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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Restoration of Charles II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_Charles_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle England and Wales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_regicides_and_rebels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_regicides_and_rebels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Commonwealth regicides and rebels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_regicides_and_rebels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regrant_of_certain_Commonwealth_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regrant_of_certain_Commonwealth_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regrant_of_certain_Commonwealth_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venner_rebellion_(1661)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venner_rebellion_(1661)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Venner rebellion (1661)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venner_rebellion_(1661)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_England_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_England_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Church of England settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_England_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>English colonies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English_colonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English colonies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectacular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectacular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Spectacular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectacular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>End of the Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stuart Restoration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="الاسترداد (إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاسترداد (إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3n_inglesa" title="Restauración inglesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Restauración inglesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Рэстаўрацыя Сцюартаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэстаўрацыя Сцюартаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Реставрация на Стюартите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реставрация на Стюартите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3_anglesa" title="Restauració anglesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Restauració anglesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurace_Stuartovc%C5%AF" title="Restaurace Stuartovců – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Restaurace Stuartovců" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Adferiad" title="Yr Adferiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Adferiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurationen_i_England" title="Restaurationen i England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Restaurationen i England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart-Restauration" title="Stuart-Restauration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stuart-Restauration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglise_restauratsioon" title="Inglise restauratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglise restauratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84" title="Παλινόρθωση των Στιούαρτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλινόρθωση των Στιούαρτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3n_inglesa" title="Restauración inglesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Restauración inglesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angla_Resurtronigo" title="Angla Resurtronigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angla Resurtronigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بازگردانی پادشاهی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازگردانی پادشاهی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauration_Stuart" title="Restauration Stuart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Restauration Stuart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athchur_na_Seacaib%C3%ADteach" title="Athchur na Seacaibíteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athchur na Seacaibíteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%99%95%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5%EA%B3%A0" title="잉글랜드 왕정복고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드 왕정복고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ստյուարտների վերականգնում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստյուարտների վերականգնում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasi_Stuart" title="Restorasi Stuart – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Restorasi Stuart" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BAart-endurreisnin" title="Stúart-endurreisnin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stúart-endurreisnin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurazione_inglese" title="Restaurazione inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Restaurazione inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרסטורציה האנגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרסטורציה האנגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restora_(England)" title="Restora (England) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Restora (England)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoh_Pengembalian_Takhta_England" title="Tempoh Pengembalian Takhta England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tempoh Pengembalian Takhta England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauratie_(Engeland)" title="Restauratie (Engeland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Restauratie (Engeland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E5%8F%A4" title="イングランド王政復古 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド王政復古" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurasjonen_i_England" title="Restaurasjonen i England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Restaurasjonen i England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracja_Stuart%C3%B3w" title="Restauracja Stuartów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Restauracja Stuartów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(Inglaterra)" title="Restauração (Inglaterra) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Restauração (Inglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1660 restoration of the monarchy in the British Isles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Stuart Restoration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1660–1714</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg/330px-Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg/440px-Charles_II_of_England_in_Coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> in coronation robes by <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wright" title="John Michael Wright">John Michael Wright</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">Thomas Parker</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="class-skin-invert-image"><img 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">English history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43–410</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">410–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 449–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman/Angevin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1066–1216</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Plantagenet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1216–1485</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1485–1603 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1558–1603</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1714 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1603–1625</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1625–1649</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;">(<a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1649–1660</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restoration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1660–1714</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1714–1837 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1811–1820</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1837–1901</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1901–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (political)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (social)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>See also</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history (1979–present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template talk:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Stuart Restoration</b> was the reinstatement in May 1660 of the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart monarchy">Stuart monarchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, established in January 1649 after the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a>, with his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. </p><p>The term is also used to describe the reign of Charles II (1660–1685), and sometimes that of his younger brother <a href="/wiki/King_James_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King James II">James II</a> (1685–1688). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Protectorate">The Protectorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Protectorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> from 1658 to 1659, ceded power to the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fleetwood" title="Charles Fleetwood">Charles Fleetwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(general)" title="John Lambert (general)">John Lambert</a> then dominated government for a year. On 20 October 1659, <a href="/wiki/George_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Monck">George Monck</a>, the governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland to oppose Fleetwood and Lambert. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone whilst Monck marched to London unopposed. The Presbyterian members, excluded in <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">Pride's Purge</a> of 1648, were recalled, and on 24 December the army restored the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-108_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before Parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March 1660, Lambert was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, from which he escaped a month later. He tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a> by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "<a href="/wiki/Good_Old_Cause" title="Good Old Cause">Good Old Cause</a>" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill, but he was recaptured by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ingoldsby" title="Richard Ingoldsby">Richard Ingoldsby</a>, a participant in the <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a> of Charles I who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-108_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambert was incarcerated and died in custody in 1684; Ingoldsby was pardoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth189210_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth189210-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The restoration was not what George Monck, as an apparent engineer of the Restoration, had intended – if indeed he knew what he intended, for in Clarendon's sardonic words; "the whole machine was infinitely above his strength ... and it is glory enough to his memory that he was instrumental in bringing those things to pass which he had neither wisdom to foresee, nor courage to attempt, nor understanding to contrive".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a> Great Tew Circle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_of_Charles_II">Restoration of Charles II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Restoration of Charles II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg/240px-Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg/360px-Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg/480px-Hendrick_de_Meijer_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>The departure of Charles II from Scheveningen (1660)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 April 1660, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Breda" title="Declaration of Breda">Declaration of Breda</a>, in which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the crown of England. While he did this, Monck organised the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a>, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May, it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> on 30 January 1649.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Tim Harris argues that "Constitutionally, it was as if the last nineteen years had never happened."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles returned from exile, leaving <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a> on 23 May and landing at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> on 25 May.<sup id="cite_ref-pepysdiary23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pepysdiary23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered London on 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday. To celebrate His Majesty's Return to his Parliament, 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Oak_Apple_Day" title="Oak Apple Day">Oak Apple Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-pepysdiary23_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pepysdiary23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporaries described the Restoration as "a divinely ordained miracle". The sudden and unexpected deliverance from political chaos was interpreted as a restoration of the natural and divine order.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a> convened for the first time on 8 May 1661, and it would endure for over 17 years, finally being dissolved on 24 January 1679. Like its predecessor, it was overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a>. It is also known as the Pensionary Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading political figure at the beginning of the Restoration was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a>. It was the "skill and wisdom of Clarendon" which had "made the Restoration unconditional".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Royalist exiles returned and were rewarded. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a> returned to the service of England, became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a>, and was provided with an annuity. <a href="/wiki/George_Goring,_1st_Earl_of_Norwich" title="George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich">George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich</a>, returned to be the Captain of the King's guard and received a pension. <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Langdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmaduke Langdale">Marmaduke Langdale</a> returned and was made "<a href="/wiki/Baron_Langdale" title="Baron Langdale">Baron Langdale</a>". <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">William Cavendish</a>, Marquess of Newcastle, returned and was able to regain the greater part of his estates. He was invested in 1666 with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> (which had been bestowed upon him in 1650), and was advanced to a <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">dukedom</a> on 16 March 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-470_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-470-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_regicides_and_rebels">Commonwealth regicides and rebels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commonwealth regicides and rebels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stuart_Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Stuart Restoration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stuart+Restoration%22">"Stuart Restoration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stuart+Restoration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stuart+Restoration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stuart+Restoration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stuart+Restoration%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stuart+Restoration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_(General)_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_%28General%29_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_%282%29.jpg/220px-Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_%28General%29_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_%28General%29_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_%282%29.jpg/330px-Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_%28General%29_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_%28General%29_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_%282%29.jpg/440px-Major-General_Thomas_Harrison_%28General%29_in_Cromwell%27s_Army_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Thomas Harrison</a>, the first person found guilty of regicide during the Restoration</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indemnity_and_Oblivion_Act" title="Indemnity and Oblivion Act">Indemnity and Oblivion Act</a>, which became law on 29 August 1660, pardoned all past treason against the crown, but specifically excluded <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">those involved in the trial and execution of Charles I</a>. Thirty-one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I#Commissioners" title="List of regicides of Charles I">59 commissioners</a> (judges) who had signed the death warrant in 1649 were living. The regicides were hunted down; some escaped but most were found and put on trial. Three escaped to the American colonies. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, secretly harboured Edward Whalley, William Goffe and John Dixwell, and after American independence named streets after them to honour them as forefathers of the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightHaggith201418–21_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightHaggith201418–21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ensuing trials, twelve were condemned to death. The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Thomas Harrison</a>, the first person found guilty of regicide, who had been the seventeenth of the 59 commissioners to sign the death warrant, was the first regicide to be <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> because he was considered by the new government still to represent a real threat to the re-established order. In October 1660, at <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>, London, ten were publicly hanged, drawn and quartered: Thomas Harrison, <a href="/wiki/John_Jones_Maesygarnedd" title="John Jones Maesygarnedd">John Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Scrope" title="Adrian Scrope">Adrian Scrope</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_(regicide)" title="John Carew (regicide)">John Carew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scot" title="Thomas Scot">Thomas Scot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clement" title="Gregory Clement">Gregory Clement</a>, who had signed the king's death warrant; the preacher <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Peters">Hugh Peters</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hacker" title="Francis Hacker">Francis Hacker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Axtell" title="Daniel Axtell">Daniel Axtell</a>, who commanded the guards at the king's trial and execution; and <a href="/wiki/John_Cooke_(prosecutor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooke (prosecutor)">John Cooke</a>, the solicitor who directed the prosecution. The 10 judges who were on the panel but did not sign the death warrant were also convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1982195–216_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1982195–216-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ireton" title="Henry Ireton">Henry Ireton</a>, Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pride" title="Thomas Pride">Thomas Pride</a>, and Judge <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">John Bradshaw</a> were posthumously <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a> for high treason. Because Parliament is a court, the highest in the land, a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a> is a legislative act declaring a person guilty of treason or felony, in contrast to the regular judicial process of trial and conviction. In January 1661, the corpses of Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw were exhumed and hanged in chains at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyburn, London">Tyburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1661 <a href="/wiki/John_Okey" title="John Okey">John Okey</a>, one of the regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I, was brought back from Holland along with <a href="/wiki/Miles_Corbet" title="Miles Corbet">Miles Corbet</a>, friend and lawyer to Cromwell, and <a href="/wiki/John_Barkstead" title="John Barkstead">John Barkstead</a>, former constable of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. They were all imprisoned in the Tower. From there they were taken to Tyburn and hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662. A further 19 regicides were imprisoned for life. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lambert (General)">John Lambert</a> was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the Restoration, he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> for the rest of his life. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane the Younger</a> served on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (England)">Council of State</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation (approval) of the King's execution. At the Restoration, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662 he was tried for high treason, found guilty and beheaded on <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Hill, London">Tower Hill</a> on 14 June 1662. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regrant_of_certain_Commonwealth_titles">Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Knights,_baronets_and_peers_of_the_Protectorate" title="Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate">Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government" title="Instrument of Government">Instrument of Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>'s written constitutions, gave to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector_(Cromwell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Protector (Cromwell)">Lord Protector</a> the King's power to grant titles of honour. Over 30 new <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthoods</a> were granted under the Protectorate. These knighthoods <a href="/wiki/Indemnity_and_Oblivion_Act" title="Indemnity and Oblivion Act">passed into oblivion</a> upon the Restoration of Charles II, but many were regranted by the restored King. </p><p>Of the eleven Protectorate <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronetcies</a>, two had been previously granted by Charles I during the Civil War, but under <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth (England)">Commonwealth</a> legislation they were not recognised under the Protectorate (hence the Lord Protector's regranting of them). When that legislation passed into oblivion these two baronets were entitled to use the baronetcies granted by Charles I, and Charles II regranted four more. Only one now continues: <a href="/wiki/Williams-Bulkeley_Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams-Bulkeley Baronets">Richard Thomas Willy</a>, 14th baronet, is the direct successor of Griffith Williams. Of the remaining Protectorate baronets one, <a href="/wiki/William_Ellis_(solicitor-general)" title="William Ellis (solicitor-general)">William Ellis</a>, was granted a knighthood by Charles II. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dunch,_Baron_Burnell_of_East_Wittenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Dunch, Baron Burnell of East Wittenham">Edmund Dunch</a> was created <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658, but this barony was not regranted. The male line failed in 1719 with the death of his grandson, also <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dunch_(Whig)" title="Edmund Dunch (Whig)">Edmund Dunch</a>, so no one can lay claim to the title. </p><p>The one hereditary <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscountcy</a> Cromwell created for certain,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (making <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle">Charles Howard</a> Viscount Howard of Morpeth and Baron Gilsland) continues to this day. In April 1661, Howard was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Earl of Carlisle">Earl of Carlisle</a>, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, and Baron Dacre of Gillesland. The present Earl is a direct descendant of this Cromwellian creation and Restoration recreation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venner_rebellion_(1661)"><span id="Venner_rebellion_.281661.29"></span>Venner rebellion (1661)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Venner rebellion (1661)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 January 1661, about 50 <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchists</a>, headed by a wine-cooper named <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Venner" title="Thomas Venner">Thomas Venner</a>, tried to gain possession of London in the name of "King Jesus". Most were either killed or taken prisoner; on 19 and 21 January 1661, Venner and 10 others were hanged, drawn and quartered for high <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_England_settlement">Church of England settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Church of England settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was restored as the national Church in England, backed by the <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Code">Clarendon Code</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a>. People reportedly "pranced around <a href="/wiki/May_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="May poles">May poles</a> as a way of taunting the Presbyterians and Independents" and "burned copies of the <a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Ireland)" title="Restoration (Ireland)">Restoration (Ireland)</a></div> <p>"The commonwealth parliamentary union was, after 1660, treated as null and void".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB151012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB151012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in England the republic was deemed constitutionally never to have occurred. The Convention Parliament was dissolved by Charles II in January 1661, and he summoned his first parliament in Ireland in May 1661. In 1662, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Apple_Day" title="Oak Apple Day">29 May</a> was made a public holiday known to this day as Oak Apple Day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coote, Broghill and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Eustace_(Lord_Chancellor)" title="Maurice Eustace (Lord Chancellor)">Maurice Eustace</a> were initially the main political figures in the Restoration. <a href="/wiki/George_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Monck">George Monck, Duke of Albemarle</a> was given the position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> but he did not assume office. In 1662 <a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormonde" class="mw-redirect" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde">James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde</a> returned as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and became the predominant political figure of the Restoration period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)" title="Restoration (Scotland)">Restoration (Scotland)</a></div> <p>Charles was proclaimed King again on 14 May 1660. He was not crowned, having been previously crowned at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland#Gaelic_coronation_site" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> in 1651. The Restoration "presented an occasion of universal celebration and rejoicing throughout Scotland".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200314_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200314-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles II summoned his parliament on 1 January 1661, which began to undo all that been forced on his father <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of Scotland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rescissory_Act_1661" title="Rescissory Act 1661">Rescissory Act 1661</a> made all legislation back to 1633 'void and null'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200378_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200378-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_colonies">English colonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_in_the_English_colonies" title="Restoration in the English colonies">Restoration in the English colonies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barbados#British_colonial_rule" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, as a haven for refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">English republic</a>, had held for Charles II under <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willoughby,_5th_Baron_Willoughby_of_Parham" title="Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham">Lord Willoughby</a> until defeated by <a href="/wiki/George_Ayscue" title="George Ayscue">George Ayscue</a>. When news reached Barbados of the King's restoration, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Modyford" title="Thomas Modyford">Thomas Modyford</a> declared Barbados for the King in July 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham192110_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham192110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planters, however, were not eager for the return of the former governor Lord Willoughby, fearing disputes over titles, but the King ordered he be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham192112–14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham192112–14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> had been a conquest of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s and Charles II's claim to the island was therefore questionable. However, Charles II chose not to restore Jamaica to Spain and in 1661 it became a British colony and the planters would claim that they held rights as Englishmen by the King's assumption of the dominion of Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonteithRichards200136–39_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonteithRichards200136–39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first governor was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Windsor_Hickman,_1st_Earl_of_Plymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Windsor Hickman, 1st Earl of Plymouth">Lord Windsor</a>. He was replaced in 1664 by Thomas Modyford who had been ousted from Barbados.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> settlement, had supported the Commonwealth and <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">the Protectorate</a>. Acceptance of the Restoration was reluctant in some quarters as it highlighted the failure of puritan reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremers1995151–153_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremers1995151–153-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> declared in October 1660 and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts</a> lastly in August 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002111_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002111-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">The Colony of New Haven</a> provided refuge for <a href="/wiki/Regicide#Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England" title="Regicide">Regicides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whalley" title="Edward Whalley">Edward Whalley</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Goffe" title="William Goffe">William Goffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dixwell" title="John Dixwell">John Dixwell</a> and would be subsequently merged into <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> in 1662, perhaps in punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Winthrop Jr.">John Winthrop</a>, a former governor of Connecticut, and one of whose sons had been a captain in <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Monck</a>'s army, went to England at the Restoration and in 1662 obtained a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> for Connecticut with New Haven annexed to it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> had resisted the republic until finally occupied by New England Puritans/Parliamentary forces after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn" title="Battle of the Severn">Battle of the Severn</a> in 1655. In 1660 the Governor <a href="/wiki/Josias_Fendall" title="Josias Fendall">Josias Fendall</a> tried to turn Maryland into a Commonwealth of its own in what is known as <a href="/wiki/Josias_Fendall#Fendall.27s_Rebellion" title="Josias Fendall">Fendall's Rebellion</a> but with the fall of the republic in England he was left without support and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Calvert_(governor)" title="Phillip Calvert (governor)">Philip Calvert</a> upon the Restoration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> was the most loyal of King Charles II's dominions. It had, according to the eighteenth-century historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beverley_Jr." title="Robert Beverley Jr.">Robert Beverley Jr.</a>, been "the last of all the King's Dominions that submitted to the Usurpation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeverley172251_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeverley172251-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia had provided sanctuary for <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Cavaliers</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">English republic</a>. In 1650, Virginia was one of the Royalist colonies that became the subject of Parliament's <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a>, who had previously been governor up until 1652, was elected governor in 1660 by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> and he promptly declared for the King. The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)#Colonial_era" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Anglican Church</a> was restored as the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Somers Isles, alias <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> (originally named <i>Virgineola</i>), was originally part of Virginia, and was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a>, a spin-off of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a>, until 1684. The already existing contest between the mostly Parliamentarian Adventurers (shareholders) of the company in England and the Bermudians, who had their own <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a> (and many of whom were becoming landowners as they were sold the land they had previously farmed as tenants as the profitability of the tobacco farmed exclusively for the company fell), placed the Bermudians on the side of the Crown despite the large number of Puritans in the colony. </p><p>Bermudians were attempting to shift their economy from tobacco to a maritime one and were being thwarted by the company, which relied on revenue from tobacco cultivation. Bermuda was the first colony to recognise Charles II as King in 1649. It controlled its own "army" (of militia) and deposed the Company appointed Governor, electing a replacement. Its Independent Puritans were forced to emigrate, settling the Bahamas under prominent Bermudian settler, sometime Governor of Bermuda, and Parliamentary loyalist <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a>. Although eventually reaching a compromise with the Commonwealth, the Bermudians dispute with the company continued and was finally taken before the restored Crown, which was keen for an opportunity to re-assert its authority over the wealthy businessmen who controlled the Somers Isles Company. </p><p>The islanders' protest to the Crown initially concerned the mis-treatment of Perient Trott and his heirs (including <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trott" title="Nicholas Trott">Nicholas Trott</a>), but expanded to include the company's wider mismanagement of the colony. This led to a lengthy court case in which the Crown championed Bermudians against the company, and resulted in the company's Royal Charter being revoked in 1684. From that point onwards the Crown assumed responsibility for appointing the Colony's governors (it first re-appointed the last company governor). Freed of the company's restraints, the emerging local merchant class came to dominate and shape Bermuda's progress, as Bermudians abandoned agriculture en masse and turned to seafaring. </p><p>In 1663 the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> was formed as a reward given to <a href="/wiki/Lords_Proprietors#Lords_Proprietary_of_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Proprietors">some supporters</a> of the Restoration. The province was named after the King's father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> was established in 1669 by a party of settlers from Bermuda (some being Bermudians aboard Bermudian vessels, others having passed through Bermuda from as far as England) under the same William Sayle who had led the Eleutheran Adventurers to the Bahamas. In 1670, Sayle became the first Colonial Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Restoration and Charles' coronation mark a reversal of the stringent Puritan morality, "as though the pendulum [of England's morality] swung from repression to licence more or less overnight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker199485_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker199485-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship, Puritanism lost its momentum, and bawdy comedy became a recognisable genre. In addition, women were allowed to perform on the commercial stage as professional actresses for the first time. In Scotland, the bishops returned as the <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">Episcopacy</a> was reinstated. </p><p>To celebrate the occasion and cement their diplomatic relations, the Dutch Republic presented Charles with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gift" title="Dutch Gift">Dutch Gift</a>, a fine collection of old master paintings, classical sculptures, furniture, and a yacht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration literature</a></div> <p>Restoration literature includes the roughly homogenous styles of literature that centre on a celebration of or reaction to the restored court of King Charles II. It is a literature that includes extremes, for it encompasses both <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot,_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester" title="John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester">John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sodom,_or_the_Quintessence_of_Debauchery" title="Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery">Sodom</a></i>, the high-spirited <a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">sexual comedy</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Wife" title="The Country Wife">The Country Wife</a></i> and the moral wisdom of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></i>. It saw <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Treatises of Government</a></i>, the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, the experiments and holy meditations of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, the hysterical attacks on theatres from <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Collier" title="Jeremy Collier">Jeremy Collier</a>, and the pioneering of <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> from <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)" title="John Dennis (dramatist)">John Dennis</a>. The period witnessed news become a commodity, the <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> develop into a periodical art form, and the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_style" title="Restoration style">Restoration style</a></div> <p>The return of the king and his court from exile led to the replacement of the Puritan severity of the Cromwellian style with a taste for magnificence and opulence and to the introduction of Dutch and French artistic influences. These are evident in furniture in the use of floral <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> instead of oak, twisted turned supports and legs, exotic <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneers</a>, cane seats and backs on chairs, sumptuous <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a> and ornate carved and gilded scrolling bases for cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar shifts appear in prose style.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedy">Comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></div> <p>Comedy, especially bawdy comedy, flourished, and a favourite setting was the bed-chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, sexually explicit language was encouraged by the king personally and by the rakish style of his court. Historian <a href="/wiki/George_Norman_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="George Norman Clark">George Norman Clark</a> argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The best-known fact about the Restoration drama is that it is immoral. The dramatists did not criticize the accepted morality about gambling, drink, love, and pleasure generally, or try, like the dramatists of our own time, to work out their own view of character and conduct. What they did was, according to their respective inclinations, to mock at all restraints. Some were gross, others delicately improper....The dramatists did not merely say anything they liked: they also intended to glory in it and to shock those who did not like it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The socially diverse audiences included both aristocrats, their servants and hangers-on, and a substantial middle-class segment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These playgoers were attracted to the comedies by up-to-the-minute topical writing, by crowded and bustling plots, by the introduction of the first professional actresses, and by the rise of the first celebrity actors. This period saw the first professional female playwright, <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectacular">Spectacular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spectacular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_spectacular" title="Restoration spectacular">Restoration spectacular</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Settle-Morocco-detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Settle-Morocco-detail.png/250px-Settle-Morocco-detail.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Settle-Morocco-detail.png/375px-Settle-Morocco-detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Settle-Morocco-detail.png/500px-Settle-Morocco-detail.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>This naval battle was one of the sets for <a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Settle" title="Elkanah Settle">Elkanah Settle</a>'s <i>Empress of Morocco</i> (1673) at <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">the theatre in Dorset Garden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Restoration spectacular</b>, or elaborately staged <b>machine play</b>, hit the London public stage in the late 17th-century Restoration period, enthralling audiences with action, music, dance, moveable scenery, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_illusionistic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque illusionistic painting">baroque illusionistic painting</a>, gorgeous costumes, and special effects such as trapdoor tricks, "flying" actors, and fireworks. These shows have always had a bad reputation as a vulgar and commercial threat to the witty, "legitimate" Restoration drama; however, they drew Londoners in unprecedented numbers and left them dazzled and delighted.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basically home-grown and with roots in the early 17th-century court <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>, though never ashamed of borrowing ideas and stage technology from <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a>, the spectaculars are sometimes called "English opera". However, the variety of them is so untidy that most theatre historians despair of defining them as a genre at all.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a handful of works of this period are usually accorded the term "opera", as the musical dimension of most of them is subordinate to the visual. It was spectacle and scenery that drew in the crowds, as shown by many comments in the diary of the theatre-lover <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expense of mounting ever more elaborate scenic productions drove the two competing theatre companies into a dangerous spiral of huge expenditure and correspondingly huge losses or profits. A fiasco such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Albion_and_Albanius" title="Albion and Albanius">Albion and Albanius</a></i> would leave a company in serious debt, while blockbusters like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a>'s <i>Psyche</i> or Dryden's <i><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_(opera)" title="King Arthur (opera)">King Arthur</a></i> would put it comfortably in the black for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Restoration">End of the Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: End of the Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_Landing_at_Brixham,_Torbay,_5_November_1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/220px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/330px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/440px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wyck" title="Jan Wyck">Jan Wyck</a>, commemorating the start of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> ended the Restoration. The Glorious Revolution which overthrew King James II of England was propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange-Nassau</a> (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James' daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1688, James had re-issued the <i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a></i> and ordered all Anglican clergymen to read it to their congregations. When seven bishops, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for seditious libel. On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles invited the <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">Prince of Orange</a> to come to England with an army. By September it became clear that William would invade England.<sup id="cite_ref-online_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When William arrived on 5 November 1688, James lost his nerve, declined to attack the invading Dutch and tried to flee to France. He was captured in Kent. Later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Having no desire to make James a martyr, William, Prince of Orange, let him escape on 23 December. James was received in France by his cousin and ally, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, who offered him a palace and a pension.<sup id="cite_ref-online_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William convened a <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Convention Parliament</a> to decide how to handle the situation. While the Parliament refused to depose James, they declared that James, having fled to France had effectively abdicated the throne, and that the throne was vacant. To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, Prince of Orange, who would be king. The English Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_of_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of Rights of 1689">Bill of Rights of 1689</a> that denounced James for abusing his power.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_C._A_2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_C._A_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> after having sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Seven Bishops</a> for merely petitioning the crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the imposition of cruel punishments. The bill also declared that henceforth no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_C._A_2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_C._A_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cromwell had intended to make <a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a> a viscount, but it is not clear if he so before he died.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-108-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-108_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-108_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911a">Chisholm 1911a</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth189210-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth189210_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFirth1892">Firth 1892</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802a_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802a"><i>House of Commons</i> 1802a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pepysdiary23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pepysdiary23_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pepysdiary23_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/04/23/index.php">Pepys Diary 23 April 1661</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708122611/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/04/23/index.php">Archived</a> 8 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802b-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''House_of_Commons''1802b_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802b"><i>House of Commons</i> 1802b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1978">Jones 1978</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWallace2013" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, David C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkpl2cBZn3gC&dq=It+is+also+known+as+the+Pensionary+Parliament+for+the+many+pensions+it+granted+to+adherents+of+the+King.&pg=PA175"><i>Twenty-Two Turbulent Years 1639–1661</i></a>. Fast-Print Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78035-660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78035-660-0"><bdi>978-1-78035-660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty-Two+Turbulent+Years+1639%E2%80%931661&rft.pub=Fast-Print+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78035-660-0&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkpl2cBZn3gC%26dq%3DIt%2Bis%2Balso%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bthe%2BPensionary%2BParliament%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bmany%2Bpensions%2Bit%2Bgranted%2Bto%2Badherents%2Bof%2Bthe%2BKing.%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1953">Clark 1953</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-470-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB-470_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911b">Chisholm 1911b</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightHaggith201418–21-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightHaggith201418–21_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeightHaggith2014">Weight & Haggith 2014</a>, pp. 18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1982195–216-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1982195–216_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh1982">McIntosh 1982</a>, pp. 195–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakers2018" class="citation book cs1">Dakers, Caroline (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OFaDwAAQBAJ&dq=In+January+1661,+the+corpses+of+Cromwell,+Ireton+and+Bradshaw+were+exhumed+and+hanged+in+chains+at+Tyburn.&pg=PA240"><i>Fonthill Recovered: A Cultural History</i></a>. UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-047-2"><bdi>978-1-78735-047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonthill+Recovered%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-047-2&rft.aulast=Dakers&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OFaDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIn%2BJanuary%2B1661%2C%2Bthe%2Bcorpses%2Bof%2BCromwell%2C%2BIreton%2Band%2BBradshaw%2Bwere%2Bexhumed%2Band%2Bhanged%2Bin%2Bchains%2Bat%2BTyburn.%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2005">Harris 2005</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB151012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB151012_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB15">EB15</a>, p. 1012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200314-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200314_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200378-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200378_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham192110-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham192110_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham1921">Higham 1921</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham192112–14-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham192112–14_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham1921">Higham 1921</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonteithRichards200136–39-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonteithRichards200136–39_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonteithRichards2001">Monteith & Richards 2001</a>, pp. 36–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremers1995151–153-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremers1995151–153_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremers1995">Bremers 1995</a>, pp. 151–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002111-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002111_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2002">Middleton 2002</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2002112_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2002">Middleton 2002</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeverley172251-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeverley172251_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeverley1722">Beverley 1722</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker199485-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker199485_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1994">Baker 1994</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Runcieman Sutherland, <i>Restoration Literature, 1660–1700: Dryden, Bunyan, and Pepys</i> (Clarendon Press, 1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Arakelin, "The Myth of a Restoration Style Shift", <i>Eighteenth Century</i>, 20 (1979), 227–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Egan, "'For mine own private satisfaction': Marvell's aesthetic signatures in the rehearsal Transpros'd." <i>Prose Studies</i> 22.3 (1999): 17–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy W. Webster, "In and Out of the Bed-chamber: Staging Libertine Desire in Restoration Comedy". <i>Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies</i> (2012): 77–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Clark, <i>The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714</i> (1956) p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Love, "Who Were the Restoration Audience?", <i>The Yearbook of English Studies</i>, 10 (1986), 21–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonamy Dobrée, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhlaAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Restoration+style%22+severity+england+puritanism&pg=PA9"><i>Restoration Comedy, 1660–1720</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818161818/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=ZhlaAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=%22Restoration+style%22+severity+england+puritanism&ots=7XVt96Cwd9&sig=4_EZpAi3tZTsT9Sh-iySC9T1nKE">Archived</a> 18 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Oxford UP, 1924) .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyndsey Bakewell, "Changing scenes and flying machines: re-examination of spectacle and the spectacular in Restoration theatre, 1660–1714" (PhD. Diss. Loughborough University, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212175057/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c52/dfd2b876951f2d9ca982a2aa2460f52c228f.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. Hume, <i>The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century</i> (1976) p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, 206–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Milhous, <i>Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695–1708</i> (Southern Illinois UP, 1979) pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Miller, <i>The Glorious Revolution</i> (Routledge, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-online_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Harris, "James II, the Glorious Revolution, and the destiny of Britain." <i>Historical Journal</i> 51.3 (2008): 763–775 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20175194">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819093349/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20175194">Archived</a> 19 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven_C._A_2005-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_C._A_2005_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_C._A_2005_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven C. A. Pincus, <i>England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents</i> (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeling1896">Wakeling 1896</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeling1896" class="citation book cs1">Wakeling, George Henry (1896). <i>King and Parliament (A.D. 1603–1714)</i>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-03867-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-03867-3"><bdi>978-0-524-03867-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+Parliament+%28A.D.+1603%E2%80%931714%29&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-0-524-03867-3&rft.aulast=Wakeling&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1994" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Roger (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draghistoryoffem00bake"><i>Drag: A History of Female Impersonation in the Performing Arts</i></a></span>. New York City: NYU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draghistoryoffem00bake/page/n313">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1253-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drag%3A+A+History+of+Female+Impersonation+in+the+Performing+Arts&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1253-5&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdraghistoryoffem00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverley1722" class="citation cs2">Beverley, Robert (1722), <i>The History and Present State of Virginia</i>, p. 51</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Present+State+of+Virginia&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1722&rft.aulast=Beverley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremers1995" class="citation cs2">Bremers, Francis J. (1995), <i>The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards</i> (Revised ed.), pp. 151–153</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puritan+Experiment%3A+New+England+Society+from+Bradford+to+Edwards&rft.pages=151-153&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bremers&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCEE_staff2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">CEE staff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925002215/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841607.html">"Restoration"</a>. <i>The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</i> (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841607.html/">the original</a> on 25 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Restoration&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=CEE+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fhistory%2FA0841607.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lambert, John (general)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lambert,_John_(general)">"Lambert, John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 108, 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lambert%2C+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=108%2C+109&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Newcastle, Dukes of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Newcastle,_Dukes_of">"Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. William Cavendish" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 470, 471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newcastle%2C+Dukes+of+s.v.+William+Cavendish&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=470%2C+471&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB15" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 21 (15 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB_staff2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">EB staff (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/499715/Restoration">"Restoration"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> (online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Restoration&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2012&rft.au=EB+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F499715%2FRestoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1953" class="citation book cs1">Clark, George (1953). <i>The Later Stuarts 1660–1714</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Stuarts+1660%E2%80%931714&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Firth, Charles Harding (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1685)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ingoldsby,_Richard_(d.1685)">"Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1685)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 9–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ingoldsby%2C+Richard+%28d.1685%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Charles+Harding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2005). <i>Restoration:Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685</i>. Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration%3ACharles+II+and+His+Kingdoms+1660%E2%80%931685&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1921" class="citation cs2">Higham, C.S. (1921), "The Development of the Leeward Islands under the Restoration 1660–1688", <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, <b>58</b> (4): 10, 12–14, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921GeogJ..58..311B">1921GeogJ..58..311B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1781045">10.2307/1781045</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1781045">1781045</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Leeward+Islands+under+the+Restoration+1660%E2%80%931688&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=10%2C+12-14&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1781045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1781045&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1921GeogJ..58..311B&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802a" class="citation journal cs1">"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 8 May 1660". <i>Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 8, 1660–1667</i>. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol8/pp16-18">16–18</a>. 1802a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Commons%3A+Volume+8%2C+1660%E2%80%931667&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Journal+Volume+8%3A+8+May+1660&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=1802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons1802b" class="citation journal cs1">"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 30 May 1660". <i>Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 8, 1660–1667</i>. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol8/pp49-50">49–50</a>. 1802b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Commons%3A+Volume+8%2C+1660%E2%80%931667&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Journal+Volume+8%3A+30+May+1660&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=1802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2000" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2000). <i>The British Republic 1649–1660</i> (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Republic+1649%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=121&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Clare (2003), <i>Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas</i>, Boydell Press, pp. 14, 78</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+Scotland%2C+1660%E2%80%931690%3A+Royalist+Politics%2C+Religion+and+Ideas&rft.pages=14%2C+78&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1978" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J.R. (1978). <i>Country and Court: England 1658–1714</i>. Edward Arnold. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+and+Court%3A+England+1658%E2%80%931714&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeble2002" class="citation book cs1">Keeble, N. H. (2002). <i>The Restoration: England in the 1660s</i>. History of Early Modern England Series. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23617-7"><bdi>978-0-631-23617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Restoration%3A+England+in+the+1660s&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=History+of+Early+Modern+England+Series&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23617-7&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh1982" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, A.W. (1982). "The Numbers of the English Regicides". <i>History</i>. <b>67</b> (220): 195–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1982.tb01387.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1982.tb01387.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24418886">24418886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Numbers+of+the+English+Regicides&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=220&rft.pages=195-216&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1982.tb01387.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24418886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2002" class="citation cs2">Middleton, Richard (2002), <i>Colonial America: a history, 1565-1776</i> (3rd ed.), Blackwell, pp. 111–112</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+America%3A+a+history%2C+1565-1776&rft.pages=111-112&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteithRichards2001" class="citation cs2">Monteith, Kathleen; Richards, Glen, eds. (2001), <i>Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture</i>, University of the West Indies Press, pp. 36–39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaica+in+Slavery+and+Freedom%3A+History%2C+Heritage+and+Culture&rft.pages=36-39&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys2004" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/04/23/index.php">"Tuesday 23 April 1661"</a>, <i>The Diary of Samuel Pepys</i>, 24 April 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diary+of+Samuel+Pepys&rft.atitle=Tuesday+23+April+1661&rft.date=2004-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepysdiary.com%2Farchive%2F1661%2F04%2F23%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeightHaggith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weight, Richard; Haggith, Toby (February 2014). "Reluctant Regicides". <i>History Today</i>. <b>64</b> (22): 18–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Reluctant+Regicides&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2014-02&rft.aulast=Weight&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Haggith%2C+Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2010" class="citation web cs1">Yadav, Alok (18 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~ayadav/historical%20outline/overview.htm">"Historical Outline of Restoration and 18th-Century British Literature"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Outline+of+Restoration+and+18th-Century+British+Literature&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Alok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmason.gmu.edu%2F~ayadav%2Fhistorical%2520outline%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer2004" class="citation book cs1">Lockyer, Roger (2004). <i>Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485–1714</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582771888" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582771888"><bdi>978-0582771888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+and+Stuart+Britain%3A+1485%E2%80%931714&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0582771888&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStuart+Restoration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Restoration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050707081040/http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html">Sovereigns England – 17th century</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8704">Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658–60', by Brian Manning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210055851/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8704">Archived</a> 10 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh505.html">Chapter V. The Stewart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyonthenet.com/civil_war/civilwarmain.htm">Restoration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Harding Firth">Charles Harding Firth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547bx">"The Restoration"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Mark Goldie, Richard Ollard and Clare Jackson (<i>In Our Time</i>, 15 February 2001)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United 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