CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John Finnis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"11cca179-de9b-4a9c-a5f9-3babb663375d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_Finnis","wgTitle":"John Finnis","wgCurRevisionId":1258813660,"wgRevisionId":1258813660,"wgArticleId":2007218,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use Australian English from October 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Use dmy dates from August 2014","Articles with hCards","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024","Webarchive template wayback links", "1940 births","20th-century Australian philosophers","21st-century Australian philosophers","Australian legal scholars","Australian political philosophers","Fellows of University College, Oxford","Living people","Philosophers of law","Catholic philosophers","Adelaide Law School alumni","University of Notre Dame faculty","Notre Dame Law School faculty","Legal scholars of the University of Oxford","Companions of the Order of Australia","Honorary King's Counsel","Fellows of the British Academy","Alumni of University College, Oxford","Australian Rhodes Scholars","Academic staff of the University of Malawi","Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire","Australian emigrants to England","Analytic theologians","Analytical Thomists","Natural law ethicists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_Finnis","wgRelevantArticleId":2007218,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3312283","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1582"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1055"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="844"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John Finnis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_Finnis rootpage-John_Finnis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Finnis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Finnis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Finnis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Finnis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Morality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Intention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Prudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_choices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_choices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Moral choices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_choices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Fairness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Philosophy of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamentals_of_Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamentals_of_Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span><i>Fundamentals of Ethics</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamentals_of_Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_selection_of_articles_and_video_lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_selection_of_articles_and_video_lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>A selection of articles and video lectures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-A_selection_of_articles_and_video_lectures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle A selection of articles and video lectures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-A_selection_of_articles_and_video_lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Video lectures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Finnis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جون فينيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون فينيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جان فینیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان فینیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جون فينيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون فينيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جان فینیس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان فینیس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Финнис, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финнис, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Finnis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81" title="Джон Фінніс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Фінніс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·菲尼斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·菲尼斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3312283#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Finnis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_Finnis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_Finnis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&oldid=1258813660" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_Finnis&id=1258813660&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Finnis"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Finnis"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_Finnis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3312283" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian legal scholar and philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the explorer and settler of South Australia, see <a href="/wiki/John_Finnis_(captain)" title="John Finnis (captain)">John Finnis (captain)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Finnis</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel_Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Counsel Honoris Causa">KC (Hon)</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Finnis on <i><a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="After Dark (TV series)">After Dark</a></i>, 1987</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Mitchell Finnis</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1940-07-28</span>) </span>28 July 1940<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 84)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">DPhil</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> (1980, 2011)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Natural_law_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural law theory">Natural law theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:adade83d-c1fc-4d5a-b396-5813d5a93441"><i>The Idea of Judicial Power, with Special Reference to Australian Law</i></a> (1965)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">H. L. A. Hart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a><sup id="cite_ref-gorsuch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorsuch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">Political theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Criticism of <a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">legal positivism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Category:Conservatism in Australia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia"><span style="color: #FFF;">Conservatism in Australia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Australia" title="One Australia">One Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Blainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coleman" title="Peter Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Donnelly" title="Kevin Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Flint" title="David Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Harries" title="Owen Harries">Harries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hearn_(legal_academic)" title="William Hearn (legal academic)">Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Henderson" title="Gerard Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Melleuish" title="Gregory Melleuish">Melluish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Minogue" title="Kenneth Minogue">Minogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stove" title="David Stove">Stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allan_(law_professor)" title="James Allan (law professor)">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Callinan" title="Ian Callinan">Callinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Craven_(academic)" title="Greg Craven (academic)">Craven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryl_Dawson" title="Daryl Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gleeson" title="Murray Gleeson">Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gibbs" title="Harry Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hayne" title="Kenneth Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_Heydon" title="Dyson Heydon">Heydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Myers" title="Allan Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Steward_(judge)" title="Simon Steward (judge)">Steward</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Akerman" title="Piers Akerman">Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Albrechtsen" title="Janet Albrechtsen">Albrechtsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bolt" title="Andrew Bolt">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peta_Credlin" title="Peta Credlin">Credlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Dean" title="Rowan Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Devine" title="Frank Devine">Devine (Frank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Devine" title="Miranda Devine">Devine (Miranda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hadley" title="Ray Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Jones_(talkback_host)" title="Alan Jones (talkback host)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Kenny" title="Chris Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kerr" title="Christian Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lehmann" title="Claire Lehmann">Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_McGuinness" title="Padraic McGuinness">McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mundine" title="Warren Mundine">Mundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Murray_(presenter)" title="Paul Murray (presenter)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Onselen" title="Peter van Onselen">van Onselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Panahi" title="Rita Panahi">Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Price_(broadcaster)" title="Steve Price (broadcaster)">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Shelton_(lobbyist)" title="Lyle Shelton (lobbyist)">Shelton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(Australian_politician)" title="John Anderson (Australian politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning" title="Fraser Anning">Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Bernardi" title="Cory Bernardi">Bernardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Bonner" title="Neville Bonner">Bonner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Canavan" title="Matt Canavan">Canavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen" title="Joh Bjelke-Petersen">Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Joyce" title="Barnaby Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Katter" title="Bob Katter">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Kelly" title="Craig Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mundine" title="Warren Mundine">Mundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Newman" title="Campbell Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Palmer" title="Clive Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Perrottet" title="Dominic Perrottet">Perrottet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinta_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacinta Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vanstone" title="Amanda Vanstone">Vanstone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christians_(political_party)" title="Australian Christians (political party)">Australian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Australia,_1978)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1978)">Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party_(2021)" title="Family First Party (2021)">Family First (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooters,_Fishers_and_Farmers_Party" title="Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party">Shooters, Fishers and Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Australia)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia,_1909)" title="Liberal Party (Australia, 1909)">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservatives" title="Australian Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservative_Party" title="Australian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning%27s_Conservative_National_Party" title="Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party">Conservative National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Liberal_Party" title="Queensland Liberal Party">Liberal (Queensland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_National_Party" title="Queensland National Party">National (Queensland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_League_(Australia)" title="National Defence League (Australia)">National Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_(lobby_group)" title="Advance (lobby group)">Advance Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy" title="Australians for Constitutional Monarchy">Australians for Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_Lobby" title="Australian Christian Lobby">Australian Christian Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Marriage_(Australia)" title="Coalition for Marriage (Australia)">Coalition for Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference#Australia" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormack_Foundation" title="Cormack Foundation">Cormack Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civic_Council" title="National Civic Council">National Civic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramsay#Ramsay_Centre_for_Western_Civilisation" title="Paul Ramsay">Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Art" title="Australian Academy of Art">Australian Academy of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Flag_Association" title="Australian National Flag Association">Australian National Flag Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_Empire_Alliance" title="King and Empire Alliance">King and Empire Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(Australia)" title="Old Guard (Australia)">Old Guard</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Studies" title="Centre for Independent Studies">Centre for Independent Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Public_Affairs" title="Institute of Public Affairs">Institute of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Research_Centre" title="Menzies Research Centre">Menzies Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Page_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Page Research Centre (page does not exist)">Page Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Griffith_Society" title="Samuel Griffith Society">Samuel Griffith Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Nicholls_Society" title="H. R. Nicholls Society">H. R. Nicholls Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADH_TV" title="ADH TV">ADH TV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint_(Radio_National)" title="Counterpoint (Radio National)">Counterpoint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperium Press (page does not exist)">Imperium Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" title="The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herald_Sun" title="Herald Sun">Herald Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/News_Weekly" title="News Weekly">News Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quillette" title="Quillette">Quillette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Australia" title="Sky News Australia">Sky News Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism in New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle#The_Fabrication_of_Aboriginal_History,_Volume_One,_Van_Diemen's_Land_1803_–_1847" title="Keith Windschuttle">The Fabrication of Aboriginal History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li>Liberal Party factions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Moderates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Template:Conservatism in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Mitchell Finnis</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel_Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Counsel Honoris Causa">KC (Hon)</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (born 28 July 1940) is an Australian legal philosopher and jurist specializing in <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">philosophy of law</a>. He is an original interpreter of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, and counts <a href="/wiki/Germain_Grisez" title="Germain Grisez">Germain Grisez</a> as a major influence and collaborator.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has made contributions to <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a>. </p><p>Finnis was Professor of Law and Legal Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> from 1989 to 2010, where he is now Professor of Law and Legal Philosophy Emeritus. He is also the Biolchini Family Professor of Law, <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_School" title="Notre Dame Law School">Notre Dame Law School</a> and a permanent senior distinguished research fellow at Notre Dame's de Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acted as adviser to several Australian State governments, especially Queensland and Western Australia, mostly on the States' relations with the federal Government and with the United Kingdom. </p><p>His practice at the English Bar saw him in cases in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>. He is a member of <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a>. He was appointed an honorary <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours_(Australia)" title="2019 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)">2019 Queen's Birthday Honours for Australia</a>, Finnis was appointed a Companion in the General Division of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a>, the country's highest civilian honour, for his eminent service as a jurist and legal scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-AC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Year_Honours" title="2023 New Year Honours">2023 New Year Honours</a> for services to legal scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has supervised several doctoral students including <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>, Justice <a href="/wiki/Susan_Kenny" title="Susan Kenny">Susan Kenny</a> of the Federal Court of Australia, <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a> of Princeton University, and John Keown of Georgetown University. In 2013 George and Keown summarised some of Finnis's media work as "He has, for example, debated embryo research with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Warnock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Warnock">Mary Warnock</a> on BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a></i> and with Jonathan Glover in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> Debate; <a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_programme)#"Killing_With_Care?"" title="After Dark (TV programme)">discussed euthanasia</a> with a leading Dutch euthanasiast on the same channel's <i><a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_programme)" title="After Dark (TV programme)">After Dark</a></i>, and written on eugenic abortion in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnis was educated at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_College,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's College, Adelaide">St. Peter's College, Adelaide</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, where he was a member of <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_College_(University_of_Adelaide)" title="St. Mark's College (University of Adelaide)">St. Mark's College</a>. He obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> (LL.B.) degree there, winning a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes scholarship">Rhodes scholarship</a> to <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>, in 1962, where he obtained his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree with a thesis on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial power">judicial power</a>, with reference to Australian federal constitutional law.<sup id="cite_ref-finnishphd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finnishphd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1962, Finnis converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnis is a friend of <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, also an Oxford graduate, and, in 1989, nominated her for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. Aung San Suu Kyi won the prize but did not receive it until June 2012, when she recalled how her late husband, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Aris" title="Michael Aris">Michael Aris</a>, had visited her under house arrest and brought her the news "that a friend, John Finnis" had nominated her for the prize.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnis is an author of several philosophical works. His best known work is <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> (1980, 2011), a seminal contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">philosophy of law</a> and a restatement of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> doctrine. For Finnis there are eight basic goods; life, knowledge, play, aesthetic experience, sociability of friendship, practical reasonableness, religion and marriage. His Fundamentals of Ethics collect six Carroll Lectures Finnis delivered at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> in 1982. He has published five collections of essays: <i>Reason in Action</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Intention and Identity</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Human Rights and Common Good</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Philosophy of Law</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Religion and Public Reasons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a complete list of his publications. </p> <ul><li><i>Natural Law and Natural Rights,</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980; 2nd ed., 2011. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959913-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959913-4">978-0-19-959913-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Fundamentals of Ethics,</i> Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-408-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-408-7">978-0-87840-408-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Nuclear Deterrence, Morality, and Realism</i>, with J. M. Boyle Jr. and Germain Grisez, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824791-3">978-0-19-824791-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Natural Law</i>, 2 vols (as editor), New York: New York University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2603-7">978-0-8147-2603-7</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2604-4">978-0-8147-2604-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth,</i> Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0745-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0745-2">978-0-8132-0745-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Aquinas: Moral, Political, and Legal Theory,</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878085-4">978-0-19-878085-4</a>.</li> <li><i>The Collected Essays of John Finnis</i>, 5 vols, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968993-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968993-4">978-0-19-968993-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_contributions">Selected contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A unifying theme running through Finnis' writings is the importance he attributes to human freedom, as the ability to make decisions about the kind of life one wants to live. Such decisions involve choices among incommensurable basic goods, which practical reason must order to achieve desired ends. A mature exercise of freedom would avoid intentionally infringing any of the basic goods, and would in different ways and to different extents, foster their realization. At the collective level, we find a similar logic guiding the making of Laws (<a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a>) and political decisions. In view of this, the discussion has been largely structured around notions of intentionality, prudence, moral choices, and notions of fairness. The discussion on Religion appeals to wider considerations. This is followed by a brief discussion of Finnis's Philosophy of Law. The last section summarises the epistemological and ontological underpinnings of Finnis' philosophy, as captured in his <i>Fundamentals of Ethics</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality">Morality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the basis of experience of facts, possibilities and outcomes, one easily understands basic forms of human good as good for oneself and other human beings, and one's will is fundamentally one's response to this understanding.  "Ought" does not follow from "is", since the first principles of practical reasoning are not deduced logically but are understood immediately by the intellect. Morality is a consequence of reflecting on the basic goods as a whole and their implications for human flourishing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis dismisses <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>'s identification of morality as a sentiment of sympathy leading to approbation or disapprobation, by noting that Hume also expected such sentiments to be recognised and agreed to by others. Thus, Hume's morality is based on reasonableness rather than sympathy, notwithstanding "Hume's formal and vigorous protestations to the contrary".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis identifies reasonableness with the disinterested and impartial perspective which seeks to understand what is best for everyone at a certain point in time. According to Finnis, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> "wavers on one of the central matters in issue in his meditations", since propositions of empirical fact are not necessarily true.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, Finnis defends the self-evidence of truth using formal logic by appealing to "retorsive arguments".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intention">Intention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnis' writings evidence a keen concern to protect the individual from abuse by the institution, by highlighting the preeminence of the individual's subjectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, using <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s dialogue of the <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a>, Finnis argues (against <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>' <i>discourse ethics</i>) that silence is ethical and meaningful since it is a locus of reflection and inner deliberation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further argues (against extant UK Law) that the courts must distinguish direct intention from unintended side-effects, and cannot impute an intention based simply on foreseeability.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Of course, causing death as an unintended side effect is often an injustice, but that wrong is relative to the circumstances whereas the commandment protecting at least innocent human beings is not"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person who blows up a plane to receive the insurance money thereby killing the pilot, may not have intended to kill the pilot even if the pilot's death was foreseeable. On the other hand, Finnis charges with moral and legal responsibility anyone who consents to doing something conditionally on something else happening (preparatory intention) - as in the UK policy on nuclear deterrence, which includes the possibility of targeting civil populations in the event of a nuclear attack on UK cities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis argues that <a href="/wiki/Veritatis_splendor" title="Veritatis splendor">Veritatis Splendor</a> requires the adoption by the moralist of the perspective of the acting person. The implication is that no act in intrinsically sinful, rather its sinfulness is a function of the acting person's intention, will or purpose<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in line with Aquinas' distinction between <i>in genere naturae</i> vs <i>in genere moris</i>). The traditional notion that means are intended in view of the end is thus rejected in favour of the distinction between intended ends (direct effect) and unintended side-effects (indirect effects). This explains, for example, why shooting out of a desire to kill the enemy is wrong whilst simply shooting to defend oneself is not.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further distinguishes between formal (intended) and material cooperation (side effects) in evil; voting for an amendment permitting abortion that has the effect of reducing the availability of abortion is not formal cooperation in the procurement of abortion, but may be material cooperation involving, for example, scandal to third parties.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis departs in several ways from <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a>'s understanding of intention.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prudence">Prudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnis notes that Aristotle's discussion of prudence (<a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a>) fails to offer ethical guidance because it is concerned with the selection of means and fails to specify what the ends are;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet, Aquinas' solution of this problem has often been misinterpreted. Ends are the basic goods and prudence is concerned with deliberation both about them and about the means of achieving them, in both cases guided by practical reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtue is not simply the outcome of <a href="/wiki/Synderesis" title="Synderesis">synderesis</a> but it also requires an attraction towards the end and the selection of means. The choice of some basic goods may result in the detriment or even the suppression of others, provided that the latter is not intended.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contraception, abortion and euthanasia are wrong insofar as they involve direct choices against the basic good of life, which they ordinarily do.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> and others, Finnis argues that it is wrongful to intentionally take innocent life even in extreme situations in which the very existence of society is at stake.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Aristotle, Finnis gives great importance to the basic good of friendship in his own deliberation because it involves disinterested love, which goes beyond a mere sense of obligation towards others, and is thus an ideal foundation for morality (contra <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a>); however, this ideal remains imperfect unless it extends to friendship with God as a universalising principle.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis argues that <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudamonia</a> in Aquinas is the outcome of the harmonious development of all basic goods but that it cannot be achieved in this life (imperfect beautitude).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_choices">Moral choices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Moral choices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By choosing not to become a murderer, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> shaped the World in the way he thought best - that it is better to suffer wrong than do it. Any attempt to justify Socrates's choice through looking at foreseeable consequences (<a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialism</a>), or by commensurating good with bad (<a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>), or by comparing values with 'disvalues' (<a href="/wiki/Proportionalism" title="Proportionalism">proportionalism</a>), fail, as they would all conclude that two murders is worse than one.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a> arguments also fail because they are concerned with the avoidance of internal contradiction through universalization. But logic cannot explain moral choices, <i>which concern who one wants to be or become</i>. Neither can Kant's claim that 'nature's end' should be respected, since by nature he meant the natural sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis notes that Aquinas never sought to resolve moral problems on proportionalist arguments such as the notion of "choosing the lesser evil";<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet, Kant in his 'casuistical questions' falls into both <a href="/wiki/Intuitionism" title="Intuitionism">intuitinism</a> and consequentialism "like nothing so much as late twentieth-century academic ethics".<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis claims that utilitarianism appeals to sub-rational desires (happiness, desire, sensible impulse, sensous motives...). Moreover, utilitarianism is not undermined by <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a>, since pluralism is neither concerned with truth or attention to evidence or insight, but rather with opinions - thereby resorting to lust, terror, self-preference or inertia as the basis for decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairness">Fairness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fairness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moral decision-making involves seeking integral human fulfilment by responding to "the reasons for action, the practical reasons, that each basic good provides".<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this it follows that one must not intentionally do harm to others, or intend evil to achieve good; on the contrary, one must act fairly towards others.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Fairness does not involve rational commensuration of goods vs bads; rather it is guided by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> through commensuration of alternative options based on "one's own differentiated <i>feelings</i> toward various goods and bads as concretely remembered, experienced, or imagined" in view of integral human fulfilment (cf, the Aristotelian mature person of reasonable character).<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analoguously, decisions about what speed to drive on a private road, or whether to have the institution of trusts in English Law, are made by communities not based on rational judgement but on <i>decisions</i> reached as aforesaid.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rival interpretations of the Law can be compared on two dimensions: the fit with the legal materials (e.g., precedent) and moral soundness. Hard cases occur when the best interpretation on fit is different from he best interpretation on moral soundness. Since fit and moral soundness are incommensurable, there cannot be a <i>uniquely</i> right interpretation of the hard case, and the solution must be achieved on the basis of fairness.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religion is a free act to collaborate with God's expectations of our human flourishing.  <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s rejection of truth ‘by way of experiment’ speaks against the seriousness of his tenets, whilst <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s refusal to countenance questions about ultimate origins led to “the fantasy of self-creation”.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009c-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faith follows from the "rational necessity of adhering to those norms of rational inquiry and judgment needed... to overcome ignorance, illusion and error";<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> science seeks causes and treats chance as residuum of coincidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009c-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  An argument for necessity or causeless-ness of the Universe is not reasonable, since neither is discoverable in any of the Universe's component entities or states of affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009c-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis rejects <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>’ appeal to ever increasing complexity in <a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a> and quotes <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin's</a> 'conviction of the existence of God', which “follows from the extreme difficulty or rather impossibility of conceiving this immense and wonderful universe, including man with this capacity of looking far backwards and far into futurity…I deserve to be called a Theist”.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Divine revelation enhances and corrects the understanding of natural reason,<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that there is epistemic interdependence, a reflective equilibrium, between the two. In ideal epistemic conditions (absent self-interest and passions), there would be broad consensus on matters of right and wrong, which supports the appeal to a higher ordering principle (God).<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The belief in God has implications for how we act in the World. <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>'s conflation of knowledge with practical control undermines “human rights which had to be insisted on in the aftermath of Nazism and the like”.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009c-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since religious argument appeals to reasons, it is a valid exercise in public reason, and neither atheism nor agnosticism must be treated as the default position in public reason, deliberation, and decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religion deserves constitutional protection and should be critically analysed by the courts for its soundness with general principles of natural reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Rawls’ thesis could not stand against certain versions of Islam that would remove religious freedom (NB in n. 21 Finnis argues that Aquinas’ support for coercion against heretics was inherently unsound).<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009d-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contra Augustine, Finnis argues that eternal life is not a beatific vision detached from our human experience but is the perfection of our morally significant choices<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_law">Philosophy of law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophy of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnis's concept of law is elaborated in <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a>. This section summarises some of his contributions in Parts one and two of his Philosophy of Law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Part Three of his Philosophy of Law<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis offers a critical account of legal reasoning (incl. notions of rights and analogical reasoning), and in Part Four he addresses the legal challenges posed by revolutions and the possibility of voting for unjust laws. </p><p>Positive laws do not acquire their authority from conceptual coherence (in fact, contradictory laws can coexist) or derivation from an established process.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, their authority derives from morality; Law "occupies <i>the same place in the world</i> as morality: […] what I should do and what type of person I should be".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  This is the central (or most meaningful) feature of the Law, against which the improvement of any legal system is predicated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals will only obey specific laws that work against their interests or are unjust, if they consider the overall system of Law to be fair (the Golden rule) because it supports shared interests grounded on the promotion of basic goods.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unjust laws are not laws in the proper sense, "though they may still count in reasonable conscious deliberations, and certainly warrant attention and description".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a>, Finnis argues that morality is not external to the Law since the Law makes moral pursuits (e.g., cooperation among people) possible - "the Law presents itself as a seamless web" of people and transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  A specific law or legal determination is an application of a general moral principle that can take many different forms. Thus, the process of practical reasoning leading to the elaboration of laws is not like "the omelette that can be made by following a recipe"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a concept further developed in Finnis' critique of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).  Finnis rejects the following as valid accounts of legal practical reasoning: the Economic Analysis of the Law, <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game Theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_game" title="Coordination game">Co-ordination problem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s rationality, and <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>' original position.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Against <a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">H. L. A. Hart</a>, Finnis rejects "survival" as a central feature of the Law: "human rationality can also reflect that the arbitrariness involved in unrestricted self-preference is itself a deviation from 'rationality'...".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  He further rejects Hart’s theory of action, so that normativity follows from reasons not decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009b_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Grand Tour of Legal History,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnis shows that the <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural Law</a> tradition offers a superior account than <a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal Positivism</a> of every aspect of Law, including the meaning of rights, authority, legal methodology, institutionality, tort law, contract law, criminal law, international law, and so on. Finnis argues that the definition of Law "cannot be resolved by any purely ‘analytical’ technique aspiring to be neutral", it must "engage to some extent in reflexion on the moral order…" with implications for anyone involved in the making and application of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Hart's internal point of view only makes sense as a method in social science if it presupposes the understanding of the basic goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2007b_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2007b-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Devlin,_Baron_Devlin" title="Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin">Patrick Devlin</a>'s "positive morality" cannot serve as a foundation for the Law because it is simply a set of opinions held by a group of people, lacking critical reflexivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2009b_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2009b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>’s notion of natural law served no purpose in his conception of law because it is impoverished, as it took "the naked individual in his state of nature as the standard".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> dismissed natural law because he refused to accept the objectivity of values, that is, their accessibility to the intellect<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as did Hart<sup id="cite_ref-Essay_2007b_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay_2007b-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).  Finnis provides an account of positive law according to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engages in a sharp critique of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">critical legal studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as failing on their own terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamentals_of_Ethics"><i>Fundamentals of Ethics</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fundamentals of Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This book sets out the ontological and epistemological foundations of Finnis' work. This includes rejection of the notion that human goods result from human desires, in favour of the view that they are actualizations of, and participation in, basic goods. Thus, "epistemology is not the 'basics of ethics'" (p. 21), rather ethics is concerned with reasoning about basic goods as experienced by the individual. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick's</a> metaphor of the '<a href="/wiki/Experience_machine" title="Experience machine">experience machine</a>' shows that desires cannot guide ethics, since no one would choose a lifetime of pleasure over one of achievement. People are attracted to the basic goods in the search for "perfection", rather than Humean satisfaction. Thin theories of the good that pretend to satisfy the needs of everyone, such as that offered by <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>, result in a thin account of practical reason. Finnis rejects arguments from queerness and naturalism that would deny objectivity to statements of value. Such objectiviy can be compared to that of colour: "postboxes in England are seen as red because they are red..."Red postbox" is not short for "red to human beings postbox" (p. 65). Redness is an 'anthropomorphic category'" (i.e. distinct from the object itself but still objectively true and valid). Finnis proposes the "transparency of reason", so that 'I think that p (since...)' is transparent for 'It is the case that p' or simply 'p'; and associates this line of reasoning to the nature of questions of (rather than about) conscience. Practical reasonableness operating along eight or nine basic requirements offers an intermediate principle that bridges the gap between basic goods and values. Finnis defends the possibility of freedom, the positing of which already involves an exercise in freedom (whether to believe in it or not). Any choice among basic goods must involve the exercise of freedom, since they are incommensurable. Such choices create vital commitments (through the expectation of consistency in future choices and actions) until such time as an incompatible choice is made (involving repentance from the previous choice). Choosing is apprehended by the intellect not only as A or B but much like knowledge or understanding, as involving a choice of character. The book also contains an extensive methodological critique of Kantian and utilitarian ethics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critics">Critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book on Finnis' student <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> while at Oxford University, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Greenya (page does not exist)">John Greenya</a> has described Finnis's views by stating: "Some of John Finnis's views are very controversial. For example, in defending his long-held position against same-sex marriage and same-sex coupling, he once compared them to bestiality."<sup id="cite_ref-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Buckle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Buckle (page does not exist)">Stephen Buckle</a> sees Finnis's list of proposed basic goods as plausible, but notes that "Finnis's account becomes more controversial when he goes on to specify the basic requirements of practical reasonableness". He sees Finnis's requirement that practical reason requires "respect for every basic value in every act" as intended both to rule out <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialism</a> in ethics and also to support the moral viewpoint of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> on a range of contentious issues, including <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, which in his view undermines its plausibility.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnis's work on natural law ethics has been a source of controversy in both <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">neo-Thomist</a> and analytical circles. Craig Paterson sees his work as interesting because it challenges a key assumption of both neo-Thomist and analytical philosophy: the idea that a natural law ethics must be based upon an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">derive normative (or "ought") statements from descriptive (or "is") statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a>, Finnis has articulated "an intelligible and subtle account of homosexuality" based on the new natural law, a less biologically based version of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> theory. Finnis argues that the state should deter public approval of homosexual behaviour while refusing to persecute individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation, basing this position not on the claim that homosexual sex is unnatural but on the idea that it cannot involve the union of procreation and emotional commitment that heterosexual sex can, and is therefore an assault on heterosexual union. The following excerpts, for example, come from his 1994 essay "Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation'":</p><blockquote><p>In short, sexual acts are not unitive in their significance unless they are marital (actualizing the all-level unity of marriage) and (since the common good of marriage has two aspects) they are not marital unless they have not only the generosity of acts of friendship but also the procreative significance. ...The plain fact is that those who propound 'gay' ideology have no principled moral case to offer against (prudent and moderate) promiscuity, indeed the getting of orgasmic sexual pleasure in whatever friendly touch or welcoming orifice (human or otherwise) one may opportunely find it.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Finnis earlier argues in the article that same-sex activity "cannot express or do more than is expressed or done if two strangers engage in such activity to give each other pleasure, or a prostitute pleasures a client to give him pleasure in return for money." Sullivan believes that such a conservative position is vulnerable to criticism on its own terms, since the stability of existing families is better served by the acceptance of those homosexuals who are part of them.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Macedo" title="Stephen Macedo">Stephen Macedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Perry" title="Michael J. Perry">Michael J. Perry</a>, have also criticised Finnis's views.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (March 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_selection_of_articles_and_video_lectures">A selection of articles and video lectures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A selection of articles and video lectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas-moral-political/">Aquinas' Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/10/13896/">The Profound Injustice of Justice Posner on Marriage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050215000000*/http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-927181-X.pdf">Natural Law: The Classical Tradition</a> PDF (Internet Archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125132542/http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-826858-0.pdf">The Priority of Persons</a> PDF</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722074429/https://web.princeton.edu/sites/jmadison/calendar/conferences/1004%20Conf-Finnis%20paper.pdf">"Economy or Explication? Telling the Truth About God and Man in a Pluralist Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.princeton.edu/sites/jmadison/events/conferences/religion/1004%20Conf-Finnis%20paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economy+or+Explication%3F+Telling+the+Truth+About+God+and+Man+in+a+Pluralist+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.princeton.edu%2Fsites%2Fjmadison%2Fevents%2Fconferences%2Freligion%2F1004%2520Conf-Finnis%2520paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/anscombe/www/finnismarriage.pdf">The Good of Marriage and the Morality of Sexual Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142751/http://web.mit.edu/anscombe/www/finnismarriage.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PDF</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/anscombe/www/finnisorientation.pdf">Law, Morality and "Sexual Orientation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018051720/http://web.mit.edu/anscombe/www/finnisorientation.pdf">Archived</a> 18 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PDF</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_lectures">Video lectures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Video lectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediacentral.princeton.edu/media/20041023madison-panel4TAPE350K.mp3/1_24phopa0">God and Man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediacentral.princeton.edu/media/20081030_madison_religious_liberty_pt_5_finnis.mp3/1_jj8ieny0">Religious Liberty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gorsuch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorsuch_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorsuch2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Gorsuch, Neil McGill (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:688e5b8c-bb06-4d86-abe0-440a7666ffc1"><i>The right to receive assistance in suicide and euthanasia, with particular reference to the law of the United States</i></a>. <i>ora.ox.ac.uk</i> (DPhil thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59196002">59196002</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401384">uk.bl.ethos.401384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+right+to+receive+assistance+in+suicide+and+euthanasia%2C+with+particular+reference+to+the+law+of+the+United+States&rft.degree=DPhil&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59196002&rft.aulast=Gorsuch&rft.aufirst=Neil+McGill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A688e5b8c-bb06-4d86-abe0-440a7666ffc1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among others, <i>Objectivity and Content in Ethics,</i> in Reason in Action.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.nd.edu/news-events/news/john-finnis-emeritus/">"Faculty and students celebrate Professor John Finnis as he moves to emeritus status | the Law School | University of Notre Dame"</a>. 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+and+students+celebrate+Professor+John+Finnis+as+he+moves+to+emeritus+status+%26%23124%3B+the+Law+School+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.nd.edu%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fjohn-finnis-emeritus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethicscenter.nd.edu/people/fellows/">"Permanent Senior Distinguished Research Fellows // De Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture // University of Notre Dame"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Permanent+Senior+Distinguished+Research+Fellows+%2F%2F+De+Nicola+Center+for+Ethics+and+Culture+%2F%2F+University+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethicscenter.nd.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lord-chancellor-welcomes-historic-promotion-of-talent-for-new-silks">"Lord Chancellor welcomes historic promotion of talent for new silks - Press releases - GOV.UK"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Lord+Chancellor+welcomes+historic+promotion+of+talent+for+new+silks+-+Press+releases+-+GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Flord-chancellor-welcomes-historic-promotion-of-talent-for-new-silks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-06/qb19_-_media_notes_-_ac1.pdf">"2019 Queen's Birthday Honours List"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia</i>. 10 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413183546/https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-06/qb19_-_media_notes_-_ac1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Governor-General+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.atitle=2019+Queen%27s+Birthday+Honours+List&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-06%2Fqb19_-_media_notes_-_ac1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette63918" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63918/supplement/N9">"No. 63918"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 December 2022. p. N9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+63918&rft.pages=N9&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F63918%2Fsupplement%2FN9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finnishphd-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finnishphd_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis1965" class="citation thesis cs1">Finnis, John Mitchell (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:adade83d-c1fc-4d5a-b396-5813d5a93441"><i>The idea of judicial power, with special reference to Australian law</i></a>. <i>ora.ox.ac.uk</i> (PhD thesis). University of Oxford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/694895648">694895648</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.671295">uk.bl.ethos.671295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+idea+of+judicial+power%2C+with+special+reference+to+Australian+law&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F694895648&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Aadade83d-c1fc-4d5a-b396-5813d5a93441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907000846/http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/profile/john.finnis">"John Finnis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law,_University_of_Oxford" title="Faculty of Law, University of Oxford">Faculty of Law, University of Oxford</a></i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/profile/john.finnis">the original</a> on 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=John+Finnis&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ox.ac.uk%2Fprofile%2Fjohn.finnis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenya,_John_2018_Page_47_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenya2018" class="citation book cs1">Greenya, John (2018). <i>Gorsuch: The Judge Who Speaks for Himself</i>. Threshold Editions. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-8038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-8038-5"><bdi>978-1-5011-8038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorsuch%3A+The+Judge+Who+Speaks+for+Himself&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-8038-5&rft.aulast=Greenya&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRYyEk-5zoI">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis2011" class="citation book cs1">Finnis, John (2011). <i>Reasons in Action</i> (1st ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reasons+in+Action&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis2011" class="citation book cs1">Finnis, John (2011). <i>Intentions and Identity</i> (Oxford and New York ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intentions+and+Identity&rft.edition=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis2011" class="citation book cs1">Finnis, John (2011). <i>Human Rights and Common Good</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+Common+Good&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis" class="citation book cs1">Finnis, John. <i>Philosophy of Law</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Law&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis2011" class="citation book cs1">Finnis, John (2011). <i>Religion and Public Reasons</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Reasons&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1987a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reason, Universality and Moral Thought</i> in Reason in Action</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reason, Universality and Moral Thought</i>, in Reason in Action</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essays 1977a; 2005b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">essay 2000a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1999a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1995a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Address to an international conference held at <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College, Cambridge</a> in the Summer of 2000, in Religion and Public Reasons, p. 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1994a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2001a, with Germain Grisez and Joseph Boyle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1999d</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">essay 2009a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fundamentals of Ethics, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sent. III d.33 q.2 a.3c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prudence about Ends, in Reason in Action</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1993b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">essay 1990a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1970a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">essay 1984a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essay_1997b-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_1997b_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1997b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1990a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">essay 1997b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essay_2009c-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009c_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2009c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natural Law and Natural Rights, 68-69, 385; Essay 2009c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essay_2009d-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009d_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2009d</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unpublished paper, read to Catholic student societies in Oxford in 1990, and, with revisions, in 1998 (in Collected Essays, Volume V).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2003b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2003b in Philosophy of Law, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1989b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1984b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2003b., in Philosophy of Law, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1984b, in Philosophy of Law p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1984b, in Philosophy of Law p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1987e</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1984b and 1989b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1989b, in Philosophy of Law p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essay_2009b-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009b_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2009b_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2009b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2002a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2005d, in Philosophy of Law p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essay_2007b-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2007b_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay_2007b_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 2007b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1967b in Philosophy of Law p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1985b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1996c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">unpublished essay: Individuals, Communities, and Postmodernsm: Some Notes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essay 1985c</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Buckle, "Natural Law" in Peter Singer (ed.), <i>A Companion to Ethics</i>. Blackwell Publishers, 1997, ch. 13, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2006" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Craig (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/PATAFA">"Aquinas, Finnis and Non-naturalism"</a>. In Pugh, Matthew S.; Paterson, Craig (eds.). <i>Analytical Thomism: Traditions in Dialogue</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 171–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315262604">10.4324/9781315262604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-26260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-26260-4"><bdi>978-1-315-26260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aquinas%2C+Finnis+and+Non-naturalism&rft.btitle=Analytical+Thomism%3A+Traditions+in+Dialogue&rft.place=London&rft.pages=171-194&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315262604&rft.isbn=978-1-315-26260-4&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FPATAFA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis1994" class="citation journal cs1">Finnis, John (1994). "Law, Morality, and "Sexual Orientation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Notre Dame Law Review</i>. <b>69</b>: 1049–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Morality%2C+and+%22Sexual+Orientation%22&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=1049-76&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Finnis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, Andrew. <i><a href="/wiki/Virtually_Normal:_An_Argument_About_Homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtually Normal: An Argument About Homosexuality">Virtually Normal: An Argument About Homosexuality</a></i>. Picador: London, 1996. pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, Edward, <i>The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation</i>. Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 356</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jurisprudence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jurisprudence" title="Template:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jurisprudence" title="Template talk:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jurisprudence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_law_articles" title="Index of philosophy of law articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal theory">Legal theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">Critical legal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Economic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal norms">Legal norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="International legal theory">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the state">Law without the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">Legal system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-Fiqh">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_law" title="Category:Philosophy of law">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Law">WikiProject Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">WikiProject Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=Template:Jurisprudence&hidebots=0">changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312283#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121458094">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/101936374">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/121502/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxJ4MdVJVByVwT3kTJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119117134">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83217830">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12292498s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12292498s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Finnis, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV014046">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35537440">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu2011637931&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX956421">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068327544">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90177088">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068779&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000345764&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw05x530cg5j9v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810599192805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/128252">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439215005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510390606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00574382?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-finnis">PhilPeople</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119117134">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028522109">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t82wk5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&oldid=1258813660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&oldid=1258813660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_births" title="Category:1940 births">1940 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Australian philosophers">20th-century Australian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_philosophers" title="Category:21st-century Australian philosophers">21st-century Australian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_legal_scholars" title="Category:Australian legal scholars">Australian legal scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_political_philosophers" title="Category:Australian political philosophers">Australian political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_University_College,_Oxford" title="Category:Fellows of University College, Oxford">Fellows of University College, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers of law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">Catholic philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adelaide_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Adelaide Law School alumni">Adelaide Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Notre_Dame_faculty" title="Category:University of Notre Dame faculty">University of Notre Dame faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Notre_Dame_Law_School_faculty" title="Category:Notre Dame Law School faculty">Notre Dame Law School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_scholars_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Legal scholars of the University of Oxford">Legal scholars of the University of Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Order_of_Australia" title="Category:Companions of the Order of Australia">Companions of the Order of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_King%27s_Counsel" title="Category:Honorary King's Counsel">Honorary King's Counsel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_British_Academy" title="Category:Fellows of the British Academy">Fellows of the British Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_University_College,_Oxford" title="Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford">Alumni of University College, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Rhodes_Scholars" title="Category:Australian Rhodes Scholars">Australian Rhodes Scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Malawi" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Malawi">Academic staff of the University of Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire">Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_emigrants_to_England" title="Category:Australian emigrants to England">Australian emigrants to England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Analytic_theologians" title="Category:Analytic theologians">Analytic theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Analytical_Thomists" title="Category:Analytical Thomists">Analytical Thomists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_law_ethicists" title="Category:Natural law ethicists">Natural law ethicists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_London_Gazette_template_with_parameter_supp_set_to_y" title="Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y">Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_October_2016" title="Category:Use Australian English from October 2016">Use Australian English from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2014">Use dmy dates from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 19:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Finnis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jvw68","wgBackendResponseTime":122,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.864","walltime":"1.065","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8105,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128695,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8896,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":127326,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 902.296 1 -total"," 21.28% 191.971 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 15.38% 138.734 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.95% 125.910 1 Template:Conservatism_in_Australia"," 13.70% 123.608 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.43% 76.084 8 Template:ISBN"," 8.31% 75.024 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.25% 74.415 6 Template:Cite_web"," 6.06% 54.639 10 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 5.20% 46.875 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.500","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9577990,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-kz7tk","timestamp":"20241122141446","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John Finnis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Finnis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3312283","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3312283","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-08T01:52:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T19:40:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/John_Finnis_on_After_Dark_26th_June_1987_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Australian legal scholar and philosopher"}</script> </body> </html>