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class="comp article-header-block mntl-block "><ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">History & Culture</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/american-history-4133354" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">American History</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">A Poem by Emma Lazarus Changed the Meaning of Lady Liberty</h1> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="A Poem by Emma Lazarus Changed the Meaning of Lady Liberty" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=1774050, bestTitle='A Poem by Emma Lazarus Changed the Meaning of Lady Liberty'}}" data-description=""The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus changed the metaphor of the Statue of Liberty, from a symbol of American liberty to one of immigration." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span data-href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fstatue-of-liberty-symbolize-immigration-1774050%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook.com%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-share-article" data-network="facebook" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-facebook" tabindex="0" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li 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class="primary-image__media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0-EIq_TFeKZ_hFmCatJMK-7pNcw=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-643949592-6d6db15201e14a80b3a0eb3254a584b2.jpg" width="5500" height="3668" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0-EIq_TFeKZ_hFmCatJMK-7pNcw=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-643949592-6d6db15201e14a80b3a0eb3254a584b2.jpg 1500w" sizes="750px" alt="Emma Lazarus, author of "The New Colossus"" class=" primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" onload="(function(e){e.classList.add('loaded')})(this)" style="--blurry: 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href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a></div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-mcnamara-1773280" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Robert McNamara</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__image-wrapper"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:140.0%;"> <img data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kR5vCPv8XZnr34aVA9ljLqMUkKw=/40x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 40w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/P_kJejShppkcvUgtH8pLq69H7_o=/58x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 58w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WoAauIwkgLSG-8Wino5eFEQQIe0=/76x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 76w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zQBe6ZL9V6YK0vLuFQ-ZSaHKjt4=/94x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 94w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uOu2yfyW0vqQhbQdRB_bjCQBV3I=/112x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 112w" data-sizes="80px" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/-C9TAhe0jSGVpXaMHPPPZHE9m-0=/200x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg" alt="Robert McNamara headshot" class="lazyload mntl-author-tooltip__image" width="200" height="200" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/-C9TAhe0jSGVpXaMHPPPZHE9m-0=/200x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kR5vCPv8XZnr34aVA9ljLqMUkKw=/40x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 40w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/P_kJejShppkcvUgtH8pLq69H7_o=/58x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 58w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WoAauIwkgLSG-8Wino5eFEQQIe0=/76x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 76w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zQBe6ZL9V6YK0vLuFQ-ZSaHKjt4=/94x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 94w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uOu2yfyW0vqQhbQdRB_bjCQBV3I=/112x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/McNamara-headshot-history1800s-5b7422c046e0fb00504dcf97.jpg 112w" alt="Robert McNamara headshot" width="200" height="200" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-mcnamara-1773280" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Robert McNamara</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">History Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on August 14, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> When the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/why-statue-of-liberty-is-green-4114936" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Statue of Liberty</a> was dedicated on October 28, 1886, the ceremonial speeches had nothing to do with immigrants arriving in America. The sculptor who created the enormous statue, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/who-designed-the-statue-of-liberty-1991696" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Fredric-Auguste Bartholdi</a>, never intended the statue to evoke the idea of immigration. In a sense, he viewed his creation as something nearly opposite: as a symbol of liberty spreading outward <em>from</em> America. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> So how and why did the statue become an iconic symbol of immigration? The Statue is now always linked in the public mind with arriving immigrants thanks to the words of Emma Lazarus. Lady Liberty took on deeper meaning because of the sonnet written in its honor, "The New Colossus." </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-poet-emma-lazarus-was-asked-to-write-a-poem"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Poet Emma Lazarus Was Asked to Write a Poem </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Before the Statue of Liberty was completed and shipped to the United States for assembly, a campaign was organized by newspaper publisher <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/joseph-pulitzer-1773679" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Joseph Pulitzer</a> to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/who-paid-for-the-statue-of-liberty-1773828" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">raise funds to build the pedestal</a> on Bedloe’s Island. Donations were very slow in coming, and in the early 1880s it appeared that the statue might never be assembled in New York. There were even rumors that another city, perhaps Boston, could wind up with the statue. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Fundraising events were organized, one of which was an art show. The poet Emma Lazarus, who was known and respected in the artistic community in New York City, was asked to participate. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Lazarus was a 34-year-old native New Yorker, the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family with roots going back to the colonial era in New York City. She had become very concerned about the plight of Jews being persecuted in a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/pogrom-the-historic-background-1773338" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">pogrom</a> in Russia. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Newly arrived Jewish refugees from Russia were being housed on Ward's Island, in New York City's East River. Lazarus had been visiting them and had gotten involved with charitable organizations helping the destitute new arrivals get a start in their new country. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The writer Constance Cary Harrison asked Lazarus to write a poem to help raise money for the Statue of Liberty pedestal fund. Lazarus, at first, was not interested in writing something on assignment. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-emma-lazarus-applied-her-social-conscience"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Emma Lazarus Applied Her Social Conscience </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Harrison later recalled that she encouraged Lazarus to change her mind by saying, “Think of that goddess standing on her pedestal down yonder in the bay, and holding her torch out to those Russian refugees of yours that you are so fond of visiting at Ward’s Island.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Lazarus reconsidered and wrote the sonnet, “The New Colossus.” The opening of the poem refers to the Colossus of Rhodes, an ancient statue of a Greek titan. But Lazarus then refers to the statue which “shall” stand as a “mighty woman with a torch” and the “Mother of Exiles.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Later in the sonnet are the lines which eventually became iconic: </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>"Give me your tired, your poor,<br/>Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,<br/>The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,<br/>Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,<br/>I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"</em> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Thus in the mind of Lazarus the statue was not symbolic of liberty flowing outward from America, as Bartholdi envisioned, but rather a symbol of America being a refuge where those oppressed could come to live in liberty. Lazarus was no doubt thinking of the Jewish refugees from Russia she had been volunteering to assist at Ward's Island. And she surely understood that had she been born somewhere else, she may have faced oppression and suffering herself. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-poem-the-new-colossus-was-essentially-forgotten"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The Poem 'The New Colossus' Was Essentially Forgotten </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> On December 3, 1883, a reception was held at the Academy of Design in New York City to auction off a portfolio of writings and artwork to raise funds for the statue’s pedestal. The next morning the <a href="https://nyti.ms/2umX5ES" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">New York Times reported</a> that a crowd which included J. P. Morgan, the famous banker, heard a reading of the poem “The New Colossus” by Emma Lazarus. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The art auction did not raise as much money as the organizers had hoped. And the poem written by Emma Lazarus seems to have been forgotten. She tragically died of cancer on November 19, 1887, at the age of 38, less than four years after writing the poem. An <a href="https://nyti.ms/2dTcJiU" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">obituary in the New York Times</a> the following day praised her writing, with the headline calling her "An American Poet of Uncommon Talent." The obituary quoted some of her poems yet did not mention “The New Colossus.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Thus, the sonnet was generally forgotten not long after it was written. Yet over time the sentiments expressed in words by Lazarus and the massive figure crafted of copper by Bartholdi would become inseparable in the public mind. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-poem-was-revived-by-a-friend-of-emma-lazarus"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The Poem Was Revived by a Friend of Emma Lazarus </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In May 1903, a friend of Lazarus, Georgina Schuyler, succeeded in having a bronze plaque containing the text of “The New Colossus” <a href="https://nyti.ms/2umJ61U" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">installed on an interior wall</a> of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> By that time the statue had been standing in the harbor for nearly 17 years, and millions of immigrants had passed by it. And for those fleeing oppression in Europe, the Statue of Liberty did seem to be holding a torch of welcome. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-lady-libertys-legacy"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Lady Liberty's Legacy </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Over the following decades, especially in the 1920s, when the United States began to restrict immigration, the words of Lazarus took on deeper meaning. And whenever there is talk of closing America's borders, relevant lines from "The New Colossus" are always quoted in opposition. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Still, the poem and its connection to the statue unexpectedly became a contentious issue in the summer of 2017. Stephen Miller, an anti-immigrant adviser to President Donald Trump, sought to denigrate the poem and its connection to the statue. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_44-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Two years later, in the summer of 2019, Ken Cuccinelli, the acting director of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services in the Trump administration, <a href="https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/politics/Cuccinelli-Torches-Famous-Statue-Liberty-Immigrant-Quote-540196561.html" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">sparked a controversy</a> by suggesting that the classic poem be edited. In a series of interviews on August 13, 2019, Cuccinelli said the poem should be changed to refer to immigrants who "can stand on their own two feet." He also noted that the Lazarus poem referred to "people coming from Europe," which critics interpreted as a sign of current bias toward non-white immigrants. </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">McNamara, Robert. "A Poem by Emma Lazarus Changed the Meaning of Lady Liberty." ThoughtCo, Mar. 4, 2021, thoughtco.com/statue-of-liberty-symbolize-immigration-1774050.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">McNamara, Robert. (2021, March 4). A Poem by Emma Lazarus Changed the Meaning of Lady Liberty. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/statue-of-liberty-symbolize-immigration-1774050</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">McNamara, Robert. "A Poem by Emma Lazarus Changed the Meaning of Lady Liberty." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/statue-of-liberty-symbolize-immigration-1774050 (accessed February 27, 2025).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" 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