in; transition-delay: 0s; } #status { position: sticky; width: 100%; font: bold 1em sans-serif; color: #FFF; font-size: 11px; text-align: center; padding: 0.3em; } #log { padding: 2.5em 0.5em 0.5em; font: 1em sans-serif; } .online { background: #34b534b5; } .offline { background: #deab31; } .search-container-header { width: 75%; float: right; } .articles-search-container-header { padding-top: 8% !important; padding-bottom: 6% !important; } .input-group.md-form.form-sm.form-1 input { border: 1px solid #bdbdbd; border-top-right-radius: 0.25rem; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.25rem; } .input-group.md-form.form-sm.form-2 input { border: 1px solid #bdbdbd; border-top-left-radius: 0.25rem; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.25rem; } .search-input-header { width: 100%; height: 2em; border-radius: 10px; border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; border-width: thin; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 15px 40px; font-size: 12px; font-family: Roboto-Light; outline: none; float: right; } .search-icon-header { color: var(--primary_color); } .journal-article-search-header { margin-top: 3%; } .search-button-header { padding: 1px 10px; background: transparent; color: var(--primary_color); border-radius: 12px; font-size: 14px; border: none; cursor: pointer; width: 3em; height: 2.5em; position: absolute; left: 0%; outline: none !important; } .search-sub-header { margin-top: 1%; margin-bottom: 2%; font-size: 11px; padding-left: 20px; overflow: auto; } .search-dropdown-header { padding-left: 0px; list-style: none; background: #ffff; height: auto; margin-top: 7%; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; position: absolute; width: 100%; max-height: 300px; overflow-y: auto; z-index: 1; } .search-dropdown-container-header { position: relative; } .search-dropdown-header li { padding: 5px; padding-left: 20px; font-family: Roboto-Medium; color: var(--text_primary_color); background-color: #ffff; border-left: 3px solid #ffffff; border-bottom: 1px solid #cacaca9e; } .search-dropdown-header li:hover { color: var(--primary_color); background-color: #ffff; cursor: pointer; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); } .search-dropdown-header li:hover a { color: var(--primary_color); } .search-dropdown-section-span-header { vertical-align: bottom; } .search-dropdown-section-span-header img { top: 0; } .search-box-header { font-size: 1.2rem; } .ajax-item-search-meta-header { color: var(--text_primary_color) !important; margin: 5px 0 5px 0; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Roboto-Light !important; } .ajax-item-search-meta-header span { margin-right: 8px; } .search-browse-by-header { padding: 10px; position: absolute; z-index: -1; } .article-list-p-header { display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; cursor: pointer; } .cursor-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .search-article-main-title-section-header { padding: 0% 0% 0% 13%; position: relative; } .search-article-main-title-section-header:hover .article-title { color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .search-article-cover-image-header { width: 40px; height: 30px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 4px; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; overflow: hidden; } .search-article-cover-image-header img { flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 100%; min-height: 100%; } .search-full-cover-img-header { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .search-article-title-header { margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 13px; font-family: Roboto-Medium; padding-bottom: 1%; } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 0px) { .logo-custom { max-height: 2rem !important; } } @media (max-width: 492px) and (min-width: 376px) { .jnl-title { font-size: 11px !important; } } @media (max-width: 375px) and (min-width: 325px) { .jnl-title { font-size: 10px !important; } } @media (max-width: 324px) and (min-width: 0px) { .jnl-title { font-size: 8px !important; } } .site-publisher-header { background: url('books_35x1900_light.png') repeat-x; height: 2.2rem; } .publisher-logo-reverse { max-width: 4rem; position: relative; top: 4px; } @media (max-width: 992px) and (min-width: 767px) { .btn-signup-login { font-size: 14px !important; } } @media (max-width: 767px) and (min-width: 0px) { .btn-signup-login { font-size: 12px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; } } @media (max-width: 1200px) and (min-width: 991px) { .btn-signup-login { font-size: 8px !important; } } @media (max-width: 992px) and (min-width: 0px) { .mobile-header-menu { display: block !important; } .website-header-menu { display: none !important; } } @media (max-width: 2000px) and (min-width: 993px) { .mobile-header-menu { display: none !important; } .website-header-menu { display: block !important; } .mega-dropdown { position: absolute !important; width: 162vw; height: 15em; overflow: auto; right: 0 !important; left: 0 !important; top: 70px !important; margin-left: calc(50% - 100vw) !important; border-top: 4px solid var(--primary_color) !important; background: #fff !important; box-shadow: 0 8px 24px -5px #ccc !important; } } @media (max-width: 800px) and (min-width: 0px) { .mega-dropdown { display: none !important; } } .signup-login { float: right; } .signup-login > .btn:hover { background: #ffffff !important; } .signup-login > .btn-user:hover { background: #ffffff !important; } .btn-signup-login { padding: 6px 15px; text-transform: none; font-size: 10px; font-family: Roboto-Bold; font-style: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.19; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; color: #ffffff; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 10px; position: relative; top: 3px; } .btn-signup-login { margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; } .btn-header { display: inline; border-radius: 6px; background: var(--primary_color) !important; border: 2px solid #fff !important; } .lang-down-arrow { margin-top: 2px; } .lang-selector { float: left; margin: 10% 8% 0% 8% !important; background-color: #fff; color: var(--primary_color); padding: 6px 10px; font-family: Roboto-Bold; font-style: normal; font-stretch: normal; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 100%; height: 1.8rem; width: 1.8rem; text-align: center; } .lang-selector a { color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .lang-selector .dropdown { cursor: pointer; } .lang-selector .dropdown ul { background: #ffffff !important; z-index: 99999; } .lang-selector .dropdown li a { color: #ffffff; font-size: 12px; } .lang-selector .dropdown li { padding-left: 10%; line-height: 25px; } .lang-selector .dropdown li:hover { background: linear-gradient(to bottom right, #000000 -10%, var(--primary_color) 80%) !important; } .lang-selector .dropdown li:hover a { color: #ffffff !important; } .lang-selector .dropdown-toggle::after { border: none; } .user-name-short { font-size: 18px !important; position: relative; top: -6px; left: -2px; } .dropdown-menu { padding: .5rem 0 !important; border: none !important; -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 22px, 0px) !important; transform: translate3d(0px, 22px, 0px) !important; } .dropdown-language { min-width: 6rem !important; } .dropdown-userprofile { min-width: 8rem !important; } .lang-down-arrow { display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.35em; vertical-align: 0.1em; content: ""; border-top: 0.3em solid; border-right: 0.3em solid transparent; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0.3em solid transparent; } .header-social-media-icons { margin-bottom: 0px !important; float: right !important; margin: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); right: 10px; } .header-social-media-icons a { color: var(--secondary_header_text_color) !important; } .header-social-media-icons li { display: inline-block; } .site-navigation .container { padding-right: 0px !important; } .logo-custom-container { display: inline; cursor: pointer; } .volume-card-bottom { border-bottom: 3px solid var(--primary_color); } .fast-track { color: var(--primary_color); } .fast-track:hover { color: var(--secondary_color); } .site-mobile-logo { padding-bottom: 12% !important; } .mega-dropdown2 { float: left; overflow: hidden; } .mega-dropdown2 .mega-dropbtn { font-size: 16px; border: none; outline: none; color: white; padding: 14px 16px; background-color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0; } .navbar a:hover, .mega-dropdown2:hover .mega-dropbtn { background-color: red; } .mega-dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; left: 0; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); z-index: 1; } .mega-dropdown-content .mega-header { background: red; padding: 16px; color: white; } .mega-dropdown2:hover .mega-dropdown-content { display: block; } .mega-column { float: left; width: 33.33%; padding: 10px; background-color: #ccc; height: 250px; } .mega-column a { float: none; color: black; padding: 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; text-align: left; } .mega-column a:hover { background-color: #ddd; } .mega-row:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mega-column { width: 100%; height: auto; } } .dropdown-menu { padding: .7rem 0rem; font-size: .875rem; line-height: 22px; color: #5c5776; border: none; box-shadow: 0 10px 30px 0 rgba(31, 45, 61, 0.1); border-radius: .5rem; top: 9px; padding: 0px !important; border-top: 5px solid !important; border-top-color: var(--primary_color) !important; min-width: 20rem !important; } .dropdown-menu { display: block; padding-bottom: 6px !important; visibility: hidden; opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(20px); transform: translateY(20px); transition: all 0.3s ease-in; } .dropdown:hover > .dropdown-menu { -webkit-transform: scaleY(1); transform: scaleY(1); opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } .dropdown-submenu:hover > .dropdown-menu { -webkit-transform: scaleY(1); transform: scaleY(1); opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } @media (min-width: 990px) { .dropright-lg { position: relative; } .dropright-lg .dropdown-menu { top: 0; right: auto; left: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0.125rem; } } .dropdown-toggle::after { display: inline-block; margin-left: .255em; vertical-align: .255em; content: ">"; border-top: 0rem; border-right: 0rem; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0rem; float: right; } .avatar-md { width: 56px; height: 56px; } .avatar img { width: 100%; height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; } .avatar { position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 3rem; height: 3rem; font-size: 1rem; } .avatar-online:before { background-color: green; } .avatar-indicators:before { content: ""; position: absolute; bottom: 0px; right: 5%; width: 30%; height: 30%; border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; display: table; } .login-user-dropdown { background: #fff; border-radius: 50%; width: 2rem; height: 1.8rem; position: relative; top: 2px; } .avatar-circle, .avatar-circle-large { text-align: center; font-size: 18px; position: relative; top: -1px; color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .avatar-circle-large { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: var(--primary_color) !important; border-radius: 50%; width: 4rem; height: 4rem; } .avatar-icon { position: relative; font-size: 32px; top: 14px; left: 1px; } .dropdown-divider { margin: 0px !important; } .dropdown-item { cursor: pointer; padding: 0.6rem 1.5rem !important; } .dropdown-item:active { background: none !important; color: inherit !important; } .profile-name { font-size: 20px; font-family: Roboto-Medium; white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important; white-space: -pre-wrap; white-space: -o-pre-wrap; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; white-space: normal; color: var(--text_primary_color); } .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item-profile:hover { background-color: #ffffff !important; cursor: default; } .badge-profile-type { padding: 5px 10px; background-color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .icon-user, .icon-sign-out { color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .site-nav-wrap:not(:first-child) { display: none; } </style><style ng-transition="serverApp">.rvhost-desc[_ngcontent-sc2] { font-family: Roboto-Light; color: var(--primary_footer_text_color); font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; display: inline-block; margin-top: 4%; } .rvhost-footer-logo[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: url('rvh_logo_footer.png') no-repeat; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block; background-size: 185px; width: 185px; height: 75px; border-radius: 5px; } .rvhost-footer-logo1[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: url('ist_logo_footer.png') no-repeat; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block; background-size: 185px; width: 185px; height: 75px; border-radius: 5px; } .rvhost-footer-logo1-bg[_ngcontent-sc2] { width: 205px; height: 88px; text-align: center; background: #fff; position: absolute; top: -3%; left: 32%; z-index: 1; border-radius: 6px; } .rvhost-copyright[_ngcontent-sc2] { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0rem !important; padding-top: 8px; border-top: 1px solid var(--primary_footer_text_color); opacity: .7; } .site-footer-bg[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: var(--primary_footer_bg_color) !important; color: var(--primary_footer_text_color) !important; } .site-footer[_ngcontent-sc2] a[_ngcontent-sc2] { font-family: Roboto-Bold !important; color: var(--primary_footer_text_color) !important; } .site-footer[_ngcontent-sc2] a[_ngcontent-sc2]:hover { text-decoration: underline !important; opacity: .8; } body[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: #eee; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] { padding: 0; font-size: 0.8rem; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] li[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; color: #ffffff; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-img[_ngcontent-sc2] { float: left; width: 48px; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-img[_ngcontent-sc2] img[_ngcontent-sc2] { border-radius: 50px; width: 100%; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2] { border-radius: 10px; background: #5a99ee; display: inline-block; padding: 10px 20px; position: relative; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2]:before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: 15px; width: 0; height: 0; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2] h5[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin: 0 0 5px 0; font-weight: 600; line-height: 100%; font-size: 0.9rem; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2] p[_ngcontent-sc2] { line-height: 18px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-body[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin-left: 20px; float: left; width: 70%; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .in[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2]:before { left: -12px; border-bottom: 20px solid transparent; border-right: 20px solid #5a99ee; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .out[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-img[_ngcontent-sc2] { float: right; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .out[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-body[_ngcontent-sc2] { float: right; margin-right: 20px; text-align: right; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .out[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: #fc6d4c; } .chat-list[_ngcontent-sc2] .out[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-message[_ngcontent-sc2]:before { right: -12px; border-bottom: 20px solid transparent; border-left: 20px solid #fc6d4c; } .card[_ngcontent-sc2] .card-header[_ngcontent-sc2]:first-child { border-radius: 0.3rem 0.3rem 0 0; } .card[_ngcontent-sc2] .card-header[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: #17202b; border: 0; font-size: 1rem; padding: 0.65rem 1rem; position: relative; font-weight: 600; color: #ffffff; } .content[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin-top: 40px; } .chat-start[_ngcontent-sc2] { width: 250px; } .chart-main[_ngcontent-sc2] { right: 45px; bottom: 25px; position: fixed; } .card-body[_ngcontent-sc2] { max-height: 275px; overflow-y: auto; } .card[_ngcontent-sc2] { border-bottom: 0px; } .chat-btn-main[_ngcontent-sc2] { bottom: 50px; background-color: #f6c109; position: fixed; z-index: 656565; box-shadow: 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16), 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32); height: 30px; width: 30px; border-radius: 20px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; background: linear-gradient(45deg, #fda582, #f7cf68) !important; color: #fff !important; right: 10px; } .chat-btn-main[_ngcontent-sc2]:hover { height: 35px; width: 35px; padding: 4px; } #status_message[_ngcontent-sc2] { border-bottom: 1px solid #b2b2b2 !important; overflow: auto; resize: vertical; border: medium none; width: 95% !important; height: 34px !important; margin: 7px; padding: 5px !important; } .gstlogin[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: #28a745; } .gstlogin[_ngcontent-sc2] input[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: black; } body[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: "Lato", sans-serif; background-color: #f6f7f9; } h1[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin: 0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1; } button[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; border: 0; outline: 0 !important; cursor: pointer; } button.chatbox-open[_ngcontent-sc2] { position: fixed; bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 52px; height: 52px; color: #fff; background-color: #069827; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-shadow: 12px 15px 20px 0 rgba(46, 61, 73, 0.15); border: 0; border-radius: 50%; cursor: pointer; margin: 16px; } button.chatbox-close[_ngcontent-sc2] { position: fixed; bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 52px; height: 52px; color: #fff; background-color: #069827; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-shadow: 12px 15px 20px 0 rgba(46, 61, 73, 0.15); border: 0; border-radius: 50%; cursor: pointer; margin: 16px calc(2 * 16px + 52px) 16px 16px; } textarea[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; margin: 0; height: calc(16px + 16px / 2); padding: 0 calc(16px / 2); font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: calc(16px + 16px / 2); color: #888; background-color: none; border: 0; outline: 0 !important; resize: none; overflow: hidden; } textarea[_ngcontent-sc2]::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: #888; } textarea[_ngcontent-sc2]::-moz-placeholder { color: #888; } textarea[_ngcontent-sc2]::-ms-input-placeholder { color: #888; } textarea[_ngcontent-sc2]::placeholder { color: #888; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] { display: flex; position: absolute; box-shadow: 5px 5px 25px 0 rgba(46, 61, 73, 0.2); flex-direction: column; -webkit-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; -ms-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; -o-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; bottom: calc(2 * 16px); right: 16px; width: 310px; height: auto; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 16px; position: fixed; z-index: 10; box-shadow: -3px 14px 13px 0 rgba(46, 61, 73, 0.2); } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-popup__header[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; width: 100%; padding: 16px; color: #fff; background-color: #069827; align-items: center; justify-content: space-around; border-top-right-radius: 12px; border-top-left-radius: 12px; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-popup__header[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-popup__avatar[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin-top: -32px; background-color: #069827; border: 5px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-radius: 50%; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-popup__main[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; padding: calc(2 * 16px) 16px; line-height: calc(16px + 16px / 2); color: #888; text-align: center; height: 300px; overflow: scroll; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-popup__footer[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; width: 100%; padding: 16px; border-top: 1px solid #ddd; align-items: center; justify-content: space-around; border-bottom-right-radius: 12px; border-bottom-left-radius: 12px; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .mat-form-field[_ngcontent-sc2] { width: 100%; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .mat-focused .mat-form-field-label { color: green !important; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] .mat-form-field-ripple { background-color: green !important; } .chatbox-popup[_ngcontent-sc2] [_ngcontent-sc2]::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 3px; background: transparent; } .chatbox-panel[_ngcontent-sc2] { display: flex; position: absolute; box-shadow: 5px 5px 25px 0 rgba(46, 61, 73, 0.2); flex-direction: column; -webkit-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; -ms-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; -o-transition: opacity 3s ease-in-out; right: 0; bottom: 0; width: 310px; background-color: #fff; position: fixed; } .chatbox-panel[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-panel__header[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; width: 100%; padding: 16px; color: #fff; background-color: #069827; align-items: center; justify-content: space-around; flex: 0 0 auto; } .chatbox-panel[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-panel__main[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; padding: calc(2 * 16px) 16px; line-height: calc(16px + 16px / 2); color: #888; text-align: center; flex: 1 1 auto; } .chatbox-panel[_ngcontent-sc2] .chatbox-panel__footer[_ngcontent-sc2] { box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; width: 100%; padding: 16px; border-top: 1px solid #ddd; align-items: center; justify-content: space-around; flex: 0 0 auto; } .bubble[_ngcontent-sc2] { display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 5px; color: #000; font-size: 0.7em; padding: 4px 17px 4px 17px; border-radius: 20px; word-break: break-word; } .outgoing[_ngcontent-sc2] { text-align: -webkit-left; padding: 2px; right: 0; top: 15%; } .outgoing[_ngcontent-sc2] .bubble[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: #d8d8d8; } .outgoing[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-time[_ngcontent-sc2] { font-size: 10.7px; padding-left: 27px; } .outgoing[_ngcontent-sc2] i[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: green; } .incoming[_ngcontent-sc2] { text-align: -webkit-right; padding: 2px; } .incoming[_ngcontent-sc2] .bubble[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: #757575; color: white; } .incoming[_ngcontent-sc2] .chat-time[_ngcontent-sc2] { font-size: 10.7px; padding-right: 27px; } .chat-form-group[_ngcontent-sc2] { padding: 20px; text-align: left; } .chat-form-group[_ngcontent-sc2] button[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: #fff; background-color: #28a744; border-color: #28a744; } .disconnectedMessage[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: red; font-size: 12px; } .close-open-chat-buttons[_ngcontent-sc2] { z-index: 1000; } .chat-box-heading[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: white; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 4px; } .chat-form-textbox[_ngcontent-sc2] { border: 1px solid #28a744; } .chat-box-spinner[_ngcontent-sc2] { text-align: center; color: #606365; margin-top: 45%; } html[_ngcontent-sc2], body[_ngcontent-sc2] { margin: 0; padding: 0; } body[_ngcontent-sc2] { background: #f6f7f8; } div#wave[_ngcontent-sc2] .dot[_ngcontent-sc2] { display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 50%; margin-right: 3px; background: #28a744; -webkit-animation: wave 1.3s linear infinite; animation: wave 1.3s linear infinite; } div#wave[_ngcontent-sc2] .dot[_ngcontent-sc2]:nth-child(2) { -webkit-animation-delay: -1.1s; animation-delay: -1.1s; } div#wave[_ngcontent-sc2] .dot[_ngcontent-sc2]:nth-child(3) { -webkit-animation-delay: -0.9s; animation-delay: -0.9s; } @-webkit-keyframes wave { 0%, 60%, 100% { -webkit-transform: initial; transform: initial; } 30% { -webkit-transform: translateY(-15px); transform: translateY(-15px); } } @keyframes wave { 0%, 60%, 100% { -webkit-transform: initial; transform: initial; } 30% { -webkit-transform: translateY(-15px); transform: translateY(-15px); } } .scroll-up-wrapper[_ngcontent-sc2] { position: fixed; bottom: 100px; right: -250px; width: 250px; height: auto; background-color: #2a2a2a; opacity: .7; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; padding: 20px 20px; z-index: 1000; transition: all 0.35s; transition-delay: .2s; } .scroll-up-wrapper-visible[_ngcontent-sc2] { opacity: 1; -webkit-animation: fadeInRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1); animation: fadeInRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1); } .scroll-up-wrapper-hidden[_ngcontent-sc2] { opacity: 0; -webkit-animation: fadeOutRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1); animation: fadeOutRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1); } .scroll-up-button[_ngcontent-sc2] { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 250px; width: 40px; height: 40px; background-color: #2a2a2a; opacity: .7; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; z-index: 1000; cursor: pointer; color: #ffffff !important; } .scroll-up-button[_ngcontent-sc2] i[_ngcontent-sc2] { color: #fff; position: relative; line-height: 1; top: 6px; left: 12px; font-size: 25px; } @media (max-width: 2000px) and (min-width: 1200px) { footer[_ngcontent-sc2] { height: 325px !important; } }</style><style ng-transition="serverApp">::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 5px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: none; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #cecece; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: var(--primary_color); } a { color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .bold { font-weight: bold; } .underline { text-decoration: underline; } .sub { vertical-align: sub; font-size: smaller; } .sup { vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller; } .site-section .bg-light { background-color: #f3f3f8 !important; } .site-navbar-wrap { box-shadow: 0 0 30px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } .custom-cursor-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .main-article { padding-top: 150px; } .article-maintext .article { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.74); } .article-authors-content { padding: 0 .2em !important; font-size: 14px; } .article-authors-content .author-name { color: var(--primary_color); cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } .article-title { margin-bottom: 0; color: #333; text-align: left; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3em; font-size: 26px; } .italic { font-style: italic; } italic { font-style: italic; } .article-meta .journal-id, .article-meta .custom-meta-group, .article-meta .elocation-id, .article-meta .issn, .article-meta .issn-l, .article-meta .article-id, .article-meta .author-notes, .article-meta .volume, .article-meta .issue, .article-meta .issue-title, .article-meta .fpage, .article-meta .lpage, .article-meta .alt-title, .article-meta .publisher, .article-meta .issue-id { display: none; } .journal-meta { display: none; } .contrib :last-child::after { content: "."; } .contrib-group { display: none; overflow: auto; background: #e0ecdf; border-radius: 10px; border: 1px solid #a8e0a4; padding: 7px 10px 7px 10px; } .contrib-group .aff, .contrib-group .xref { display: none; } .contrib-group::before { content: "Authors : "; text-align: left; float: left; font-size: 14px; color: #353333; font-weight: bold; } .contrib-group .contrib { float: left; font-size: 14px; color: #1B6685; margin: 0 0px 0 10px; } .contrib-group .contrib .contrib-id { display: none; } .contrib-group .contrib .name::after { content: ","; } .disp-formula { background: #f3f3f396; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e6e6e6; } .disp-formula .label { float: right; } .def-list .p { padding: 0px 10px !important; } .def-list { padding-left: 30px; } .def-list .def-item { display: inline-flex; } .def-list .def-item .term { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.74); font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; display: inline-flex; } .def-list .def-item .def { display: inline-flex; font-size: 15px; color: dimgrey; } .statement, .disp-formula { width: 100%; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden; } [attr-pub-id-type="doi"] { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; } [attr-pub-id-type="doi"]:before { content: "DOI: "; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } [attr-specific-use="italic"] { font-style: italic; } .reference_popover_message [attr-pub-id-type="doi"] { display: contents; } .reference_popover_message [attr-pub-id-type="doi"]:before { content: ". DOI: "; color: #ffffff; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } [attr-date-type="collection"]::before { content: "Published : "; } .nmriframe .main-panel .title { display: none; } .pub-date .day:before { content: "Received : "; } .pub-date .day:after { content: "-"; } .month:after { content: "-"; } .pub-date, .article-categories { display: none; } .abstract { display: none; margin-top: 5%; text-align: left; } .abstract::before { content: "Abstract"; color: #333; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600; text-align: left; margin-top: 6%; } .kwd-group { text-align: left; } .body { margin-top: 1%; text-align: left; } .sec .label { display: inline-block; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 11px; margin-right: 5px; } .sec .title { padding: 0; display: inline; border-bottom: 0; } .sec .fig .label { padding: 0; } .sec .list-item { padding: 15px 30px; } .sec .list-item .label { display: inline-block; font-weight: bold; margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 0; } .sec .list-item .p { padding: 0; display: inline; } .sec .list-item::marker { display: none !important; } .sec .list-item ::marker { display: none !important; } .sec .p, .ack .p, [attr-article-type="editorial"] .body .p { padding: 15px 30px; font-size: 15px !important; } .title { color: #333; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2%; font-weight: 600; border-right: 5px solid transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--primary_color); line-height: 1.3; padding: 15px 30px; } .ref { font-size: .8rem; padding: 12px 30px; } .download-button-group { min-width: 200px; } .download-button-dropdown { min-width: 200px; padding: 15px; } .sidebar-heading { padding-top: 5%; } .article-side-menu-ul { list-style: none; padding-left: 7%; } .article-side-menu-ul a { cursor: pointer; } .ref .label, .ref .surname, .ref .given-names { font-weight: 500; color: #3e3e3e; font-style: normal; } .ref .surname { margin-right: .45em; } .ref .etal:after { content: "et al."; } .ref .label { margin-right: .5rem; } @font-face { font-family: 'OpenDyslexic3-Regular'; src: url('OpenDyslexic3-Regular.ttf'); } .sidebar-heading-main { border-top: 2px solid var(--primary_color); } .menu-side1 { position: sticky; top: 5em; } .top-return { padding-left: 0px !important; cursor: pointer; } .metric-counter { padding: 2px 10px 3px; border-radius: 2px; line-height: 1em; color: #444; margin-left: 2px; background: #d5e1e8; font-weight: 200; font-size: smaller; text-shadow: none; } .related-sub li { line-height: 1em; padding-bottom: 5%; } .related-sub li:first-child { padding-top: 5%; } .menu-side1 .dropbtn { background-color: var(--primary_color); color: white; padding: 12px; font-size: 16px; border: none; width: 98%; } .menu-side1 .dropdown { position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 50%; } .menu-side1 .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 100px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); z-index: 1; width: 98%; } .menu-side1 .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 8px 10px; text-decoration: none; display: block; font-size: 12px; } .menu-side1 .dropdown-content a:hover { background-color: #ddd; } .menu-side1 .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content { display: block; } .menu-side1 .dropdown:hover .dropbtn { background-color: var(--primary_color); } .flat-button { border-radius: 0px; width: 98%; } .flat-button-group { min-width: 100px; width: 50%; padding-top: 1%; display: inline-block; } .menu-side { box-shadow: 0 0 30px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; } .sb-wrapper { border-radius: 1.5em !important; min-width: 3em !important; height: 3em !important; } * { box-sizing: border-box; } *:after, *:before { box-sizing: border-box; } body { margin: 0; } .btn-float { width: 50px; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; display: inline-block; border: none; font-size: 18px; color: #fff; text-align: center; position: relative; transition: 0.3s; border-radius: 0px 30px 31px 0px; cursor: pointer; } .btn-float:hover { text-decoration: none; box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15), 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13); } .btn-float:active, .btn-float:focus { outline: none; } .yellow { background: #ffa000; } .blue { background: #40c4ff; } .green { background: #00e676; } .purple { background: #8e24aa; } .pink { background: #e91e63; } .grey { background: #607d8b; } .icon-bars { background: #fff; height: 1px; width: 22px; margin: auto; display: block; position: relative; -moz-transition: 0.3s 0.3s; -o-transition: 0.3s 0.3s; -webkit-transition: 0.3s; -webkit-transition-delay: 0.3s; transition: 0.3s 0.3s; } .icon-bars:after { content: ''; position: absolute; height: 22px; width: 1px; background: #fff; top: -10px; } .float-btn-group { position: relative; float: right; transition: 0.3s; } .float-btn-group .btn-triger { z-index: 15; float: left; } .float-btn-group .btn-dark-grey { background: #464a4c; } .float-btn-group .btn-list { position: absolute; right: 0; transition: 0.3s; } .float-btn-group .btn-list li { display: inline-block; } .float-btn-group.open .icon-bars { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .model-6 { background: #546e7a; } .model-6 .float-btn-group { float: none; margin: auto; width: 50px; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .icon-bars { -moz-transition: 0.3s 1.3s; -o-transition: 0.3s 1.3s; -webkit-transition: 0.3s; -webkit-transition-delay: 1.3s; transition: 0.3s 1.3s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list { width: 50px; height: 50px; left: 0; top: 0; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list .btn-float { position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0, 0); transform: scale(0, 0); left: 0; top: 0; margin: auto; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(1) { -moz-transition: 0.2s 0.2s; -o-transition: 0.2s 0.2s; -webkit-transition: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-delay: 0.2s; transition: 0.2s 0.2s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(2) { -moz-transition: 0.2s 0.4s; -o-transition: 0.2s 0.4s; -webkit-transition: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-delay: 0.4s; transition: 0.2s 0.4s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(3) { -moz-transition: 0.2s 0.6s; -o-transition: 0.2s 0.6s; -webkit-transition: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-delay: 0.6s; transition: 0.2s 0.6s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(5) { -moz-transition: 0.2s 0.8s; -o-transition: 0.2s 0.8s; -webkit-transition: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-delay: 0.8s; transition: 0.2s 0.8s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(4) { -moz-transition: 0.2s 1s; -o-transition: 0.2s 1s; -webkit-transition: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-delay: 1s; transition: 0.2s 1s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .icon-bars { transition: 0.3s; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float { -webkit-transform: scale(0.9, 0.9); transform: scale(0.9, 0.9); } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(1) { left: 20px; top: -80px; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(2) { left: 62px; top: -50px; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(3) { left: 80px; top: 0px; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(4) { left: 20px; top: 80px; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float:nth-child(5) { left: 62px; top: 50px; } .model-6 .float-btn-group.open .btn-list .btn-float:hover { transition: 0.3s; text-shadow: 1px 4px 1px #666; } .share-btn { position: absolute; bottom: 30%; } .btn-list a { z-index: 99; } .model-6 { position: sticky; top: 50%; z-index: 99; } .model-4 { position: absolute; right: 10%; } .btn-article-export { border-radius: 0; background: none; color: #28a745; font-size: 1.6rem; margin-top: -5px; } .crossmark-link { padding: 0em .5em; } .img-btn-download { width: 32px; } .download-btn .btn-float:hover { box-shadow: none !important; } .open .btn-article-export, .btn-article-export .icon-download:hover { color: #043c34; } .download-as-options { height: auto; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 100ms, height 1000ms ease-in; display: flex; width: 100%; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-content: space-between; } .download-as-options a { z-index: 1; } .download-options { padding: 1.5% 5%; } .download-options:hover { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } .opendownload .download-as-options { opacity: 1; height: auto; transition: opacity 100ms, height 1000ms ease-in; } .model-4 .btn-list { right: 0px !important; width: 100px; position: absolute; height: 0px; border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 5px; color: black; opacity: 0; transition: height 500ms ease-out, opacity 1000ms; overflow: hidden; } .model-4 .btn-list a { z-index: 1; } .model-4 .open .btn-list { right: 0px !important; width: 100px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; background: #aaa; height: 293px; border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 5px; color: black; transition: opacity 100ms, height 1000ms ease-in; } .download-btn .btn-list { padding: 5px; } .download-btn .btn-list a { padding: 5px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-radius: 5px; } .download-btn .btn-list a:hover { background: #ddd; } .download-min { margin: 0px .4em; color: #b3aeae; cursor: pointer; background: #d8efda; } .model-4 { width: 100%; margin-right: -20px; } .btn-right { float: right; } .dyslexic { border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 3px; width: 100px; } .dyslexic-container { padding-top: 4px; } .elife { padding-left: 10px; padding-top: 7px; } .top-overlay-btn { color: #8e978e !important; background: #fff; border: 0px solid var(--primary_color); margin-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .top-overlay-btn:hover { color: var(--primary_color) !important; cursor: pointer; } .top-overlay-btn-active { color: #28a745 !important; } .ref-list .article-title { margin-bottom: 0; color: #22749b; text-align: left; font-weight: 500; font-size: .8rem; line-height: 1.3em; padding-top: 10px; } .back .ack .p { padding: 2%; } .table-wrap { width: 100%; } .table-wrap .th { display: table-cell; font-size: .75em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ccc; font-weight: bold; padding: .50em; text-align: center; } .table-wrap .label { border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); background: #f5f5f5; font-weight: bold; display: block; margin-left: 0; margin-top: 5%; text-align: left; padding: 1% 0 0 2.5%; color: var(--primary_color); margin-right: 0px; } .table-wrap .caption .p { padding-top: 0; text-align: left; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); background: #f5f5f5; padding: 0 1% 1% 2.5%; } .table-wrap .label:after { padding-right: .25em; } .graphic { padding: 5%; max-width: 100% !important; } .spinner-wandering-cubes:after { font-size: 14px; content: 'Loading..'; margin-top: 75px; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; } .twitterUrl blockquote:not(.Blockquote) { padding: 0 1.77778rem; color: #6E797A; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.4; max-width: calc(3.55556rem + 680px); margin: 2.22222rem auto; border-left: .44444rem solid #0CA750; margin-left: 5%; } .twitterUrl blockquote a { font-weight: 700; } .youtubeUrl { padding: 5%; } iframe { margin-top: 5% !important; margin-bottom: 5% !important; } .fixed-outline-share { position: sticky; top: 10%; max-height: 90vh; overflow-y: scroll; border-left: 2px solid #ddd; padding-left: 15px; } .article-outline-heading { font-size: 16px; color: var(--primary_color); font-family: roboto-bold; } .article-outline-heading .heading-text { padding-left: 12px; } .article-outline-heading i { position: relative; top: 2px; font-size: 18px; } .head_active { color: white !important; font-weight: bold; background: var(--primary_color) !important; border-radius: 0px 5px 5px 0px; } .head_active::before { content: ""; border-bottom: 17px solid transparent; border-top: 18px solid transparent; border-right: 24px solid var(--primary_color); position: absolute; top: 0; left: -24px; } .article-outline-section { margin-top: 10%; border-top: 1px solid #ddd; padding-top: 5%; } .article-outlines { list-style-type: none; padding-left: 25px; margin-top: 10px; color: var(--primary_color); } .article-outlines li { position: relative; } .article-outlines li a { font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer !important; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; cursor: pointer !important; text-decoration: none; padding: 5px 10px; display: block; cursor: pointer !important; } .article-outlines li a :first-letter { color: var(--primary_color) !important; font-weight: bold; } * { -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } #ferromenu-controller { margin-top: 100px !important; display: block; width: 60px; height: 60px; text-align: center; border-radius: 50%; background: #45484d; color: #f2f2f2; font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 60px; vertical-align: middle; text-decoration: none; } #ferromenu-controller .label { transition: all 0.2s linear; } #ferromenu-controller.desktop:hover, #ferromenu-controller.mobile:active { background: #6e737b; } #nav li { color: #f2f2f2; text-align: center; } #nav li a { color: #f2f2f2; text-decoration: none; width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 50%; background: #45484d; line-height: 40px; display: block; } #nav li.desktop a:hover, #nav li.mobile a:active { opacity: 0.7; } .article-detail .article-type { color: var(--primary_color); font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; } .title-group .article-title { font-family: Roboto-light; margin-top: 1%; color: #333; font-size: 24px; cursor: pointer; } .article-detail .article-type .article-subscription { float: right; margin-top: 0px; width: 18px; height: 25px; } .article-subscription-icon-open { background: url(data:image/png;base64,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) no-repeat; } .article-detail .article-main-details { font-family: Roboto-Light; margin-top: 5px; font-size: 13px; } .article-detail .article-doi-custom { border: 1px solid var(--primary_color); font-size: 13px; color: var(--primary_color); padding-right: 5px; border-radius: 10px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .review-history { margin-top: 1%; font-size: 12px; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } .review-history .article-published-date { float: right; font-size: 12px; } .article-versions { margin-top: 3%; background-color: #eee; border-radius: 8px; padding: 5px 10px 20px 15px; } .version-heading { font-size: 16px; font-family: Roboto-medium; } .version-heading span { padding-bottom: 4px; border-bottom: 1px solid #c1c1c1; } .versions { margin-top: 3%; } .versions span { margin-right: 3%; padding: 6px 22px 6px 22px; background-color: var(--secondary_color); color: #fff; border-radius: 20px; font-family: Roboto-medium; cursor: pointer; } .abstract-button { padding: 0px; font-size: 24px; font-family: Roboto-Medium; text-decoration: none !important; color: #333 !important; outline: none !important; } .abstract-button span { margin-left: 10px; } .btn-link:hover { color: #333; text-decoration: none; } .article-abstract-body { margin-left: 32px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; margin-top: 5%; } .article-maintext { margin-top: 4%; padding-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; } .add-section { background-color: #eee; border-radius: 4px; padding-bottom: 15px; } .add-img-one { text-align: center; font-size: 140px; color: #9e9e9e; } .add-description { font-size: 18px; text-align: center; color: #9e9e9e; } .article-download { margin-top: 5%; text-align: center; } .btn-article-download { padding: 10px 70px 10px 70px; border-radius: 10px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-family: Roboto-Medium; color: #fff; background-color: #378740; } .article-sitations { background-color: #eee; margin-top: 5%; border-radius: 12px; padding: 15px; } .article-views-stats { padding-right: 15px !important; border-right: 2px solid #fff; } .article-views-counts, .article-downloads-counts { text-align: center; padding: 10px; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 4%; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } .article-views-stats span { margin-left: 5px; } .article-views-stats i { color: var(--primary_color); } .article-downloads-stats { padding-left: 15px !important; } .article-downloads-stats span { margin-left: 5px; } .article-downloads-stats i { color: var(--primary_color); } .article-dimensions { margin-top: 5%; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 5px; padding: 5px !important; } .related-cited-articles-list { margin-top: 5%; padding-left: 3px !important; } .tabs { position: relative; min-height: 200px; clear: both; margin: 25px 0; } .tab { float: left; } .tab label { margin-right: 20px; border: none; margin-left: -1px; position: relative; left: 1px; cursor: pointer; } .tab [type=radio] { display: none; } .content { position: absolute; top: 20px; left: 0; background: white; right: 0; bottom: 0; padding: 15px 0px; border: none; height: 300px; overflow: auto; } [type=radio]:checked ~ label { background: white; border-bottom: 4px solid #378740; z-index: 2; color: #378740; } [type=radio]:checked ~ label ~ .content { z-index: 1; } .article-lists { list-style-type: none; padding: 0px !important; } .article-lists li { padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; cursor: pointer; } .article-lists li :hover { color: #378740; border-bottom: 1px solid #378740; } .related-article-label, .cited-article-label { max-width: 140px; font-weight: normal !important; font-family: Roboto-Medium; } .width-100 { width: 100%; } .article-meta .title-group { display: none; } .crosref { text-align: left; height: auto; margin-top: .6em; } .article-details-info { font-size: .7em; display: block; font-family: roboto-bold; text-align: center; width: inherit; } #exTab1 .tab-content { color: white; background-color: #eee; padding: 5px 15px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid #d4d2d2; } #exTab1 .nav-pills > li > a { border-radius: 0; } .extab-li { border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom: none; border-top-left-radius: 6px; padding: 0px 10px; } .extab-a { font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none; } .extab-a:hover { color: #fff; } .gs-image-cover { border: 1px solid #eae9e9; width: inherit; } .scrool-to-top { margin-top: 5%; color: #bdd6ba; display: block; cursor: pointer; } .sticky { top: 5%; position: sticky; position: -webkit-sticky; } .blobtoolkitModal, .nanohubModal { height: 70vh; width: 88vw; } .blobtoolkitModal .modal-dialog, .nanohubModal .modal-dialog { max-width: 800px; } .blobtoolkitModal iframe, .nanohubModal iframe { margin-top: 0 !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .view-blobtoolkit { padding: 15px 9px; color: orange; font-size: 14px; cursor: pointer; background: #f3f0f0; margin: 0 0 0 0; } .view-nanohub { background: #4d4c4c; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 2px; border-radius: 7px; } .blobtoolkit-iframe, .nanohub-iframe { height: 500px; width: 100%; } .blobtoolkit-closebtn, .nanohub-closebtn { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; text-shadow: none; opacity: 1; } .view-blobtoolkit-span { bottom: 0; background: #ffffff; font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid #a4ca90; right: 0; font-weight: 200; border-radius: 14px; padding: 4px 8px; color: #4c4c4c; } .view-blobtoolkit-span:hover { color: #4c4c4c; background: #bdd6ba; } .view-blobtoolkit-span i { color: var(--primary_color); } .blobImg-description { color: #378740; text-align: left; } .view-nanohub-span { background: #ffffff; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 200; border-radius: 14px; padding: 4px 18px; color: #4c4c4c; } .view-nanohub-span:hover { color: #4c4c4c; } .view-nanohub-span:hover i { color: var(--primary_color); } .back-to-article-text { color: #949494; font-size: 12px; transition: -webkit-transform .2s; transition: transform .2s; transition: transform .2s, -webkit-transform .2s; } .back-to-articles-link { cursor: pointer; } .back-to-articles-link:hover .back-to-article-icon { color: var(--primary_color); -webkit-transform: scale(1.5); transform: scale(1.5); } .back-to-articles-link:hover .back-to-article-text { color: var(--primary_color); margin-left: 2% !important; } .back-to-article-icon { transition: -webkit-transform .2s; transition: transform .2s; transition: transform .2s, -webkit-transform .2s; color: var(--primary_color); opacity: .5; } .author-span:nth-of-type(n):not(:last-child)::after { content: ","; margin-right: .3em; } .author-span { display: inline-block !important; } .btn-author-name { padding: 0 .5em; } .remove-button-style { border: 0; background: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; } ::ng-deep .customTooltip { background: var(--primary_color) !important; } ::ng-deep italic { font-style: italic !important; } .abstract-container { margin-top: 20px; border-radius: 6px; box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 #0000001f; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 #0000001f; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 #0000001f; } .abstract-heading { font-size: 20px; padding: 10px 30px; } .abstract-content { padding: 15px 30px; background-color: #ffffff; color: #666; font-size: 15px; } .kwd-group { display: none; } .codeocean-wrap { position: absolute; height: 680px; background: #6b6b6ba6; width: 96%; color: white; font-size: 2em; text-align: center; padding-top: 20%; } .article-cover { padding: 15px 0px; text-align: left; width: 83%; } .remove-margin { margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; } .widthset { width: 100px; height: 100px; } .pill-icon { color: white; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 8px; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 7px; background: #777777; } .pill-content { padding: 0px 5px; } .pill-container { display: inline-block; border: 1px solid #777777; font-size: 13px; color: #444444; padding-right: 5px; border-radius: 10px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; margin-right: 1%; } .blue-theme { background: #2cc3d2; border: 1px solid #2cc3d2; } .green-theme { background: var(--primary_color); border: 1px solid var(--primary_color); } .green-theme .pill-content { color: white; } .green-border { border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); border-top: 0px solid transparent; border-right: 0px solid transparent; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; background: #f6f9f3; } .floating-buttons { position: fixed; bottom: 4%; right: 4%; z-index: 10; background: #fff0; border-radius: 18px; text-align: center; } .floating-buttons-btn { border: 0; background: #606c88; background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #606c88 0%, #3f4c6b 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#606c88', endColorstr='#3f4c6b', GradientType=0); color: white !important; } .floating-buttons-btn-active { border: 0; background-color: var(--primary_color) !important; } .right-btn { border-top-right-radius: 18px; border-bottom-right-radius: 18px; border-left: 3px solid #000; border-top-left-radius: 0; border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .left-btn { border-top-left-radius: 18px; border-bottom-left-radius: 18px; } .article-detail-info-card { padding: 10px 20px; font-family: roboto-light; position: relative; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-top: 4px solid var(--primary_color); border-radius: 4px; background: #ffffff; } .article-detail-info-card-heading { color: var(--primary_color); } .article-detail-info-icon { font-size: 25px; opacity: .6; } .article-detail-info-card-content { font-size: 14px; margin: 0px !important; } .citation-copy-icon { position: absolute; background-color: var(--primary_color); padding: .1em 1.2em; color: #ffffff; font-size: .7em; cursor: pointer; border: 2px solid var(--primary_color); right: 0px; top: 0px; } .citation-copy-icon:hover { background-color: #ffffff; color: var(--primary_color); } .citation-copy-icon .copy-citation-text { font-weight: bold; } .open-access-icon { position: absolute; background-color: var(--primary_color); padding: .1em 1.2em; color: #ffffff !important; font-size: .7em; cursor: pointer; border: 2px solid var(--primary_color); right: 0px; top: 0px; } .open-access-icon .open-access-text { font-weight: bold; } table, th, td { border: 1px solid #ccc; } .fig .label, .caption { text-align: center; } .table td, .table th { padding: .25rem; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; font-size: .75em; } .sidenav { position: fixed; right: -200px; bottom: 45%; transition: 0.3s; text-decoration: none; font-size: 20px; color: white; border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; z-index: 100; } .sidenav:hover { right: 0px; } .sidenav-toright { right: 0px; } #sidenav-download-heading { width: 62px; display: inline-block; position: relative; display: inline-block; background-color: #424242; border-radius: 30px 0 0 30px; color: #fff; font-size: 17px; margin-top: 45px; text-align: center; padding: 10px; cursor: pointer; } .downloads-sidenav { width: 200px; padding: 10px; display: inline-block; height: auto; background-color: #dadada94; border: 1px solid #b9b9b9; border-radius: 8px 0 0 8px; } .downloads-sidenav .download-options { display: inline-block; padding: 5.5% 7%; } .open-nwtab-container { text-align: center; } .open-nwtab-btn { font-size: 12px; padding: 5px; } .sec .fig, .app .fig { text-align: center; background: #ffffff; position: relative; margin-top: 1em; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); } .sec .fig .youtube_widget, .app .fig .youtube_widget { padding: 1%; } .sec .fig .label, .app .fig .label { background: #f5f5f5; font-weight: bold; display: block; text-align: left; padding: 1% 0 0 2.5%; color: var(--primary_color); margin: 0; } .sec .fig .graphic, .app .fig .graphic { padding: 1% 5% 1% 5%; max-width: 65% !important; } .sec .fig .caption .p, .app .fig .caption .p { padding-top: 0; text-align: left; background: #f5f5f5; padding: 0 1% 1% 2.5%; } .sec .fig .caption .p .youtube_widget, .app .fig .caption .p .youtube_widget { padding: 0; } .sketchfab-embed-wrapper { text-align: center; } .sketchfab-embed-wrapper iframe { width: 100%; max-width: 550px; } .sketchfab-table-rep-image:hover { opacity: .5; cursor: pointer; } .sketchfab-table-rep-image:hover:before { content: "Open in sketchfab"; } .table-td-sketchfab { position: relative; } .table-td-sketchfab:hover .overlay-sketchfab-table { opacity: .9; cursor: pointer; } .overlay-sketchfab-table { position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; opacity: 0; transition: .3s ease; background-color: #f2f2f2; } .overlay-sketchfab-table .icon { color: #212121; font-weight: bold; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); -ms-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); text-align: center; word-break: keep-all; } .overlay-sketchfab-table .play-button { background-color: #1caad9; box-shadow: 0 0 10px #333; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; margin-top: -25px; margin-left: -25px; display: flex; width: 50px; height: 50px; border: 0; border-radius: 30px; text-align: center; line-height: 0px; color: #fff; outline: none; transition: all .15s; } .overlay-sketchfab-table .play-button .fa-play { left: 16px; position: absolute; top: 25px; font-size: 35px; line-height: 0px; } .overlay-sketchfab-table .play-button .label-3d { width: 50px; font-size: 8px; z-index: 100; font-weight: 700; color: #1caad9; margin-top: 25px; margin-left: 2px; opacity: 1; transition: opacity .3s,-webkit-transform .3s; transition: opacity .3s,transform .3s; transition: opacity .3s,transform .3s,-webkit-transform .3s; } .doi-link-custom { color: #fff !important; } .doi-link-custom:hover { color: #ccb0b0; } .table-wrap .caption .p { font-weight: bold; } .author-popover-template span { color: var(--primary_color); } .custom-popover-title { width: 100%; display: block; padding: .4em .6em; color: white; background: #403c3c; font-size: 1.25em; } .custom-popover-body { padding: .7em; } .popover-orcid { color: #ffffff !important; } .popover-orcid a { color: #ffffff !important; } .popover-orcid a:hover { color: #f2f2f2 !important; } .popover-email { word-break: break-all; color: #1a91c8 !important; } .popover-email .mailto-icon { color: #1a91c8 !important; } .popover-email a { color: #1a91c8 !important; } .popover-email a:hover { color: #2584b1 !important; } .ref .label { display: inline-block; height: 44px; float: left; } .ref::before { font-weight: bold; } span.sup { vertical-align: super; font-size: smaller; } span.sup .xref { color: #119549; cursor: pointer; } .highlight-reference { background: #d6f11152; transition: 0.6s; } .back .ref-list .ref { position: relative; display: flex; } .continue-reading { transition: 0.6s; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .continue-reading-afterImg { width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; position: absolute; color: #c3c3c3; top: 0; right: 10px; cursor: pointer; } @-webkit-keyframes mymove { from { top: -10px; } to { top: 30px; } } @keyframes mymove { from { top: -10px; } to { top: 30px; } } a { text-decoration: none; } .popover__title { font-size: inherit; text-decoration: none; color: inherit; text-align: center; } .popover__wrapper { position: relative; display: inline-block; } .popover__content { opacity: 0; display: none; position: absolute; top: 45px; left: -150px; -webkit-transform: translate(0, 10px); transform: translate(0, 10px); background-color: var(--primary_color); padding: 1.5rem; border-radius: 7px; box-shadow: -1px 7px 12px 1px rgba(57, 66, 48, 0.53); min-width: 400px; white-space: normal; } .popover__content .surname { margin-right: .45em; } .popover__content .element-citation .uri { color: #ddd !important; } .author-span .popover__content { left: -120px; } .popover__content:before { position: absolute; z-index: -1; content: ""; right: calc(61% - 10px); top: -10px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0 10px 10px 10px; border-color: transparent transparent var(--primary_color) transparent; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: -webkit-transform; transition-property: transform; transition-property: transform, -webkit-transform; } .popover__wrapper:hover .popover__content { z-index: 10; opacity: 1; display: block; -webkit-transform: translate(0, -25px); transform: translate(0, -25px); transition: all 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.75, -0.02, 0.2, 0.97); } .popover__message .article-title { color: white; } .popover__message .article-title .italic { color: white; } .popover__message span { color: #ffffff; font-size: 14px !important; } .popover__message .label { display: none !important; } .popover__message .ext-link { color: #087ec2; } .ref-pop-heading { color: white; font-size: 16px; } .reference_popover_content { padding: 1rem 1.5rem; } .reference_popover_message { margin-bottom: 0px; } .article-authors .popover-title { color: white; background: #403c3c; } .article-authors .bs-popover-bottom .arrow::after { border-bottom-color: #403c3c; } .article-authors .bs-popover-bottom .popover-header::before { border-bottom: 1px solid #403c3c; } .article-authors .popover-body { padding: 0; } [attr-ref-type=fig], [attr-ref-type=table], [attr-ref-type=disp-formula], [attr-ref-type=boxed-text], [attr-ref-type=sec], [attr-ref-type=fn] { color: var(--primary_color) !important; cursor: pointer; } .fig-preview-img { max-height: 500px; } .giga-modals-closebtn { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; text-shadow: none; opacity: 1; } .giga-modals-closebtn:hover { color: #ddd; } .figPreview-modal-body { text-align: center; } .giga-modals { font-family: roboto-bold; } .fig-caption { font-size: 13px; } .mailto-icon { color: #9e9e9e; } [attr-fig-type="protocolIoUrl"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="protocolIoUrl"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="sketchfabUrl"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="sketchfabUrl"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="youtubeUrl"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="youtubeUrl"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="twitterUrl"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="twitterUrl"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="codeocean"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="codeocean"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="nmrUrl"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="nmrUrl"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="openstreetmapUrl"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="openstreetmapUrl"] .open-nwtab-container, [attr-fig-type="bloobtoolkit"] .graphic, [attr-fig-type="bloobtoolkit"] .open-nwtab-container { display: none; } .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .table { table-layout: fixed; } .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .label, .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .caption { display: none; } .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .table .td { font-size: .85em !important; word-break: break-all; } .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .table-wrap-foot .p { font-size: .80em; } .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .thead .tr { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .tablePreviewModal .figPreview-modal-body .table tr:nth-child(even) { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .table-wrap-foot .p { padding: 0em 1em 0em 1em; font-size: .80em !important; color: #7d7c7c; } .table-wrap-foot .label { border: 0; background: white; margin-top: 0; padding: 0; } .table-wrap-foot .fn { display: flex; } .alliliation-ul { padding-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0em; } .alliliation-li { padding-bottom: .40em; } .sec .table-wrap .table { table-layout: fixed; } .sec .table-wrap .table .thead .td { word-break: keep-all; } .sec .table-wrap .label { display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-top: .50em; } .sec .table-wrap .caption .p { text-align: left; padding-top: 0em; } .sec .table-wrap .td { word-break: break-all; } .sec .table-wrap .thead .tr { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .sec .table-wrap .thead .tr .td { font-weight: bold; } .sec .table-wrap .table tr:nth-child(even) { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .article-information { background: #f6f9f3; font-size: .81em; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); padding: 1em; margin: 18px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.74); } .article-information .article-information-heading { font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; color: var(--primary_color); } .article-information .subject-area-heading { font-weight: bold; display: block; padding-top: 1em; } .article-information .article-history { padding-top: 1em; } .article-information .article-history .article-history-label { width: 10%; font-weight: bold; } .article-information .article-history .history-dates { display: inline-block; } .article-information .preprint { padding-top: 1em; } .article-information .preprint .preprint-title { font-weight: bold; } .article-information .copyright-statement { padding-top: 1em; } .article-information .article-info-label { font-weight: bold; } .article-information .article-primary-info { padding-top: 1em; } .permissions { background: #f6f9f3; font-size: .81em; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); padding: 1em; display: none; } .permissions .copyright-statement::before { content: "Copyright"; margin-right: .30em; } .permissions .copyright-year { display: none; } .permissions .license { display: inline-block; } .article-categories { background: #f6f9f3; font-size: .81em; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); padding: 1em; } .article-categories:before { content: "Article Information"; font-size: 1rem; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: var(--primary_color); } .article-categories [attr-subj-group-type="heading"] { display: none; } .article-categories [attr-subj-group-type="classification"]:before { content: "Subject areas"; font-weight: bold; display: block; } .article-categories [attr-subj-group-type="classification"] .subject { display: inline-block; } .article-categories [attr-subj-group-type="classification"] .subject:after { content: ", "; padding-right: .3em; } .article-categories [attr-subj-group-type="classification"] .subject:last-of-type:after { display: none; } .history { background: #f6f9f3; font-size: .81em; border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); padding: .0em 1em; display: none; } .history .date { display: inline-block; margin-right: 1em; } .history .date .day:after { content: "-"; } .history [attr-date-type="received"]:before { content: "Recieved "; font-weight: bold; } .history [attr-date-type="rev-recd"]:before { content: "Revised "; font-weight: bold; } .history [attr-date-type="accepted"]:before { content: "Accepted "; font-weight: bold; } .affiliation-popover-content { color: #c1c1c1; text-align: left; top: 50px !important; cursor: text; } .affiliation-popover-content::before { right: calc(65% - 10px) !important; } .affiliation-popover-content label { margin-bottom: 0; width: .80em; margin-left: -.50em; text-align: right; } .affiliation-popover-content sup, .affiliation-popover-content label { display: none; } .affiliation-popover-content .affiliation-separator { margin-bottom: .5em; } .author-keys { color: #221f1f; } .title { color: #333; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2%; font-weight: 600; border-right: 5px solid transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--primary_color); line-height: 1.3; } .authorpopup-ul { padding-left: 1em; } .authorpopup-ul .authorpopup-li a { color: #ddd !important; } .authorpopup-ul .authorpopup-li a:hover { color: #bebdbd !important; } .external-links a { color: #ddd !important; } .external-links a:hover { color: #bebdbd !important; } span.styled-content { white-space: nowrap; } .supporting { color: #2ecc71; } .supporting a { color: #2ecc71; } .mentioning { color: #c9cac9; } .mentioning a { color: #c9cac9; } .disputing { color: #f39c12; } .disputing a { color: #f39c12; } .scite_popup_badges { font-family: Roboto-bold; } .scite_popup_badges:hover { color: white; } .scite_popover_content { min-width: 200px; top: 48px; left: 0; } .custom-scite-tally { height: 23px; } .scite-badge .scite-tally { height: 24px; } .custom-scite-tally-heading { height: 27px; } .scite_ref_popover_content { min-width: 145px; top: 44px; left: 0; text-align: center; padding: 1em .5em; } .credit_taxonomy a { color: #ddd !important; } .credit_taxonomy a:hover { color: #f3f3f3 !important; } .credit_taxonomy b { color: #fff; } .authorpopup-sub-heading { color: #fff; font-weight: bold; } .comma:after { content: ","; margin-right: .25em; } .comma:last-of-type:after { display: none; } .gb .front, .gb .body.back { display: block; } .gb .sub-article .front, .gb .sub-article .body, .gb .sub-article .back { display: none; } .ch .front, .ch .body, .ch .back { display: none; } .ch .sub-article .front, .ch .sub-article .body, .ch .sub-article .back { display: block; } .link-span { color: var(--primary_color); cursor: pointer; } .change-language-div { color: var(--primary_color); padding: 0em 1em; text-align: right; text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; } .change-language-div .language-icon { font-size: 1.2em; margin-right: .5em; } .change-language-div .language-text { font-size: .95em; font-size: .75em; font-weight: bold; } [attr-fig-type="sketchfabUrl"] { overflow: scroll; } .custom { display: inline-block; } .article_main_content { color: #333; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; font-weight: 600; } .custom-abstract { word-break: keep-all; } .custom-abstract sec title { display: block; font-weight: bold; } .nmr-heading { padding: 2% 2% 2% 2%; font-weight: bold; color: var(--primary_color); cursor: pointer; } .nmr-heading:hover { color: var(--primary_color); } .nmr-heading .nmr-heading-content { border-radius: 1%; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nmr-heading .nmr-heading-content .nmr-graph-icon { margin-right: .3em; font-size: 19px; } .fa-scite-loader { margin-left: .5em; color: var(--primary_color); } .scroll-to-top { font-family: Roboto-bold; font-size: .8em; color: #cecece; cursor: pointer; opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; -ms-transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: opacity 2s ease-in-out; } .scroll-to-top:hover .scroll-to-top-icon { color: var(--primary_color); } .fadein { opacity: 1; } .integrationModals .modal { padding-top: 120px !important; } .lens_view_float { right: 0; position: fixed !important; bottom: 15%; } .dyslexic_view_float { right: 0; position: fixed !important; bottom: 25%; } .dyslexic-active { background-color: #0bb4ca !important; } .tags { list-style: none; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; } .tags li { float: left; } .tag { background: #eee; border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px; color: var(--primary_color); display: inline-block; height: 22px; line-height: 22px; padding: 0 15px 0 20px; position: relative; margin: 0 5px 0px 0; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12px; -webkit-transition: color 0.2s; } .tag::before { background: var(--primary_color); border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: inset 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); content: ''; height: 6px; left: 8px; position: absolute; width: 6px; top: 7px; } .tag::after { background: #fff; border-bottom: 10px solid transparent; border-left: 10px solid #eee; border-top: 12px solid transparent; content: ''; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .tag:hover { color: #ffffff !important; background: var(--primary_color); } .tag:hover::before { background: #ffffff !important; } .tag:hover::after { border-left: 10px solid var(--primary_color); } .article-view-head-container-fluid { background: #ffffff; padding-bottom: 1%; } .article-view-body-container-fluid { background: #f9f8f7; padding: 2% 0% 6%; box-shadow: 6px 5px 20px -7px #0000001f; } .article-view-site-section { padding: 10em 0em 0em !important; } .article-title-keywords-section { justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; } .article-main-title-section { padding: 0 0 0 90px; position: relative; min-height: 62px; } .article-cover-image { width: 100%; height: 100%; left: 0; top: 0; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 4px; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; overflow: hidden; } .article-cover-image img { flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 100%; min-height: 100%; } .full-cover-img { width: 100%; height: 100%; } @media (max-width: 438px) and (min-width: 200px) { .sub-issue-cover { width: 6em !important; height: 10em !important; } } .dimensions-section { position: relative; top: -12px; } .article-doi-value, .article-pub-date-value { color: var(--primary_color); } .article-doi-pub-date-section { float: left; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 15px; } .article-view-download-count-section { float: right; border-radius: 6px; padding: 0px; position: relative; margin-top: 4rem !important; } .article-view-download-count-section .col-md-6:first-child { border-right: 1px solid rgba(202, 202, 202, 0.4); } .article-view-download-count-section .col-md-6 { float: left; } .article-view-label, .article-download-label { display: block; text-align: left; line-height: 16px; padding-left: 0 !important; font-size: 11px; color: #666; } .article-view-value, .article-download-value { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; line-height: 16px; padding-left: 0 !important; color: var(--primary_color); } .article-view-count-body, .article-download-count-body { position: relative; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 20px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px 6px 6px 45px; box-shadow: 0 0 6px 0 #0000001f; } .article-view-count-body { background: #eee; border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px; position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; } .view-count-icon, .download-count-icon { display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; position: absolute; left: 10%; top: 35%; color: var(--primary_color); } .article-download-count-body { background: var(--primary_color); border-radius: 0px 6px 6px 0px; position: absolute; bottom: 0; right: 0; } .article-download-count-body .download-count-icon, .article-download-count-body .article-download-label, .article-download-count-body .article-download-value { color: #ffffff !important; } .article-doi { border-right: 2px solid var(--primary_color); padding-right: 10px; margin-right: 10px; } .article-publication-timeline-section { border-top: 1px solid #e3e3e3; margin: 20px 0px 30px; display: inline-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 15px 0px 30px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; } .article-publication-timeline { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; border-right: 1px solid #e3e3e3; padding: 10px 20px; } .article-publication-timeline:last-child { border-right: none !important; } .article-pub-label { display: block; text-align: center; text-transform: capitalize; font-size: 14px; line-height: 15px; } .article-pub-date-vale { font-size: 13px; } .article-publication-timeline-container { height: 5em; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px; } .article-journal-publish-details { border-left: 3px solid var(--primary_color); padding-left: 10px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.7; } .article-info-value { color: var(--primary_color); } .article-publish-details-main-row { padding: 0px 20px; 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However, there is still a controversial issue on the azo (-N=N-)or hydrazone (=N-NH-) form in some hydrogen-bonded azo pigments: &#x3B2;-naphthol type [for example, pigment red 3 (PR3)], acetoacetanilide type [for example, pigment yellow 3 (PY3)], and pyrazolone type [for example, pigment yellow 60 (PY60)]. This is essentially a problem which resonance form should be designated as the chemical scheme. The authors have tackled this problem from the standpoint of the x-ray structure analysis and the chromophoric theory together with semiempirical molecular orbital calculations using methyl orange derivative (MOH) as the model substance. Our close examination of the MOH structure confirmed that the protonated-azo structure (-N=N+H-) is still the case rather than the hydrazone form. This motivated us to apply this form to PR3, PY3, and PY60. The result suggested that the protonated-azo structure could be more reasonable rather than the hydrazone one as far as the azo colorants are concerned. In other words, the more azolike structure is the case rather than the hydrozonelike form. "><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Imaging Science and Technology"><meta name="citation_issn" content="1943-3522"><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030508"><meta name="article_type" content="research-article"><meta name="citation_volume" content="55"><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Society for Imaging Science and Technology"><meta name="citation_publisher_location" content="false"><meta name="article_subject_heading" content="article"><meta name="citation_keywords" content=""><meta name="article_meta" content=""><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2011/05/01"><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://library.imaging.org/jist/articles/55/3/art00011"><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="5"><meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://library.imaging.org/jist/articles/55/3/art00011"><meta name="citation_article_url" content="https://library.imaging.org/jist/articles/55/3/art00011"><meta property="og:url" content="https://library.imaging.org/jist/articles/55/3/art00011"><meta property="og:title" content="Azo or Hydrazone Structure in Some Hydrogen-Bonded Azo Pigments"><meta property="og:description" content="Azo or Hydrazone Structure in Some Hydrogen-Bonded Azo Pigments"><meta property="og:image" content="https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/assets/article_cover_images/default_cover_image.png"><meta name="citation_author" content="Yuya Kamei"><meta name="citation_author" content="Hiroki Shibata"><meta name="citation_author" content="Jin Mizuguchi"></head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NKDDVTF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <app-root _nghost-sc0="" ng-version="6.1.10"><div _ngcontent-sc0="" style="min-height:undefinedpx;"><div _ngcontent-sc0="" class="progress-container" 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src="https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/assets/article_cover_images/default_cover_image.png"></div></div><div class="col-lg-10 col-md-10 col-sm-8 col-12"><div class="article-title-keywords-section"><div class="article-title" id="article-title" style="font-family:Roboto-Medium;">Azo or Hydrazone Structure in Some Hydrogen-Bonded Azo Pigments</div><div class="keywords-container d-none"><div class="" id="article-keyword-area"><ul class="tags"><li></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="article-authors mb-2"><span class="author-span"><div class=" popover__wrapper article-authors-content remove-button-style"><span class="author-name" style="font-family:Roboto-Medium;">Yuya Kamei</span></div></span><span class="author-span"><div class=" popover__wrapper article-authors-content remove-button-style"><span class="author-name" style="font-family:Roboto-Medium;">Hiroki Shibata</span></div></span><span class="author-span"><div class=" popover__wrapper article-authors-content remove-button-style"><span class="author-name" style="font-family:Roboto-Medium;">Jin Mizuguchi</span></div></span></div><div class="row mb-2 article-publish-details-main-row"><div class="col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-sm-12 col-12 article-doi-pub-date-section mb-2"><span class="article-doi"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-globe"></i>  <span class="article-doi-label">DOI :</span>  <a class="article-doi-value" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030508"><b>10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030508</b></a></span><span class="article-doi-pub-date"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-calendar"></i>  <span class="article-pub-date-label">Published Online</span> :  <span class="published-online-date article-pub-date-value"><b>May 2011</b></span></span></div><div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-12"><div class="row" style="opacity: .6;"><div class="col-md-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-4 r-align"><a class="article-download-bibtex" download="" 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colorants as characterized by the azo group. However, there is still a controversial issue on the azo (-N=N-)or hydrazone (=N-NH-) form in some hydrogen-bonded azo pigments: 尾-naphthol type [for example, pigment red 3 (PR3)], acetoacetanilide type [for example, pigment yellow 3 (PY3)], and pyrazolone type [for example, pigment yellow 60 (PY60)]. This is essentially a problem which resonance form should be designated as the chemical scheme. The authors have tackled this problem from the standpoint of the x-ray structure analysis and the chromophoric theory together with semiempirical molecular orbital calculations using methyl orange derivative (MOH) as the model substance. Our close examination of the MOH structure confirmed that the protonated-azo structure (-N=N+H-) is still the case rather than the hydrazone form. This motivated us to apply this form to PR3, PY3, and PY60. The result suggested that the protonated-azo structure could be more reasonable rather than the hydrazone one as far as the azo colorants are concerned. In other words, the more azolike structure is the case rather than the hydrozonelike form.</p> </div></div><div class="row mb-2 article-publish-details-main-row"><div class="col-lg-9 col-md-9 col-sm-12 col-12 article-journal-publish-details"><div><span class="article-info-label">Journal Title : </span><span class="article-info-value"><b>Journal of Imaging Science and Technology</b></span></div><div><span class="article-info-label">Publisher Name : </span><span class="article-info-value"><b>Society for Imaging Science and Technology</b></span></div><div class="article-subject-area d-none"><div class="" id="article-subject-area"><span class="subject-area-heading">Subject Areas : </span></div></div></div><div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-12 article-view-download-count-section"><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-6 article-view-count-body"><i class="fa fa-eye view-count-icon"></i><span class="article-view-label" style="font-family:Roboto-Medium;"> Views </span><span 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style="font-family:Roboto-regular;"><span class="article-detail-info-card-heading" style="font-family:Roboto-Bold;"><i class="fa fa-quote-left article-detail-info-icon"></i>   Cite this article  </span><p class="article-detail-info-card-content"><span> Yuya Kamei, </span><span> Hiroki Shibata, </span><span> Jin Mizuguchi, </span> "<span>Azo or Hydrazone Structure in Some Hydrogen-Bonded Azo Pigments</span>"  <span>in <i>Journal of Imaging Science and Technology</i>,</span>  <span>2011,</span>  <span>pp 30508-1 - 30508-5, </span><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030508"> https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.3.030508</a></p><span class="citation-copy-icon" popover="Citation Copied Successfully !" title="Copy Citation" triggers="click:mouseleave"><span class="copy-citation-text"><i class="fa fa-copy"></i>  Copy citation</span></span></div><div class="article-detail-info-card mt-3" style="font-family:Roboto-regular;"><span 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