CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bioplastic - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0489e6a1-83ab-4a3c-bc40-1c302e3ba1f2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bioplastic","wgTitle":"Bioplastic","wgCurRevisionId":1259097760,"wgRevisionId":1259097760,"wgArticleId":2570207,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles that may contain original research from September 2015","All articles that may contain original research","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Bioplastics","Biodegradable waste management","Polymer chemistry"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bioplastic","wgRelevantArticleId":2570207,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q413458","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg/1200px-BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="781"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg/800px-BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="521"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg/640px-BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="416"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bioplastic - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bioplastic rootpage-Bioplastic skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bioplastic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bioplastic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bioplastic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bioplastic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-IUPAC_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IUPAC_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>IUPAC definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IUPAC_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proposed applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polysaccharide-based_bioplastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polysaccharide-based_bioplastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Polysaccharide-based bioplastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polysaccharide-based_bioplastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starch-based_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starch-based_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Starch-based plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starch-based_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cellulose-based_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellulose-based_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Cellulose-based plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellulose-based_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein-based_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein-based_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Protein-based plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein-based_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_aliphatic_polyesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_aliphatic_polyesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Some aliphatic polyesters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_aliphatic_polyesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polylactic_acid_(PLA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polylactic_acid_(PLA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Polylactic acid (PLA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polylactic_acid_(PLA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyhydroxyalkanoates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyhydroxyalkanoates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Polyhydroxyalkanoates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyhydroxyalkanoates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyamide_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyamide_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Polyamide 11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyamide_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bio-derived_polyethylene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-derived_polyethylene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Bio-derived polyethylene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-derived_polyethylene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified_feedstocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified_feedstocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Genetically modified feedstocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified_feedstocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyhydroxyurethanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyhydroxyurethanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Polyhydroxyurethanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyhydroxyurethanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid_derived_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid_derived_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Lipid derived polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid_derived_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodegradation_of_Bioplastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradation_of_Bioplastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biodegradation of Bioplastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradation_of_Bioplastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioplastics_for_construction_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioplastics_for_construction_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bioplastics for construction materials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bioplastics_for_construction_materials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bioplastics for construction materials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bioplastics_for_construction_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applications_in_Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_in_Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Applications in Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_in_Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_Bioplastics_in_Construction_Environmental_Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_Bioplastics_in_Construction_Environmental_Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Benefits of Bioplastics in Construction Environmental Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_Bioplastics_in_Construction_Environmental_Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Economic Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_and_Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_and_Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Challenges and Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_and_Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_Prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_Prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Future Prospects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_Prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industry and markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development_of_bioplastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development_of_bioplastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History and development of bioplastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_development_of_bioplastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Testing procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Testing_procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Testing procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Testing_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_compostability_–_EN_13432,_ASTM_D6400" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_compostability_–_EN_13432,_ASTM_D6400"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Industrial compostability – EN 13432, ASTM D6400</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_compostability_–_EN_13432,_ASTM_D6400-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compostability_–_ASTM_D6002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compostability_–_ASTM_D6002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Compostability – ASTM D6002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compostability_–_ASTM_D6002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_of_ASTM_D_6002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_of_ASTM_D_6002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Withdrawal of ASTM D 6002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_of_ASTM_D_6002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biobased_–_ASTM_D6866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biobased_–_ASTM_D6866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Biobased – ASTM D6866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biobased_–_ASTM_D6866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anaerobic_biodegradability_–_ASTM_D5511-02_and_ASTM_D5526" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaerobic_biodegradability_–_ASTM_D5511-02_and_ASTM_D5526"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Anaerobic biodegradability – ASTM D5511-02 and ASTM D5526</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaerobic_biodegradability_–_ASTM_D5511-02_and_ASTM_D5526-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioplastic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لدائن حيوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لدائن حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="জৈব প্লাস্টিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈব প্লাস্টিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopl%C3%A0stic" title="Bioplàstic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bioplàstic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplast" title="Bioplast – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bioplast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-basierter_Kunststoff" title="Bio-basierter Kunststoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bio-basierter Kunststoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolagunev_plastmass" title="Biolagunev plastmass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biolagunev plastmass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Βιοπλαστικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοπλαστικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopl%C3%A1stico" title="Bioplástico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bioplástico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplasto" title="Bioplasto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bioplasto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastiko" title="Bioplastiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bioplastiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بیوپلاستیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیوپلاستیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastique" title="Bioplastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bioplastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopl%C3%A1stico" title="Bioplástico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioplástico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B1" title="바이오플라스틱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이오플라스틱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bioplastic" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95)" title="बायोप्लास्टिक (जैवप्लास्टिक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायोप्लास्टिक (जैवप्लास्टिक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastik" title="Bioplastik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bioplastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastica" title="Bioplastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bioplastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ביופלסטיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביופלסטיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastmasa" title="Bioplastmasa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bioplastmasa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastikas" title="Bioplastikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bioplastikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastik" title="Bioplastik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bioplastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bioplastic" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="バイオプラスチック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイオプラスチック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplast" title="Bioplast – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bioplast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqsil_plastiklar" title="Oqsil plastiklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oqsil plastiklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopl%C3%A1stico" title="Bioplástico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bioplástico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastice" title="Bioplastice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bioplastice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Биопластики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биопластики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bioplastic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplast" title="Bioplast – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bioplast" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastika" title="Bioplastika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bioplastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomuovi" title="Biomuovi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biomuovi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplast" title="Bioplast – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bioplast" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="உயிர்ம நெகிழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்ம நெகிழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="พลาสติกชีวภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลาสติกชีวภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoplastik" title="Biyoplastik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyoplastik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Біопластик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біопластик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_d%E1%BA%BBo_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Chất dẻo sinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất dẻo sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A1%91%E6%96%99" title="生物塑料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物塑料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bioplastic" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bioplastic" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bioplastic" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&oldid=1259097760" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bioplastic&id=1259097760&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBioplastic"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBioplastic"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bioplastic&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bioplastics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413458" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plastics derived from renewable biomass sources</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about plastics made from renewable biomass. For the information on plastics that are biodegradable, see <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">biodegradable plastic</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg/220px-BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg/330px-BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg/440px-BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>Biodegradable plastic <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_utensil" title="Kitchen utensil">utensils</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/220px-Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/330px-Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/440px-Flower_Wrapping_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Flower wrapping made of PLA-blend bio-flex</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bioplastics</b> are <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> materials produced from renewable <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> sources. <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plastic_development" title="Timeline of plastic development">Historically</a>, bioplastics made from natural materials like <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">cellulose</a> had been the first plastics. Since the end of the 19th century they have been increasingly superseded by <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel">fossil-fuel</a> plastics derived from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (<i>fossilized</i> biomass is not considered to be <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable</a> in reasonable short time). Today, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Bioeconomy" title="Bioeconomy">bioeconomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, bioplastics are gaining interest again. Conventional petro-based polymers are increasingly blended with bioplastics to manufacture "bio-attributed" or "mass-balanced" plastic products - so the difference between bio- and other plastics might be difficult to define.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioplastics can be produced by: </p> <ul><li>processing directly from <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">natural biopolymers</a> including <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rice_starch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice starch">rice starch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">chitosan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alginate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alginate">alginate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">soy protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>),</li> <li>chemical synthesis from <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> derivatives (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable fats and oils</a>) from either plants or animals,</li> <li>fermentation of sugars or lipids,</li> <li>biotechnological production in microorganisms or genetically modified plants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoates" title="Polyhydroxyalkanoates">polyhydroxyalkanoates</a> (PHA).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One advantage of bioplastics is their independence from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> as a raw material, which is a finite and globally unevenly distributed resource linked to <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_politics" title="Petroleum politics">petroleum politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">environmental impacts</a>. Bioplastics can utilize previously unused waste materials (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">woodchips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>). <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle analysis">Life cycle analysis</a> studies show that some bioplastics can be made with a lower <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> than their fossil counterparts, for example when <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> is used as raw material and also for energy production. However, other bioplastics' processes are less efficient and result in a higher carbon footprint than fossil plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether any kind of plastic is degradable or non-degradable (durable) depends on its molecular structure, not on whether or not the biomass constituting the raw material is fossilized. Both durable bioplastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Bio-PET" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-PET">Bio-PET</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biopolyethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolyethylene">biopolyethylene</a> (bio-based analogues of fossil-based <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>), and degradable bioplastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_succinate" title="Polybutylene succinate">polybutylene succinate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoates" title="Polyhydroxyalkanoates">polyhydroxyalkanoates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastics must be recycled similar to fossil-based plastics to avoid <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a>; "drop-in" bioplastics (such as biopolyethylene) fit into existing recycling streams. On the other hand, recycling biodegradable bioplastics in the current recycling streams poses additional challenges, as it may raise the cost of sorting and decrease the yield and the quality of the recyclate. However, biodegradation is not the only acceptable end-of-life disposal pathway for biodegradable bioplastics, and mechanical and chemical recycling are often the preferred choice from the environmental point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">Biodegradability</a> may offer an end-of-life pathway in certain applications, such as agricultural mulch, but the concept of biodegradation is not as straightforward as many believe. Susceptibility to biodegradation is highly dependent on the chemical backbone structure of the polymer, and different bioplastics have different structures, thus it cannot be assumed that bioplastic in the environment will readily disintegrate. Conversely, biodegradable plastics can also be synthesized from fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, bioplastics represented approximately 2% of the global plastics output (>380 million tons).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the commercially most important types of bioplastics were <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">PLA</a> and products based on <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With continued research on bioplastics, investment in bioplastic companies and rising scrutiny on fossil-based plastics, bioplastics are becoming more dominant in some markets, while the output of fossil plastics also steadily increases. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IUPAC_definition">IUPAC definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: IUPAC definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> define biobased polymer as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Biobased polymer</i> derived from the <i><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></i> or issued from monomers derived from the biomass and which, at some stage in its processing into finished products, can be shaped by flow. </p><dl><dd><i>Note 1</i>: Bioplastic is generally used as the opposite of polymer derived from fossil resources.</dd> <dd><i>Note 2</i>: Bioplastic is misleading because it suggests that any polymer derived from the biomass is <i>environmentally friendly</i>.</dd> <dd><i>Note 3</i>: The use of the term "bioplastic" is discouraged. Use the expression "biobased polymer".</dd> <dd><i>Note 4</i>: A biobased polymer similar to a petrobased one does not imply any superiority with respect to the environment unless the comparison of respective <i>life cycle assessments</i> is favourable.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_applications">Proposed applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proposed applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg/220px-Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg/330px-Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg/440px-Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Boxed products made from bioplastics and other <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> plastics</figcaption></figure> <p>Few commercial applications exist for bioplastics. Cost and performance remain problematic. Typical is the example of Italy, where biodegradable plastic bags are compulsory for shoppers since 2011 with the introduction of a specific law.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond structural materials, electroactive bioplastics are being developed that promise to <a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">carry electric current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a>, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">Biopolymers</a> are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioplastics called <b>drop-in bioplastics</b> are chemically identical to their fossil-fuel counterparts but made from renewable resources. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Bio-PE" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-PE">bio-PE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio-PET" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-PET">bio-PET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">bio-propylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bio-PP" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-PP">bio-PP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and biobased nylons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drop_in_bioplastics_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drop_in_bioplastics-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drop-in bioplastics are easy to implement technically, as existing infrastructure can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dedicated bio-based pathway allows to produce products that cannot be obtained through traditional chemical reactions and can create products which have unique and superior properties, compared to fossil-based alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Drop_in_bioplastics_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drop_in_bioplastics-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polysaccharide-based_bioplastics">Polysaccharide-based bioplastics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polysaccharide-based bioplastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starch-based_plastics">Starch-based plastics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Starch-based plastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg/220px-St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg/330px-St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg/440px-St%C3%A4rke-Packstoff_P%C3%B6mpel_CG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Packaging peanuts</a> made from bioplastics (thermoplastic starch)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a> starch represents the most widely used bioplastic, constituting about 50 percent of the bioplastics market.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple starch bioplastic film can be made at home by <a href="/wiki/Starch_gelatinization" title="Starch gelatinization">gelatinizing starch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymer_solution_casting" title="Polymer solution casting">solution casting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure starch is able to absorb <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, and is thus a suitable material for the production of drug capsules by the pharmaceutical sector. However, pure starch-based bioplastic is brittle. <a href="/wiki/Plasticiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticiser">Plasticizer</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, glycol, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a> can also be added so that the starch can also be processed thermo-plastically.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characteristics of the resulting bioplastic (also called "thermoplastic starch") can be tailored to specific needs by adjusting the amounts of these additives. Conventional polymer processing techniques can be used to process starch into bioplastic, such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding and solution casting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The properties of starch bioplastic is largely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a> ratio. Generally, high-amylose starch results in superior mechanical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, high-amylose starch has less processability because of its higher gelatinization temperature<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher melt viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starch-based bioplastics are often blended with biodegradable polyesters to produce starch/polylactic acid,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starch/<a href="/wiki/Polycaprolactone" title="Polycaprolactone">polycaprolactone</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or starch/Ecoflex<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate produced by <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) blends. These blends are used for industrial applications and are also compostable. Other producers, such as <a href="/wiki/Roquette_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Roquette Frères">Roquette</a>, have developed other starch/<a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">polyolefin</a> blends. These blends are not biodegradable, but have a lower carbon footprint than petroleum-based plastics used for the same applications.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starch is cheap, abundant, and renewable.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starch-based films (mostly used for packaging purposes) are made mainly from starch blended with thermoplastic polyesters to form biodegradable and compostable products. These films are seen specifically in consumer goods packaging of magazine wrappings and bubble films. In <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, these films are seen as bakery or fruit and vegetable bags. Composting bags with this films are used in selective collecting of organic waste.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, starch-based films can be used as a paper.<sup id="cite_ref-StarchPlasticsPaperUsda_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarchPlasticsPaperUsda-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starch-based nanocomposites have been widely studied, showing improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, moisture resistance, and gas barrier properties.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cellulose-based_plastics">Cellulose-based plastics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cellulose-based plastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg/220px-Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg/330px-Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg/440px-Bio-K_Blister_CG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">packaging blister</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>, a bioplastic</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> bioplastics are mainly the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose ester">cellulose esters</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>) and their derivatives, including <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a>. </p><p>Cellulose can become thermoplastic when extensively modified. An example of this is cellulose acetate, which is expensive and therefore rarely used for packaging. However, cellulosic fibers added to starches can improve mechanical properties, permeability to gas, and water resistance due to being less hydrophilic than starch.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protein-based_plastics">Protein-based plastics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protein-based plastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edible_packaging_film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Edible_packaging_film.jpg/220px-Edible_packaging_film.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Edible_packaging_film.jpg/330px-Edible_packaging_film.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Edible_packaging_film.jpg/440px-Edible_packaging_film.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Development of an edible casein film overwrap at USDA<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. For example, wheat gluten and casein show promising properties as a raw material for different biodegradable polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, soy protein is being considered as another source of bioplastic. Soy proteins have been used in plastic production for over one hundred years. For example, body panels of an <a href="/wiki/Soybean_car" title="Soybean car">original Ford automobile</a> were made of soy-based plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are difficulties with using soy protein-based plastics due to their water sensitivity and relatively high cost. Therefore, producing blends of soy protein with some already-available biodegradable polyesters improves the water sensitivity and cost.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_aliphatic_polyesters">Some aliphatic polyesters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Some aliphatic polyesters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> bio<a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a> are mainly <a href="/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyhydroxyalkanoate">polyhydroxyalkanoates</a> (PHAs) like the <a href="/wiki/Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate">poly-3-hydroxybutyrate</a> (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polylactic_acid_(PLA)"><span id="Polylactic_acid_.28PLA.29"></span>Polylactic acid (PLA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polylactic acid (PLA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/220px-Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/330px-Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/440px-Mulch_Film_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mulch film made of <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a> (PLA)-blend bio-flex</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid</a> (PLA) is a <a href="/wiki/Transparent_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparent plastic">transparent plastic</a> produced from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a><sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a>. Superficially, it is similar to conventional petrochemical-based mass plastics like <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">PS</a>. It is derived from plants, and it biodegrades under industrial composting conditions. Unfortunately, it exhibits inferior impact strength, thermal robustness, and barrier properties (blocking air transport across the membrane) compared to non-biodegradable plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmanns_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmanns-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PLA and PLA blends generally come in the form of granulates. PLA is used on a limited scale for the production of films, fibers, plastic containers, cups, and bottles. PLA is also the most common type of plastic <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">filament</a> used for home <a href="/wiki/Fused_deposition_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused deposition modeling">fused deposition modeling</a> in 3D printers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate">Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyhydroxybutyrate" title="Polyhydroxybutyrate">poly-3-hydroxybutyrate</a> (PHB) is a <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> produced by certain bacteria processing glucose, corn starch<sup id="cite_ref-bioplastic-innovation.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioplastic-innovation.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its characteristics are similar to those of the petroplastic <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> (PP). PHB production is increasing. The <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> industry, for example, has decided to expand PHB production to an industrial scale. PHB is distinguished primarily by its physical characteristics. It can be processed into a transparent film with a melting point higher than 130 degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyhydroxyalkanoates">Polyhydroxyalkanoates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polyhydroxyalkanoates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoates" title="Polyhydroxyalkanoates">Polyhydroxyalkanoates</a> (PHA) are linear <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a> produced in nature by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>. They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial production, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the fermentation of sugar. More than 150 different <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomers</a> can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. PHA is more ductile and less elastic than other plastics, and it is also biodegradable. These plastics are being widely used in the medical industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyamide_11">Polyamide 11</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polyamide 11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyamide_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyamide 11">PA 11</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a> derived from natural oil. It is also known under the tradename Rilsan B, commercialized by <a href="/wiki/Arkema" title="Arkema">Arkema</a>. PA 11 belongs to the technical polymers family and is not biodegradable. Its properties are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Polyamide_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyamide 12">PA 12</a>, although emissions of greenhouse gases and consumption of nonrenewable resources are reduced during its production. Its thermal resistance is also superior to that of PA 12. It is used in high-performance applications like automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, and catheters. </p><p>A similar plastic is Polyamide 410 (PA 410), derived 70% from <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>, under the trade name EcoPaXX, commercialized by DSM.<sup id="cite_ref-EcoPaXX_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EcoPaXX-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PA 410 is a high-performance polyamide that combines the benefits of a high melting point (approx. 250 °C), low moisture absorption and excellent resistance to various chemical substances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bio-derived_polyethylene">Bio-derived polyethylene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bio-derived polyethylene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_polyethylene" title="Renewable polyethylene">Renewable polyethylene</a></div> <p>The basic building block (<a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> is ethylene. Ethylene is chemically similar to, and can be derived from ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of agricultural feedstocks such as sugar cane or corn. Bio-derived polyethylene is chemically and physically identical to traditional polyethylene – it does not biodegrade but can be recycled. The Brazilian chemicals group <a href="/wiki/Braskem" title="Braskem">Braskem</a> claims that using its method of producing polyethylene from sugar cane ethanol captures (removes from the environment) 2.15 tonnes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per tonne of Green Polyethylene produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetically_modified_feedstocks">Genetically modified feedstocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetically modified feedstocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">GM</a> corn being a common feedstock, it is unsurprising that some bioplastics are made from this. </p><p>Under the bioplastics manufacturing technologies there is the "plant factory" model, which uses <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bacterium">genetically modified bacteria</a> to optimize efficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyhydroxyurethanes">Polyhydroxyurethanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Polyhydroxyurethanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The condensation of <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a> and cyclic carbonates produces polyhydroxyurethanes.<sup id="cite_ref-From_Petrochemical_Polyurethanes_to_Biobased_Polyhydroxyurethanes_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Petrochemical_Polyurethanes_to_Biobased_Polyhydroxyurethanes-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional cross-linked polyurethanes, cross-linked polyhydroxyurethanes are in principle amenable to recycling and reprocessing through dynamic transcarbamoylation reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanically_Activated,_Catalyst-Free_Polyhydroxyurethane_Vitrimers_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanically_Activated,_Catalyst-Free_Polyhydroxyurethane_Vitrimers-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lipid_derived_polymers">Lipid derived polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lipid derived polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number bioplastic classes have been synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">plant</a> and animal derived fats and oils.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethanes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resins">epoxy resins</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of other types of polymers have been developed with comparable properties to crude oil based materials. The recent development of <a href="/wiki/Olefin_metathesis" title="Olefin metathesis">olefin metathesis</a> has opened a wide variety of feedstocks to economical conversion into biomonomers and polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growing production of traditional vegetable oils as well as low cost <a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">microalgae derived oils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is huge potential for growth in this area. </p><p>In 2024, Lamanna et al. introduced oleogels based on <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_cellulose" title="Ethyl cellulose">ethyl cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a> as a novel bioplastic, named OleoPlast.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bioplastic exhibits thermoplastic behavior, offering both recyclability and biodegradability. The key advantages of OleoPlast include the ability to customize its mechanical and physical properties, as well as its compatibility with different processing techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">injection molding</a>, hot pressing, <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fused_filament_fabrication" title="Fused filament fabrication">fused filament fabrication</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG/220px-Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG/330px-Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG/440px-Bottle_made_from_Cellulose_Acetate_Biograde.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottles</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a> biograde</figcaption></figure> <p>Materials such as starch, cellulose, wood, sugar and biomass are used as a substitute for fossil fuel resources to produce bioplastics; this makes the production of bioplastics a more sustainable activity compared to conventional plastic production.<sup id="cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environmental impact of bioplastics is often debated, as there are many different metrics for "greenness" (e.g., water use, energy use, deforestation, biodegradation, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BiodegradableEnvironmentalImpactAxion_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiodegradableEnvironmentalImpactAxion-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BiodegradableImpactMiles_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiodegradableImpactMiles-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence bioplastic environmental impacts are categorized into nonrenewable energy use, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_acidification" title="Freshwater acidification">acidification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastic production significantly reduces <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and decreases non-renewable energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firms worldwide would also be able to increase the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> of their products by using bioplastics <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although bioplastics save more nonrenewable energy than conventional plastics and emit less greenhouse gasses compared to conventional plastics, bioplastics also have negative environmental impacts such as eutrophication and acidification.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastics induce higher eutrophication potentials than conventional plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomass production during industrial farming practices causes nitrate and phosphate to filtrate into water bodies; this causes eutrophication, the process in which a body of water gains excessive richness of nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eutrophication is a threat to water resources around the world since it causes harmful algal blooms that create oxygen dead zones, killing aquatic animals.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastics also increase acidification.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high increase in eutrophication and acidification caused by bioplastics is also caused by using chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of renewable raw materials to produce bioplastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other environmental impacts of bioplastics include exerting lower human and terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecotoxicity" title="Ecotoxicity">ecotoxicity</a> and carcinogenic potentials compared to conventional plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, bioplastics exert higher aquatic ecotoxicity than conventional materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastics and other bio-based materials increase stratospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> depletion compared to conventional plastics; this is a result of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> emissions during fertilizer application during industrial farming for biomass production.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artificial fertilizers increase nitrous oxide emissions especially when the crop does not need all the nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor environmental impacts of bioplastics include toxicity through using pesticides on the crops used to make bioplastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastics also cause carbon dioxide emissions from harvesting vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minor environmental impacts include high water consumption for biomass cultivation, soil erosion, <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a> losses and <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a>, and they are mainly are a result of land use associated with bioplastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land use for bioplastics production leads to lost <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> and increases the carbon costs while diverting land from its existing uses <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although bioplastics are extremely advantageous because they reduce non-renewable consumption and GHG emissions, they also negatively affect the environment through land and water consumption, using pesticide and fertilizer, eutrophication and acidification; hence one's preference for either bioplastics or conventional plastics depends on what one considers the most important environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue with bioplastics, is that some bioplastics are made from the edible parts of crops. This makes the bioplastics compete with food production because the crops that produce bioplastics can also be used to feed people.<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bioplastics are called "1st generation feedstock bioplastics". 2nd generation feedstock bioplastics use non-food crops (cellulosic feedstock) or waste materials from 1st generation feedstock (e.g. waste vegetable oil). Third generation feedstock bioplastics use <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> as the feedstock.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodegradation_of_Bioplastics">Biodegradation of Bioplastics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biodegradation of Bioplastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/170px-Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/255px-Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/340px-Air_Pillow_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Packaging air pillow made of PLA-blend bio-flex</figcaption></figure> <p>Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain types of bioplastics as well as conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioplastics are able to biodegrade in different environments hence they are more acceptable than conventional plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">Biodegradability</a> of bioplastics occurs under various environmental conditions including soil, aquatic environments and compost.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the structure and composition of biopolymer or bio-composite have an effect on the biodegradation process, hence changing the composition and structure might increase biodegradability.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil and compost as environment conditions are more efficient in biodegradation due to their high microbial diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composting not only biodegrades bioplastics efficiently but it also significantly reduces the emission of greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biodegradability of bioplastics in compost environments can be upgraded by adding more soluble sugar and increasing temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil environments on the other hand have high diversity of microorganisms making it easier for biodegradation of bioplastics to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, bioplastics in soil environments need higher temperatures and a longer time to biodegrade.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bioplastics biodegrade more efficiently in water bodies and marine systems; however, this causes danger to marine ecosystems and freshwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence it is accurate to conclude that biodegradation of bioplastics in water bodies which leads to the death of aquatic organisms and unhealthy water can be noted as one of the negative environmental impacts of bioplastics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioplastics_for_construction_materials">Bioplastics for construction materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bioplastics for construction materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of bioplastics dates back to the early 20th century. However, significant advancements occurred in the 1980s and 1990s when researchers began developing biodegradable plastics from natural sources. The construction industry started to take notice of bioplastics' potential in the late 2000s, driven by the global push for greener building practices. </p><p>In recent years, bioplastics have seen considerable advancements in terms of durability, cost-effectiveness, and performance. Innovations in biopolymer blends and composites have made bioplastics more suitable for construction applications, ranging from insulation to structural components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_in_Construction">Applications in Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications in Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Insulation</dt> <dd>Bioplastics can be used to create effective and eco-friendly insulation materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are commonly used for this purpose due to their thermal properties and biodegradability.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Flooring</dt> <dd>Bioplastic composites, such as those made from PLA and natural fibers, offer durable and sustainable alternatives to traditional flooring materials. They are particularly valued for their low carbon footprint and recyclability.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Panels and Cladding</dt> <dd>Bioplastic panels, made from blends of natural fibers and biopolymers, provide an eco-friendly option for wall cladding and partitioning. These materials are lightweight, durable, and can be designed to mimic traditional materials like wood or stone.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Formwork</dt> <dd>Bioplastics are increasingly used in formwork for concrete casting. They offer advantages in terms of reusability, weight reduction, and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional materials.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Reinforcement</dt> <dd>Bioplastic composites reinforced with natural fibers or other materials can be used in structural applications, offering a sustainable alternative to steel or fiberglass.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_of_Bioplastics_in_Construction_Environmental_Impact">Benefits of Bioplastics in Construction Environmental Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Benefits of Bioplastics in Construction Environmental Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Reduced Carbon Footprint</dt> <dd>Bioplastics are derived from renewable sources, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of construction materials.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Biodegradability</dt> <dd>Many bioplastics are biodegradable, which helps to reduce waste and environmental pollution at the end of their lifecycle.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Energy Efficiency</dt> <dd>The production of bioplastics generally requires less energy compared to conventional plastics, further reducing their environmental impact.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Benefits">Economic Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Resource Efficiency</dt> <dd>Using bioplastics can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to more efficient use of natural resources.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Market Growth</dt> <dd>The bioplastics market is expanding, driven by increasing demand for sustainable construction materials. This growth presents new economic opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_and_Limitations">Challenges and Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Challenges and Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Cost</dt> <dd>Bioplastics are often more expensive to produce than traditional plastics, which can be a barrier to widespread adoption in the cost-sensitive construction industry. However, ongoing research and technological advancements are expected to reduce costs over time.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Performance</dt> <dd>While bioplastics have made significant strides, some types still lag behind traditional materials in terms of strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors like UV exposure and moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Limited Applications</dt> <dd>Currently, bioplastics are suitable for a limited range of applications within construction. Expanding their use to more demanding structural roles will require further development and testing.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_Prospects">Future Prospects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Future Prospects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The future of bioplastics in construction looks promising, with continued research and innovation likely to expand their applications and improve their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the construction industry increasingly embraces sustainability, bioplastics are poised to play a critical role in the development of eco-friendly building materials.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioplastics offer a sustainable and versatile alternative to traditional construction materials, with significant environmental and economic benefits. While challenges remain, particularly in terms of cost and performance, the ongoing advancements in bioplastic technology<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hold the potential to transform the construction industry and contribute to a more sustainable future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_and_markets">Industry and markets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Industry and markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg/220px-Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg/330px-Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg/440px-Teebeutel_Polylactid_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bags</a> made of polylactide (PLA) (peppermint tea)</figcaption></figure> <p>While plastics based on organic materials were manufactured by chemical companies throughout the 20th century, the first company solely focused on bioplastics—Marlborough Biopolymers—was founded in 1983. However, Marlborough and other ventures that followed failed to find commercial success, with the first such company to secure long-term financial success being the Italian company Novamont, founded in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bioplastics remain less than one percent of all plastics manufactured worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most bioplastics do not yet save more carbon emissions than are required to manufacture them.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that replacing 250 million tons of the plastic manufactured each year with bio-based plastics would require 100 million hectares of land, or 7 percent of the arable land on Earth. And when bioplastics reach the end of their life cycle, those designed to be compostable and marketed as biodegradable are often sent to landfills due to the lack of proper composting facilities or waste sorting, where they then release methane as they break down anaerobically.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organisation in the European Union) and COGEGA (General Committee for the Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union) have made an assessment of the potential of bioplastics in different sectors of the European economy: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sector</th> <th colspan="2">Tonnes per year </th></tr> <tr> <td>Catering products</td> <td style="text-align:right;">450,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">450000</span><div style="width:225px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Organic waste bags</td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">100000</span><div style="width:50px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">Biodegradable</a> mulch foils</td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">130000</span><div style="width:65px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biodegradable foils for diapers</td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">80000</span><div style="width:40px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diapers, 100% biodegradable</td> <td style="text-align:right;">240,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">240000</span><div style="width:120px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foil packaging</td> <td style="text-align:right;">400,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">400000</span><div style="width:200px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vegetable packaging</td> <td style="text-align:right;">400,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">400000</span><div style="width:200px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tyre components</td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">200000</span><div style="width:100px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Total:</b></th> <th style="text-align:right;">2,000,000</th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development_of_bioplastics">History and development of bioplastics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History and development of bioplastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bioplastic_producers" title="List of bioplastic producers">List of bioplastic producers</a></div> <ul><li>1855: First (inferior) version of <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a> produced</li> <li>1862: At the Great London Exhibition, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parkes" title="Alexander Parkes">Alexander Parkes</a> displays <a href="/wiki/Parkesine" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkesine">Parkesine</a>, the first thermoplastic. Parkesine is made from nitrocellulose and had very good properties, but exhibits extreme flammability. (White 1998)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1897: Still produced today, Galalith is a milk-based bioplastic that was created by German chemists in 1897. Galalith is primarily found in buttons. (Thielen 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1907: Leo Baekeland invented <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a>, which received the National Historic Chemical Landmark for its non-conductivity and heat-resistant properties. It is used in radio and telephone casings, kitchenware, firearms and many more products. (Pathak, Sneha, Mathew 2014)</li> <li>1912: Brandenberger invents <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a> out of wood, cotton, or hemp cellulose. (Thielen 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1920s: Wallace Carothers finds Polylactic Acid (PLA) plastic. PLA is incredibly expensive to produce and is not mass-produced until 1989. (Whiteclouds 2018)</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Polyhydroxybutyrate" title="Polyhydroxybutyrate">Polyhydroxybutyrate</a> was isolated and characterised by French microbiologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Lemoigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Lemoigne (page does not exist)">Maurice Lemoigne</a></li> <li>1926: Maurice Lemoigne invents polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) which is the first bioplastic made from bacteria. (Thielen 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1930s: The <a href="/wiki/Soybean_car" title="Soybean car">first bioplastic car</a> was made from soy beans by Henry Ford. (Thielen 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1940-1945: During World War II, an increase in plastic production is seen as it is used in many wartime materials. Due to government funding and oversight the United States production of plastics (in general, not just bioplastics) tripled during 1940-1945 (Rogers 2005).<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1942 U.S. government short film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tree_in_a_Test_Tube" title="The Tree in a Test Tube">The Tree in a Test Tube</a></i> illustrates the major role bioplastics played in the World War II victory effort and the American economy of the time.</li> <li>1950s: Amylomaize (>50% amylose content corn) was successfully bred and commercial bioplastics applications started to be explored. (Liu, Moult, Long, 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decline in bioplastic development is seen due to the cheap oil prices, however the development of synthetic plastics continues.</li> <li>1970s: The environmental movement spurred more development in bioplastics. (Rogers 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983: The first bioplastics company, Marlborough Biopolymers, is started which uses a bacteria-based bioplastic called biopal. (Feder 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989: The further development of PLA is made by Dr. Patrick R. Gruber when he figures out how to create PLA from corn. (Whiteclouds 2018). The leading bioplastic company is created called Novamount. Novamount uses matter-bi, a bioplastic, in multiple different applications. (Novamount 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late 1990s: The development of TP starch and BIOPLAST from research and production of the company BIOTEC lead to the BIOFLEX film. BIOFLEX film can be classified as blown film extrusion, flat film extrusion, and injection moulding lines. These three classifications have applications as follows: Blown films - sacks, bags, trash bags, mulch foils, hygiene products, diaper films, air bubble films, protective clothing, gloves, double rib bags, labels, barrier ribbons; Flat films - trays, flower pots, freezer products and packaging, cups, pharmaceutical packaging; Injection moulding - disposable cutlery, cans, containers, performed pieces, CD trays, cemetery articles, golf tees, toys, writing materials. (Lorcks 1998)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: It is reported in Science that PHB can be produced by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (Poirier, Dennis, Klomparens, Nawrath, Somerville 1992)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: Metabolix inc. purchases Monsanto's biopol business (originally Zeneca) which uses plants to produce bioplastics. (Barber and Fisher 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: Nick Tucker uses elephant grass as a bioplastic base to make plastic car parts. (Tucker 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: Cargill and Dow Chemicals is rebranded as NatureWorks and becomes the leading PLA producer. (Pennisi 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: Metabolix inc. market tests its first 100% biodegradable plastic called Mirel, made from corn sugar fermentation and genetically engineered bacteria. (Digregorio 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2012: A bioplastic is developed from seaweed proving to be one of the most environmentally friendly bioplastics based on research published in the journal of pharmacy research. (Rajendran, Puppala, Sneha, Angeeleena, Rajam 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: A patent is put on bioplastic derived from blood and a crosslinking agent like sugars, proteins, etc. (iridoid derivatives, diimidates, diones, carbodiimides, <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamides</a>, dimethylsuberimidates, aldehydes, Factor XIII, dihomo bifunctional NHS esters, carbonyldiimide, glyoxyls [<i>sic</i>], proanthocyanidin, reuterin). This invention can be applied by using the bioplastic as tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones, and being used in stem cell delivery. (Campbell, Burgess, Weiss, Smith 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014: It is found in a study published in 2014 that bioplastics can be made from blending vegetable waste (parsley and spinach stems, the husks from cocoa, the hulls of rice, etc.) with TFA solutions of pure cellulose creates a bioplastic. (Bayer, Guzman-Puyol, Heredia-Guerrero, Ceseracciu, Pignatelli, Ruffilli, Cingolani, and Athanassiou 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016: An experiment finds that a car bumper that passes regulation can be made from nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials using banana peels. (Hossain, Ibrahim, Aleissa 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017: A new proposal for bioplastics made from Lignocellulosics resources (dry plant matter). (Brodin, Malin, Vallejos, Opedal, Area, Chinga-Carrasco 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: Many developments occur including Ikea starting industrial production of bioplastics furniture (Barret 2018), Project Effective focusing on replacing nylon with bio-nylon (Barret 2018), and the first packaging made from fruit (Barret 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019: Five different types of Chitin <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a> were extracted and synthesized by the 'Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology' to verify strong personality and antibacterial effects. When buried underground, 100% biodegradation was possible within six months.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>*This is not a comprehensive list. These inventions show the versatility of bioplastics and important breakthroughs. New applications and bioplastics inventions continue to occur. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Bioplastic Discovery or Development </th></tr> <tr> <td>1862 </td> <td>Parkesine - Alexander Parkes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td>Celluloid - John Wesley Hyatt </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897 </td> <td>Galalith - German chemists </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td>Bakelite - Leo Baekeland </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <td>Cellophane - Jacques E. Brandenberger </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920s </td> <td>Polylactic Acid (PLA) - Wallace Carothers </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td>Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) - Maurice Lemoigne </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930s </td> <td>Soy bean-based bioplastic car - Henry Ford </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>Biopal - Marlborough Biopolymers </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>PLA from corn - Dr. Patrick R. Gruber; Matter-bi - Novamount </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>PHB can be produced by Arabidopsis thaliana (a small flowering plant) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>Bioflex film (blown, flat, injection molding) leads to many different applications of bioplastic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>PHB can be produced by elephant grass </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Mirel (100% biodegradable plastic) by Metabolic inc. is market tested </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>Bioplastic is developed from seaweed </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>Bioplastic made from blood and a cross-linking agent which is used in medical procedures </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Bioplastic made from vegetable waste </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>Car bumper made from banana peel bioplastic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Bioplastics made from lignocellulosic resources (dry plant matter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>Bioplastic furniture, bio-nylon, packaging from fruit </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG/220px-Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG/330px-Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG/440px-Bioplastics_Development_Center_-_University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_-_DSC00107.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Bioplastics Development Center - University of Massachusetts Lowell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg/220px-PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg/330px-PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg/440px-PLA-Kugelschreiber_NatureWorks_CG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a> made with bioplastics (Polylactide, PLA)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing_procedures">Testing procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Testing procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/150px-Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/225px-Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg/300px-Shampoo_Bottle_made_of_PLA-Blend_Bio-Flex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A bioplastic shampoo <a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">bottle</a> made of PLA-blend bio-flex</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_compostability_–_EN_13432,_ASTM_D6400"><span id="Industrial_compostability_.E2.80.93_EN_13432.2C_ASTM_D6400"></span>Industrial compostability – EN 13432, ASTM D6400</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Industrial compostability – EN 13432, ASTM D6400"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Norm" class="mw-redirect" title="European Norm">EN</a> 13432 industrial standard must be met in order to claim that a plastic product is compostable in the European marketplace. In summary, it requires multiple tests and sets pass/fail criteria, including disintegration (physical and visual break down) of the finished item within 12 weeks, biodegradation (conversion of organic carbon into CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) of polymeric ingredients within 180 days, plant toxicity and heavy metals. The <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> 6400 standard is the regulatory framework for the United States and has similar requirements. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>-based plastics, PLA-based plastics and certain <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> co-<a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Succinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Succinates">succinates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid#Adipate_salts_and_esters" title="Adipic acid">adipates</a>, have obtained these certificates. Additive-based bioplastics sold as photodegradable or <a href="/wiki/Oxo_Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxo Biodegradable">Oxo Biodegradable</a> do not comply with these standards in their current form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compostability_–_ASTM_D6002"><span id="Compostability_.E2.80.93_ASTM_D6002"></span>Compostability – ASTM D6002</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Compostability – ASTM D6002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASTM D 6002 method for determining the compostability of a plastic defined the word <i><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compostable</a></i> as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>that which is capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site such that the material is not visually distinguishable and breaks down into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate consistent with known compostable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This definition drew much criticism because, contrary to the way the word is traditionally defined, it completely divorces the process of "composting" from the necessity of it leading to <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>/compost as the end product. The only criterion this standard <i>does</i> describe is that a compostable plastic must <b>look</b> to be going away as fast as something else one has already established to be compostable under the <i>traditional</i> definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Withdrawal_of_ASTM_D_6002">Withdrawal of ASTM D 6002</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Withdrawal of ASTM D 6002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2011, the ASTM withdrew standard ASTM D 6002, which had provided plastic manufacturers with the legal credibility to label a plastic as <a href="/wiki/Compostable" class="mw-redirect" title="Compostable">compostable</a>. Its description is as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>This guide covered suggested criteria, procedures, and a general approach to establish the compostability of environmentally degradable plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The ASTM has yet to replace this standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biobased_–_ASTM_D6866"><span id="Biobased_.E2.80.93_ASTM_D6866"></span>Biobased – ASTM D6866</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Biobased – ASTM D6866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASTM D6866 method has been developed to certify the biologically derived content of bioplastics. Cosmic rays colliding with the atmosphere mean that some of the carbon is the radioactive isotope <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a>. CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere is used by plants in <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, so new plant material will contain both carbon-14 and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a>. Under the right conditions, and over geological timescales, the remains of living organisms can be transformed into <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. After ~100,000 years all the carbon-14 present in the original organic material will have undergone radioactive decay leaving only carbon-12. A product made from <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> will have a relatively high level of carbon-14, while a product made from petrochemicals will have no carbon-14. The percentage of renewable carbon in a material (solid or liquid) can be measured with an accelerator <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an important difference between <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> and biobased content. A bioplastic such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be 100% biobased (i.e. contain 100% renewable carbon), yet be non-biodegradable. These bioplastics such as HDPE nonetheless play an important role in greenhouse gas abatement, particularly when they are combusted for energy production. The biobased component of these bioplastics is considered carbon-neutral since their origin is from biomass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anaerobic_biodegradability_–_ASTM_D5511-02_and_ASTM_D5526"><span id="Anaerobic_biodegradability_.E2.80.93_ASTM_D5511-02_and_ASTM_D5526"></span>Anaerobic <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> – ASTM D5511-02 and ASTM D5526</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Anaerobic biodegradability – ASTM D5511-02 and ASTM D5526"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASTM D5511-12 and ASTM D5526-12 are testing methods that comply with international standards such as the ISO DIS 15985 for the <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> of plastic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">Alkane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">Biopolymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioSphere_Plastic" title="BioSphere Plastic">BioSphere Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastivores" title="Category:Plastivores">Organisms breaking down plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">Celluloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_tableware" title="Edible tableware">Edible tableware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galalith" title="Galalith">Galalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle#Concerns" title="Plastic bottle">Health concerns of certain non-biodegradable (fossil fuel-based) plastic food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bans" title="Plastic bans">Plastic bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_photovoltaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic photovoltaics">Organic photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceresana.com/en/produkt/market-study-bioplastics">"Bioplastics Market Report: Industry Analysis, Forecast 2032"</a>. <i>Ceresana Market Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ceresana+Market+Research&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+Market+Report%3A+Industry+Analysis%2C+Forecast+2032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceresana.com%2Fen%2Fprodukt%2Fmarket-study-bioplastics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarichelvamJawaidAsim2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marichelvam, M. K.; Jawaid, Mohammad; Asim, Mohammad (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffib7040032">"Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fibers_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibers (journal)">Fibers</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffib7040032">10.3390/fib7040032</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibers&rft.atitle=Corn+and+Rice+Starch-Based+Bio-Plastics+as+Alternative+Packaging+Materials&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffib7040032&rft.aulast=Marichelvam&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft.au=Jawaid%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Asim%2C+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Ffib7040032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahRajhansPandyaMankad2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Manali; Rajhans, Sanjukta; Pandya, Himanshu A.; Mankad, Archana U.; Shah, Manali; Rajhans, Sanjukta; Pandya, Himanshu A.; Mankad, Archana U. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30574%2Fwjarr.2021.9.2.0054">"Bioplastic for future: A review then and now"</a>. <i>World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 056–067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30574%2Fwjarr.2021.9.2.0054">10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.2.0054</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Advanced+Research+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=Bioplastic+for+future%3A+A+review+then+and+now&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=056-067&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30574%2Fwjarr.2021.9.2.0054&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Manali&rft.au=Rajhans%2C+Sanjukta&rft.au=Pandya%2C+Himanshu+A.&rft.au=Mankad%2C+Archana+U.&rft.au=Shah%2C+Manali&rft.au=Rajhans%2C+Sanjukta&rft.au=Pandya%2C+Himanshu+A.&rft.au=Mankad%2C+Archana+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30574%252Fwjarr.2021.9.2.0054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenboomLangerTraverso2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenboom, Jan-Georg; Langer, Robert; Traverso, Giovanni (2022-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8771173">"Bioplastics for a circular economy"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 117–137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatRM...7..117R">2022NatRM...7..117R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41578-021-00407-8">10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2058-8437">2058-8437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8771173">8771173</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35075395">35075395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Materials&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+for+a+circular+economy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-137&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8771173%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatRM...7..117R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35075395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41578-021-00407-8&rft.issn=2058-8437&rft.aulast=Rosenboom&rft.aufirst=Jan-Georg&rft.au=Langer%2C+Robert&rft.au=Traverso%2C+Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8771173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_BartoloInfurnaDintcheva2021" class="citation journal cs1">Di Bartolo, Alberto; Infurna, Giulia; Dintcheva, Nadka Tzankova (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8069747">"A Review of Bioplastics and Their Adoption in the Circular Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polymers_(journal)" title="Polymers (journal)">Polymers</a></i>. <b>13</b> (8): 1229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym13081229">10.3390/polym13081229</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10447%2F538077">10447/538077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8069747">8069747</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920269">33920269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Bioplastics+and+Their+Adoption+in+the+Circular+Economy&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1229&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8069747%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33920269&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10447%2F538077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpolym13081229&rft.aulast=Di+Bartolo&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Infurna%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Dintcheva%2C+Nadka+Tzankova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8069747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerRothman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, S.; Rothman, R. (2020-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620312051">"Life cycle assessment of bio-based and fossil-based plastic: A review"</a>. <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>261</b>: 121158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCPro.26121158W">2020JCPro.26121158W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.121158">10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121158</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F121758">10871/121758</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216414551">216414551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Life+cycle+assessment+of+bio-based+and+fossil-based+plastic%3A+A+review&rft.volume=261&rft.pages=121158&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F121758&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216414551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCPro.26121158W&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.121158&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Rothman%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0959652620312051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellisMalinconicoGuarneriGardossi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pellis, Alessandro; Malinconico, Mario; Guarneri, Alice; Gardossi, Lucia (2021-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871678420301813">"Renewable polymers and plastics: Performance beyond the green"</a>. <i>New Biotechnology</i>. <b>60</b>: 146–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nbt.2020.10.003">10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-6784">1871-6784</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33068793">33068793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224321496">224321496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Renewable+polymers+and+plastics%3A+Performance+beyond+the+green&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=146-158&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.issn=1871-6784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224321496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33068793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nbt.2020.10.003&rft.aulast=Pellis&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Malinconico%2C+Mario&rft.au=Guarneri%2C+Alice&rft.au=Gardossi%2C+Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1871678420301813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasKasaDubeySen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Anjaly P.; Kasa, Vara Prasad; Dubey, Brajesh Kumar; Sen, Ramkrishna; Sarmah, Ajit K. (2023). "Synthesis and commercialization of bioplastics: Organic waste as a sustainable feedstock". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a></i>. <b>904</b>: 167243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.90467243T">2023ScTEn.90467243T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.167243">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37741416">37741416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+commercialization+of+bioplastics%3A+Organic+waste+as+a+sustainable+feedstock&rft.volume=904&rft.pages=167243&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37741416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.167243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ScTEn.90467243T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Anjaly+P.&rft.au=Kasa%2C+Vara+Prasad&rft.au=Dubey%2C+Brajesh+Kumar&rft.au=Sen%2C+Ramkrishna&rft.au=Sarmah%2C+Ajit+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLackner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lackner, Maximilian (2015). "Bioplastics". <i><a href="/wiki/Kirk-Othmer_Encyclopedia_of_Chemical_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology">Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</a></i>: 1–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.koe00006">10.1002/0471238961.koe00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3"><bdi>978-0-471-48494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.atitle=Bioplastics&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.koe00006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-48494-3&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiemonte2013" class="citation book cs1">Piemonte, Vincenzo (2013). "Inside the Bioplastics World: An Alternative to Petroleum-based Plastics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118629703.ch8"><i>Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering Innovative Technologies</i></a> (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 181–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118629703.ch8">10.1002/9781118629703.ch8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119953524" title="Special:BookSources/9781119953524"><bdi>9781119953524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Bioplastics+World%3A+An+Alternative+to+Petroleum-based+Plastics&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+in+Chemical+Engineering+Innovative+Technologies&rft.pages=181-198&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118629703.ch8&rft.isbn=9781119953524&rft.aulast=Piemonte&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118629703.ch8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrediDorigato2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fredi, Giulia; Dorigato, Andrea (2021-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aiepr.2021.06.006">"Recycling of bioplastic waste: A review"</a>. <i>Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 159–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aiepr.2021.06.006">10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.06.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11572%2F336675">11572/336675</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237852939">237852939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Industrial+and+Engineering+Polymer+Research&rft.atitle=Recycling+of+bioplastic+waste%3A+A+review&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159-177&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11572%2F336675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237852939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aiepr.2021.06.006&rft.aulast=Fredi&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft.au=Dorigato%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.aiepr.2021.06.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190309234733/http://www.worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics">"Bioplastics (PLA) - World Centric"</a>. <i>worldcentric.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcentric.org/biocompostables/bioplastics">the original</a> on 2019-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldcentric.org&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+%28PLA%29+-+World+Centric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcentric.org%2Fbiocompostables%2Fbioplastics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinthapalliSkoczinskiCarusBaltus2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chinthapalli, Raj; Skoczinski, Pia; Carus, Michael; Baltus, Wolfgang; de Guzman, Doris; Käb, Harald; Raschka, Achim; Ravenstijn, Jan (2019-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ind.2019.29179.rch">"Biobased Building Blocks and Polymers—Global Capacities, Production and Trends, 2018–2023"</a>. <i>Industrial Biotechnology</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 237–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Find.2019.29179.rch">10.1089/ind.2019.29179.rch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-9087">1550-9087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202017074">202017074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Biobased+Building+Blocks+and+Polymers%E2%80%94Global+Capacities%2C+Production+and+Trends%2C+2018%E2%80%932023&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-241&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202017074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1550-9087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Find.2019.29179.rch&rft.aulast=Chinthapalli&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft.au=Skoczinski%2C+Pia&rft.au=Carus%2C+Michael&rft.au=Baltus%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=de+Guzman%2C+Doris&rft.au=K%C3%A4b%2C+Harald&rft.au=Raschka%2C+Achim&rft.au=Ravenstijn%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1089%2Find.2019.29179.rch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceresana.com/en/produkt/market-study-bioplastics">"Bioplastics Market Report: Industry Analysis, Forecast 2032"</a>. <i>Ceresana Market Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ceresana+Market+Research&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+Market+Report%3A+Industry+Analysis%2C+Forecast+2032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceresana.com%2Fen%2Fprodukt%2Fmarket-study-bioplastics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vert, Michel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319032817/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8402x0377.pdf">"Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. <b>84</b> (2): 377–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REC-10-12-04">10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98107080">98107080</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8402x0377.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Terminology+for+biorelated+polymers+and+applications+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2012%29&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-410&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPAC-REC-10-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98107080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vert&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpac.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F2012%2Fpdf%2F8402x0377.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minambiente.it/comunicati/consiglio-dei-ministri-conferma-la-messa-al-bando-dei-sacchetti-di-plastica-non">"Consiglio dei Ministri conferma la messa al bando dei sacchetti di plastica non biodegradabili - Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare"</a>. <i>minambiente.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minambiente.it&rft.atitle=Consiglio+dei+Ministri+conferma+la+messa+al+bando+dei+sacchetti+di+plastica+non+biodegradabili+-+Ministero+dell%27Ambiente+e+della+Tutela+del+Territorio+e+del+Mare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minambiente.it%2Fcomunicati%2Fconsiglio-dei-ministri-conferma-la-messa-al-bando-dei-sacchetti-di-plastica-non&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuszkiw2005" class="citation web cs1">Suszkiw, Jan (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/dec05/plastic1205.htm">"Electroactive Bioplastics Flex Their Industrial Muscle"</a>. <i>News & Events</i>. <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Events&rft.atitle=Electroactive+Bioplastics+Flex+Their+Industrial+Muscle&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Suszkiw&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fis%2FAR%2Farchive%2Fdec05%2Fplastic1205.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenPatel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, G.; Patel, M. (2012). "Plastics derived from biological sources: Present and future: P technical and environmental review". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>112</b> (4): 2082–2099. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr200162d">10.1021/cr200162d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22188473">22188473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Plastics+derived+from+biological+sources%3A+Present+and+future%3A+P+technical+and+environmental+review&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2082-2099&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr200162d&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22188473&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Patel%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhwaldiaElmira_Arab-TehranyStephane_Desobry2010" class="citation journal cs1">Khwaldia, Khaoula; Elmira Arab-Tehrany; Stephane Desobry (2010). "Biopolymer Coatings on Paper Packaging Materials". <i>Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 82–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-4337.2009.00095.x">10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00095.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33467805">33467805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Food+Safety&rft.atitle=Biopolymer+Coatings+on+Paper+Packaging+Materials&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-91&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1541-4337.2009.00095.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33467805&rft.aulast=Khwaldia&rft.aufirst=Khaoula&rft.au=Elmira+Arab-Tehrany&rft.au=Stephane+Desobry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102122527/https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf">"Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bio-based+drop-in%2C+smart+drop-in+and+dedicated+chemicals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadtobio.eu%2Fuploads%2Fnews%2F2017_October%2FRoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wur.nl/nl/Onderzoek-Resultaten/Onderzoeksinstituten/food-biobased-research/Oplossingen/Duurzame-bioplastics-op-basis-van-hernieuwbare-grondstoffen.htm">Duurzame bioplastics op basis van hernieuwbare grondstoffen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioplastics.guide/ref/bioplastics/what-are-bioplastics/">What are bioplastics?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drop_in_bioplastics-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drop_in_bioplastics_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drop_in_bioplastics_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/08/28/drop-ins-bioplastics/">Drop in bioplastics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102122527/https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf">"Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadtobio.eu/uploads/news/2017_October/RoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bio-based+drop-in%2C+smart+drop-in+and+dedicated+chemicals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadtobio.eu%2Fuploads%2Fnews%2F2017_October%2FRoadToBio_Drop-in_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovativeindustry.net/types-of-bioplastic">"Types of Bioplastic | InnovativeIndustry.net"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Bioplastic+%7C+InnovativeIndustry.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovativeindustry.net%2Ftypes-of-bioplastic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instructables.com/id/Make-Potato-Plastic!/">Make Potato Plastic!</a>. Instructables.com (2007-07-26). Retrieved 2011-08-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuXieYuChen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Hongsheng; Xie, Fengwei; Yu, Long; Chen, Ling; Li, Lin (2009-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670009000653">"Thermal processing of starch-based polymers"</a>. <i>Progress in Polymer Science</i>. <b>34</b> (12): 1348–1368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.progpolymsci.2009.07.001">10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6700">0079-6700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Polymer+Science&rft.atitle=Thermal+processing+of+starch-based+polymers&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1348-1368&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.progpolymsci.2009.07.001&rft.issn=0079-6700&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Hongsheng&rft.au=Xie%2C+Fengwei&rft.au=Yu%2C+Long&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ling&rft.au=Li%2C+Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0079670009000653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLiuZouYu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Ming; Liu, Peng; Zou, Wei; Yu, Long; Xie, Fengwei; Pu, Huayin; Liu, Hongshen; Chen, Ling (2011-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877411002196">"Extrusion processing and characterization of edible starch films with different amylose contents"</a>. <i>Journal of Food Engineering</i>. <b>106</b> (1): 95–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfoodeng.2011.04.021">10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.04.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-8774">0260-8774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Engineering&rft.atitle=Extrusion+processing+and+characterization+of+edible+starch+films+with+different+amylose+contents&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-101&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jfoodeng.2011.04.021&rft.issn=0260-8774&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=Liu%2C+Peng&rft.au=Zou%2C+Wei&rft.au=Yu%2C+Long&rft.au=Xie%2C+Fengwei&rft.au=Pu%2C+Huayin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hongshen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0260877411002196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuYuXieChen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Hongsheng; Yu, Long; Xie, Fengwei; Chen, Ling (2006-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861706000506">"Gelatinization of cornstarch with different amylose/amylopectin content"</a>. <i>Carbohydrate Polymers</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 357–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2006.01.026">10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-8617">0144-8617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85239192">85239192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbohydrate+Polymers&rft.atitle=Gelatinization+of+cornstarch+with+different+amylose%2Famylopectin+content&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-363&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85239192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-8617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2006.01.026&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Hongsheng&rft.au=Yu%2C+Long&rft.au=Xie%2C+Fengwei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0144861706000506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXieYuSuLiu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Xie, Fengwei; Yu, Long; Su, Bing; Liu, Peng; Wang, Jun; Liu, Hongshen; Chen, Ling (2009-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733521009000083">"Rheological properties of starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios"</a>. <i>Journal of Cereal Science</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 371–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcs.2009.01.002">10.1016/j.jcs.2009.01.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0733-5210">0733-5210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cereal+Science&rft.atitle=Rheological+properties+of+starches+with+different+amylose%2Famylopectin+ratios&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-377&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcs.2009.01.002&rft.issn=0733-5210&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=Fengwei&rft.au=Yu%2C+Long&rft.au=Su%2C+Bing&rft.au=Liu%2C+Peng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hongshen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0733521009000083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidYuMengLiu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khalid, Saud; Yu, Long; Meng, Linghan; Liu, Hongsheng; Ali, Amjad; Chen, Ling (2017). "Poly(lactic acid)/starch composites: Effect of microstructure and morphology of starch granules on performance". <i>Journal of Applied Polymer Science</i>. <b>134</b> (46): 45504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp.45504">10.1002/app.45504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Polymer+Science&rft.atitle=Poly%28lactic+acid%29%2Fstarch+composites%3A+Effect+of+microstructure+and+morphology+of+starch+granules+on+performance&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=45504&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapp.45504&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Saud&rft.au=Yu%2C+Long&rft.au=Meng%2C+Linghan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hongsheng&rft.au=Ali%2C+Amjad&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814061041/http://bioplasticsonline.net/2010/06/starch-based-bioplastic-manufacturers-and-suppliers/">"Starch based Bioplastic Manufacturers and Suppliers"</a>. <i>bioplasticsonline.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioplasticsonline.net/2010/06/starch-based-bioplastic-manufacturers-and-suppliers/">the original</a> on August 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bioplasticsonline.net&rft.atitle=Starch+based+Bioplastic+Manufacturers+and+Suppliers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioplasticsonline.net%2F2010%2F06%2Fstarch-based-bioplastic-manufacturers-and-suppliers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2008" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Lilli Manolis (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ptonline.com/articles/enhancing-biopolymers-additives-are-needed-for-toughness-heat-resistance-processability">"Enhancing biopolymers: additives are needed for toughness, heat resistance & processability"</a>. <i>Plastics Technology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417023038/https://www.ptonline.com/articles/enhancing-biopolymers-additives-are-needed-for-toughness-heat-resistance-processability">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plastics+Technology&rft.atitle=Enhancing+biopolymers%3A+additives+are+needed+for+toughness%2C+heat+resistance+%26+processability.&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Lilli+Manolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptonline.com%2Farticles%2Fenhancing-biopolymers-additives-are-needed-for-toughness-heat-resistance-processability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122532/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2008/04/22/basf-announces-major-bioplastics-production-expansion/">"BASF announces major bioplastics production expansion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2008/04/22/basf-announces-major-bioplastics-production-expansion/">the original</a> on 2012-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BASF+announces+major+bioplastics+production+expansion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioplastic-innovation.com%2F2008%2F04%2F22%2Fbasf-announces-major-bioplastics-production-expansion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122551/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2010/10/16/roquette-nouvel-acteur-sur-le-marche-des-plastiques-lance-gaialene%C2%AE-une-gamme-innovante-de-plastique-vegetal/">"Roquette, nouvel acteur sur le marché des plastiques, lance GAÏALENE®: une gamme innovante de plastique végétal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2010/10/16/roquette-nouvel-acteur-sur-le-marche-des-plastiques-lance-gaialene%C2%AE-une-gamme-innovante-de-plastique-vegetal/">the original</a> on 2012-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roquette%2C+nouvel+acteur+sur+le+march%C3%A9+des+plastiques%2C+lance+GA%C3%8FALENE%C2%AE%3A+une+gamme+innovante+de+plastique+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioplastic-innovation.com%2F2010%2F10%2F16%2Froquette-nouvel-acteur-sur-le-marche-des-plastiques-lance-gaialene%25C2%25AE-une-gamme-innovante-de-plastique-vegetal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvérousPollet2014" class="citation cs2">Avérous, Luc; Pollet, Eric (2014), "Nanobiocomposites Based on Plasticized Starch", <i>Starch Polymers</i>, Elsevier, pp. 211–239, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-53730-0.00028-2">10.1016/b978-0-444-53730-0.00028-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53730-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53730-0"><bdi>978-0-444-53730-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Starch+Polymers&rft.atitle=Nanobiocomposites+Based+on+Plasticized+Starch&rft.pages=211-239&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-53730-0.00028-2&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53730-0&rft.aulast=Av%C3%A9rous&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft.au=Pollet%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarchPlasticsPaperUsda-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarchPlasticsPaperUsda_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvant2017" class="citation web cs1">Avant, Sandra (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214152835/https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2017/apr/starch/">"Better Paper, Plastics With Starch"</a>. USDA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2017/apr/starch/">the original</a> on 2018-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Better+Paper%2C+Plastics+With+Starch&rft.pub=USDA&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Avant&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagresearchmag.ars.usda.gov%2F2017%2Fapr%2Fstarch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCate2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cate, Peter (January 2017). "Collaboration delivers better results". <i>Reinforced Plastics</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 51–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.repl.2016.09.002">10.1016/j.repl.2016.09.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-3617">0034-3617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reinforced+Plastics&rft.atitle=Collaboration+delivers+better+results&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-54&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.repl.2016.09.002&rft.issn=0034-3617&rft.aulast=Cate&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiePolletHalleyAvérous2013" class="citation journal cs1">Xie, Fengwei; Pollet, Eric; Halley, Peter J.; Avérous, Luc (2013-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079670013000439">"Starch-based nano-biocomposites"</a>. <i>Progress in Polymer Science</i>. Progress in Bionanocomposites: from green plastics to biomedical applications. <b>38</b> (10): 1590–1628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.progpolymsci.2013.05.002">10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6700">0079-6700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Polymer+Science&rft.atitle=Starch-based+nano-biocomposites&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1590-1628&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.progpolymsci.2013.05.002&rft.issn=0079-6700&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=Fengwei&rft.au=Pollet%2C+Eric&rft.au=Halley%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Av%C3%A9rous%2C+Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0079670013000439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOBrien2018" class="citation journal cs1">OBrien (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2018/feb/wraps/#printdiv">"That's a Wrap: Edible Food Wraps from ARS"</a>. <i>USDA Agricultural Research</i>: 22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USDA+Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=That%27s+a+Wrap%3A+Edible+Food+Wraps+from+ARS&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2018-02&rft.au=OBrien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagresearchmag.ars.usda.gov%2F2018%2Ffeb%2Fwraps%2F%23printdiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongMurphyNarayanDavies2009" class="citation journal cs1">Song, J. H.; Murphy, R. J.; Narayan, R.; Davies, G. B. H. (2009-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873018">"Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>364</b> (1526): 2127–2139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0289">10.1098/rstb.2008.0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873018">2873018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528060">19528060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biodegradable+and+compostable+alternatives+to+conventional+plastics&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=1526&rft.pages=2127-2139&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2873018%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19528060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0289&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Narayan%2C+R.&rft.au=Davies%2C+G.+B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2873018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalstonOsswald2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ralston, Brian E.; Osswald, Tim A. (February 2008). "The History of Tomorrow's Materials: Protein-Based Biopolymers". <i>Plastics Engineering</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1941-9635.2008.tb00292.x">10.1002/j.1941-9635.2008.tb00292.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-9578">0091-9578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastics+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Tomorrow%27s+Materials%3A+Protein-Based+Biopolymers&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1941-9635.2008.tb00292.x&rft.issn=0091-9578&rft.aulast=Ralston&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rft.au=Osswald%2C+Tim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangJiangZhuJane2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Jinwen; Jiang, Long; Zhu, Linyong; Jane, Jay-lin; Mungara, Perminus (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/fshn_ag_pubs/108">"Morphology and Properties of Soy Protein and Polylactide Blends"</a>. <i>Biomacromolecules</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 1551–1561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbm050888p">10.1021/bm050888p</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-7797">1525-7797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16677038">16677038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomacromolecules&rft.atitle=Morphology+and+Properties+of+Soy+Protein+and+Polylactide+Blends&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1551-1561&rft.date=2006-05&rft.issn=1525-7797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16677038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbm050888p&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Jinwen&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Long&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Linyong&rft.au=Jane%2C+Jay-lin&rft.au=Mungara%2C+Perminus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.dr.iastate.edu%2Ffshn_ag_pubs%2F108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithsonianmag.com_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/plastic.html">"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places"</a>. <i>smithsonianmag.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=History%2C+Travel%2C+Arts%2C+Science%2C+People%2C+Places&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fplastic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmanns-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmanns_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKünkelBeckerBörgerHamprecht2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Künkel, Andreas; Becker, Johannes; Börger, Lars; Hamprecht, Jens; Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Loos, Robert; Schick, Michael Bernhard; Schlegel, Katharina; Sinkel, Carsten; Skupin, Gabriel; Yamamoto, Motonori (2016). "Polymers, Biodegradable". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.n21_n01.pub2">10.1002/14356007.n21_n01.pub2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polymers%2C+Biodegradable&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=1-29&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.n21_n01.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCnkel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Becker%2C+Johannes&rft.au=B%C3%B6rger%2C+Lars&rft.au=Hamprecht%2C+Jens&rft.au=Koltzenburg%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Loos%2C+Robert&rft.au=Schick%2C+Michael+Bernhard&rft.au=Schlegel%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Sinkel%2C+Carsten&rft.au=Skupin%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Motonori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioplastic-innovation.com-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bioplastic-innovation.com_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122556/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/06/08/mirel-phas-grades-for-rigid-sheet-and-thermoforming/">"Mirel: PHAs grades for Rigid Sheet and Thermoforming"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/06/08/mirel-phas-grades-for-rigid-sheet-and-thermoforming/">the original</a> on 2012-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mirel%3A+PHAs+grades+for+Rigid+Sheet+and+Thermoforming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioplastic-innovation.com%2F2011%2F06%2F08%2Fmirel-phas-grades-for-rigid-sheet-and-thermoforming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023230713/http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/07/29/micromidas-is-using-carefully-constructed-populations-of-bacteria-to-convert-organic-waste-into-bio-degradable-plastics/">"Micromidas is using carefully constructed populations of bacteria to convert organic waste into bio-degradable plastics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioplastic-innovation.com/2011/07/29/micromidas-is-using-carefully-constructed-populations-of-bacteria-to-convert-organic-waste-into-bio-degradable-plastics/">the original</a> on October 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micromidas+is+using+carefully+constructed+populations+of+bacteria+to+convert+organic+waste+into+bio-degradable+plastics.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioplastic-innovation.com%2F2011%2F07%2F29%2Fmicromidas-is-using-carefully-constructed-populations-of-bacteria-to-convert-organic-waste-into-bio-degradable-plastics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcoPaXX-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EcoPaXX_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsm.com/en_US/cworld/public/media/pages/press-releases/19_10_dsm_launches_bio_based_performance_materials_for_automotive_industry.jsp">"Home"</a>. <i>dsm.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsm.com&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsm.com%2Fen_US%2Fcworld%2Fpublic%2Fmedia%2Fpages%2Fpress-releases%2F19_10_dsm_launches_bio_based_performance_materials_for_automotive_industry.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Petrochemical_Polyurethanes_to_Biobased_Polyhydroxyurethanes-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-From_Petrochemical_Polyurethanes_to_Biobased_Polyhydroxyurethanes_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNohraLaure_CandyJean-Francois_BlancoCeline_Guerin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nohra, Bassam; Laure Candy; Jean-Francois Blanco; Celine Guerin; Yann Raoul; Zephirin Mouloungui (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9942/1/Nohra_9942.pdf">"From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Macromolecules</i>. <b>46</b> (10): 3771–3792. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MaMol..46.3771N">2013MaMol..46.3771N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma400197c">10.1021/ma400197c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=From+Petrochemical+Polyurethanes+to+Biobased+Polyhydroxyurethanes&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3771-3792&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma400197c&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MaMol..46.3771N&rft.aulast=Nohra&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rft.au=Laure+Candy&rft.au=Jean-Francois+Blanco&rft.au=Celine+Guerin&rft.au=Yann+Raoul&rft.au=Zephirin+Mouloungui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foatao.univ-toulouse.fr%2F9942%2F1%2FNohra_9942.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mechanically_Activated,_Catalyst-Free_Polyhydroxyurethane_Vitrimers-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mechanically_Activated,_Catalyst-Free_Polyhydroxyurethane_Vitrimers_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortmanJacob_P._BrutmanChristopher_J._CramerMarc_A._Hillmyer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fortman, David J.; Jacob P. Brutman; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Cramer" title="Christopher J. Cramer">Christopher J. Cramer</a>; Marc A. Hillmyer; William R. Dichtel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.5b08084">"Mechanically Activated, Catalyst-Free Polyhydroxyurethane Vitrimers"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>137</b> (44): 14019–14022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.5b08084">10.1021/jacs.5b08084</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26495769">26495769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Mechanically+Activated%2C+Catalyst-Free+Polyhydroxyurethane+Vitrimers&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=14019-14022&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.5b08084&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26495769&rft.aulast=Fortman&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Jacob+P.+Brutman&rft.au=Christopher+J.+Cramer&rft.au=Marc+A.+Hillmyer&rft.au=William+R.+Dichtel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fjacs.5b08084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierMetzgerSchubert2007" class="citation journal cs1">Meier, Michael A. R.; Metzger, Jürgen O.; Schubert, Ulrich S. (2007-10-02). "Plant oil renewable resources as green alternatives in polymer science". <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>36</b> (11): 1788–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb703294c">10.1039/b703294c</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-4744">1460-4744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18213986">18213986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=Plant+oil+renewable+resources+as+green+alternatives+in+polymer+science&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1788-802&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.issn=1460-4744&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18213986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb703294c&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.+R.&rft.au=Metzger%2C+J%C3%BCrgen+O.&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Ulrich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorosHojabriAbrahamJose2012" class="citation journal cs1">Floros, Michael; Hojabri, Leila; Abraham, Eldho; Jose, Jesmy; Thomas, Sabu; Pothan, Laly; Leao, Alcides Lopes; Narine, Suresh (2012). "Enhancement of thermal stability, strength and extensibility of lipid-based polyurethanes with cellulose-based nanofibers". <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>. <b>97</b> (10): 1970–1978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2012.02.016">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.02.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Enhancement+of+thermal+stability%2C+strength+and+extensibility+of+lipid-based+polyurethanes+with+cellulose-based+nanofibers&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1970-1978&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2012.02.016&rft.aulast=Floros&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hojabri%2C+Leila&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Eldho&rft.au=Jose%2C+Jesmy&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Sabu&rft.au=Pothan%2C+Laly&rft.au=Leao%2C+Alcides+Lopes&rft.au=Narine%2C+Suresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillaiFlorosNarine2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pillai, Prasanth K. S.; Floros, Michael C.; Narine, Suresh S. (2017-07-03). "Elastomers from Renewable Metathesized Palm Oil Polyols". <i>ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering</i>. <b>5</b> (7): 5793–5799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.7b00517">10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Sustainable+Chemistry+%26+Engineering&rft.atitle=Elastomers+from+Renewable+Metathesized+Palm+Oil+Polyols&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=5793-5799&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.7b00517&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=Prasanth+K.+S.&rft.au=Floros%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Narine%2C+Suresh+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanKüsefoğluWool2001" class="citation journal cs1">Can, E.; Küsefoğlu, S.; Wool, R. P. (2001-07-05). "Rigid, thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. I. Synthesis and polymerization of soy oil monoglyceride maleates". <i>Journal of Applied Polymer Science</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 69–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp.1414">10.1002/app.1414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4628">1097-4628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Polymer+Science&rft.atitle=Rigid%2C+thermosetting+liquid+molding+resins+from+renewable+resources.+I.+Synthesis+and+polymerization+of+soy+oil+monoglyceride+maleates&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-77&rft.date=2001-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapp.1414&rft.issn=1097-4628&rft.aulast=Can&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=K%C3%BCsefo%C4%9Flu%2C+S.&rft.au=Wool%2C+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStemmelenPesselLapinteCaillol2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stemmelen, M.; Pessel, F.; Lapinte, V.; Caillol, S.; Habas, J.-P.; Robin, J.-J. (2011-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587993/file/JPOLSCI.pdf">"A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol-ene reaction to the study of the final material"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry</i>. <b>49</b> (11): 2434–2444. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPoSA..49.2434S">2011JPoSA..49.2434S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpola.24674">10.1002/pola.24674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0518">1099-0518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:78089334">78089334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Polymer+Science+Part+A%3A+Polymer+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+fully+biobased+epoxy+resin+from+vegetable+oils%3A+From+the+synthesis+of+the+precursors+by+thiol-ene+reaction+to+the+study+of+the+final+material&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2434-2444&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpola.24674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A78089334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1099-0518&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JPoSA..49.2434S&rft.aulast=Stemmelen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Pessel%2C+F.&rft.au=Lapinte%2C+V.&rft.au=Caillol%2C+S.&rft.au=Habas%2C+J.-P.&rft.au=Robin%2C+J.-J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00587993%2Ffile%2FJPOLSCI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Meier, Michael A. R. (2009-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmacp.200900168">"Metathesis with Oleochemicals: New Approaches for the Utilization of Plant Oils as Renewable Resources in Polymer Science"</a>. <i>Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>210</b> (13–14): 1073–1079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmacp.200900168">10.1002/macp.200900168</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3935">1521-3935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecular+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.atitle=Metathesis+with+Oleochemicals%3A+New+Approaches+for+the+Utilization+of+Plant+Oils+as+Renewable+Resources+in+Polymer+Science&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=13%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=1073-1079&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmacp.200900168&rft.issn=1521-3935&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fmacp.200900168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMataMartinsCaetano2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mata, Teresa M.; Martins, António A.; Caetano, Nidia. S. (2010). "Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review". <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 217–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RSERv..14..217M">2010RSERv..14..217M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2009.07.020">10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10400.22%2F10059">10400.22/10059</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15481966">15481966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Microalgae+for+biodiesel+production+and+other+applications%3A+A+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-232&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.22%2F10059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15481966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rser.2009.07.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010RSERv..14..217M&rft.aulast=Mata&rft.aufirst=Teresa+M.&rft.au=Martins%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+A.&rft.au=Caetano%2C+Nidia.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamannaCoriglianoNarayananVillani2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lamanna, Leonardo; Corigliano, Gabriele; Narayanan, Athira; Villani, Stefania; Friuli, Marco; Chietera, Francesco P.; Stanca, Benedetta Di Chiara; Giannotti, Laura; Siculella, Luisa; Colella, Riccardo; Catarinucci, Luca; Athanassiou, Athanassia; Cataldi, Pietro; Demitri, Christian; Caironi, Mario (2024-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2024.154988">"Beyond Plastic: Oleogel as gel-state biodegradable thermoplastics"</a>. <i>Chemical Engineering Journal</i>. <b>498</b>: 154988. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ChEnJ.49854988L">2024ChEnJ.49854988L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2024.154988">10.1016/j.cej.2024.154988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-8947">1385-8947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Journal&rft.atitle=Beyond+Plastic%3A+Oleogel+as+gel-state+biodegradable+thermoplastics&rft.volume=498&rft.pages=154988&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft.issn=1385-8947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cej.2024.154988&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024ChEnJ.49854988L&rft.aulast=Lamanna&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=Corigliano%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+Athira&rft.au=Villani%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Friuli%2C+Marco&rft.au=Chietera%2C+Francesco+P.&rft.au=Stanca%2C+Benedetta+Di+Chiara&rft.au=Giannotti%2C+Laura&rft.au=Siculella%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Colella%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Catarinucci%2C+Luca&rft.au=Athanassiou%2C+Athanassia&rft.au=Cataldi%2C+Pietro&rft.au=Demitri%2C+Christian&rft.au=Caironi%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cej.2024.154988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gironi_and_Piemonte-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gironi_and_Piemonte_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGironiPiemonte2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gironi, F.; Piemonte, V. (2011). "Bioplastics and Petroleum-based Plastics: Strengths and Weaknesses". <i>Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects</i>. <b>33</b> (21): 1949–1959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15567030903436830">10.1080/15567030903436830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Sources%2C+Part+A%3A+Recovery%2C+Utilization%2C+and+Environmental+Effects&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+and+Petroleum-based+Plastics%3A+Strengths+and+Weaknesses&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1949-1959&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15567030903436830&rft.aulast=Gironi&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Piemonte%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtiweshMikhaelParrishBanoub2021" class="citation journal cs1">Atiwesh, Ghada; Mikhael, Abanoub; Parrish, Christopher C.; Banoub, Joseph; Le, Tuyet-Anh T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8424513">"Environmental impact of bioplastic use: A review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heliyon" title="Heliyon">Heliyon</a></i>. <b>7</b> (9): e07918. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Heliy...707918A">2021Heliy...707918A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2021.e07918">10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07918</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8424513">8424513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34522811">34522811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Environmental+impact+of+bioplastic+use%3A+A+review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e07918&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8424513%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34522811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2021.e07918&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Heliy...707918A&rft.aulast=Atiwesh&rft.aufirst=Ghada&rft.au=Mikhael%2C+Abanoub&rft.au=Parrish%2C+Christopher+C.&rft.au=Banoub%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Le%2C+Tuyet-Anh+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8424513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatesBarlow2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yates, Madeleine R.; Barlow, Claire Y. (2013). "Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—A critical review". <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling</i>. <b>78</b>: 54–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2013.06.010">10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Life+cycle+assessments+of+biodegradable%2C+commercial+biopolymers%E2%80%94A+critical+review&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=54-66&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2013.06.010&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+R.&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Claire+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiodegradableEnvironmentalImpactAxion-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BiodegradableEnvironmentalImpactAxion_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://axiongroup.co.uk/news/biodegradable-plastics-better-environment/">"Are biodegradable plastics better for the environment?"</a>. Axion. 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+biodegradable+plastics+better+for+the+environment%3F&rft.pub=Axion&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faxiongroup.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbiodegradable-plastics-better-environment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiodegradableImpactMiles-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BiodegradableImpactMiles_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2018" class="citation web cs1">Miles, Lindsay (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treadingmyownpath.com/2018/03/22/biodegradable-plastic-is-it-really-eco-friendly/">"Biodegradable Plastic: Is It Really Eco-Friendly?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodegradable+Plastic%3A+Is+It+Really+Eco-Friendly%3F&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreadingmyownpath.com%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fbiodegradable-plastic-is-it-really-eco-friendly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weis_et_al-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weis_et_al_64-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissHaufeCarusBrandão2012" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Martin; Haufe, Juliane; Carus, Michael; Brandão, Miguel; Bringezu, Stefan; Hermann, Barbara; Patel, Martin K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:42352">"A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials"</a>. <i>Journal of Industrial Ecology</i>. <b>16</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2012.00468.x">10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Environmental+Impacts+of+Biobased+Materials&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2012.00468.x&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Haufe%2C+Juliane&rft.au=Carus%2C+Michael&rft.au=Brand%C3%A3o%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Bringezu%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Hermann%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Patel%2C+Martin+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Funige%3A42352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhausPetersenKersten2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brockhaus, Sebastian; Petersen, Moritz; Kersten, Wolfgang (2016). "A crossroads for bioplastics: Exploring product developers' challenges to move beyond petroleum-based plastics". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>127</b>: 84–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.04.003">10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=A+crossroads+for+bioplastics%3A+Exploring+product+developers%27+challenges+to+move+beyond+petroleum-based+plastics&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=84-95&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.04.003&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Kersten%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinha, E., et al. "Eutrophication Will Increase during the 21st Century as a Result of Precipitation Changes." Science, vol. 357, no. July, 2017, pp. 405–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosasBabcockHayes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rosas, Francisco; Babcock, Bruce A.; Hayes, Dermot J. (2015). "Nitrous oxide emission reductions from cutting excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications". <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>132</b> (2): 353–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-015-1426-y">10.1007/s10584-015-1426-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Nitrous+oxide+emission+reductions+from+cutting+excessive+nitrogen+fertilizer+applications&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-367&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-015-1426-y&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Babcock%2C+Bruce+A.&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Dermot+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiemonteGironi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Piemonte, Vincenzo; Gironi, Fausto (2011). "Land-use change emissions: How green are the bioplastics?". <i>Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 685–691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fep.10518">10.1002/ep.10518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Progress+%26+Sustainable+Energy&rft.atitle=Land-use+change+emissions%3A+How+green+are+the+bioplastics%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=685-691&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fep.10518&rft.aulast=Piemonte&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rft.au=Gironi%2C+Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cho-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cho_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho" class="citation web cs1">Cho, Renee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-12-truth-bioplastics.html">"The truth about bioplastics"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+bioplastics&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-12-truth-bioplastics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/09/12/bioplastic-feedstock-1st-2nd-and-3rd-generations/">Bioplastic Feedstock 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegli-Innocenti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Degli-Innocenti, Francesco (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155774">"Biodegradation of plastics and ecotoxicity testing: When should it be done"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>. <b>5</b>: 475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00475">10.3389/fmicb.2014.00475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155774">4155774</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250023">25250023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Biodegradation+of+plastics+and+ecotoxicity+testing%3A+When+should+it+be+done&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=475&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4155774%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25250023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00475&rft.aulast=Degli-Innocenti&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4155774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómezMichel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gómez, Eddie F.; Michel, Frederick C. (2013). "Biodegradability of conventional and bio-based plastics and natural fiber composites during composting, anaerobic digestion and long-term soil incubation". <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>. <b>98</b> (12): 2583–2591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Biodegradability+of+conventional+and+bio-based+plastics+and+natural+fiber+composites+during+composting%2C+anaerobic+digestion+and+long-term+soil+incubation&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2583-2591&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez&rft.aufirst=Eddie+F.&rft.au=Michel%2C+Frederick+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emadian_et_al-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emadian_et_al_73-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmadianOnayDemirel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Emadian, S. Mehdi; Onay, Turgut T.; Demirel, Burak (2017). "Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments". <i>Waste Management</i>. <b>59</b>: 526–536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2016.10.006">10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27742230">27742230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management&rft.atitle=Biodegradation+of+bioplastics+in+natural+environments&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=526-536&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2016.10.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27742230&rft.aulast=Emadian&rft.aufirst=S.+Mehdi&rft.au=Onay%2C+Turgut+T.&rft.au=Demirel%2C+Burak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecbf.vc/biodegradable-bioplastics">"Biodegradable bioplastics - Insurance against waste or risky shortcut?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodegradable+bioplastics+-+Insurance+against+waste+or+risky+shortcut%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecbf.vc%2Fbiodegradable-bioplastics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plasticconcreteformwork.com/environmental-benefits-of-plastic-formwork-in-concrete-construction/">"Environmental Benefits of Plastic Formwork"</a>. 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Benefits+of+Plastic+Formwork&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplasticconcreteformwork.com%2Fenvironmental-benefits-of-plastic-formwork-in-concrete-construction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarancicCerroneBeaganO’Connor2020" class="citation journal cs1">Narancic, Tanja; Cerrone, Federico; Beagan, Niall; O’Connor, Kevin E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240402">"Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polymers_(journal)" title="Polymers (journal)">Polymers</a></i>. <b>12</b> (4): 920. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym12040920">10.3390/polym12040920</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240402">7240402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32326661">32326661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+Bioplastics%3A+Application+and+Biodegradation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=920&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7240402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32326661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpolym12040920&rft.aulast=Narancic&rft.aufirst=Tanja&rft.au=Cerrone%2C+Federico&rft.au=Beagan%2C+Niall&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connor%2C+Kevin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7240402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazzaInnocenti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Razza, Francesco; Innocenti, Francesco Degli (2012). "Bioplastics from renewable resources: the benefits of biodegradability". <i><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Journal_of_Chemical_Engineering" title="Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering">Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering</a></i>. <b>7</b> (S3): S301–S309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapj.1648">10.1002/apj.1648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+from+renewable+resources%3A+the+benefits+of+biodegradability&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=S3&rft.pages=S301-S309&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapj.1648&rft.aulast=Razza&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Innocenti%2C+Francesco+Degli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/industry-report/bioplastics-market-2274?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block">"Bioplastics Market Size USD 19.2 Billion by 2030"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bioplastics+Market+Size+USD+19.2+Billion+by+2030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vantagemarketresearch.com%2Findustry-report%2Fbioplastics-market-2274%3Ftrk%3Darticle-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primebiopol.com/bioplasticos-y-plasticos-convencionales-un-analisis-comparativo/?lang=en">"Bioplastics and conventional plastics: Comparative analysis"</a>. 26 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bioplastics+and+conventional+plastics%3A+Comparative+analysis&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprimebiopol.com%2Fbioplasticos-y-plasticos-convencionales-un-analisis-comparativo%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sameerabuildingconstruction.com/can-bioplastics-replace-traditional-materials-in-building/">"Can Bioplastics Replace Traditional Materials in Building? -"</a>. 2 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Bioplastics+Replace+Traditional+Materials+in+Building%3F+-&rft.date=2024-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsameerabuildingconstruction.com%2Fcan-bioplastics-replace-traditional-materials-in-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://itechmag.org/paper/volume%201/03-08.pdf">https://itechmag.org/paper/volume%201/03-08.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkawardhaniPasaribuRohmahSalsabila2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ekawardhani, Y. A.; Pasaribu, C. Y.; Rohmah, A. N.; Salsabila, O. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1158%2F1%2F012008">"Bioplastic Technology as Packaging Innovation"</a>. <i>IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</i>. <b>1158</b> (1): 012008. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MS&E.1158a2008E">2021MS&E.1158a2008E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1158%2F1%2F012008">10.1088/1757-899X/1158/1/012008</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Materials+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Bioplastic+Technology+as+Packaging+Innovation&rft.volume=1158&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012008&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1158%2F1%2F012008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MS%26E.1158a2008E&rft.aulast=Ekawardhani&rft.aufirst=Y.+A.&rft.au=Pasaribu%2C+C.+Y.&rft.au=Rohmah%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Salsabila%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1757-899X%252F1158%252F1%252F012008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2018" class="citation web cs1">Barrett, Axel (5 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/07/05/history-of-bioplastics/">"The History and Most Important Innovations of Bioplastics"</a>. <i>Bioplastics News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bioplastics+News&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Most+Important+Innovations+of+Bioplastics&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioplasticsnews.com%2F2018%2F07%2F05%2Fhistory-of-bioplastics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Ready to Grow: The Biodegradable Polymers Market". <i>Plastics Engineering</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 1–4. March 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1941-9635.2016.tb01489.x">10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01489.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-9578">0091-9578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastics+Engineering&rft.atitle=Ready+to+Grow%3A+The+Biodegradable+Polymers+Market&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1941-9635.2016.tb01489.x&rft.issn=0091-9578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2012" class="citation journal cs1">Darby, Debra (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biocycle.net/2012/08/15/bioplastics-industry-report/">"Bioplastics Industry Report"</a>. <i>BioCycle</i>. <b>53</b> (8): 40–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioCycle&rft.atitle=Bioplastics+Industry+Report&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=40-44&rft.date=2012-08&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biocycle.net%2F2012%2F08%2F15%2Fbioplastics-industry-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRujnić-SokelePilipović2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rujnić-Sokele, Maja; Pilipović, Ana (September 2017). "Challenges and Opportunities of Biodegradable Plastics: A Mini Review". <i>Waste Management & Research</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 132–140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WMR....35..132R">2017WMR....35..132R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242x16683272">10.1177/0734242x16683272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28064843">28064843</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23782848">23782848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+Opportunities+of+Biodegradable+Plastics%3A+A+Mini+Review&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-140&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734242x16683272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23782848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28064843&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017WMR....35..132R&rft.aulast=Rujni%C4%87-Sokele&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft.au=Pilipovi%C4%87%2C+Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dolfen, Julia. "Bioplastics- Opportunities and Challenges." US Composting Council. 2012 Compostable Plastics Symposium, Jan. 2012, Austin, Texas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://compostingcouncil.org/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Dolfen.pdf">https://compostingcouncil.org/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Dolfen.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130802/https://compostingcouncil.org/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Dolfen.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1998" class="citation journal cs1">White, J. L. (December 1998). "Fourth in a Series: Pioneers of Polymer Processing Alexander Parkes". <i>International Polymer Processing</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3139%2F217.980326">10.3139/217.980326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0930-777X">0930-777X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137545344">137545344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Polymer+Processing&rft.atitle=Fourth+in+a+Series%3A+Pioneers+of+Polymer+Processing+Alexander+Parkes&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137545344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0930-777X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3139%2F217.980326&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaschkaCarusPiotrowski2013" class="citation cs2">Raschka, Achim; Carus, Michael; Piotrowski, Stephan (2013-10-04), "Renewable Raw Materials and Feedstock for Bioplastics", <i>Bio-Based Plastics</i>, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 331–345, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118676646.ch13">10.1002/9781118676646.ch13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-67664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-67664-6"><bdi>978-1-118-67664-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bio-Based+Plastics&rft.atitle=Renewable+Raw+Materials+and+Feedstock+for+Bioplastics&rft.pages=331-345&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118676646.ch13&rft.isbn=978-1-118-67664-6&rft.aulast=Raschka&rft.aufirst=Achim&rft.au=Carus%2C+Michael&rft.au=Piotrowski%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-resources/popular-topics/soy-bean-car/">"Soybean Car - The Henry Ford"</a>. <i>www.thehenryford.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thehenryford.org&rft.atitle=Soybean+Car+-+The+Henry+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehenryford.org%2Fcollections-and-research%2Fdigital-resources%2Fpopular-topics%2Fsoy-bean-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Plastic_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brooklynrail.org/2005/05/express/a-brief-history-of-plastic">"A Brief History of Plastic"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Rail</i>. May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Plastic&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrooklynrail.org%2F2005%2F05%2Fexpress%2Fa-brief-history-of-plastic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>d-2016-154</i>. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18411%2Fd-2016-154">10.18411/d-2016-154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91243-072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91243-072-5"><bdi>978-5-91243-072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=d-2016-154&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18411%2Fd-2016-154&rft.isbn=978-5-91243-072-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"New fibre could make stronger parts". <i>Reinforced Plastics</i>. <b>39</b> (5): 17. May 1995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-3617%2895%2991746-2">10.1016/0034-3617(95)91746-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-3617">0034-3617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reinforced+Plastics&rft.atitle=New+fibre+could+make+stronger+parts&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0034-3617%2895%2991746-2&rft.issn=0034-3617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioplasticsnews.com/bioplastics-companies/novamont/">"Novamont"</a>. <i>Bioplastics News</i>. 2013-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioplastics+News&rft.atitle=Novamont&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioplasticsnews.com%2Fbioplastics-companies%2Fnovamont%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLörcks1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lörcks, Jürgen (January 1998). "Properties and applications of compostable starch-based plastic material". <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>. <b>59</b> (1–3): 245–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0141-3910%2897%2900168-7">10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00168-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-3910">0141-3910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Properties+and+applications+of+compostable+starch-based+plastic+material&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=245-249&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0141-3910%2897%2900168-7&rft.issn=0141-3910&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6rcks&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirierDennisKlomparensNawrath1992" class="citation journal cs1">Poirier, Yves; Dennis, Douglas; Klomparens, Karen; Nawrath, Christiane; Somerville, Chris (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x">"Perspectives on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in plants"</a>. <i>FEMS Microbiology Letters</i>. <b>103</b> (2–4): 237–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1097">0378-1097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Letters&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+the+production+of+polyhydroxyalkanoates+in+plants&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=237-246&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x&rft.issn=0378-1097&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Klomparens%2C+Karen&rft.au=Nawrath%2C+Christiane&rft.au=Somerville%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6968.1992.tb05843.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Monsanto finds buyer for oil and gas assets". <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>. <b>63</b> (48): 5. 1985-12-02. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v063n048.p005a">10.1021/cen-v063n048.p005a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2347">0009-2347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Monsanto+finds+buyer+for+oil+and+gas+assets&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1985-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v063n048.p005a&rft.issn=0009-2347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioplasticsnews.com/2018/07/05/history-of-bioplastics/">"The History and Most Important Innovations of Bioplastics"</a>. <i>Bioplastics News</i>. 2018-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioplastics+News&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Most+Important+Innovations+of+Bioplastics&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioplasticsnews.com%2F2018%2F07%2F05%2Fhistory-of-bioplastics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennisi1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pennisi" title="Elizabeth Pennisi">Pennisi, Elizabeth</a> (1992-05-16). "Natureworks". <i>Science News</i>. <b>141</b> (20): 328–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3976489">10.2307/3976489</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8423">0036-8423</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3976489">3976489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Natureworks&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=328-331&rft.date=1992-05-16&rft.issn=0036-8423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3976489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3976489&rft.aulast=Pennisi&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiGregorio2009" class="citation journal cs1">DiGregorio, Barry E. (January 2009). "Biobased Performance Bioplastic: Mirel". <i>Chemistry & Biology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2009.01.001">10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-5521">1074-5521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19171300">19171300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=Biobased+Performance+Bioplastic%3A+Mirel&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2009-01&rft.issn=1074-5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19171300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2009.01.001&rft.aulast=DiGregorio&rft.aufirst=Barry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajamYogindran2018" class="citation cs2">Rajam, Manchikatla V.; Yogindran, Sneha (2018), "Engineering Insect Resistance in Tomato by Transgenic Approaches", <i>Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato</i>, Elsevier, pp. 237–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-802441-6.00010-3">10.1016/b978-0-12-802441-6.00010-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802441-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802441-6"><bdi>978-0-12-802441-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Management+of+Arthropod+Pests+of+Tomato&rft.atitle=Engineering+Insect+Resistance+in+Tomato+by+Transgenic+Approaches&rft.pages=237-252&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-802441-6.00010-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-802441-6&rft.aulast=Rajam&rft.aufirst=Manchikatla+V.&rft.au=Yogindran%2C+Sneha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Nanotube technology gains US patent". <i>Reinforced Plastics</i>. <b>48</b> (10): 17. November 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0034-3617%2804%2900461-8">10.1016/s0034-3617(04)00461-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-3617">0034-3617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reinforced+Plastics&rft.atitle=Nanotube+technology+gains+US+patent&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0034-3617%2804%2900461-8&rft.issn=0034-3617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBurgessWeissSmith2015" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Phil G.; Burgess, James E.; Weiss, Lee E.; Smith, Jason (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150165093A1/en">"Methods and Apparatus for Manufacturing Plasma Based Plastics and Bioplastics Produced Therefrom"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methods+and+Apparatus+for+Manufacturing+Plasma+Based+Plastics+and+Bioplastics+Produced+Therefrom&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Phil+G.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Lee+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS20150165093A1%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayerGuzman-PuyolHeredia-GuerreroCeseracciu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bayer, Ilker S.; Guzman-Puyol, Susana; Heredia-Guerrero, José Alejandro; Ceseracciu, Luca; Pignatelli, Francesca; Ruffilli, Roberta; Cingolani, Roberto; Athanassiou, Athanassia (2014-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/74866">"Direct Transformation of Edible Vegetable Waste into Bioplastics"</a>. <i>Macromolecules</i>. <b>47</b> (15): 5135–5143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MaMol..47.5135B">2014MaMol..47.5135B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma5008557">10.1021/ma5008557</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-9297">0024-9297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=Direct+Transformation+of+Edible+Vegetable+Waste+into+Bioplastics&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5135-5143&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.issn=0024-9297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma5008557&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MaMol..47.5135B&rft.aulast=Bayer&rft.aufirst=Ilker+S.&rft.au=Guzman-Puyol%2C+Susana&rft.au=Heredia-Guerrero%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Alejandro&rft.au=Ceseracciu%2C+Luca&rft.au=Pignatelli%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Ruffilli%2C+Roberta&rft.au=Cingolani%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Athanassiou%2C+Athanassia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaccessrepository.it%2Frecord%2F74866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharif_HossainIbrahimAlEissa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sharif Hossain, A.B.M.; Ibrahim, Nasir A.; AlEissa, Mohammed Saad (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4906129">"Nano-cellulose derived bioplastic biomaterial data for vehicle bio-bumper from banana peel waste biomass"</a>. <i>Data in Brief</i>. <b>8</b>: 286–294. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DIB.....8..286S">2016DIB.....8..286S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dib.2016.05.029">10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-3409">2352-3409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4906129">4906129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27331103">27331103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Data+in+Brief&rft.atitle=Nano-cellulose+derived+bioplastic+biomaterial+data+for+vehicle+bio-bumper+from+banana+peel+waste+biomass&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=286-294&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4906129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016DIB.....8..286S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27331103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dib.2016.05.029&rft.issn=2352-3409&rft.aulast=Sharif+Hossain&rft.aufirst=A.B.M.&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Nasir+A.&rft.au=AlEissa%2C+Mohammed+Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4906129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodinVallejosOpedalArea2017" class="citation journal cs1">Brodin, Malin; Vallejos, María; Opedal, Mihaela Tanase; Area, María Cristina; Chinga-Carrasco, Gary (September 2017). "Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics – A review". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>162</b>: 646–664. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCPro.162..646B">2017JCPro.162..646B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.05.209">10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.209</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12219%2F4447">20.500.12219/4447</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Lignocellulosics+as+sustainable+resources+for+production+of+bioplastics+%E2%80%93+A+review&rft.volume=162&rft.pages=646-664&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12219%2F4447&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.05.209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JCPro.162..646B&rft.aulast=Brodin&rft.aufirst=Malin&rft.au=Vallejos%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Opedal%2C+Mihaela+Tanase&rft.au=Area%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Cristina&rft.au=Chinga-Carrasco%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"26. Biofuels and bioplastics". <i>Industrial Chemistry</i>. 2015. pp. 141–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110351705.141">10.1515/9783110351705.141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035169-9"><bdi>978-3-11-035169-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=26.+Biofuels+and+bioplastics&rft.btitle=Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=141-148&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110351705.141&rft.isbn=978-3-11-035169-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranNguyenHwangLee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tran TH, Nguyen HL, Hwang DS, Lee JY, Cha HG, Koo JM, Hwang SY, Park J, Oh DX (2019). "Five different chitin nanomaterials from identical source with different advantageous functions and performances". <i>Carbohydrate Polymers</i>. <b>205</b>. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.: 392–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2018.10.089">10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-8617">0144-8617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30446120">30446120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53569630">53569630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbohydrate+Polymers&rft.atitle=Five+different+chitin+nanomaterials+from+identical+source+with+different+advantageous+functions+and+performances&rft.volume=205&rft.pages=392-400&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0144-8617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53569630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30446120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2018.10.089&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=TH&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+HL&rft.au=Hwang%2C+DS&rft.au=Lee%2C+JY&rft.au=Cha%2C+HG&rft.au=Koo%2C+JM&rft.au=Hwang%2C+SY&rft.au=Park%2C+J&rft.au=Oh%2C+DX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm">"Compostable.info"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compostable.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compostable.info%2Fcompostable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221192326/https://www.astm.org/Standards/D6002.htm">"ASTM D6002 - 96(2002)e1 Standard Guide for Assessing the Compostability of Environmentally Degradable Plastics (Withdrawn 2011)"</a>. <i>astm.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6002.htm">the original</a> on 2019-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=astm.org&rft.atitle=ASTM+D6002+-+96%282002%29e1+Standard+Guide+for+Assessing+the+Compostability+of+Environmentally+Degradable+Plastics+%28Withdrawn+2011%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FStandards%2FD6002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6866.htm">"ASTM D6866 - 11 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis"</a>. Astm.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASTM+D6866+-+11+Standard+Test+Methods+for+Determining+the+Biobased+Content+of+Solid%2C+Liquid%2C+and+Gaseous+Samples+Using+Radiocarbon+Analysis&rft.pub=Astm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astm.org%2FStandards%2FD6866.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-newsletter-issue-16-understanding-bio-based-content">"NNFCC Newsletter – Issue 16. Understanding Bio-based Content — NNFCC"</a>. Nnfcc.co.uk. 2010-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NNFCC+Newsletter+%E2%80%93+Issue+16.+Understanding+Bio-based+Content+%E2%80%94+NNFCC&rft.pub=Nnfcc.co.uk&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnfcc.co.uk%2Fpublications%2Fnnfcc-newsletter-issue-16-understanding-bio-based-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braskem.com.br/site/portal_braskem/en/sala_de_imprensa/sala_de_imprensa_detalhes_6062.aspx">"Braskem"</a>. Braskem<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braskem&rft.pub=Braskem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braskem.com.br%2Fsite%2Fportal_braskem%2Fen%2Fsala_de_imprensa%2Fsala_de_imprensa_detalhes_6062.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioplastic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1347639560">Plastics Without Petroleum History and Politics of 'Green' Plastics in the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCNJ8qSWKYC"><i>Plastics and the environment</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUCtOwns7TEC&pg=PA155">"The Social construction of Bakelite: Toward a theory of invention"</a> in <i>The Social Construction of Technological Systems</i>, pp. 155–182</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bioplastics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bioplastics">Bioplastics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcis.com.cn/11-multi-client-market-research-reports/204-china-biodegradable-plastics-market-research-report">Assessment of China's Market for Biodegradable Plastics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904192810/http://www.gcis.com.cn/11-multi-client-market-research-reports/204-china-biodegradable-plastics-market-research-report">Archived</a> 2021-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 2017, GCiS China Strategic Research</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plastics" title="Template:Plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plastics" title="Template talk:Plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plastics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/126px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/189px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/252px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/126px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/189px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/252px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Packaging" title="Template:Packaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Packaging" title="Template talk:Packaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Packaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Category: Packaging</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&oldid=1259097760">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&oldid=1259097760</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bioplastics" title="Category:Bioplastics">Bioplastics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biodegradable_waste_management" title="Category:Biodegradable waste management">Biodegradable waste management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polymer_chemistry" title="Category:Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_September_2015" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from September 2015">Articles that may contain original research from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 10:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioplastic&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r8l5s","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.197","walltime":"1.444","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7366,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":308949,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3061,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":432688,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1183.128 1 -total"," 60.18% 712.006 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.65% 327.082 62 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.26% 192.357 34 Template:Cite_web"," 13.89% 164.383 4 Template:Navbox"," 9.01% 106.606 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.30% 98.174 1 Template:Plastics"," 5.59% 66.176 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.42% 64.139 1 Template:Sister_project"," 5.27% 62.362 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.715","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6631917,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-vc8vh","timestamp":"20241123100151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bioplastic","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioplastic","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q413458","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q413458","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-29T19:47:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T10:01:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c0\/BiodegradablePlasticUtensils1.jpg","headline":"plastics derived from renewable biomass sources"}</script> </body> </html>