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<span>Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction_and_Powers_of_the_Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_Collegium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_Collegium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Members of Collegium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_Collegium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_building_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_building_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Court building architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Court_building_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Court building architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Court_building_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mother_and_Child_Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother_and_Child_Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mother and Child Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother_and_Child_Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_the_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_the_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Constitution of the Court</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constitution_of_the_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constitution of the Court subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_the_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Registry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_advocates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_advocates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Supreme Court advocates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_advocates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_of_the_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_of_the_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Size of the court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_of_the_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eligibility_of_a_judge_of_the_Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility_of_a_judge_of_the_Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Eligibility of a judge of the Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility_of_a_judge_of_the_Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Court demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Judicial independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judicial_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judicial independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judicial_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointments_and_the_collegium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointments_and_the_collegium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Appointments and the collegium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointments_and_the_collegium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath_or_affirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath_or_affirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Oath or affirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath_or_affirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Post-retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_petition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_petition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Review petition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_petition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_to_punish_for_contempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_to_punish_for_contempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Powers to punish for contempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_to_punish_for_contempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roster_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roster_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Roster system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roster_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_and_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_and_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reporting and citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_and_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities_in_the_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities_in_the_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Facilities in the campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities_in_the_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmark_judgments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmark_judgments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Landmark judgments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmark_judgments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landmark judgments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landmark_judgments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Land reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Emergency_(1975–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Emergency_(1975–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>During the Emergency (1975–1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Emergency_(1975–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1980:_an_assertive_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1980:_an_assertive_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Post-1980: an assertive court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1980:_an_assertive_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Since 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2G_spectrum_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2G_spectrum_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.1</span> <span>2G spectrum case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2G_spectrum_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_Information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_Information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.2</span> <span>Right to Information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_Information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.3</span> <span>Black money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.4</span> <span>Minority reservations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_reservations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online/postal_ballot_for_Indian_citizen_living_abroad_(NRIs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online/postal_ballot_for_Indian_citizen_living_abroad_(NRIs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.5</span> <span>Online/postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad (NRIs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online/postal_ballot_for_Indian_citizen_living_abroad_(NRIs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T._S._R._Subramanian_vs._Union_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T._S._R._Subramanian_vs._Union_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.6</span> <span><i>T. S. R. Subramanian vs. Union of India</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T._S._R._Subramanian_vs._Union_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_transgender_as_'third_gender'_in_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_transgender_as_'third_gender'_in_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.7</span> <span>Recognition of transgender as 'third gender' in law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_transgender_as_'third_gender'_in_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relief_to_over_35,000_public_servants_[citation_needed]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_to_over_35,000_public_servants_[citation_needed]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.8</span> <span>Relief to over 35,000 public servants <sup>[<i><span>citation needed</span></i>]</sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_to_over_35,000_public_servants_[citation_needed]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_privacy_(Justice_K.S._Puttaswamy_(Retd.)_&_Anr._vs._Union_of_India_&_Ors)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_privacy_(Justice_K.S._Puttaswamy_(Retd.)_&_Anr._vs._Union_of_India_&_Ors)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.9</span> <span>Right to privacy (Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_privacy_(Justice_K.S._Puttaswamy_(Retd.)_&_Anr._vs._Union_of_India_&_Ors)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decriminalisation_of_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decriminalisation_of_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.10</span> <span>Decriminalisation of homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decriminalisation_of_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayodhya_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayodhya_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.11</span> <span>Ayodhya dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayodhya_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_bond_verdict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_bond_verdict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4.12</span> <span>Electoral bond verdict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_bond_verdict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Critical assessment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critical assessment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pending_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pending_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Pending cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pending_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Rule of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_judges_vs_chief_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_judges_vs_chief_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Four judges vs chief justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_judges_vs_chief_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_working_hours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_working_hours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Holidays and working hours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_working_hours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Court of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المحكمة العليا الهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحكمة العليا الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan%C4%B1n_Ali_M%C9%99hk%C9%99m%C9%99si" title="Hindistanın Ali Məhkəməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistanın Ali Məhkəməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4" title="ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ আদালত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ আদালত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत के सुप्रीम कोर्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstes_Gericht_(Indien)" title="Oberstes Gericht (Indien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberstes Gericht (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_Suprema_de_la_India" title="Corte Suprema de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corte Suprema de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supera_Tribunalo_de_Barato" title="Supera Tribunalo de Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supera Tribunalo de Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دیوان عالی هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوان عالی هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_supr%C3%AAme_de_l%27Inde" title="Cour suprême de l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour suprême de l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AF" title="ભારતનું સર્વોચ્ચ ન્યાયાલય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતનું સર્વોચ્ચ ન્યાયાલય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EC%B5%9C%EA%B3%A0%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90%EC%86%8C" title="인도 최고재판소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 최고재판소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotun_koli_na_Indiya" title="Kotun koli na Indiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kotun koli na Indiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_India" title="Mahkamah Agung India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkamah Agung India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_suprema_dell%27India" title="Corte suprema dell'India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corte suprema dell'India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="בית המשפט העליון של הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית המשפט העליון של הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಭಾರತದ ಸರ್ವೋಚ್ಛ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಸರ್ವೋಚ್ಛ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF)" title="സുപ്രീം കോടതി (ഇന്ത്യ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുപ്രീം കോടതി (ഇന്ത്യ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="भारताचे सर्वोच्च न्यायालय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारताचे सर्वोच्च न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_India" title="Mahkamah Agung India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahkamah Agung India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooggerechtshof_van_India" title="Hooggerechtshof van India – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hooggerechtshof van India" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="インド最高裁判所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド最高裁判所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ନ୍ୟାୟାଳୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ନ୍ୟାୟାଳୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਸੁਪਰੀਮ ਕੋਰਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਸੁਪਰੀਮ ਕੋਰਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="بھارت دی سپریم کورٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارت دی سپریم کورٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85d_Najwy%C5%BCszy_Indii" title="Sąd Najwyższy Indii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sąd Najwyższy Indii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremo_Tribunal_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Supremo Tribunal da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Supremo Tribunal da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtea_Suprem%C4%83_a_Indiei" title="Curtea Supremă a Indiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curtea Supremă a Indiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Верховный суд Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верховный суд Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="भारतीयसर्वोच्चन्यायालयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतीयसर्वोच्चन्यायालयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supreme Court of India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_korkein_oikeus" title="Intian korkein oikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian korkein oikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_h%C3%B6gsta_domstol" title="Indiens högsta domstol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indiens högsta domstol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய உச்ச நீதிமன்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="భారతదేశ అత్యున్నత న్యాయస్థానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశ అత్యున్నత న్యాయస్థానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ศาลสูงสุดอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาลสูงสุดอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Верховний суд Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верховний суд Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.62250°N 77.23944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.62250; 77.23944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest court of jurisdiction in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Nyay_Ki_Devi" title="Nyay Ki Devi">Nyay Ki Devi</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Talk:Supreme Court of India">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since October 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Supreme Court of India</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Bhārata kā Sarvōcca Nyāyālaya</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/100px-Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/150px-Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/200px-Insignia_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="309" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Insignia of the Supreme Court of India</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Supreme Court of India</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="28.6225" data-lon="77.239444444444" data-overlays="["_31e7cc6cb1ffb8c74de406fefc4349dcd945ab74"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/28.6225/77.239444444444/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,28.6225,77.239444444444,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_India&revid=1259706555&groups=_31e7cc6cb1ffb8c74de406fefc4349dcd945ab74" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,28.6225,77.239444444444,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_India&revid=1259706555&groups=_31e7cc6cb1ffb8c74de406fefc4349dcd945ab74 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_India&params=28_37_21_N_77_14_22_E_region:IN_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°37′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°14′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.62250°N 77.23944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.62250; 77.23944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1, 1937<span class="noprint">; 87 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1937-10-01</span>)</span><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Tilak Marg, New Delhi, Delhi: 110001, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_India&params=28_37_21_N_77_14_22_E_region:IN_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°37′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°14′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.62250°N 77.23944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.62250; 77.23944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Yato_Dharmastato_Jayah" title="Yato Dharmastato Jayah">Yatō Dharmastatō Jayaḥ</a></i><br /><small>Where there is righteousness and moral duty, there is victory.</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Three_Judges_Cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Judges Cases">Collegium of the Supreme Court of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data">Article 124 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeals from</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High courts of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data">Mandatory retirement at 65 years of <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">34</a> (33+1; present strength)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sci.gov.in">www<wbr />.sci<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanjiv_Khanna" title="Sanjiv Khanna">Sanjiv Khanna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lead position ends</th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 2025</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">Judiciary of India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/60px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/90px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/120px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law of India</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Ministry of Law and Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)#Department_of_Legal_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Department of Legal Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)#Legislative_Department" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Legislative Department</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)#Department_of_Justice" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Department of Justice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_India" title="Law Commission of India">Law Commission of India</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Civil courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">Judges of the supreme court</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High courts of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief justices of high courts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sitting judges of High Courts of India">Judges of high courts</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District courts of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subordinate_judge" title="Subordinate judge">Courts of subordinate judges</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/District_Munsiff_Court" title="District Munsiff Court">District munsiff courts</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">Judges of the supreme court</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High courts of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief justices of high courts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sitting judges of High Courts of India">Judges of high courts</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sessions_Court" title="Sessions Court">Sessions courts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judicial_Magistrate_Court" title="Chief Judicial Magistrate Court">Courts of chief judicial magistrate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_First_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class">Courts of judicial magistrate of first class</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_Second_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class">Courts of judicial magistrate of second class</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive magistrates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Divisional_commissioner_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional commissioner (India)">Divisional commissioners</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/District_magistrate_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="District magistrate (India)">District magistrates</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sub-Divisional_Magistrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Divisional Magistrate">Sub-divisional magistrates</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal profession</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India" title="Attorney General of India">Attorney General of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Additional_Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Additional Solicitor General of India">Additional solicitors general</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Advocate_general_(India)" title="Advocate general (India)">Advocates general</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_India" title="Legal education in India">Legal education in India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_law_schools_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous law schools in India">Autonomous law schools in India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">List of law schools in India</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd>Alternative dispute resolution <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lok_Adalat" title="Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gram_Nyayalayas_Act,_2008" title="Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008">Village courts</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tribunals_in_India" title="Tribunals in India">Tribunals in India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/National_Green_Tribunal_Act,_2010" title="National Green Tribunal Act, 2010">National green tribunal of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">National company law tribunal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed forces tribunal of India</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">Directive principles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Duties" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental duties</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">Fundamental rights</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">Civil Procedure Code</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Criminal Procedure (India)">Criminal Procedure Code</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in India">Judicial activism in India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Three_Judges_Cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Judges Cases">Supreme Court Collegium</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Courts_of_India" title="Template:Courts of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Courts_of_India" title="Template talk:Courts of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Courts_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Courts of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Supreme Court of India</b> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <i><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Bhārata kā Sarvōcca Nyāyālaya</i></span></i>) is the supreme <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">judicial authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest court</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. It is the final <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">court of appeal</a> for all civil and criminal cases in India. It also has the power of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">judicial review</a>. The Supreme Court, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a> and a maximum of fellow 33 judges, has extensive powers in the form of <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion" title="Advisory opinion">advisory</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the apex constitutional court, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Courts of India">High Courts of various states</a> and tribunals. As an advisory court, it hears matters which are referred by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Judicial_powers" title="President of India">President of India</a>. Under judicial review, the court invalidates both normal laws as well as <a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">constitutional amendments</a> as per the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a> that it developed in the 1960s and 1970s. </p><p>It is required to safeguard the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a> of citizens and settles legal disputes among the central government and various state governments. Its decisions are binding on other Indian courts as well as the union and state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-History_PDF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_PDF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V">Article 142</a> of the Constitution, the court has the inherent jurisdiction to pass any order deemed necessary in the interest of <i>complete justice</i> which becomes binding on the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> to enforce.<sup id="cite_ref-legislative.gov.in_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legislative.gov.in-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court replaced the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> as the highest court of appeal since 28 January 1950, two days after India was declared a republic. </p><p>With expansive authority to initiate actions and wield appellate jurisdiction over all courts and the ability to invalidate amendments to the constitution, the Supreme Court of India is widely acknowledged as one of the most powerful supreme courts in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1861, the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861" title="Indian High Courts Act 1861">Indian High Courts Act 1861</a></i> was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolish Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the s<i>adar adalats</i> in presidency towns in their respective regions. These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_India" title="Federal Court of India">Federal Court of India</a> under the <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a></i>. The Federal Court had the jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeals against judgement of the high courts. The first CJI of India was <a href="/wiki/H._J._Kania" title="H. J. Kania">H. J. Kania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_PDF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_PDF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court of India came into existence on 28 January 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-history_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced both the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_India" title="Federal Court of India">Federal Court of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. The first proceedings and inauguration, however, took place on 28 January 1950 at 9:45 am, when the judges took their seats; which is thus regarded as the official date of establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court initially had its seat at the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament building</a> where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950. The first Chief Justice of India was H. J. Kania. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises.<sup id="cite_ref-history_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the Constitution of India envisaged a supreme court with a chief justice and seven judges; leaving it to Parliament to increase this number. In its formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then from 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days per month. </p><p>The emblem of the Supreme Court represents the <a href="/wiki/Lion_capital_of_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion capital of Ashoka">Lion capital of Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, with a topmost wheel featuring 32 spokes.<sup id="cite_ref-dup1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dup1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction_and_Powers_of_the_Supreme_Court">Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court of India was constituted as per Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution of India. The fourth Chapter of the Indian Constitution is " The Union Judiciary". Under this Chapter, the Supreme Court of India is vested with all Jurisdiction. </p> <ul><li>As per Article 124, The Supreme Court of India had been Constituted and Established.</li> <li>As per Article 129, the Supreme Court is to be the Court of Record.</li> <li>As per Article 131, the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is authorized.</li> <li>As per Articles 132, 133 and 134, Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is authorized.</li> <li>Under Article 135, the Federal Court's Power is given to the Supreme Court.</li> <li>Article 136 deals with the Special leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court.</li> <li>Article 137 explains the Review Power of the Supreme Court.</li> <li>Article 138 deals with the Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.</li> <li>Article 139 deals with the Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.</li> <li>Article 140 gives Ancillary powers to the Supreme Court.</li> <li>Article 141 of the Constitution gives the Law making power of the Supreme Court .</li></ul> <p>The law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-legislative.gov.in_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legislative.gov.in-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members_of_Collegium">Members of Collegium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Members of Collegium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presently, the Members of Collegium are: </p> <ul><li>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Sanjiv_Khanna" title="Sanjiv Khanna">Sanjiv Khanna</a></li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Bhushan_Ramkrishna_Gavai" title="Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai">Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai</a></li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Surya_Kant_(judge)" title="Surya Kant (judge)">Surya Kant</a></li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Roy" title="Hrishikesh Roy">Hrishikesh Roy</a></li> <li>Justice <a href="/wiki/A._S._Oka" title="A. S. Oka">Abhay S. Oka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_building_architecture">Court building architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Court building architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_Central_Wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Central Wing of the court where the chief justice's courtroom is located</figcaption></figure> <p>The building is shaped to symbolize scales of justice with its centre-beam being the Central Wing of the building, consisting of the Chief Justice's court, the largest of the courtrooms, with two court halls on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Right Wing of the structure has the Bar, consisting of rooms, the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India" title="Attorney General of India">Attorney General of India</a> and other law officers and the library of the court. The Left Wing has the offices of the court. In all, there are 15 courtrooms in the various wings of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-History_PDF_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_PDF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg/220px-Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg/330px-Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg/440px-Building_of_The_Supreme_Court_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Left side of the Supreme Court building</figcaption></figure><p> These two wings act as the two limbs of the balance and end with two semi-circular hooks that represent the pans of the balance, and the centres of the two semi-circular pans connect to a centrally placed statue of ‘Mother and Child’ in the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundation stone of the Supreme Court's building was laid on 29 October 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>. The main block of the building has been built on a triangular plot of 17 acres and has been designed in an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-British style</a> by the chief architect <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Bhikaji_Deolalikar" title="Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar">Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar</a>, the first Indian to head the <a href="/wiki/Central_Public_Works_Department" title="Central Public Works Department">Central Public Works Department</a>. The design of scales of justice was to conform to this triangular site and according to Dr. <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> was the conception of justice for Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a 27.6 m (90 ft 7 in) high dome and a spacious colonnaded verandah. The court moved into the building in 1958. In 1979, two new wings – the East Wing and the West Wing – were added to the complex. 1994 saw the last extension.<sup id="cite_ref-history_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother_and_Child_Sculpture">Mother and Child Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mother and Child Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Supreme_Court_of_India._16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="3271" /></a><figcaption>Mother and Child Sculpture</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 February 1978, a black bronze sculpture of 210 cm (6 ft 11 in) height was installed in the lawn of the Supreme Court. The sculpture was made by the renowned artist <a href="/wiki/Chintamoni_Kar" title="Chintamoni Kar">Chintamoni Kar</a>. The statue, as per its sculptor Kar, reproduces ‘‘<a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Mother India</a> sheltering young Republic represented by the symbol of a child upholding the law of the country shown in the form of an open book, with the symbol of the balance representing law and justice’’. The official account states that it represents a ‘‘dispensation of equal justice to all’’.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black bronze sculpture has been placed at the center of the park on the lawn of the Court just behind the statue of Mahatma Gandhi, which is in front of the staircase of the Supreme Court building in the front lawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue, when it was being put in the Court premises, led to protests by advocates of the Court in 1978 and a demand was made for its removal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorandum was submitted to the then law minister <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Bhushan" title="Shanti Bhushan">Shanti Bhushan</a>, which stated that ‘‘the statue is supposedly a symbol and inspiration for the highest institution of justice, the Supreme Court….The child is nondescript, but the mother’s resemblance to Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> is discernible even to the ordinary eye not trained for appreciating the nuances of sculpture’’.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the statue was put up in the year 1978, the post-emergency period of India, they contended that it is symbolic of perversity and is based on the theme of the mother-and-son cult built up during <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the Emergency (India)</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different interpretations of the statue came from advocates, one said, ‘it’s like Indira mothering the judges and telling them you practice justice like I tell you to’, while the other said, ‘symbolizing justice is terribly conservative as justice is constantly changing’.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, though the advocates submitted an apology memorandum after they got to know that the maquette was made in the year 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_2017_637–675_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_2017_637–675-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal">Seal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/225px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/300px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Old seal of the Supreme Court used till 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The design of the Court's seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Sarnath Lion capital of Ashoka</a> with 24 spokes. The inscription in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Yato_Dharma_Tato_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yato Dharma Tato Jaya">यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः</a>" (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ</i></span>,) means "whence justice (dharma), thence victory". It is also referred as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness and <a href="/wiki/Equity_(legal_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (legal concept)">equity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_PDF_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_PDF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 September 2024, the Supreme Court unveiled a flag for the Court's use, combining elements of the seal and the Court's architecture. The flag is a deep blue colour and depicts the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a> set above the rotunda of the Court. The flag also features the Constitution of India. The flag was inaugurated by President of India Droupadi Murmu on September 1, 2024, commemorating the 75th anniversary of supreme court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution_of_the_Court">Constitution of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitution of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registry">Registry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Registry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the Secretary-General, who is currently assisted by 10 registrars, several additional and deputy registrars,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. Article 146 of the Constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court registry.<sup id="cite_ref-Consti_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OC-registry_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OC-registry-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_advocates">Supreme Court advocates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Supreme Court advocates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advocates-on-Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocates-on-Record">Advocates-on-Record</a></div> <p>Supreme Court Rules, 2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the Supreme Court, called <a href="/wiki/Advocate-on-Record" title="Advocate-on-Record">advocates-on-record</a> to appear, act and plead for a party in the court.<sup id="cite_ref-SCRules_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCRules-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those advocates who are designated as <a href="/wiki/Senior_counsel" title="Senior counsel">'senior advocates'</a> by the Supreme Court or any of the high courts can appear for clients along with an advocate-on-record. Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an advocate-on-record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_of_the_court">Size of the court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Size of the court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Constitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a chief justice and 7 judges. In the early years, a <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">full bench</a> of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased the number of judges (including the Chief Justice) from the original 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986, 31 in 2009, to 34 in 2019. As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Division_bench" title="Division bench">division bench</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_bench_(India)" title="Constitution bench (India)">constitution bench</a>) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_of_India_—_History_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_of_India_—_History-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest-ever bench at the Supreme Court of India has been constituted in 1973 in <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a>. A bench of 13 judges was set up to decide whether Parliament had the unfettered right to amend the Constitution, which eventually gave rise to the Basic Structure doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility_of_a_judge_of_the_Supreme_Court">Eligibility of a judge of the Supreme Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eligibility of a judge of the Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">citizen of India</a> not exceeding 65 years age per <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V">Article 124</a> of the Constitution who has been: </p> <ul><li>a judge of one high court or more (continuously), for at least five years,</li> <li>an advocate there, for at least ten years,</li> <li>a distinguished <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, in the opinion of the president, power conferred by clause 2 of article 124 of the Constitution of India</li></ul> <p>is eligible to be recommended for appointment, a judge of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Section_124,_Constitution_of_India_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section_124,_Constitution_of_India-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_demographics">Court demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Court demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>I am proud to be an Indian. India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1,67,000, like myself, can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India. These things do not happen in our neighbouring countries.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._H._Kapadia" title="S. H. Kapadia">S. H. Kapadia</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-Editorial_on_Minorities_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Editorial_on_Minorities-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Accountability_law_must_not_encroach_on_judicial_independence,_cautions_CJI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accountability_law_must_not_encroach_on_judicial_independence,_cautions_CJI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In practice, judges of the Supreme Court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. Barely nine justices—<a href="/wiki/Sarv_Mittra_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarv Mittra Sikri">S. M. Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subimal_Chandra_Roy" title="Subimal Chandra Roy">S. Chandra Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuldip_Singh_(judge)" title="Kuldip Singh (judge)">Kuldip Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santosh_Hegde" class="mw-redirect" title="Santosh Hegde">Santosh Hegde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohinton_Fali_Nariman" title="Rohinton Fali Nariman">R. F. Nariman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uday_U._Lalit" class="mw-redirect" title="Uday U. Lalit">U. U. Lalit</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._Nageswara_Rao" title="L. Nageswara Rao">L. Nageswara Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indu_Malhotra" title="Indu Malhotra">Indu Malhotra</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._S._Narasimha" title="P. S. Narasimha">P. S. Narasimha</a>—have been appointed to the Supreme Court directly from the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> (i.e., who were practising advocates).<sup id="cite_ref-age-factor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-factor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5th_Advo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5th_Advo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court saw its first woman judge when Justice <a href="/wiki/Fathima_Beevi" title="Fathima Beevi">M. Fathima Beevi</a> was sworn into office in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, Justice <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah" title="Mohammad Hidayatullah">Mohammad Hidayatullah</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Chief Justice of India. In 2007, Justice <a href="/wiki/K._G._Balakrishnan" title="K. G. Balakrishnan">K. G. Balakrishnan</a> became the first judge as well as the Chief Justice of India from the <i><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">dalit</a></i> community. In 2010, Justice <a href="/wiki/S._H._Kapadia" title="S. H. Kapadia">S. H. Kapadia</a> coming from a <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> minority community became the Chief Justice of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Editorial_on_Minorities_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Editorial_on_Minorities-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Justice <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Singh_Khehar" title="Jagdish Singh Khehar">Jagdish Singh Khehar</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> Chief Justice of India. Justice <a href="/wiki/Indu_Malhotra" title="Indu Malhotra">Indu Malhotra</a> is the first and only woman judge to be selected directly from the bar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_independence">Judicial independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judicial independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court judges in various ways. Per <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of India/Part IV">Article 50</a> of <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">directive principles of state policy</a>, the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure of the Constitution</a>. </p><p>The Supreme Court and high courts are empowered to frame <i><a href="/wiki/Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">suo moto</a></i> cases without receiving formal petitions/complaints on any suspected injustice, including actions/acts indulging in contempt of court and contempt of the Constitution by the executive, legislators, citizens, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is acknowledged as one of the most autonomous judiciaries in the entirety of Southeast Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main purpose of the Supreme Court is to decide constitutional issues.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the duty of the judiciary to frame <a href="/wiki/Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte"><i>suo moto</i></a> cases or to probe cases/petitions at the earliest against the executive or legislature when laws are implemented which violate the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution as stated in Article 38 (1) of the Directive Principles. It ensures that-"the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>/judiciary shall strive to promote the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare of the people</a> by securing a social order in which <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">economic</a> and political justice is animated/informed in all institutions of life."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> clarified as given below in the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> debates on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IV" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part IV">Article 38 (1)</a> highlighting its inevitable implementation. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>... The word 'strive' which occurs in the Draft Constitution, in judgement, is very important. We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government, or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles, they shall, even under hard and unpropitious circumstances, always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives. That is why we have used the word 'strive'. Otherwise, it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad, that the finances are so inadequate that we cannot even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go.</i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointments_and_the_collegium">Appointments and the collegium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appointments and the collegium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>rear view</figcaption></figure> <p>As per the constitution, as held by the court in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Judges_Cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Judges Cases">Three Judges Cases</a> – (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the president on the recommendation of the <i>collegium</i>  — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee.<sup id="cite_ref-Where_Angles_Fear_to_Tread_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Where_Angles_Fear_to_Tread-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed, for the appointments. </p><p>Judges used to be appointed by the president on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">union cabinet</a>. After 1993 (the Second Judges' Case), no minister, or even the executive collectively, can suggest any names to the president,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SanjayHegde_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanjayHegde-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the <i>collegium</i> of the judiciary. Simultaneously, as held in that judgment, the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name. </p><p>The collegium system has come under a fair amount of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-SanjayHegde_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanjayHegde-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a <a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a> (NJAC). This was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, in the <a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">Fourth Judges' Case</a>, as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putting the old system of the collegium back, the court invited suggestions, even from the general public, on how to improve the collegium system, broadly along the lines of – setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments, a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates, infusing more transparency into the selection process, grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories, like transfer of judges.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the memorandum of procedure incorporating the above.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, a challenge arose in the Supreme Court regarding the recommendation for the appointment of a high court judge made by the collegium of that specific court. The court asserted that the eligibility to become a judge was a factual matter, open to questioning by any individual. On the contrary, the determination of who should become a judge was deemed a matter of opinion and was beyond questioning. The court emphasized that, as long as a thorough consultation occurred within the collegium to form this opinion, the content or material considered in shaping the opinion was not subject to scrutiny in a court of law.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges of the Supreme Court in India currently conclude their service upon reaching the age of 65. Nevertheless, there have been proposals put forth by Supreme Court judges advocating for the implementation of a predetermined tenure for judges, including the Chief Justice of India.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salary">Salary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 125 of the Indian constitution leaves it to the Indian parliament to determine the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court judges. However, the parliament cannot alter any of these privileges rights to the judge's disadvantage after his/her appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A judge of the Supreme Court draws a salary of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>250,000</span> (US$3,000) per month—equivalent to the most-senior civil servant of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet Secretary of India</a>—while the chief justice earns <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>280,000</span> (US$3,400) per month.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath_or_affirmation">Oath or affirmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Oath or affirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per Article 124 and third Schedule of the constitution, the chief justice (or a judge) of the Supreme Court of India is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the president an oath or affirmation that they </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V">Article 124(4)</a> of the constitution, President of India can remove a judge on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity when <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a> approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favour of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present. For initiating <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> proceedings against a judge, at least 50 members of <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> or 100 members of <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> shall issue the notice per <i>Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then a judicial committee would be formed to frame charges against the judge, to conduct the fair trial and to submit its report to parliament. When the judicial committee report finds the judge guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity, further removal proceedings would be taken up by Parliament if the judge is not resigning himself.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The judge upon proven guilty is also liable for punishment per applicable laws or for contempt of the constitution by breaching the oath under <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Insults_to_National_Honour_Act,_1971" title="Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971">disrespecting constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-retirement">Post-retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Post-retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person who has retired as a judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practicing in any court of law or before any other authority in India. However, Supreme Court and high court judges are appointed to various posts in tribunals and commissions, after their retirement. Lawyer Ashish Goel in a recent article criticized this stating that post-retirement benefits for judges hampers judicial independence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Law Minister and Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court, Arun Jaitley, also criticized the appointment of judges in government posts after their retirement. Jaitley famously said:"There are two kinds of judges - those who know the law and those who know the Law Minister. We are the only country in the world where judges appoint judges. Even though there is a retirement age, judges are not willing to retire. Pre-retirement judgements are influenced by post-retirement jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_petition">Review petition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Review petition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Review_petition" title="Review petition">Review petition</a></div> <p>Article 137 of the Indian Constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to reevaluate its own decisions. According to this article, the Supreme Court can review any judgment or order it has previously pronounced. This power is subject to any laws created by Parliament or rules established under Article 145. The Supreme Court holds the ability to invalidate parliamentary and governmental decisions if they violate fundamental features. Additionally, it can overturn the impeachment process of the President and Judges, as decided by Parliament, based on constitutional validity or fundamental features.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Order XL of the Supreme Court Rules, that have been framed under its powers under Article 145 of the constitution, the Supreme Court may review its judgment or order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds mentioned in Order XLVII, Rule 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">Code of Civil Procedure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_to_punish_for_contempt">Powers to punish for contempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Powers to punish for contempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has been vested with power to punish anyone for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt</a> of any court in India including itself. The Supreme Court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Maharashtra government</a>, Swaroop Singh Naik,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be jailed for 1-month on a charge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 145 of the Indian Constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to create its own rules, subject to presidential approval, to govern the practice and procedures of the court. These rules have been revised and published three times, first in 1950, then in 1966, and most recently in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roster_system">Roster system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roster system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 5 February 2018 onwards, the Supreme Court adopted a fresh roster system for assigning cases to judges. According to this new arrangement, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is designated to preside over all special leave petitions (SLPs) and cases concerning public interest, social justice, elections, arbitration, criminal matters, and more. Other members of the collegium or senior judges are tasked with hearing cases related to labour disputes, taxation, compensation, consumer protection, maritime law, mortgage, personal law, family law, land acquisition, service, company matters, and other relevant areas.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reporting_and_citation">Reporting and citation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reporting and citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Reports_(India)" title="Supreme Court Reports (India)">Supreme Court Reports</a> is the official journal of reportable Supreme Court decisions. It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications, Government of India, Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are many other reputed private journals that report Supreme Court decisions. Some of these other important journals are: SCR (The Supreme Court Reports), SCC (Supreme Court Cases), AIR (All India Reporter), SCALE, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities_in_the_campus">Facilities in the campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Facilities in the campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal-aid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> court-fee vendors, first-aid post, dental clinic, physiotherapy unit and pathology lab; rail-reservation counter, canteen, post office and a branch and 3 ATMs of UCO Bank, Supreme Court Museum<sup id="cite_ref-facilities_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facilities-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be availed by litigants and visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmark_judgments">Landmark judgments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Landmark judgments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_India" title="List of landmark court decisions in India">List of landmark court decisions in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_reform">Land reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Land reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After some of the courts overturned state laws for redistributing land from <i><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a></i> (landlord) estates on the ground that the laws violated the zamindars' fundamental rights, Parliament passed the 1st amendment to the constitution in 1951, followed by the 4th amendment in 1955, to uphold its authority to redistribute land. The Supreme Court countered these amendments in 1967 when it ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Golaknath_v._State_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Golaknath v. State of Punjab">Golaknath v. State of Punjab</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Parliament did not have the power to abrogate fundamental rights, including the provisions on private property. The 25th amendment to the constitution in 1971 curtailed the right of a citizen to property as a fundamental right and gave authority to the government to infringe private property, which led to a furor amongst the <i>zamindars</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Emergency_(1975–1977)"><span id="During_the_Emergency_.281975.E2.80.931977.29"></span>During the Emergency (1975–1977)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: During the Emergency (1975–1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The independence of the judiciary was severely curtailed<sup id="cite_ref-iyer_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iyer-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975%E2%80%931977)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Emergency (1975–1977)">Indian Emergency (1975–1977)</a> of Indira Gandhi. The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under preventive detention laws passed by Parliament. In the case of Shiva Kant Shukla (<i><a href="/wiki/ADM_Jabalpur_v._Shivkant_Shukla" title="ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla">Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla</a></i>), popularly known as the <i>Habeas Corpus case</i>, a bench of five senior-most judges of the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the state's right to unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency. Justices <a href="/wiki/A.N._Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="A.N. Ray">A.N. Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y._V._Chandrachud" title="Y. V. Chandrachud">Y. V. Chandrachud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">M.H. Beg</a>, stated in the majority decision:<sup id="cite_ref-pucl_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pucl-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(under the declaration of emergency) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art. 226 before a High Court for <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention.</dd></dl> <p>The only dissenting opinion was from Justice <a href="/wiki/H._R._Khanna" class="mw-redirect" title="H. R. Khanna">H. R. Khanna</a>, who stated: </p> <dl><dd>detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting judge believes the court to have been betrayed.<sup id="cite_ref-pucl_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pucl-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>It is believed that before delivering his dissenting opinion, Justice Khanna had mentioned to his sister: "I have prepared my judgment, which is going to cost me the Chief Justice-ship of India."<sup id="cite_ref-divan_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divan-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1977, Justice Khanna was superseded despite being the most senior judge at the time and thereby the government broke the convention of appointing only the seniormost judge to the position of Chief Justice of India. Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote of this opinion: "The submission of an independent judiciary to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic society; and the Indian supreme court's decision appears close to utter surrender." </p><p>During the emergency period, the government also passed the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39th amendment</a>, which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the prime minister; only a body constituted by parliament could review this election.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Parliament, with most opposition members in jail during the emergency, passed the <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</a> which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification. A few years after the emergency, however, the Supreme Court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in <i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills v. Union of India</a></i> (1980). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1980:_an_assertive_court">Post-1980: an assertive court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Post-1980: an assertive court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Activism_In_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Activism In India">Judicial Activism In India</a></div> <p>After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977, the new government of <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, and especially law minister <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Bhushan" title="Shanti Bhushan">Shanti Bhushan</a> (who had earlier argued for the detenues in the <i>Habeas Corpus case</i>), introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency, and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme Court. It is said that the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure doctrine</a>, created in <i><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></i>, was strengthened in <i>Indira Gandhi's</i> case and set in stone in <i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills v. Union of India</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 (Life and Personal Liberty), primarily after the Emergency period, have given rise to a new jurisprudence of <a href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public interest litigation">public interest litigation</a> that has vigorously promoted many important economic and social rights (constitutionally protected but not enforceable) including, but not restricted to, the rights to free education, livelihood, a clean environment,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> food and many others. Civil and political rights (traditionally protected in the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian constitution) have also been expanded and more fiercely protected. These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Since 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the important pronouncements of the Supreme Court post 2000 is the Coelho case I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (Judgment of 11 January 2007). A unanimous bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the <i>basic structure</i> doctrine. It held that a constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which the court regards as forming part of the <i>basic structure</i> of the constitution can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences. The judgment clearly imposes further limitations on the constituent power of Parliament with respect to the principles underlying certain fundamental rights. The judgment in Coelho has in effect restored the decision in Golaknath case regarding non-amendability of the constitution on account of infraction of fundamental rights, contrary to the judgment in the <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala"><i>Kesavananda Bharati</i> case</a>. </p><p>Another important decision was of the five-judge bench in <i><a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Kumar_Thakur_v._Union_of_India" title="Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India">Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India</a></i>; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions (Reservations in Admissions) Act, 2006 was upheld, subject to the "creamy layer" criteria. Importantly, the court refused to follow the '<a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>' standards of review followed by the United States Supreme Court. At the same time, the court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2007) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1246892">Beyond Reasonableness - A Rigorous Standard of Review for Article 15 Infringement</a>)a </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2G_spectrum_case">2G spectrum case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2G spectrum case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2G_spectrum_case" title="2G spectrum case">2G spectrum case</a></div> <p>The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary" and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of <a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Minister for communications & IT</a>), the main official accused in the <a href="/wiki/2G_case" class="mw-redirect" title="2G case">2G case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_to_Information">Right to Information</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Right to Information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Information Act">Right to Information Act</a></div> <p>In the year 2010, the Supreme Court filed an appeal before itself challenging the judgement of the Delhi high court holding that the office of the Chief Justice of India came under the ambit of the RTI Act and was liable to reveal information under it.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 November 2019, the Chief Justice of India's office was brought under RTI Act by a majority judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_money">Black money</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Black money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Indian black money</a></div> <p>The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT Bank, Liechtenstein, evoking a sharp response from a bench comprising justices B Sudershan Reddy and S S Nijjar. The court ordered the Special investigation team (SIT) to probe the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of enthusiasm made the court create a special investigative team (SIT).<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court:_the_balancing_act_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court:_the_balancing_act-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minority_reservations">Minority reservations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Minority reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court upheld the Andhra Pradesh High Court judgement quashing 4.5% sub-quota for minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27%.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online/postal_ballot_for_Indian_citizen_living_abroad_(NRIs)"><span id="Online.2Fpostal_ballot_for_Indian_citizen_living_abroad_.28NRIs.29"></span>Online/postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad (NRIs)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Online/postal ballot for Indian citizen living abroad (NRIs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three judge bench presided by the then Chief Justice of India <a href="/wiki/Altamas_Kabir" title="Altamas Kabir">Altamas Kabir</a> issued notice to the Union government and the Election Commission of India (EC) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online/postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="T._S._R._Subramanian_vs._Union_of_India"><i>T. S. R. Subramanian vs. Union of India</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: T. S. R. Subramanian vs. Union of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/T.S.R._Subramanian_vs_Union_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India">T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India</a></div> <p>While hearing <i><a href="/wiki/T.S.R._Subramanian_vs_Union_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India">T.S.R. Subramanian vs Union of India</a></i>, a division bench of the Supreme Court ruled that </p> <ul><li>Officers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS), officers other <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a>, and other civil servants were not required to follow oral instructions, as they 'undermine credibility'.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Civil Services Board (CSB), headed by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet Secretary</a> at national level, and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary (India)">Chief Secretary</a> at state level, be set up to recommend transfer/postings of the officers of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</a> (IAS, IFoS and IPS).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Express_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Express-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Transfers of Group 'B' officers were to be done by the Heads of Departments (HoDs).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There was to be no interference of Ministers in state, other than the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (India)">Chief Minister</a>, in transfers/postings of civil servants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These rulings were received mostly positively, and were termed as 'major reform(s)'.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recognition_of_transgender_as_'third_gender'_in_law"><span id="Recognition_of_transgender_as_.27third_gender.27_in_law"></span>Recognition of transgender as 'third gender' in law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Recognition of transgender as 'third gender' in law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Legal_Services_Authority_v._Union_of_India" title="National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India">National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India</a></div> <p>In April 2014, Justice <a href="/wiki/K._S._Panicker_Radhakrishnan" title="K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan">K. S. Radhakrishnan</a> declared transgender to be the '<a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a>' in Indian law, in the case, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Legal_Services_Authority_v._Union_of_India" title="National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India">National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling said:<sup id="cite_ref-TGruling_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGruling-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Seldom, our society realises or cares to realise the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex. Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres [and] hospitals; they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.</p></blockquote> <p>Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He framed the issue as one of human rights, saying that, "These TGs, even though insignificant in numbers, are still human beings, and therefore, they have every right to enjoy their human rights," concluding by declaring that:<sup id="cite_ref-TGruling_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGruling-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(1) <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijras</a>, eunuchs, apart from binary gender, were to be treated as "third gender" for the purpose of safeguarding their rights under Part III of the Indian Constitution and the laws made by Parliament and the State Legislatures. </p><p>(2) Transgender persons' right to decide their self-identified gender was to be upheld and that the Union and State Governments were to grant legal recognition of their gender identity such as male, female or as third gender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relief_to_over_35,000_public_servants_[citation_needed]"><span id="Relief_to_over_35.2C000_public_servants_.5Bcitation_needed.5D"></span>Relief to over 35,000 public servants <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Could not find any sources online that connects Subodh Markandeya to the case (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Relief to over 35,000 public servants [citation needed]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of B. Prabhakara Rao vs. State of A.P., a significant issue emerged involving an abrupt reduction in the retirement age from 58 to 55 years for more than 35,000 public servants of the State Government, public sector undertakings, statutory bodies, educational institutions, and Tirupathi-Tirumalai Devasthanams (TTD). Initially, they faced defeat in the initial legal proceedings in the Supreme Court. Recognizing the error, a new legislation was enacted to restore the original retirement age of 58 years. However, it included a provision stating that those whose reduction in retirement age had been previously upheld would not benefit from the new law. </p><p>Challenging this legislation, Subodh Markandeya argued that the remedy was simply to strike down the word "not." This argument found favour with the Supreme Court, bringing relief to more than 35,000 public servants as the court ruled in their favour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_to_privacy_(Justice_K.S._Puttaswamy_(Retd.)_&_Anr._vs._Union_of_India_&_Ors)"><span id="Right_to_privacy_.28Justice_K.S._Puttaswamy_.28Retd..29_.26_Anr._vs._Union_of_India_.26_Ors.29"></span>Right to privacy (Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Right to privacy (Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Privacy_verdict" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Privacy verdict">Right to Privacy verdict</a></div> <p>The Court upheld that the right to privacy is protected as a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">fundamental right</a> under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This judgment clarified that the Right to Privacy could be infringed upon only when there was a compelling state interest for doing so. This position was the same as with the other fundamental rights. It explicitly overruled three previous judgements of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Firstpost_rightful_place_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firstpost_rightful_place-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decriminalisation_of_homosexuality">Decriminalisation of homosexuality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Decriminalisation of homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navtej_Singh_Johar_v._Union_of_India" title="Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India">Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India</a></div> <p>On 6 September 2018, a five-member constitutional bench decriminalised homosexuality by partially striking down <a href="/wiki/Section_377_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code">Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code</a> in the case <a href="/wiki/Navtej_Singh_Johar_v._Union_of_India" title="Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India">Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India</a>. The bench led by <a href="/wiki/Dipak_Misra" title="Dipak Misra">Dipak Misra</a> unanimously declared that criminalisation of private consensual sex between adult persons of the same sex under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was clearly unconstitutional. The court, however, held that the section would apply to bestiality, sex with minors and non consensual sexual acts.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayodhya_dispute">Ayodhya dispute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ayodhya dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Supreme_Court_verdict_on_Ayodhya_dispute" title="2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute">2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute</a></div> <p>A political, historical, and socio-religious debate, the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a> has been going on since 1961 when the first case was filed in court. The Supreme Court, after a marathon 40 day hearing which concluded on 16 October, reserved the decision and revealed it on 9 November 2019 stating that the disputed land will be given to Hindus and also ruled that the Muslim community will be given an alternative piece of 5 acre land for the construction of a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the biggest decisions before the retirement of then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Gogoi" title="Ranjan Gogoi">Ranjan Gogoi</a> on 17 November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_bond_verdict">Electoral bond verdict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Electoral bond verdict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Bond">Electoral Bond</a></div> <p>The Court struck down a scheme that allowed individuals and companies to anonymously donate to political parties, stating it was a violation of a voter's right to information about political funding. They also pointed out that it "would lead to <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> arrangements" between corporations and politicians.<a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">SBI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission</a> to publish all donor data available, including names and amounts of donors they had collected.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TH67848211_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH67848211-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_assessment">Critical assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Critical assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year 2008 saw the Supreme Court embroiled in several controversies, from serious allegations of corruption at the highest level of the judiciary,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expensive private holidays at the tax payers expense,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refusal to divulge details of judges' assets to the public,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> secrecy in the appointments of judges',<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refusal to make information public under the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Information Act">Right to Information Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief justice <a href="/wiki/K._G._Balakrishnan" title="K. G. Balakrishnan">K. G. Balakrishnan</a> invited a lot of criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant, but that of a constitutional authority.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later went back on this stand.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judiciary has come in for serious criticisms from former presidents <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Patil" title="Pratibha Patil">Pratibha Patil</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> for failure in handling its duties.<sup id="cite_ref-c1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime minister Manmohan Singh, has stated that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary, and suggested that there is an urgent need to eradicate this menace.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet Secretary of India</a> introduced the judges Inquiry (Amendment) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and Supreme Court judges.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pending_cases">Pending cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Pending cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pendency_of_court_cases_in_India" title="Pendency of court cases in India">Pendency of court cases in India</a></div> <p>According to Supreme Court newsletter, there are 58,519 cases pending in the Supreme Court, out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011. Excluding connected cases, there are still 33,892 pending cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Court_Quarterly_Newsletter_—_Oct_—_Dec_2011_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Court_Quarterly_Newsletter_—_Oct_—_Dec_2011-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per the latest pendency data made available by the Supreme Court, the total number of pending cases in the Supreme Court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters (miscellaneous) and 23,099 regular hearing matters.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2014, former Chief Justice of India, Justice <a href="/wiki/R.M._Lodha" class="mw-redirect" title="R.M. Lodha">R.M. Lodha</a>, proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year (instead of the present system of having long vacations, specially in the higher courts) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts; however, per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year per their choice; but, the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council of India</a> rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More over, various time frames specified in <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">'code of civil procedure'</a> are also diluted by Supreme Court judgements to give the courts right to endlessly adjourn the cases.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Bar Association cited that access to speedy justice faces a serious crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_law">Rule of law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Rule of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court has not taken up the trial of many pending cases, since April 2014 (more than 6 years), challenging the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2014" title="Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014">Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014</a>, which was enacted by the Parliament without following the <a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">stipulated procedure in the Constitution</a>, and is claimed detrimental to the basic foundation of the constitution on which the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure of the constitution</a> is resting.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic foundation of the constitution is the dignity and the freedom of its citizens, which is of supreme importance and cannot be destroyed or infringed by any legislation of the parliament. Whereas the fair trial to examine the validity of the ninety-ninth constitutional amendment, dated 31 December 2014, to form <a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a> for the purpose of appointing the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts, was conducted on utmost priority and the Supreme Court delivered its judgement on 16 October 2015 (within a year), quashing the constitutional amendment as unconstitutional and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a>, stating that the said amendment interferes with the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disposal of the various petitions filed against the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2014" title="Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014">Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014</a> is also equally important as it has alienated the basic rights of a vast section of Indian citizens and also against the federal character of the constitution, which is part of the basic structure of the constitution. The Supreme Court is also wasting its valuable time by not taking up the case in toto but conducting a piecemeal trial by delivering its judgement to dispose of petitions related to the apportionment of assets between the newly formed states Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court is also conducting a piecemeal trial of the petitions filed by the states regarding water sharing of rivers and bifurcation of the common high court without considering the earlier pending petitions challenging the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 which is the basic cause of all these disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a> as provided in the Constitution, it is the duty of the judiciary/Supreme Court to establish the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> at the earliest by rectifying any misuse of the Constitution by Parliament and the executive without colluding with them and to remove perceptions of people that rule of law is sidelined and a section of its citizens are subjected to discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_judges_vs_chief_justice">Four judges vs chief justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Four judges vs chief justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_Supreme_Court_of_India_crisis" title="2018 Supreme Court of India crisis">2018 Supreme Court of India crisis</a></div> <p>On 12 January 2018, four senior judges of the Supreme Court; <a href="/wiki/Jasti_Chelameswar" title="Jasti Chelameswar">Jasti Chelameswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Gogoi" title="Ranjan Gogoi">Ranjan Gogoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lokur" title="Madan Lokur">Madan Lokur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurian_Joseph" title="Kurian Joseph">Kurian Joseph</a> addressed a press conference criticizing Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Dipak_Misra" title="Dipak Misra">Dipak Misra</a>'s style of administration and the manner in which he allocated cases among judges of the Supreme Court. However, people close to Misra denied the allegations that the allocation of cases was unfair.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking the impeachment of Dipak Misra to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a>, with signatures from seventy-one parliamentarians.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 April 2018, the petition was rejected by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a>, primarily on the basis that the complaints were about administration and not misbehaviour, and that thus impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of the judiciary">independence of the judiciary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_working_hours">Holidays and working hours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Holidays and working hours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court works from 10:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>am to 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm, but is closed during winter and summer for two weeks each. Some critics feel that this delays pending cases. However, in an interview in June 2018 with <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>, Justice Chelameswar revealed that most Supreme Court judges including him work around 14 hours per day, and continue to work for an average of 7 hours per day even during vacations. He further compared the court to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, which delivers judgement on around 120 cases in a year, while each judge in the Supreme Court of India delivers judgements on 1,000–1,500 cases.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been noted that consensus within the Collegium is at times achieved through trade-offs, resulting in unreliable appointments with consequences for litigants. There has also been a rise in sycophancy and "lobbying" within the system. Justice Chelameswar provided evidence from existing records to support this claim. In one case, "a judge was blocked from elevation to the Madras High Court in 2009, in what 'appeared to have been a joint venture in the subversion of the law governing the collegium system by both the executive and the judiciary.'"<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 April 2019 an unnamed woman employee of the Supreme Court filed an affidavit stating that Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Gogoi" title="Ranjan Gogoi">Ranjan Gogoi</a> had <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexually harassed</a> her on 10–11 October 2018 by pressing his body against hers against her will. An in-house committee of the Court quickly cleared Gogoi of the sexual harassment charges, although the report of the committee was not provided to the complainant.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there were widespread protests against the manner in which the woman's complaint was dealt with by Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A petition was filed before the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Human Rights Commission">National Human Rights Commission</a> to obtain the report of the in-house committee.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Law_University,_Delhi" title="National Law University, Delhi">National Law University Delhi</a> topper Surbhi Karwa skipped her convocation to avoid receiving her degree from <a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Gogoi" title="Ranjan Gogoi">Ranjan Gogoi</a> in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The in house committee which cleared Gogoi of sexual harassment was chaired by Justice S A Bobde, who himself succeeded Gogoi as chief justice. The woman complainant stated that she was terrified by the systematic victimisation of her family members who were all dismissed from service following her protest against Gogoi's sexual advances.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India" title="Attorney General of India">Attorney General of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_India" title="List of chief justices of India">List of chief justices of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India">List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_body_(India)" title="Constitutional body (India)">Constitutional body (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendency_of_court_cases_in_India" title="Pendency of court cases in India">Pendency of court cases in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_India&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025230422/https://sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges">"Chief Justice & Judges"</a>. Supreme Court of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges">the original</a> on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rule+of+law%3A+Justice+in+the+dock&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Frule-of-law-justice-in-the-dock-1186254-2018-03-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-meddling-in-sc-justice-chelameswar-says-cji-dipak-misra-has-to-take-it-forward-5117863/">"Govt meddling in Supreme Court: Justice Chelameswar says CJI Dipak Misra has to take it forward"</a>. 31 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331023441/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-meddling-in-sc-justice-chelameswar-says-cji-dipak-misra-has-to-take-it-forward-5117863/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Turmoil+in+Supreme+Court+as+four+judges+speak+out+against+Chief+Justice+Dipak+Misra&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.aulast=Bagriya&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Bhadra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2F4-senior-supreme-court-judges-speak-out-against-cji-dipak-misra-say-need-to-preserve-institution-for-survival-of-democracy%2Fstory-UqaLGhs4iCbyk4zckVmMbM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/opposition-parties-submit-petition-to-rajya-sabha-chairman-for-chief-justices-impeachment-1840245">"Chief Justice Dipak Misra Faces Impeachment Motion, 71 Have Signed: 10 Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420152255/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/opposition-parties-submit-petition-to-rajya-sabha-chairman-for-chief-justices-impeachment-1840245">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+Dipak+Misra+Faces+Impeachment+Motion%2C+71+Have+Signed%3A+10+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fopposition-parties-submit-petition-to-rajya-sabha-chairman-for-chief-justices-impeachment-1840245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhukan2018" class="citation news cs1">Phukan, Sandeep (23 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-rejects-impeachment-motion-against-cji/article23643125.ece">"Venkaiah Naidu rejects impeachment motion against CJI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215174843/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-rejects-impeachment-motion-against-cji/article23643125.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Indian+Chief+Justice+Cleared+of+Sexual+Harassment&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-48177737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-lawyers-activists-protest-against-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi/videoshow/69214922.cms">"Lawyers, Activists Protest against Clean Chit to CJI Ranjan Gogoi"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 7 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023001500/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-lawyers-activists-protest-against-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi/videoshow/69214922.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Lawyers%2C+Activists+Protest+against+Clean+Chit+to+CJI+Ranjan+Gogoi&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fwomen-lawyers-activists-protest-against-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi%2Fvideoshow%2F69214922.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complaint-in-nhrc-seeks-sexual-harassment-report-which-gave-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi-1536015-2019-05-27">"Complaint in NHRC Seeking Sexual Harassment Report on CJI Ranjan Gogoi"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 27 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530101346/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complaint-in-nhrc-seeks-sexual-harassment-report-which-gave-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi-1536015-2019-05-27">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Complaint+in+NHRC+Seeking+Sexual+Harassment+Report+on+CJI+Ranjan+Gogoi&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fcomplaint-in-nhrc-seeks-sexual-harassment-report-which-gave-clean-chit-to-cji-ranjan-gogoi-1536015-2019-05-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/nlu-topper-skips-convocation-to-avoid-receiving-award-from-cji-ranjan-gogoi-over-sexual-harassment-claims-4349651.html">"NLU Topper Skips Convocation in Protest against Ranjan Gogoi"</a>. <i>Money Control</i>. 19 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820161454/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/nlu-topper-skips-convocation-to-avoid-receiving-award-from-cji-ranjan-gogoi-over-sexual-harassment-claims-4349651.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money+Control&rft.atitle=NLU+Topper+Skips+Convocation+in+Protest+against+Ranjan+Gogoi&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fnlu-topper-skips-convocation-to-avoid-receiving-award-from-cji-ranjan-gogoi-over-sexual-harassment-claims-4349651.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cji-ranjan-gogoi-clean-chit-sexual-harassment-case-my-worst-fears-came-true-1518609-2019-05-06">"Dejected and Terrified - Woman Complainant against CJI Ranjan Gogoi"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 6 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108005525/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cji-ranjan-gogoi-clean-chit-sexual-harassment-case-my-worst-fears-came-true-1518609-2019-05-06">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sitting judges of High Courts of India">Judges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_judge" title="Subordinate judge">Subordinate Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_courts_in_India" title="List of district courts in India">District Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judicial_Magistrate_Court" title="Chief Judicial Magistrate Court">Chief Judicial Magistrate Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_First_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class">First Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Judicial_Magistrate_of_Second_Class" title="Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class">Second Class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Munsiff_Court" title="District Munsiff Court">District Munsiff Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative dispute resolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Nyayalayas_Act,_2008" title="Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008">Gram Nyayalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Adalat" title="Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribunals_in_India" title="Tribunals in India">Tribunals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Green_Tribunal" title="National Green Tribunal">National Green Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">National Company Law Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appointment of Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Judges_Cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Judges Cases">Collegium System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_India" title="Legal education in India">Bar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India" title="Attorney General of India">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Additional Solicitor General of India">Additional Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_general_(India)" title="Advocate general (India)">Advocate General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in India">Judicial activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendency_of_court_cases_in_India" title="Pendency of court cases in India">Pendency of court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_Courts_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_Courts_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Supreme Courts of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Court of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bhutan" title="Supreme Court of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cambodia" title="Supreme Court of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cyprus" title="Supreme Court of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indonesia" title="Supreme Court of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kazakhstan" title="Supreme Court of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Maldives" title="Supreme Court of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Myanmar" title="Supreme Court of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Tajikistan" title="Supreme Court of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Turkmenistan" title="Supreme Court of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uzbekistan" title="Supreme Court of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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