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interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_d%27os_sirenidos" title="Evolución d'os sirenidos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Evolución d'os sirenidos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_sirenios" title="Evolución de los sirenios – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evolución de los sirenios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3_dels_sirenis" title="Evolució dels sirenis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evolució dels sirenis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_sirenios" title="Evolución de los sirenios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evolución de los sirenios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenioen_bilakaera" title="Sirenioen bilakaera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sirenioen bilakaera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرگشت گاودریایی‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت گاودریایی‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_sir%C3%A9niens" title="Histoire évolutive des siréniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire évolutive des siréniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewolucja_brzegowc%C3%B3w" title="Ewolucja brzegowców – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewolucja brzegowców" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Evolution+of+sirenians%22">"Evolution of sirenians"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Evolution+of+sirenians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Evolution+of+sirenians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Evolution+of+sirenians%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Evolution+of+sirenians%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Evolution+of+sirenians%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG/300px-Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG/450px-Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG/600px-Trichechus_manatus_fg01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>The foot of a manatee. Manatees are believed to share common ancestry with <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a></b> is the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">placental mammals</a> which comprises modern "sea cows" (<a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a>) and their extinct relatives. They are the only extant <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> and the only group of herbivorous mammals to have become completely aquatic. Sirenians are thought to have a 50-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record (early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>-recent). They attained modest diversity during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, but have since declined as a result of climatic cooling, oceanographic changes, and human interference.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two genera and four species are extant: <i><a href="/wiki/Trichechus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichechus">Trichechus</a></i>, which includes the three species of manatee that live along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coasts and in rivers and coastlines of <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a></i>, which is found in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_sirenians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirenian_locomotion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sirenian_locomotion.gif/200px-Sirenian_locomotion.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sirenian_locomotion.gif/300px-Sirenian_locomotion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sirenian_locomotion.gif/400px-Sirenian_locomotion.gif 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of Sirenian Locomotion, based on Berta and Sumich, 1999.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirenians_evolution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sirenians_evolution.gif/200px-Sirenians_evolution.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sirenians_evolution.gif/300px-Sirenians_evolution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sirenians_evolution.gif/400px-Sirenians_evolution.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of Sirenia, based on Daryl P. Domning and <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonian_manatee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amazonian_manatee.png/220px-Amazonian_manatee.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amazonian_manatee.png/330px-Amazonian_manatee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amazonian_manatee.png/440px-Amazonian_manatee.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_manatee" title="Amazonian manatee">Amazonian manatee</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dugong.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Dugong.gif/220px-Dugong.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Dugong.gif/330px-Dugong.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Dugong.gif/440px-Dugong.gif 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_indian_manatee.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/West_indian_manatee.gif/220px-West_indian_manatee.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/West_indian_manatee.gif/330px-West_indian_manatee.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/West_indian_manatee.gif/440px-West_indian_manatee.gif 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_manatee" title="West Indian manatee">West Indian manatee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sirenians, along with <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> (elephants), group together with the extinct <a href="/wiki/Desmostylia" title="Desmostylia">Desmostylia</a> and likely the extinct <a href="/wiki/Embrithopoda" title="Embrithopoda">Embrithopoda</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Tethytheria" title="Tethytheria">Tethytheria</a>. Tethytheria is thought to have evolved from primitive hoofed mammals ("<a href="/wiki/Condylarth" class="mw-redirect" title="Condylarth">condylarths</a>") along the shores of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>. </p><p>Tethytheria, combined with <a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a> (hyraxes), forms a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> called <a href="/wiki/Paenungulata" title="Paenungulata">Paenungulata</a>. Paenungulata and Tethytheria (especially the latter) are among the least controversial mammalian clades, with strong support from morphological and molecular interpretations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The Tethytheria page notes that at least one sub-clade is thought to be closer to Perissodactyla, which indicates a certain amount of controversy (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ancestry of Sirenia is remote from that of <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a>, although they are thought to have evolved an aquatic lifestyle around the same time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_sirenians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fossil history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prorastomus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorastomus_BW.jpg/200px-Prorastomus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorastomus_BW.jpg/300px-Prorastomus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Prorastomus_BW.jpg/400px-Prorastomus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Prorastomus" title="Prorastomus">Prorastomus</a></i>, an early <a href="/wiki/Sirenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenian">sirenian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first appearance of sirenians in the fossil record was during the early Eocene, and by the late Eocene, sirenians had significantly diversified. Inhabitants of rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters, they were able to spread rapidly. The most primitive sirenian known to date, <i><a href="/wiki/Prorastomus" title="Prorastomus">Prorastomus</a></i>, was found in Jamaica, not the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>; however more recently the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Sobrarbesiren" title="Sobrarbesiren">Sobrarbesiren</a></i> has been recovered from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known quadrupedal sirenian was <i><a href="/wiki/Pezosiren" title="Pezosiren">Pezosiren</a></i> from the early Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known sea cows, of the families <a href="/wiki/Prorastomidae" title="Prorastomidae">Prorastomidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protosirenidae" title="Protosirenidae">Protosirenidae</a>, are both confined to the Eocene, and were about the size of a pig, four-legged amphibious creatures. By the time the Eocene drew to a close, came the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Dugongidae" title="Dugongidae">Dugongidae</a>; sirenians had acquired their familiar fully aquatic streamlined body with flipper-like front legs with no hind limbs, powerful tail with horizontal caudal fin, with up and down movements which move them through the water, like cetaceans. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> the first and oldest sirenian remains have been found in a new <a href="/wiki/Paleontological_site" title="Paleontological site">paleontological site</a>, in Santa Brígida, <a href="/wiki/Amer,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer, Girona">Amer</a> (La Selva, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The age is dated by the Shallow Bentic Zones in the Eoceno SBZ 15). </p><p>The last of the sirenian families to appear, <a href="/wiki/Trichechidae" title="Trichechidae">Trichechidae</a>, are thought to have originated from early dugongids in the late Eocene or early Oligocene. The current fossil record documents some major stages in hindlimb and pelvic reduction (well developed hindlimbs attached to a sacrum (Prorastomidae), well developed hindlimbs without proper sacrum (Protosirenidae) and reduced innominate with hindlimbs reduced or absent (Dugongidae and Trichechidae).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since sirenians first evolved, they have been herbivores, likely depending on <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a> and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> (flowering plants) for food. To the present, almost all have remained tropical (with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_Sea_Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Steller's Sea Cow">Steller's Sea Cow</a>), marine and angiosperm consumers. Sea cows are shallow divers with large lungs. They have heavy skeletons to help them stay submerged; the bones are <a href="/wiki/Pachyostotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyostotic">pachyostotic</a> (swollen) and <a href="/wiki/Osteosclerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteosclerotic">osteosclerotic</a> (dense), especially the ribs which are often found as fossils. </p><p>Eocene sirenians, like <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> mammals but in contrast to other <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> ones, have five instead of four premolars, giving them a 3.1.5.3 dental formula. Whether this condition is truly a primitive retention in sirenians is still under debate. </p><p>Although cheek teeth are relied on for identifying species in other mammals, they do not vary to a significant degree among sirenians in their morphology, but are almost always low-crowned (<a href="/wiki/Brachyodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyodont">brachyodont</a>) with two rows of large, rounded cusps (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunobilophodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunobilophodont (page does not exist)">bunobilophodont</a>). The most easily identifiable parts of sirenian skeletons are the skull and mandible, especially the frontal and other skull bones. With the exception of a pair of tusk-like first upper incisors present in most species, front teeth (incisors and canines) are lacking in all, except the earliest sirenians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_sirenians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">Evolution of cetaceans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_sirenians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerta2012" class="citation book cs1">Berta, Annalisa (2012). <i>Return to the Sea : The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520270572" title="Special:BookSources/9780520270572"><bdi>9780520270572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+to+the+Sea+%3A+The+Life+and+Evolutionary+Times+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780520270572&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=Annalisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz-BerenguerBadiolaMoreno-AzanzaIgnacio_Canudo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Díaz-Berenguer, Ester; Badiola, Ainara; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel; Ignacio Canudo, José (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5865116">"First adequately-known quadrupedal sirenian from Eurasia (Eocene, Bay of Biscay, Huesca, northeastern Spain)"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 5127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.5127D">2018NatSR...8.5127D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-23355-w">10.1038/s41598-018-23355-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5865116">5865116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29572454">29572454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=First+adequately-known+quadrupedal+sirenian+from+Eurasia+%28Eocene%2C+Bay+of+Biscay%2C+Huesca%2C+northeastern+Spain%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5127&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5865116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29572454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-23355-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.5127D&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz-Berenguer&rft.aufirst=Ester&rft.au=Badiola%2C+Ainara&rft.au=Moreno-Azanza%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Ignacio+Canudo%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5865116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomning_DP2001" class="citation journal cs1">Domning DP (2001). "The Earliest Known Fully Quadrupedal Sirenian". <i>Nature</i>. <b>413</b> (6856): 625–627. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.413..625D">2001Natur.413..625D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35098072">10.1038/35098072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11675784">11675784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22005691">22005691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Known+Fully+Quadrupedal+Sirenian&rft.volume=413&rft.issue=6856&rft.pages=625-627&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35098072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22005691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11675784&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.413..625D&rft.au=Domning+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuentes-Buxó, R., Fuentes-Buxó, A. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33278040/Troballa_de_restes_de_sireni_al_Luteci%C3%A0_Eoc%C3%A8_mitj%C3%A0_de_Santa_Br%C3%ADgida_Amer_La_Selva_Girona_">Finding of sirenian remains in the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) of Santa Brígida (Amer, La Selva, Girona)</a>. Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona, 22: 19-24 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomning2000" class="citation journal cs1">Domning, D.P. (2000). "The readaptation of Eocene sirenians to life in water". <i>Historical Biology</i>. <b>14</b> (1–2): 115–119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000HBio...14..115D">2000HBio...14..115D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10292380009380559">10.1080/10292380009380559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86603486">86603486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+readaptation+of+Eocene+sirenians+to+life+in+water&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=115-119&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86603486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10292380009380559&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000HBio...14..115D&rft.aulast=Domning&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_sirenians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomning_DP2002" class="citation book cs1">Domning DP (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/1083">"Sirenian Evolution"</a>. In Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JG (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/1083">1083–1086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0125513401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0125513401"><bdi>978-0125513401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sirenian+Evolution&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=1083-1086&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0125513401&rft.au=Domning+DP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofma2002unse%2Fpage%2F1083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerta_A2012" class="citation book cs1">Berta A (2012). "5. Diversity, Evolution, and Adaptation of Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals". <i>Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 127–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27057-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27057-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Diversity%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Adaptation+of+Sirenians+and+Other+Marine+Mammals&rft.btitle=Return+to+the+Sea%3A+The+Life+and+Evolutionary+Times+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=127-149&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27057-2&rft.au=Berta+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertaSumichKovacs2006" class="citation book cs1">Berta A, Sumich JL, Kovacs KK (2006). "5. Sirenian and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marinemammalsevo00bert_673"><i>Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marinemammalsevo00bert_673/page/n99">89</a>–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369499-7"><bdi>978-0-12-369499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Sirenian+and+Other+Marine+Mammals%3A+Evolution+and+Systematics&rft.btitle=Marine+Mammals%3A+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.pages=89-110&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-12-369499-7&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sumich%2C+JL&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+KK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarinemammalsevo00bert_673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshO'SheaReynolds_JE_III2012" class="citation book cs1">Marsh H, O'Shea TJ, Reynolds JE III (2012). "3. Affinities, origins and diversity of the Sirenia through time". <i>Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees</i>. Conservation Biology. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71643-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71643-7"><bdi>978-0-521-71643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Affinities%2C+origins+and+diversity+of+the+Sirenia+through+time&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Conservation+of+the+Sirenia%3A+Dugongs+and+Manatees&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Conservation+Biology&rft.pages=35-77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71643-7&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=O%27Shea%2C+TJ&rft.au=Reynolds+JE+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/files/8913/6680/3690/Appendices.pdf">Appendices</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelez-JuarbeDomningPyenson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Velez-Juarbe J, Domning DP, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pyenson" title="Nicholas Pyenson">Pyenson ND</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272043">"Iterative Evolution of Sympatric Seacow (Dugongidae, Sirenia) Assemblages during the Past ~26 Million Years"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (2): e31294. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...731294V">2012PLoSO...731294V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031294">10.1371/journal.pone.0031294</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272043">3272043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319622">22319622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Iterative+Evolution+of+Sympatric+Seacow+%28Dugongidae%2C+Sirenia%29+Assemblages+during+the+Past+~26+Million+Years&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e31294&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272043%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22319622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031294&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...731294V&rft.aulast=Velez-Juarbe&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Domning%2C+DP&rft.au=Pyenson%2C+ND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolution+of+sirenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardtbabinski.us/manatee/sirenians.html">Origin of Sirenians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geotimes.org/dec01/NNseacow.html">Macro-evolution at its finest</a> Christina Reed, <a href="/wiki/American_Geosciences_Institute#EARTH_Magazine" title="American Geosciences Institute">Geotimes</a> December 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231005452/http://www.sirenian.org/sirenianevolution.pdf">Evolution of the Sirenia</a> by Caryn Self-Sullivan at <a href="/wiki/Manatee_conservation_status#Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Manatee conservation status">Sirenian International</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_sirenians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population<br />genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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