CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "dl.acm.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8f469ea19fccfce2',cH: '9azXfuE1YUdDfIVl3zYAeBC3nK.coqc0.5mKOnHbWaU-1734603202-1.2.1.1-WXxZsa309Kq.RHNLBaUV92bq3nUzEuk6UCs9.ETXPkPx36RdZHLBXbe7q0.i3DjS',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1145\/3517031.3529616?__cf_chl_tk=oT5jREj3zFxoEw.Y8zBAxXEzYqDi8fbFQepHBDCcgJo-1734603202-1.0.1.1-YfZiHPSIp5ejQRepNbvhdRmfFzrf6Gwt83T_vF1NxDg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1734603202',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1145\/3517031.3529616?__cf_chl_f_tk=oT5jREj3zFxoEw.Y8zBAxXEzYqDi8fbFQepHBDCcgJo-1734603202-1.0.1.1-YfZiHPSIp5ejQRepNbvhdRmfFzrf6Gwt83T_vF1NxDg",md: "p0pDN6OAnQQ5WjgkAl.hWCK4op6wG.ElttkJfTZf57w-1734603202-1.2.1.1-qEavcedyRh_hiEY_DdF4EJ3skkXccGOPHQTQJiJjnc1U2BLBnMoQAFnUJivrVZppX_Ikjodr4uJQIsJ6PPN9NoLzX94QtVBRVHBdAESg2emtRJiu6MQriZ8zYJX2FvFPSbokfo.qm1NpWgCRL4OYvb0lCUJCQc7nNI9qfhitLdWHOrfZv0yrmvCgukpjKifh3ams0GdNAfIZXAUhOOJbIQIYVyiPTfe4no6uHuMCXQAx5eo4KwDLejYgL.MD6cVzL10n8RokZArPDI99jcRXoRzXdbV.KhTVlMkKDUGZmPAbaLnhAFLmok5joKbHRCIyRQki4v5MlplNPc9w6OPgVwoBe.3eIifmRqyg5rYw_cLYQdw1W76Su_lhto41ErpH125mgrzm5lqW2SkH7Sv9Som60pF3duYNMJbSayudFk1oZRt_1xLrCjbXp755M_AubTrbH9XKY9JPYAdlAEE05xlrSxTJfX6NUq.afXwfkpGWSoc_sb7xeGK7Tx5F9cXbZ4tnNL1SeN_y57pelr2TEROLBFpw7U72RMTa_kRvLZaC9rFosj6rtyykLpDKJq4p6PFZpelL5PJO1J2xNa70D0XWysKCrij3TOiX2SxqweLbdXeutUxiLWRyTZvJLsDtY4DjgZx3_p.O3T2u4rHIeU47.Plz9i1SwPd2ktacO9ySRc_aanXbmBPy3A3eFaHUZdErEXJ5VrGNJzu1n0aUPfO7XxjRShwf34YWPf6m73alZta86P_vDpz71gXZl60qVihUeaUUZT_KQK26smhYVoNTXSdYe0Fdl0Iyh8GX4z4ldjEGNoxHxPPBw.ifP.fro74BatmQ5ZutcKGhCBPJVOMUKIcj8eARIWFadPPYQfIrUVu.Kp1EV1OHbFnPLi4NuyliD3Mpo_B6Wqb1cUgrRmbDdONAHh.e4MGBS6dHiYgZaqgWbWa7MHH9Zfb7PTWRcONPPthQJGBbRjoxJcaH5t6XKv7Y500iOTdSAAs6CJ6udK4dUD_eWg3nUiSo7T_RN8iAoi1LQkEVEWbSl74hP.t4mehyZi_3FU7otrPyTyu3IY7UpglCpBXNDpblhLiICJjJ4ChZf8PSFNxGlxN7VlHq6VOGBIfCfhbX5OF4bGQtxmoTdisvBxtlCzx9Fo.pve2ArPVZZIvc8J.6wVpFG9IyZ0frA4VGHhAUdvZGTcCyzwS1Rcu3xcvZDFdMRUHcYWHHZkLVy.qArzsziyNweQOKO2l5slueAgrpSiUV3MA0osJEaX4gXjU2gR3WEdsaOFGXdLqYkHiBiv79gUF2YrqC.be8ZOB_vwpu.XOUmgYAnb61vY_mWANNH_5a09._1WnbHIvrU1COLDDl5yednjzFaCn5wTKql8QJ6Jw0ayRroN9rHrsfsjIXADrMt.c9bYelLT5hXdi8a88b5Nz7SpRVlM0vJVeW2qhZVztb1pWD1DMU.XzFlJvXLVKG.fkf1rVwv6BXVhRBhpKmdbN3iyOD_IgQk01X0iarDA2hxsHWqK0rS3JkHqZC2Oi30nrZk90J9ES.3Cy1Apa.8Ee5ywCbXYlshxdE70qBagmLz5d323PgVIVw0mC78owpyNJBGJCEw_iF7Cgdsd9v8Zj4dt1sgyhqrZDMuxhrBkTsJ1VUDy71LQOYfaAN_X1Dr5CVCKdWHC600zgTIPSt9V6SHDgxW77Gocqhfs9MpcpxeF3MtDjMeW.9HQnZ6XTP5Xp6Qe6.sMnbcgiDIPtJZrNZSdgwqhrg8GXsCjlR7D6IKeIXzLq42AndJqKXzdF3Vy1nun0HGOQKP_UKEnBOt2CJlIGMl7fK6LDWx.i89bd3nJbkgARoMYm.nt1qOm93rfDPsFVlpFwxG5aUgfvImdf1CRrRmCmYh1ynDoCZZP78lu56P63m6cvslFdA5UdElZiL50WEFIlsSUSvBfjKeLLvibv0F8Kc6okLm6JWtLzojW3ssGO_mgpKJ2QoLJ3Jw98iQCHU35aEV0D5LOJl_DgxlhU9DDUDiKs5t2evmwaz0uenjDZWzs1ANulxX6lTPOfxJgtGNkWEr7Bq3sePFutA6cydf35naC4aCMjONY5uuI2MH.kEIdrUIIKs3vzAi7IAtDje0V9kNeTBYKWdoxZuT8KFBuLkIpaxg6NxzCfs4ZEmP_ka.bI6rZF8_bF3.qafTsUD_wsEE9Sg3FUiYoCBAcjJgAwXxz0U8VTe4eoiUSwq.pBja0VGJ1AQTZ9fO_0bODV6tilnx_ZjFs597ZkS_t4zXJD6hRzRwV7icZzM4sIwkF7ApWvtEmvr1WjbMbiDPHw8Ig0VHjx5e3DqRLZh8oPOVh0obMWS30CTIerhDTxKeKfxzIA7EeQLp.gcvXy5CN1k8kuFSudX3clNr.7iH58OSP0Z70G3MNZap8CgGoY.Qou7acF8Vhia99hYguCsnmv.TCrOOdYmWCmMZqscwiOEBn9KuLYX1Pi.IuX9uPGXYt2b8Tar9vjqvoiP92Pc9Jv_GbZjzYRu7feBDrCSUw1voBG0v93qkjcKSCuyAcDIiwjmKBR3tmFK7SKN3vVUJa.5SxoNab3bkyNMM4CVSYmfOUz9ezFWJExY_KwURg.aT1HLLzgrDYuHykRuMzAvw5RsVQhujRgb2EgR3OJZu2Tx40aapmLm1OGoMk6vBiJvSqsbOi2JZdiDDbkcGj7c2ZQ6dEYx63MrBZNAnlsVU_08J.UMDu6IxKSJ6nDGtkSUBw3mGl3ri_I.4yDqnGt0Smr7kIGGc46fEEOqtLgOLQ5.LH5V3.oA5rjttqMHL9Cfr_DAtmZdaYtCwfyo2roZFjFnAP08BhkTQ2gAbW2NK2hP_MQCMBEgefz4ttWs_E3TRDONOWbWJgBMlQZThnswb51xfGZXH04HYj8SZVG7tHnGPbyz.v0l7TcpQSV56HxhHvncitiaY_PRatlZB3dgfvt.A5zmb0jQqIcZSOCFYYGG4pn4WBXImg.2wPR0bYn6RATDlQYp_flOJoQT25Bp",mdrd: "WvzjgcX3NbmH4yTHYAfSjuev1nvKCAR4SYYrQ21vp1g-1734603202-1.2.1.1-..uq_24w39GSyWUyCmDZlZTxRqOd.xTnqZvpTLimigqJKsQ7GcW8XxzRPH8gGOF42pxQSDsV3sIqCkBO2kewk34IlG9n06WoRhDk0EpJrYPX7LTdDaM_MPZeZaOJsixKn6E1I1j_eyCojE04DX6IKvk9HwzOpZiQ9VthKybNcY2KKDYuz1G_VvAvOgUa1D8limcYQHG73GDMLixL_IQVcEne4MVEqKjbNv3FhwKVBCWjItIk8Yamq1ddE5EuApLrX5Tf51MDyZE7DIbNnojqPj6QyubI4GvYb5k8M8zMb_2vKwxtqpgMSFxwvVrrR3giibUncF3KFzLxN36Fo1DzSoNcg24mbQdcsDx1bEAsKBP9_u5WCHQNDko3YmScW6P5te_QMt1AiZx9jU_5.HTFhfrL6fPHibMuxpIvqIoCGxUEmsX.8HpsqI7pzVo3ij9CsFaX.11LXmadk4DkRDWFus3RUtPAYmYyeCmokrcr8ZGNIyNmYiwSr_b8N_Kq7mtw0wtjP9AekPwTeuO960X7wH0unInFFEbIyqQjLJxsrF78JT3lFkOsBjdcSghBtE1K3Ssyz2Rs2_EV8jKpagouusN5uRWUtShTZ3KII22IeTznIqC1tOMmGsFGuUXaphb4chtRdzSQIoYHWmRNBufcRl8YVPtDzgl531Hayc.3Q.W3zx8oRPiYASZ.oSX_zR4If0u4MLewtquSB3ASNZ_BO2wKiBLHHzM9jNcxemP9OltyeZOrvo_lHnJF8Pl1tgAsbvrodbLCzc9HJN7lPjsvqw1TbzjgJxo5tj2uSFZRcsFIW9qodT_X9aO24ix4Birv9dZs0nfcy1j5x44EKN3M8F6u8UtD52tMyxDR1vBF9IodJpLYXJw0l6vfPg.L79OjNF3DNZrD0g.eOQiI9rV_aqMSUQIcv3Ign.C92LIE6minEECJNCCeQHDVDTwsb2dLR2xI8hBRun8pAAbF8w9ZpW50rIFlpptBSIOOKLj9jRMyRH6Yc9hGxnI5Q4MrF77f6hedU8l8H9lLJ5_.UKGORAxugoUdggwsAzS46xBI4bqjfPWVSI0LSqpEY16He3rJ8FO5VFpkPY2YnbiUQ7pWff6lEyY687VtRL8v9NvwhAPvFtVNSZW3Pg8Nk0ycNKqJxIClcAfgr7ZrBea70F0pjpMNhfh25dhxnGXZ8Jh7O_FPUroS0eFDzQ5WKCuONwkdmGdgX9uJbxJCs.lqlsHuiVfPZlB419lIBg9zcKHy1CdplCQ.DJV.FAH2WfnojgkZEL8WuLAjUP49X79JCpW6.WUAYpC2JEgoRz.lRjb1_uVdqswB6zvCLgCqLPKVyt9eomc4QUG6yFCIet.iupWtKHL_TH.8HZBPcwb5fstqS2VaVYCHWBsd2ehC4Ly8TVZTYOG.06lbQz4jib8x3W_aDfsDkXTpGZ1CLFc8Y9Qj4kKUi4oztTL5HtoIHm44tkgZDIzPiI9gzymyRhYggTvy08n2m10glP51Wb5SwfecPWsPrtu1jIkb0ABLgH71l3v31U_URZ1FO0YynfDeJmW3yTXCykh2tgiRa9bjGDQj3x6n7axVlc.07E.htGVcIUlN6Xe9hADdDqZE8_P92mg1YUtvyLl1mAFEitittg.UP3hFbMNCU9S3aSiYi8Nib_oRUxjaikkJyXUALoUkhdkrc2dom6tKAHV6ZKEEmGyFHtl5uGoVeSdl5H.jgQq4vwQWNRwOflyGWogxYhEzstzY1MfUcPec8XskZmQe_JUrTku06.5VIFcRxMYCLJb25t99zsTAjjLlSEmHYwPrCDfQrkQvvsgaZm83EDP6jKgB.lq0JFVvKDBx_pnDKPB3K4.oZGgywdo8wFuqbPcItM.PkwfAY_rRzm_x9WzUHe4xYIFhIo8NiuDpUh.s.NwQ0cM.HJGup7H5DD5sEKI0ApxCjvKCyT3V6Lu9mVToIqTkMXU"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8f469ea19fccfce2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1145\/3517031.3529616?__cf_chl_rt_tk=oT5jREj3zFxoEw.Y8zBAxXEzYqDi8fbFQepHBDCcgJo-1734603202-1.0.1.1-YfZiHPSIp5ejQRepNbvhdRmfFzrf6Gwt83T_vF1NxDg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>