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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries,_museums,_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Libraries, museums, and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries,_museums,_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_and_student_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_and_student_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Housing and student facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_and_student_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Off-campus_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Off-campus_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Off-campus facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Off-campus_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rankings and reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Admission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Student life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rivalries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Rivalries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insignias_and_other_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insignias_and_other_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Insignias and other representations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insignias_and_other_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Insignias and other representations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Insignias_and_other_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motto_and_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motto_and_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Motto and song </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motto_and_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Queen's University at Kingston</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جامعة كوينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة كوينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuins_Universiteti" title="Kuins Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuins Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کویینز بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کویینز بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কুইন্স বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুইন্স বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Каралеўскі ўніверсітэт у Кінгстане – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўскі ўніверсітэт у Кінгстане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%26%27s_University" title="Queen&'s University – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Queen&'s University" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%E2%80%99s_University_(Kingston)" title="Queen’s University (Kingston) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Queen’s University (Kingston)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dina_Universitato_%C4%89e_Kingston" title="Reĝina Universitato ĉe Kingston – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝina Universitato ĉe Kingston" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_unibertsitatea" title="Queen's unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Queen's unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="دانشگاه کویینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه کویینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Queen%27s" title="Université Queen's – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Queen's" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_na_B%C3%A0nrigh,_Kingston" title="Oilthigh na Bànrigh, Kingston – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh na Bànrigh, Kingston" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90_(%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4)" title="퀸스 대학교 (캐나다) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀸스 대학교 (캐나다)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քուինս համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քուինս համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Куинс университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Куинс университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جامعة كوينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة كوينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80)" title="クイーンズ大学 (カナダ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クイーンズ大学 (カナダ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_universiteti" title="Queen's universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Queen's universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%E2%80%99s_University" title="Queen’s University – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Queen’s University" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Университет Куинс в Кингстоне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Университет Куинс в Кингстоне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="زانکۆی کوینز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی کوینز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Queen%27s" title="Univerzitet Queen's – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Queen's" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University" title="Queen's University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Queen's University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&params=44_13_30_N_76_29_42_W_">44°13′30″N 76°29′42″W / 44.22500°N 76.49500°W / 44.22500; -76.49500</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Queen's University at Kingston</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:QueensU_Crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/QueensU_Crest.svg/150px-QueensU_Crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/QueensU_Crest.svg/225px-QueensU_Crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/QueensU_Crest.svg/300px-QueensU_Crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="281" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Reginae apud Regiodunum<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Queen's University</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Queen's College at Kingston (1841–1912)<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Sapientia et Doctrina Stabilitas (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times<a href="#cite_note-mottos-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1841 (183 years ago) (1841-10-16)<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">ACU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Canadian Association of Research Libraries">CARL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ontario_Universities" title="Council of Ontario Universities">COU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate" title="Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate">CUSID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fields_Institute" title="Fields Institute">Fields Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matariki_Network_of_Universities" title="Matariki Network of Universities">MNU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities_Canada" title="Universities Canada">Universities Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>1.409 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shelagh_Rogers" title="Shelagh Rogers">Shelagh Rogers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Matthew R. Evans</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Niki Boytchuk-Hale<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">Principal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deane_(professor)" title="Patrick Deane (professor)">Patrick Deane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,925<a href="#cite_note-Quick_Facts-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,824 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,262 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">33,842 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-enrolment_headcount_(official)-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26,052<a href="#cite_note-enrolment_headcount_(official)-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,733<a href="#cite_note-enrolment_headcount_(official)-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&params=44_13_30_N_76_29_42_W_">44°13′30″N 76°29′42″W / 44.22500°N 76.49500°W / 44.22500; -76.49500</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a> Main campus: 40 hectares (99 acres) West campus: 27 hectares (67 acres)<a href="#cite_note-land-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colours</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blue, Gold, and Red<a href="#cite_note-Visual_Identity_Guide-10">[10]</a> <table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;" aria-hidden="true"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%; height:1.75em"> <td style="background: #002452; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #FABD0F; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #B90E31; font-size:50%;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Golden_Gaels" title="Queen's Golden Gaels">Golden Gaels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ontario_University_Athletics" title="Ontario University Athletics">OUA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_University_Field_Lacrosse_Association" title="Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association">CUFLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlantic_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association" title="Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association">MAISA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boo_Hoo_the_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Boo Hoo the Bear">Boo Hoo the Bear</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Fight song</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oil_Thigh" title="Oil Thigh">Oil Thigh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queensu.ca/">queensu.ca</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420038#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:QueensU_Wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen's Logo"><img alt="Queen's Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/QueensU_Wordmark.svg/190px-QueensU_Wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/QueensU_Wordmark.svg/285px-QueensU_Wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/QueensU_Wordmark.svg/380px-QueensU_Wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="26" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Queen's University at Kingston,<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-roycha-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-theo-13">[13]</a> commonly known as Queen's University or simply Queen's, is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, Ontario, Canada. Queen's holds more than 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres) of land throughout Ontario and owns <a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Herstmonceux Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-land-9">[9]</a> Queen's is organized into eight faculties and schools. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> established Queen's College in October 1841 via a royal charter from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. The first classes, intended to prepare students for the ministry, were held 7 March 1842, with 15 students and two professors.<a href="#cite_note-Neatby-14">[14]</a> In 1869, Queen's was the first Canadian university west of the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritime provinces</a> to admit women.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> In 1883, a women's college for medical education affiliated with Queen's University was established after male staff and students reacted with hostility to the admission of women to the university's medical classes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMC-16">[16]</a> In 1912, Queen's ended its affiliation with the Presbyterian Church,<a href="#cite_note-roycha-12">[12]</a> and adopted its present name.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> During the mid-20th century, the university established several faculties and schools, and expanded its campus with the construction of new facilities. Queen's is a co-educational university with more than 33,842 students and over 131,000 alumni living worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Quick_Facts-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholars">Rhodes Scholars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rhode-19">[19]</a> As of 2022, five <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureates</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winner have been affiliated with the university. The university funds several magazines and journals, among which are the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Quarterly" title="Queen's Quarterly">Queen's Quarterly</a> that has been published since 1893.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Queen%27s_University_-_1899_-_Queen%27s_University_Journal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>The university's campus in 1899</figcaption></figure> Queen's was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s. A draft plan for the university was presented at a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the <a href="/wiki/13th_Parliament_of_Upper_Canada" title="13th Parliament of Upper Canada">13th Parliament of Upper Canada</a> during a session in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On 16 October 1841, a royal charter was issued through <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> establishing Queen's College at Kingston. Queen's resulted from years of effort by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> to found a college for the education of ministers in the growing colony and to instruct youth in various branches of science and literature. They modelled the university after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> Classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small woodframe house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students.<a href="#cite_note-Neatby-14">[14]</a> The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government, and private citizens financially supported the college.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> In 1869, Queen's was the first Canadian university west of the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritime provinces</a> to admit women.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> After Confederation, the college faced ruin when the federal government withdrew its funding and the Commercial Bank of the Midland District collapsed, a disaster which cost Queen's two-thirds of its <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment#College_and_university_endowments" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a>. The college was rescued after Principal <a href="/wiki/William_Snodgrass_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Snodgrass (clergyman)">William Snodgrass</a> and other officials created a fundraising campaign across Canada.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The risk of financial ruin worried the administration until the century's final decade. They considered leaving Kingston and merging with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> as late as the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> With the additional funds bequeathed from Queen's first major benefactor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sutherland" title="Robert Sutherland">Robert Sutherland</a>, the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Queen's was given university status on 17 May 1881.<a href="#cite_note-pound2005-24">[24]</a> In 1880, three women were admitted to the university's medical degree courses; however, their presence was met with such hostility by male students and staff that the university decided to expel the women in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> A Women's Medical College was founded to enable the three students to complete their studies.<a href="#cite_note-pound2005-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMC-16">[16]</a> Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queen's main building throughout the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth century">edit</a>]</div> In 1912, Queen's separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queen's University at Kingston.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Theological_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Theological College">Queen's Theological College</a> remained in the control of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian Church in Canada</a>, until 1925, when it joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theo-13">[13]</a> The theological college merged with the Queen's department of religious studies, and the program closed in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The university faced another financial crisis during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> from a sharp drop in enrolment due to the military enlistment of students, staff, and faculty. A $1,000,000 fundraising drive and the armistice in 1918 saved the university.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> Approximately 1,500 students fought in the war and 187 died.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On 18 August 1938, a year prior to the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> came to Queen's to accept an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a>. In a broadcast heard around the world, the President voiced the American policy of mutual alliance and friendship with Canada.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During World War II, 2,917 graduates from Queen's served in the armed forces, suffering 164 fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Memorial Room in Memorial Hall of the John Deutsch University Centre lists Queen's students who died during the world wars.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDRatQueens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt speaking at Queen's University." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/FDRatQueens.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> speaking at Queen's after receiving his honorary degree</figcaption></figure> Queen's grew quickly after the war, propelled by the expanding postwar economy and the demographic boom that peaked in the 1960s. From 1951 to 1961, enrolment increased from just over 2,000 students to more than 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> The university embarked on a building program, constructing five student residences in less than ten years. After the reorganization of legal education in Ontario in the mid-1950s, Queen's Faculty of Law opened in 1957 in the new John A. Macdonald Hall. Other construction projects at Queen's in the 1950s included the construction of Richardson Hall to house Queen's administrative offices and Dunning Hall.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> By the end of the 1960s, like many other Canadian universities, Queen's tripled its enrolment and greatly expanded its faculty, staff, and facilities, as a result of the baby boom and generous support from the public sector. By the mid-1970s, the university had 10,000 full-time students.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> Among the new facilities were four more high capacity residences: An Clachan, Elrond College (currently Princess Towers), a cooperative residence that the university no longer owns, John Orr Tower situated on the west campus, and Jean Royce Hall.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In addition to this new facilities consisted of separate buildings for the Departments of Mathematics, Physics, Biology and Psychology, Social Sciences and the Humanities. During this period, Queen's created the Schools of Music, Public Administration (now part of Policy Studies), Rehabilitation Therapy, and Urban and Regional Planning. The establishment of the Faculty of Education in 1968 on land about a kilometre west of the university inaugurated the university's west campus.<a href="#cite_note-hist-3">[3]</a> Queen's was an early pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Computer_assisted_legal_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer assisted legal research">computer assisted legal research</a>; it was the home of the QUIC/LAW Canadian legal research project from 1968 to 1973, when the project was spun-off and commercialized. QUIC/LAW's software was licensed to <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West Publishing</a> in 1976 as the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Westlaw" title="Westlaw">Westlaw</a> database,<a href="#cite_note-Bourne-32">[32]</a> and then the entire Canadian law database, by then known as <a href="/wiki/Quicklaw" title="Quicklaw">Quicklaw</a>, was sold to West's archrival <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-33">[33]</a> The first female <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a> of Queen's University, Agnes Richardson Benidickson, was installed on 23 October 1980.<a href="#cite_note-pound2005-24">[24]</a> Queen's celebrated its <a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquicentennial">sesquicentennial</a> anniversary in 1991, and <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, and his then wife, <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana</a>, visited the campus to mark the occasion. The Prince of Wales presented a replica of the 1841 Royal Charter granted by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, which had established the university; the replica is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/John_Deutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="John Deutsch">John Deutsch</a> University Centre.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1993, Queen's received Herstmonceux Castle as a donation from alumnus <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bader" title="Alfred Bader">Alfred Bader</a>. The university uses the castle to house the Bader College.<a href="#cite_note-bader-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century">edit</a>]</div> In 2001, the Senate Educational Equity Committee (SEEC) studied the experiences of <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of Canada">Aboriginal</a> faculty members at Queen's after a black female professor left, alleging she had experienced racism.<a href="#cite_note-confront-37">[37]</a> Following this survey the SEEC commissioned a study which found many perceived a 'culture of Whiteness' at the university.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The report concluded "white privilege and power continues to be reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> curricula, traditional pedagogical approaches, hiring, promotion and <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a> practices, and opportunities for research" at Queen's.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The university's response to the report is the subject of continuing debate.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The administration implemented measures to promote diversity beginning in 2006, such as the position of diversity advisor and the hiring of "dialogue monitors" to facilitate discussions on <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-confront-37">[37]</a> In May 2010, Queen's University joined the <a href="/wiki/Matariki_Network_of_Universities" title="Matariki Network of Universities">Matariki Network of Universities</a>, an international group of universities created in 2010, which focuses on strong links between research and undergraduate teaching.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario</a>, the university received $440,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> to increase uptake of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> among health care providers, community organizations and vulnerable individuals who are <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">vaccine hesitant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In July 2021, former senator <a href="/wiki/Murray_Sinclair" title="Murray Sinclair">Murray Sinclair</a> began his term as the 15th chancellor of Queen's.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-qgms-45">[45]</a> He was succeeded by broadcast journalist <a href="/wiki/Shelagh_Rogers" title="Shelagh Rogers">Shelagh Rogers</a> in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2023, the university disclosed a projected deficit of $48 million for the 2024 year.<a href="#cite_note-Friesen-47">[47]</a> Stringent measures were unveiled by Provost Matthew Evans in response to the deficit, which included a cap on class size, limits on the number of international students, and a hiring freeze.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-48">[48]</a> The measures caused a backlash among faculty and students, with the latter organizing protests.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Evans faced significant criticism for his handling of the crisis, which was widely covered in both local and national publications in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Friesen-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Post-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-50">[50]</a> Some publications underscored the fiscal crisis, coupled with issues of overworked graduate students, as factors contributing to Queen's decline as a top 15 research university in the country.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granthall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grant Hall at Queen's University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Granthall.JPG/220px-Granthall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Granthall.JPG/330px-Granthall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Granthall.JPG/440px-Granthall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Grant Hall has been considered the university's most recognized landmark since its completion in 1905<a href="#cite_note-grant-52">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> The university grounds lies within the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s,_Kingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's, Kingston">Queen's</a> in the city of Kingston, Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The university's main campus is bordered to the south by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_General_Hospital" title="Kingston General Hospital">Kingston General Hospital</a>, city parks to the east, and by residential neighbourhoods, known as the <a href="/wiki/University_District,_Kingston" title="University District, Kingston">University District, Kingston</a>, in all other directions. The campus grew to its present size of 40 ha (99 acres) through gradual acquisitions of adjacent private lands, and remains the university's largest landholding. In addition to its main campus in Kingston, Queen's owns several other properties around Kingston, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Central_Frontenac" title="Central Frontenac">Central Frontenac</a> Township, Ontario; <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Lakes,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Rideau Lakes, Ontario">Rideau Lakes</a>, Ontario; and East Sussex, England.<a href="#cite_note-land-9">[9]</a> Queen's University is situated on traditional <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> territory.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The buildings at Queen's vary in age from Summerhill, which opened in 1839, to Mitchell Hall, which opened in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Grant Hall, completed in 1905, is considered the university's most recognizable landmark. It is named after Reverend George Munro Grant, who served as Queen's seventh principal. The building is used to host concerts, lectures, meetings, exams, and convocations.<a href="#cite_note-grant-52">[52]</a> Two buildings owned and managed by the university have been listed as <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a>. The Kingston General Hospital is the oldest operating public hospital in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Roselawn House, which is east of the west campus, is the core component of the university's Donald Gordon Centre.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries,_museums,_and_galleries">Libraries, museums, and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Libraries, museums, and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Library_at_Dusk,_Queen%27s_University,_Kingston,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Douglas_Library_at_Dusk%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Douglas_Library_at_Dusk%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Douglas_Library_at_Dusk%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Douglas_Library_at_Dusk%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Douglas_Library_at_Dusk%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Douglas_Library_at_Dusk%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Engineering & Science Library and the W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections are both housed at Douglas Library</figcaption></figure> Queen's University Libraries include six campus libraries and archives in six facilities housing 2.2 million physical items and 400,000 electronic resources, including e-books, serial titles and databases. The library's budget in 2007–2008 was $18.1 million, with $9.8 million dedicated to acquisitions.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The libraries are <a href="/wiki/Bracken_Health_Sciences_Library" title="Bracken Health Sciences Library">Bracken Health Sciences Library</a>, Education Library,<a href="#cite_note-libs-61">[61]</a> Lederman Law Library, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Stauffer_Library" title="Joseph S. Stauffer Library">Stauffer Humanities and Social Sciences Library</a>, and Engineering & Science Library. The W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections Library notably harbors early-dated books from 1475 to 1700.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Engineering & Science Library and the W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections Library share facilities, known as Douglas Library.<a href="#cite_note-libs-61">[61]</a> Since 1981, the Queen's University archives has been housed in Kathleen Ryan Hall. The archive manages, preserves, conserves, and makes accessible the information assets and historical record of the university. In addition to the university's archive, Kathleen Ryan Hall also houses the City of Kingston's archives.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Queen's operates the Miller Museum of Geology, an earth-science teaching museum which features an Earth Science and Geological Collections of 10,000 minerals and 865 fossils, as well as an exhibit of the geology of the Kingston area. The museum is largely used as an earth-science teaching museum for local schools and natural-science interest groups in eastern Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The permanent exhibits feature dinosaurs, dinosaur eggs, fossils of early multi-celled animals, and land tracks fossilized from 500 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Queen's art collections are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Etherington_Art_Centre" title="Agnes Etherington Art Centre">Agnes Etherington Art Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The art centre owes its namesake to Agnes Etherington, whose house was donated to the university and is used as an art museum, attached to the main art centre.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Opened in 1957, it contains over 14,000 works of art, including works by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit art</a>. The university's student body and faculty run the Union Gallery, an art gallery opened in 1994. The gallery is dedicated to the promotion of student and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_and_student_facilities">Housing and student facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Housing and student facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston,_ON,_Canada_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kingston%2C_ON%2C_Canada_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Kingston%2C_ON%2C_Canada_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kingston%2C_ON%2C_Canada_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Kingston%2C_ON%2C_Canada_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kingston%2C_ON%2C_Canada_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/440px-Kingston%2C_ON%2C_Canada_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Waldron Tower is one of 18 <a href="/wiki/Student_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Student residence">student residences</a> maintained by the university</figcaption></figure> The university has 18 student residences: Adelaide Hall, Ban Righ Hall, Brant House, Chown Hall, Gordon House, Brockington House, Graduate Residence, Harkness Hall, John Orr Tower Apartments, Leggett Hall, Leonard Hall, McNeill House, Morris Hall, Smith House, Victoria Hall, Waldron Tower, Watts Hall, and Jean Royce Hall.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The largest is Victoria Hall, built in 1965, which houses nearly 900 students.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In September 2010, 83.3% of first-year students lived on campus, part of the 26% of the overall undergraduate population who lived on campus.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vic_Hall_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vic_Hall_11.jpg/220px-Vic_Hall_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vic_Hall_11.jpg/330px-Vic_Hall_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vic_Hall_11.jpg/440px-Vic_Hall_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Hall is the largest student residence at the university</figcaption></figure> Residents were represented by two groups, the Main Campus Residents' Council, which represents the main campus, and the Jean Royce Hall Council, which represents the west campus (Jean Royce Hall, Harkness International Hall, and the Graduate Residence). They were responsible for representing resident concerns, providing entertainment services, organizing events, and upholding Residence Community Standards. In 2013, the Main Campus and Jean Royce Hall Residents' Councils were amalgamated into one organization, called ResSoc, standing for Residence Society.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> ResSoc employs 7 Executives, 17 House Presidents, and 27 Residence Facilitators. ResSoc also has over 100 volunteer positions such as floor representatives and executive interns. In 2013, The Residence Society introduced the StAR (Student Appreciation in Residence) Positive Recognition program. The program encourages positive behaviour in residence and recognizes individuals who help others in need. Recipients are given a certificate as well as remuneration for their contributions.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Student Life Centre is the centre of student governance and student-directed social, cultural, entertainment, and recreational activities. It consists of the John Deutsch University Centre (JDUC), Grey House, Carruthers Hall, Queen's Journal House, MacGillivray-Brown Hall, and the non-athletic sections of Queen's Centre. Collectively, these buildings provide 10,500 square metres (113,000 sq ft) of space to the Queen's community.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The JDUC contains the offices of a number of student organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_Society_of_Queen%27s_University" title="Alma Mater Society of Queen's University">Alma Mater Society of Queen's University (AMS)</a> and the Society of Graduate and Professional Students (SGPS), as well as retail and food services.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The university has 21 food outlets throughout the campus, as well as three major residence dining facilities.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Off-campus_facilities">Off-campus facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Off-campus facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qubs_lodge_cherry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Qubs_lodge_cherry.jpg/220px-Qubs_lodge_cherry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Qubs_lodge_cherry.jpg/330px-Qubs_lodge_cherry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Qubs_lodge_cherry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The Queen's University Biological Station is Canada's largest inland field station, and is situated at <a href="/wiki/Opinicon_Lake" title="Opinicon Lake">Opinicon Lake</a>, northwest of Kingston</figcaption></figure> Queen's has off-campus facilities in the Kingston area and abroad. The university has a second campus in Kingston, known as the west campus. Acquired in 1969, the west campus is 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the main campus, and covers 27 ha (67 acres) of land. It has two student residences, the Faculty of Education, the Coastal Engineering Lab, and several athletic facilities, including the <a href="/wiki/Richardson_Stadium_(Kingston)" title="Richardson Stadium (Kingston)">Richardson Memorial Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In May 2007, the university approved the designs for the Isabel Bader Centre for Performing Arts, also in Kingston. The centre, home of the Department of Film and Media, opened in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The university owns a research facility in Rideau Lakes, Ontario, known as the Queen's University Biological Station. Opened during the 1950s, the field station encompasses approximately 3,000 ha (7,400 acres) of property, a range of habitat types typical of Eastern Ontario, and many species of conservation concern in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Queen's has an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Novelis_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Novelis Inc.">Novelis Inc.</a> to acquire a 20-hectare (49-acre) property next to the company's research and development centre in Kingston.<a href="#cite_note-queensu1-81">[81]</a> The agreement is part of the plan to establish Innovation Park at Queen's University, an innovative technology park at the corner of Princess and Concession Streets. The property was acquired for $5.3 million, a portion of the $21 million grant Queen's received from the Ontario government in 2007 to pioneer this innovative new regional R&D "co-location" model.<a href="#cite_note-queensu1-81">[81]</a> Queen's leases approximately 7,900 square metres (85,000 sq ft) of the Novelis R&D facilities to accommodate faculty-led research projects that have industrial partners and small and medium-size companies with a research focus and a desire to interact with Queen's researchers. The remainder of the government funds support further development of the technology park to transform the property into a welcoming and dynamic site for business expansion and relocation.<a href="#cite_note-queensu1-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG/220px-Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG/330px-Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG/440px-Herstmonceux_Castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Herstmonceux Castle</a>, which houses Bader College</figcaption></figure> Bader College is housed in <a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Herstmonceux Castle</a>, East Sussex, England, which was donated to Queen's in 1993 by alumnus <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bader" title="Alfred Bader">Alfred Bader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bader-35">[35]</a> Bader College is academically fully integrated with Queen's, although financially self-sufficient. Its mission is to provide academic programs for undergraduate students whose academic interests are oriented toward the United Kingdom, Europe, and the European Union; continuing-education programs for executives and other professional or "special interest" groups; a venue for conferences and meetings; a base for international graduate students and other scholars undertaking research in the United Kingdom and Europe; and an enhanced educational, social, and cultural environment for the local community, using the unique heritage of the castle.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The opportunity to study at Bader College is not limited to Queen's students. Queen's has academic exchange agreements with Canadian and foreign universities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sustainability">edit</a>]</div> Queen's Sustainability Office, created in 2008, is charged with the university's green initiatives and creating awareness about environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The office is headed by a sustainability manager, who works with the university, external community groups, and the government. In 2009, with the signing of the Ontario Universities Committed to a Greener World agreement, Queen's pledged to transform its campus into a model of environmental responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Queen's was the second Ontario university to sign the University and College Presidents' Climate Change Statement of Action for Canada in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The university campus received a B grade from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card for 2011.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> The governance of the university is conducted through the Board of Trustees, the Senate, and the University Council, the first two of which of were established under the Royal Charter of 1841.<a href="#cite_note-roycha-12">[12]</a> The Board is responsible for the university's conduct and management and its property, revenues, business, and affairs.<a href="#cite_note-qbot-89">[89]</a> Ex-officio governors of the Board include the university's Chancellor, Principal, and Rector. The Board has 34 other trustees, 33 of whom are elected by the various members of the university community, including elected representatives from the student body. The representative from Queen's Theological College is now the only appointed trustee.<a href="#cite_note-qbot-89">[89]</a> The Senate is responsible for determining all academic matters affecting the university as a whole, including student discipline.<a href="#cite_note-qsen-90">[90]</a> It consists of 17 ex-officio positions granted to the principal and Vice-Chancellor, the Vice-Principals of the university, the senior dean of each faculty, dean of student affairs, the deputy provost, and the presidents of the undergraduate, graduate, and faculty associations. The Senate also consists of 55 other members, appointed or elected by various communities of the university, including elected representatives of the student body.<a href="#cite_note-qsen-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensquad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gordon Hall at Queen's University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Queensquad.JPG/220px-Queensquad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Queensquad.JPG/330px-Queensquad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Queensquad.JPG/440px-Queensquad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Gordon Hall houses many of Queen's administrative offices</figcaption></figure> The Royal Charter of 1841 was amended to include the University Council in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-quc-91">[91]</a> The council is a composite of the Board of Trustees, senators, and an equal number of elected graduates. It serves as both an advisory and an ambassadorial body to the university as a whole and is responsible for the election of the Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-quc-91">[91]</a> Although it is not directly involved in operations, the Council may bring to the Senate or Board of Trustees any matter it believes affects Queen's well-being. The Council meets once per year, typically in May.<a href="#cite_note-quc-91">[91]</a> The Chancellor is the highest officer and the ceremonial head of the university. The office was created in 1874 and first filled in 1877, although it was only enshrined in law in 1882 after its amendment into the Royal Charter of 1841. The responsibilities of the Chancellor include presiding over convocations, conferring degrees, and chairing the annual meetings of the council, and is an ex-officio officer and a voting member of the board of trustees. A person is elected to the office of Chancellor on a three-year term by the Council unless there is more than one candidate, in which case an election is conducted among Queen's graduates.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Principal, who normally is also the Vice-Chancellor, acts as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of the university under the authority of the Board and the Senate, and supervises and directs the academic and administrative work of the university and of its teaching and non-teaching staff.<a href="#cite_note-roycha-12">[12]</a> Since 1974, principals have been appointed for five-year terms, renewable subject to review. The formal authority for the appointment of the Principal rests under the Royal Charter with the Board of Trustees, although recent principals have been selected by a joint committee of trustees and senators.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The office of the Vice-Chancellor has typically been held by the incumbent principal. In 1961, an amendment was secured by the Board to separate the office of Principal from that of Vice-Chancellor if it wished. The first and only person to hold the office of Vice-Chancellor but not the office of Principal was <a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Mackintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="William Archibald Mackintosh">William Archibald Mackintosh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The current principal is <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deane_(professor)" title="Patrick Deane (professor)">Patrick Deane</a>, serving as the twenty-first principal since 1 July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The Rector is the third officer of the university, and serves as the highest-ranking representative of the student body. Though the first Rector took office in 1913, this role has been exclusively held by students since 1969, when the student body forced the resignation of then-Rector <a href="/wiki/Grattan_O%27Leary" title="Grattan O'Leary">Senator Gratton O'Leary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Unlike the executives of the various student governments, the Rector represents all students – both undergraduate and graduate – and is elected to a three-year term, though it has become traditional for student Rectors to step down after only two years.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Despite standing separately from any student government, the Rector works closely with the AMS and SGPS to represent the interests of their constituent students.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This allows the Rector to, both formally and informally, act as an intermediary between students and the university administration on a range of topical, sensitive, or controversial issues. The Rector serves as one of three student representatives on the Board of Trustees (the other two being the Undergraduate and Graduate Student Trustees) and is a recognized observer at the Senate. Additionally, the Rector is often called upon to represent student interests on various committees of the Board and Senate. Finally, the Rector plays a ceremonial role at events such as convocation.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> The university completed the 2011–12-year with revenues of $947.7 million and expenses of $872.8 million, with an excess of revenues over expenses at $74.9 million. Government grants and student fees are the two largest sources of income for the university.<a href="#cite_note-qrotab-101">[101]</a> As of 30 April 2022, Queen's endowment was valued at C$1,400,900,000.<a href="#cite_note-qrotab-101">[101]</a> In 2023, Queen's disclosed a projected deficit of $62.8 million for 2024, which was later reduced to $48 million.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-50">[50]</a> Blaming the deficit on a tuition freeze introduced in Ontario in 2019, the university announced drastic measures, which included a hiring freeze and caps on class sizes.<a href="#cite_note-Steven-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friesen-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Post-48">[48]</a> The university has been registered as an educational charitable organization by <a href="/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency" title="Canada Revenue Agency">Canada Revenue Agency</a> since 1 January 1967. As of 2011, the university registered primarily as a post-secondary institution, with 70% of the charity dedicated to management and maintenance. The charity has 21% dedicated to research, with the remaining 8% dedicated to awards, bursaries, and scholarships. Proceeds from the charity also go toward Queen's Theological College (as an affiliated college) and Bader College at Herstmonceaux Castle.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg/220px-Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg/330px-Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg/440px-Queens_Business_Goodes_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of Goodes Hall, a building that houses the <a href="/wiki/Smith_School_of_Business" title="Smith School of Business">Smith School of Business</a></figcaption></figure> Queen's is a publicly funded research university and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Universities_and_Colleges_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada">Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Full-time undergraduate programs comprise the majority of the school's enrolment, made up of 16,339 full-time undergraduate students.<a href="#cite_note-Quick_Facts-7">[7]</a> In 2009, the two largest programs by enrolment were the social sciences, with 3,286 full-time and part-time students, followed by engineering, with 3,097 full-time and part-time students.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The university conferred 3,232 bachelor's degrees, 153 doctoral degrees, 1,142 master's degrees, and 721 first professional degrees in 2008–9.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Queen's is organized into several faculties and schools. These include the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Queen's University Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Faculty_of_Education" title="Queen's University Faculty of Education">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_Engineering" title="Smith Engineering">Engineering and Applied Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Faculty_of_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Faculty of Health Sciences">Health Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Faculty_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Faculty of Law">Law</a>, the School of Public Policy, and <a href="/wiki/Smith_School_of_Business" title="Smith School of Business">Smith School of Business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ugpfs-108">[108]</a> Many of these faculties and schools are further organized into smaller departments, divisions, and schools.<a href="#cite_note-ugpfs-108">[108]</a> The university operates several study abroad programs, including the "First Year Program" at Bader College, and study abroad semester programs offered by the university's international programs office.<a href="#cite_note-exchange-109">[109]</a> Additionally, students can apply for international <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Student exchange">student exchange</a>, with Queen's having exchange agreements with over 85 universities outside Canada.<a href="#cite_note-exchange-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rankings and reputation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:80%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">University rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">World rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a> World<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_ARWU_W-110">[110]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">201–300</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> World<a href="#cite_note-QS-111">[111]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">193</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> World<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_THES_W-112">[112]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">301–350</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">USNWR</a> World<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Best_Global_Universities-113">[113]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">359</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Canadian rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="College and university rankings">ARWU</a> National<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_ARWU_W-110">[110]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9–12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> National<a href="#cite_note-QS-111">[111]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> National<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_THES_W-112">[112]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12–15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/USNWR" class="mw-redirect" title="USNWR">USNWR</a> National<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Best_Global_Universities-113">[113]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s#University_Ranking_Guide" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> Medical/Doctoral<a href="#cite_note-Macdoc-114">[114]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">=7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s#University_Ranking_Guide" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> Reputation<a href="#cite_note-Macrep-115">[115]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr></tbody></table> Queen's University has placed in post-secondary school rankings. In the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> rankings, the university ranked 201–300 in the world and 9–12 in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_ARWU_W-110">[110]</a> The 2025 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> ranked the university 193rd in the world and tenth in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-QS-111">[111]</a> The 2024 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> placed the university 251–300 in the world, and 12th in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_THES_W-112">[112]</a> In <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> 2022–23 global university rankings, Queen's placed 359th, and 12th in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Best_Global_Universities-113">[113]</a> The Canadian-based <a href="/wiki/News_magazine" title="News magazine">news magazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> ranked the university eighth in its 2022 Medical-Doctoral Canadian university rankings.<a href="#cite_note-Macdoc-114">[114]</a> Queen's also placed in several rankings that evaluated the employment prospects of graduates. In a 2011 survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a>'s, they found Queen's placed 38th in the world and first in Canada for number of graduates employed as the chief executive officer (or equivalent) of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In an employability survey published by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> in October 2011, when CEOs and chairpersons were asked to select the top universities which they recruited from, the university placed 74th in the world and fifth in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Queen's University is a member of the <a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15</a>, a group that includes 15 Canadian research universities. In 2018, Queen's placed eleventh in Research Infosource ranking of Canadian research universities, with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $207,034 million in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-RI-118">[118]</a> In the same year, Queen's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $266,100, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $44,300.<a href="#cite_note-RI-118">[118]</a> The federal government is the largest funding source, providing 49.8% of Queen's research budget, primarily through grants. Corporations contribute another 26.3% of the research budget.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Queen's research performance has been noted by several <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometric</a> university rankings, which uses <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">citation analysis</a> to evaluates the <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact</a> a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a> ranked Queen's 344thin the world and 14th in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a>'s 2018–19 rankings, the university ranked 353rd in the world and 14th in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boterell_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Boterell_Hall.JPG/170px-Boterell_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Boterell_Hall.JPG/255px-Boterell_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Boterell_Hall.JPG/340px-Boterell_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Botterell Hall houses the Centre for Neuroscience Studies, a university research centre</figcaption></figure> The university operates six research centres and institutes, the Centre for Neuroscience Studies, GeoEngineering Centre, <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_Virtual_Laboratory" title="High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory">High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory</a>, Centre for Health Innovation, <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute</a>, and the Southern African Research Centre.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory's director, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a>, is a member of the university's physics department. The observatory managed the SNO experiment, which showed the solution to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino_problem" title="Solar neutrino problem">solar neutrino problem</a> was neutrinos change flavour (type) as they propagate through the Sun. The SNO experiment proved a non-zero mass neutrino exists. This was a major breakthrough in cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>) jointly received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for illustration of neutrino change identities and identification of mass.<a href="#cite_note-auto-124">[124]</a> This is the first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> awarded to a Queen's University researcher.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1976, urologist <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Morales_(urologist)" title="Alvaro Morales (urologist)">Alvaro Morales</a>, along with his colleagues, developed the first clinically effective immunotherapy for cancer by adapting the <a href="/wiki/Bacille_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacille Calmette-Guérin">Bacille Calmette-Guérin</a> tuberculosis vaccine for treatment of early stage bladder cancer.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Other research facilities include the Queen's University Biological Station, the largest inland field station in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The Biological Station's mandate is to provide teaching and research opportunities in biology and other related sciences, as well as the conservation of the local environment.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Researchers and students have gathered at the biological station to conduct research and participate in courses spanning ecology, evolution, conservation, and environmental biology. In 2002, it became part of the United Nations–recognized Thousand Islands – Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Queen's University has a joint venture with McGill University, operating an academic publishing house known as the <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. It publishes original peer-reviewed works in all areas of the social sciences and humanities. While the press's emphasis is on providing an outlet for Canadian authors and scholarship, the press also publishes authors throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> It has over 2,800 books in print.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The publishing house was known as the McGill University Press prior to amalgamating with Queen's in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission">Admission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Admission">edit</a>]</div> The requirements for admission differ among students from Ontario, students from other provinces in Canada, and international students due to the lack of uniformity in marking schemes. In 2020, 38.2% of applications to full-time first-year studies were accepted.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2013, the secondary school average for full-time first-year students at Queen's was 89% overall, with the Commerce, Education, and Engineering faculties having the highest entrance averages, at 91.7%, 90.8%, and 90.6% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The application process emphasizes the optional Personal Statement of Experience. The statement expresses how the applicant's personal experiences may contribute to the university. It focuses on qualifications and involvement outside of academics and is an important factor in determining admission. Several faculties require applicants to submit a supplementary essay.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Students may apply for financial aid such as the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Student_Assistance_Program" title="Ontario Student Assistance Program">Ontario Student Assistance Program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Student loans in Canada">Canada Student Loans and Grants</a> through the federal and provincial governments. The financial aid provided may come in the form of loans, grants, bursaries, scholarships, fellowships, debt reduction, interest relief, and work programs.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In the 2010–11 academic year, Queen's provided $36.5 million worth of student need–based and merit-based financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-qrotab-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Student life">edit</a>]</div> <table style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px" class="wikitable"> <caption>Demographics of student body (2017–2018)<a href="#cite_note-137">[note 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Undergraduate<a href="#cite_note-138">[note 2]</a></th> <th>Graduate </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a><a href="#cite_note-female-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-male-140">[138]</a> </th> <td>41.1%</td> <td>49.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a><a href="#cite_note-female-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-male-140">[138]</a> </th> <td>58.9%</td> <td>50.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian student</a><a href="#cite_note-doemint-141">[139]</a> </th> <td>93.3%</td> <td>78.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">International student</a><a href="#cite_note-doemint-141">[139]</a> </th> <td>6.7%</td> <td>21.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> The student body of Queen's is represented by two primary <a href="/wiki/Students%27_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Students' unions">students' unions</a>, the Alma Mater Society (AMS) for all undergraduate students – as well as Medicine and MBA students – and the Society of Graduate and Professional Students for graduate and law students.<a href="#cite_note-alma-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The AMS of Queen's University is the oldest undergraduate student government in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-alma-142">[140]</a> It recognizes more than 200 student clubs and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> All accredited extracurricular organizations at Queen's fall under the jurisdiction of either the AMS or the Society of Graduate and Professional Students.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frosh_Week_at_Queens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frosh_Week_at_Queens.JPG/220px-Frosh_Week_at_Queens.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frosh_Week_at_Queens.JPG/330px-Frosh_Week_at_Queens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Frosh_Week_at_Queens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Frosh Week festivities at Queen's University, July 2006</figcaption></figure> The organizations and clubs accredited at Queen's cover a wide range of interests, including academics, culture, religion, social issues, and recreation. The oldest accredited club at Queen's is the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Debating_Union" title="Queen's Debating Union">Queen's Debating Union</a>, which was formed in 1843 as the Dialectic Society.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The Dialectic Society served as a form of student government until the AMS was formed from the Dialectic Society in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> The Queen's Bands is a student marching band, founded in 1905, consisting of the colour guard, pipe band, brass band, drum corps, highland dancers, and cheerleaders.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Fraternities and sororities have been banned at the university since a ruling by the AMS in 1933. The ruling was passed in response to the formation of two fraternities in the 1920s. No accredited sororities have ever existed at Queen's.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The Engineering Society (EngSoc) is the representative body for engineering students. Formed in 1897, it has 3,000 members on campus, 15,000 active alumni, and an annual budget of $1.7 million. EngSoc oversees about 45 student-run initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The AMS also manages the Student Constable peer-to-peer security service at the university. It is responsible for ensuring the safety of patrons and staff at sanctioned events and venues across the campus, enforcing the governing regulations of the AMS, and upholding regulations stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Liquor_Licence_Act_(Ontario)" title="Liquor Licence Act (Ontario)">Liquor Licence Act of Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Student Constables do not serve as the university's primary security service. The university administration operates its own security service, which is registered in Ontario as a private security service.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> As of March 2012, the Student Constables are funded through a mandatory $10 fee levied on undergraduates annually by the AMS.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The Agnes Benidickson Tricolour Award and induction in the Tricolour Society is the highest tribute that can be paid to a student for valuable and distinguished service to the university in non-athletic, extra-curricular activities.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Queen's University's students operate a number of media outlets throughout campus. <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Journal" title="The Queen's Journal">The Queen's Journal</a> is Queen's main <a href="/wiki/Student_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Student newspaper">student newspaper</a>. During the academic year, the journal publishes two issues a week, until the last month of the semester, when only one issue is published each week. In total the Queen's Journal publishes 28 issues a year. The newspaper was established in 1873, making it one of the oldest student newspapers in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In 2013, The Journal decided to reduce its print schedule from twice a week to once a week—past volumes used to consist of 40 print issues. In supplement, for the first two months of each semester, they publish new content online throughout the week. In 2019, The Journal reduced its print schedule from once a week to once every other week. Online content continues to be published instead of a Tuesday print issue. The other weekly student publication from Queen's is <a href="/wiki/Golden_Words" title="Golden Words">Golden Words</a>, a weekly satirical humour publication managed by the Engineering Society.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Queen's student population runs a radio station, <a href="/wiki/CFRC" class="mw-redirect" title="CFRC">CFRC</a>. Queen's radio station is the longest-running campus-based broadcaster in the world, and the second-longest-running radio station in the world, surpassed only by the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi plc">Marconi companies</a>. The station's first public broadcast was on 27 October 1923, when the football game between Queen's and McGill was called play-by-play. Since 2001, the station has broadcast on a 24-hour schedule.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In 1980, a student-run television service called Queen's TV (QTV) was established; as of 2011, episodes aired every weekday on its website and every Wednesday on local television.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In 2015, QTV was amalgamated with two other student-run services, Yearbook & Design Services (YDS) and Convocation Services, to form "Studio Q".<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Golden_Gaels" title="Queen's Golden Gaels">Queen's Golden Gaels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27sRichardson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Richardson Memorial Stadium at Queen's University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Queen%27sRichardson.jpg/220px-Queen%27sRichardson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Queen%27sRichardson.jpg/330px-Queen%27sRichardson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Queen%27sRichardson.jpg/440px-Queen%27sRichardson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Richardson Memorial Stadium is the home to Queen's varsity football team</figcaption></figure> Sport teams at Queen's University are known as the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Golden_Gaels" title="Queen's Golden Gaels">Golden Gaels</a>. The Golden Gaels sports teams participate in the <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ontario_University_Athletics" title="Ontario University Athletics">Ontario University Athletics</a> conference for most varsity sports. Varsity teams at Queen's include basketball, cross country, Canadian football, ice hockey, rowing, rugby, soccer, and volleyball. The men's rugby team won the OUA Championship consecutively from 2012 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The athletics program at Queen's University dates back to 1873. With 39 regional and national championships, Queen's football program has secured more championships than any other sport team at Queen's, and more than any other football team in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Gael-163">[161]</a> Queen's and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> are the only universities to have claimed <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cups</a> (1922, 1923, and 1924), now the championship trophy for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>. Queen's also competed for the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> in 1894–95, 1898–99, and 1905–06.<a href="#cite_note-Gael-163">[161]</a> Queen's University has a number of athletic facilities open to both varsity teams and students. The stadium with the largest seating capacity at Queen's is <a href="/wiki/Richardson_Stadium_(Kingston)" title="Richardson Stadium (Kingston)">Richardson Memorial Stadium</a>. Built in 1971, the stadium seats 8,500<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> and is home to the varsity football team.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The stadium has also hosted a number of international games, including Canada's second-round <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_CONCACAF_second_round" title="2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF second round">2006 FIFA World Cup qualification games</a> and the inaugural match of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Cup_(rugby_league)" title="Colonial Cup (rugby league)">Colonial Cup</a>, an international rugby league challenge match.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The stadium reopened for its inaugural football game on 17 September 2016, after an extensive revitalization.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Other athletic facilities at Queen's include the Athletic and Recreation Centre, which houses a number of gymnasiums and pools; Tindall Field, a multi-season playing field and jogging track; Nixon Field, home to the school's rugby teams; and West Campus Fields, which are used by a number of varsity teams and student intramural leagues.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rivalries">Rivalries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rivalries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LorneGalesTrophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/LorneGalesTrophy.jpg/170px-LorneGalesTrophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/LorneGalesTrophy.jpg/255px-LorneGalesTrophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/LorneGalesTrophy.jpg/340px-LorneGalesTrophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>The Lorne Gales Challenge Cup, a trophy awarded to the winners of an annual boat race between Queen's and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></figcaption></figure> Queen's maintains an academic and athletic rivalry with <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. Competition between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997, inspired by the famous <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> The football rivalry, which started in 1884, ended after Canadian university athletic divisions were reorganized in 2000; the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference was divided into Ontario University Athletics and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Student_Sports_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Student Sports Federation">Quebec Student Sports Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The rivalry returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home hockey games between the two institutions. Queen's students refer to these matches as "Kill McGill" games, and usually show up in Montreal in atypically large numbers to cheer on the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Golden_Gaels" title="Queen's Golden Gaels">Queen's Golden Gaels</a> hockey team.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In 2007, McGill students arrived in busloads to cheer on the <a href="/wiki/McGill_Redmen" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill Redmen">McGill Redmen</a>, occupying a third of Queen's Jock Harty Arena.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The school also competes in the annual Old Four (IV) soccer tournament, along with McGill, the University of Toronto, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignias_and_other_representations">Insignias and other representations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Insignias and other representations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> Queen's official colours are gold, blue, and red.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Queen's colours are also used on the school flag. It displays three vertical stripes, one for each colour. In the upper-left corner on the blue stripe is a yellow crown, symbolizing the royal charter.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The university also has a ceremonial flag, which is reserved for official university uses. The ceremonial flag is a square design of the Queen's coat of arms.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Queens_University_(Canada).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of Queen's University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Queens_University_%28Canada%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Queens_University_%28Canada%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Queens_University_%28Canada%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Queens_University_%28Canada%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Queens_University_%28Canada%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Queens_University_%28Canada%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Blue, gold and red are the official colours of the university, and can be seen on its flag</figcaption></figure> The university also has a <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a>, made up of six colours, each representing an academic discipline: blue (Medicine), red (Arts & Science), gold (Applied Science), white (Nursing Science), maroon (Commerce & MBA), light blue (Kinesiology and Physical Education), and purple (Theology). The tartan was created in 1966 by Judge John Matheson and is registered under the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Tartans_Authority" title="Scottish Tartans Authority">Scottish Tartans Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall,_Queen%27s_University,_Kingston,_ON.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_ON.JPG/220px-Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_ON.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_ON.JPG/330px-Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_ON.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_ON.JPG/440px-Plaque_outside_Richardson_Hall%2C_Queen%27s_University%2C_Kingston%2C_ON.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>The university's coat of arms engraved on a plaque presented by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> appeared as early as 1850 but was not registered with the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> until 1953. The coat of arms was registered with the Scottish equivalent of the College of Arms, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms" title="Lord Lyon King of Arms">Lord Lyon King of Arms</a>, in 1981 and with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> during Queen's sesquicentennial celebrations in 1991. The coat of arms is based on that of the University of Edinburgh, the institution after which Queen's was modelled.<a href="#cite_note-arms-181">[179]</a> The coat of arms consists of a gold shield with red edges, divided into four triangular compartments by a blue, diagonal <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">St. Andrew's Cross</a>. A golden book, symbolizing learning, sits open at the centre of the cross. In each of the four compartments is an emblem of the university's Canadian and British origins: a pine tree for Canada, a thistle for Scotland, a rose for England, and a shamrock for Ireland. The border is decorated with eight gold crowns, symbolic of Queen Victoria and the university's Royal Charter.<a href="#cite_note-arms-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motto_and_song">Motto and song</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Motto and song">edit</a>]</div> Queen's motto, from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 33:6, is Sapientia et Doctrina Stabilitas. The Latin motto is literally translated as "Wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times," and has been in use since the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-mottos-4">[4]</a> A number of songs are commonly played and sung at events such as <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">commencement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">convocation</a>, and athletic contests, including the "Queen's College Colours" (1897), also known as "Our University Yell" and "<a href="/wiki/Oil_Thigh" title="Oil Thigh">Oil Thigh</a>", with words by A.E. Lavell, sung to the tune of "<a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a>".<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> "Oil Thigh", created in 1891, consists of the old song "Queen's College Colours". The name "Oil Thigh" comes from the chorus of the song, which begins with the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> words "oil thigh". The modern version of the song was crafted in 1985, when a line was changed to include Queen's women athletes in the cheer.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Queen%27s_University_people" title="List of Queen's University people">List of Queen's University people</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Borden-sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada"><img alt="Sir Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Borden-sm.jpg/84px-Borden-sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Borden-sm.jpg/126px-Borden-sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Borden-sm.jpg/168px-Borden-sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">8th</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Late_Prince_Takamado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norihito, Prince Takamado, member of the Imperial House of Japan"><img alt="Norihito, Prince Takamado, member of the Imperial House of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/The_Late_Prince_Takamado.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Norihito,_Prince_Takamado" title="Norihito, Prince Takamado">Norihito, Prince Takamado</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kathleen Wynne, 25th Premier of Ontario and first LGBT Premier in Canada"><img alt="Kathleen Wynne, 25th Premier of Ontario and first LGBT Premier in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg/96px-Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg/144px-Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg/192px-Hon_Kathleen_Wynne_MPP_Premier_of_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Wynne" title="Kathleen Wynne">Kathleen Wynne</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Ontario" title="List of premiers of Ontario">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">Premier of Ontario</a> and first <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> Premier in Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_(31117136180).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fraser Stoddart, Nobel Laureate in chemistry for his work with molecular machines"><img alt="Fraser Stoddart, Nobel Laureate in chemistry for his work with molecular machines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg/96px-Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg/144px-Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg/192px-Nobel_Laureates_Fraser_Stoddart_2016_%2831117136180%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="3447" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fraser Stoddart, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Laureate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">chemistry</a> for his work with <a href="/wiki/Molecular_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular machines">molecular machines</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur B. McDonald, Nobel Laureate in physics for the discovery of neutrino oscillations"><img alt="Arthur B. McDonald, Nobel Laureate in physics for the discovery of neutrino oscillations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg/103px-Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg/154px-Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg/206px-Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3204" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a>, Nobel Laureate in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a> for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino oscillations">neutrino oscillations</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Blaylock.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ella Blaylock Atherton, first woman in Quebec to receive a medical diploma from a Canadian institution"><img alt="Ella Blaylock Atherton, first woman in Quebec to receive a medical diploma from a Canadian institution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ella_Blaylock.png/87px-Ella_Blaylock.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ella_Blaylock.png/130px-Ella_Blaylock.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ella_Blaylock.png/174px-Ella_Blaylock.png 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="392" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Blaylock_Atherton" title="Ella Blaylock Atherton">Ella Blaylock Atherton</a>, first woman in Quebec to receive a medical diploma from a Canadian institution</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Derek_Burney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Derek Burney, former chairman and CEO of Bell Canada, Canadian ambassador to the United States"><img alt="Derek Burney, former chairman and CEO of Bell Canada, Canadian ambassador to the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Derek_Burney.jpg/79px-Derek_Burney.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Derek_Burney.jpg/118px-Derek_Burney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Derek_Burney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Burney" title="Derek Burney">Derek Burney</a>, former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States">Canadian ambassador to the United States</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elon_Musk_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elon Musk, a founder, CEO or both of all of: PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla, OpenAI, The Boring Company and Neuralink"><img alt="Elon Musk, a founder, CEO or both of all of: PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla, OpenAI, The Boring Company and Neuralink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/82px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/122px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Elon_Musk_2015.jpg/163px-Elon_Musk_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1484" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, a founder, CEO or both of all of: <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Derek_Muller_Ted@Syndey_2012_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Derek Muller, science communicator and creator of popular YouTube channel Veritasium"><img alt="Derek Muller, science communicator and creator of popular YouTube channel Veritasium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Derek_Muller_Ted%40Syndey_2012_%28cropped%29.png/80px-Derek_Muller_Ted%40Syndey_2012_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Derek_Muller_Ted%40Syndey_2012_%28cropped%29.png/120px-Derek_Muller_Ted%40Syndey_2012_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Derek_Muller_Ted%40Syndey_2012_%28cropped%29.png/160px-Derek_Muller_Ted%40Syndey_2012_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Muller" title="Derek Muller">Derek Muller</a>, science communicator and creator of popular <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel Veritasium</div> </li> </ul> Queen's graduates have found success in a variety of fields, heading diverse institutions in the public and private sectors. In 2011, the university had over 131,000 alumni, living in 156 countries.<a href="#cite_note-alum1-184">[182]</a> Queen's faculty and graduates have won many awards, including the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JFOOTE-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> As of 2016, 57 Queen's students and graduates had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rhode-19">[19]</a> Queen's is also a choice for <a href="/wiki/Loran_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Loran Award">Loran Award</a> winners, with over 20 scholars attending or having attended the university.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In 2013, the artist <a href="/wiki/Raine_Storey" title="Raine Storey">Raine Storey</a> began attendance at Queen's after being the first visual artist to ever receive the award.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg/220px-Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg/330px-Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg/440px-Summerhill_at_Queen%27s_University_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The university's office of advancement, housed at the Summerhill building, manages relations between Queen's and its alumni</figcaption></figure> Several Nobel laureates are associated with the university, including faculty member <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a>, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for fundamental research elucidating neutrino change identities and mass;<a href="#cite_note-auto-124">[124]</a> former <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral fellow">postdoctoral fellow</a> at Queen's Sir <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a>, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"; and <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a>, who shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> in 2021 "for his empirical contributions to <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labour economics</a>".<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Another notable individual associated with the university is <a href="/wiki/Sandford_Fleming" title="Sandford Fleming">Sandford Fleming</a>, an engineer who first proposed the use of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">universal time standard</a> and the former Chancellor of Queen's.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Notable alumni in the field of science include <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolfo de Bold">Adolfo de Bold</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation" title="Gairdner Foundation">Gairdner Foundation</a> Award for the discovery and isolation of <a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">atrial natriuretic peptide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Tilghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirley Tilghman">Shirley Tilghman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microbiologist" title="Microbiologist">microbiologist</a> and former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Princeton University">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Notable Chancellors who were once politicians include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>, and provincial premiers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Charles Avery Dunning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson198346-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1983226-197">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> from 1967 to 1974, served as Chancellor from 1973 to 1980. Many alumni have gained international prominence for serving in government, including <a href="/wiki/Norihito,_Prince_Takamado" title="Norihito, Prince Takamado">Prince Takamado</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Hall" title="Kenneth O. Hall">Kenneth O. Hall</a>, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Jamaica">Governor General of Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The 29th <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a>, is also a graduate and former faculty member of the university.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Three Canadian premiers are also alumni of Queen's: <a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a>, the 7th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_McKenna" title="Frank McKenna">Frank McKenna</a>, the 27th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_Brunswick" title="Premier of New Brunswick">Premier of New Brunswick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Wynne" title="Kathleen Wynne">Kathleen Wynne</a>, the 25th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">Premier of Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> The 14th Premier of Alberta, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Redford" title="Alison Redford">Alison Redford</a>, also attended the university for two years.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell_(jurist)" title="Thomas Cromwell (jurist)">Thomas Cromwell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, is an alumnus.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Prominent alumni who became leaders in business include <a href="/wiki/Derek_Burney" title="Derek Burney">Derek Burney</a>, former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a>;<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Carty" title="Donald J. Carty">Donald J. Carty</a>, chairman of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_America" title="Virgin America">Virgin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porter_Airlines" title="Porter Airlines">Porter Airlines</a> and former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/AMR_Corporation" title="AMR Corporation">AMR Corporation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Earle_McLaughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle McLaughlin">Earle McLaughlin</a>, former president and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a>;<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Nixon" title="Gordon Nixon">Gordon Nixon</a>, former president and CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a>;<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk" title="Kimbal Musk">Kimbal Musk</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Zip2" title="Zip2">Zip2</a>;<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._C._Kohli" title="F. C. Kohli">F. C. Kohli</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> Alumnus <a href="/wiki/David_A._Dodge" title="David A. Dodge">David A. Dodge</a> was the 7th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Canada" title="Governor of the Bank of Canada">Governor of the Bank of Canada</a> and the 13th Chancellor of Queen's.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a>, attended Queen's for two years.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ontario" title="Higher education in Ontario">Higher education in Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada" title="List of universities in Canada">List of universities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> The following includes both full-time, and part-time students. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The following includes students enrolled in <a href="/wiki/First_professional_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="First professional degree">first professional degree</a> programs. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/senate/history/senate-seal">"Senate Seal"</a>. Queen's University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154832/http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/senate/history/senate-seal">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Seal&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fsecretariat%2Fsenate%2Fhistory%2Fsenate-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Anderson" title="Peter John Anderson">Anderson, Peter John</a> (1907). Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Aberdeen University Press (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001PK7B5G">B001PK7B5G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781363625079" title="Special:BookSources/9781363625079"><bdi>9781363625079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Celebration+of+the+Quatercentenary+of+the+University+of+Aberdeen%3A+From+25th+to+28th+September%2C+1906&rft.place=Aberdeen%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press+%28University+of+Aberdeen%29&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781363625079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001PK7B5G%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_3-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202130/http://www.queensu.ca/secretariat/History/genhist.html">"General History"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.queensu.ca/libdocs/news/2004jun15.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gift+Received+from+the+Japan+Foundation%3A+Prince+Takamado+Memorial+Collection&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.queensu.ca%2Flibdocs%2Fnews%2F2004jun15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kingshouse.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14:his-excellency-the-most-honourable-professor-sir-kenneth-octavius-hall-on-gcmg-oj-governor-general-of-jamaica&catid=3:profiles&Itemid=34">"The Most Honourable Professor Sir Kenneth Octavius Hall, ON, GCMG, OJ Governor-General of Jamaica"</a>. Kings House. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070745/http://kingshouse.gov.jm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14:his-excellency-the-most-honourable-professor-sir-kenneth-octavius-hall-on-gcmg-oj-governor-general-of-jamaica&catid=3:profiles&Itemid=34">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Most+Honourable+Professor+Sir+Kenneth+Octavius+Hall%2C+ON%2C+GCMG%2C+OJ+Governor-General+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Kings+House&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkingshouse.gov.jm%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D14%3Ahis-excellency-the-most-honourable-professor-sir-kenneth-octavius-hall-on-gcmg-oj-governor-general-of-jamaica%26catid%3D3%3Aprofiles%26Itemid%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218202449/http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/ex-law-professor-named-governor-general">"Ex-law professor named Governor General"</a>. Queen's University. 8 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/ex-law-professor-named-governor-general">the original</a> on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-law+professor+named+Governor+General&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fex-law-professor-named-governor-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606160106/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/wasoccr.html">"William Aberhart's Social Credit Party"</a>. The Applied History Research Group. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/wasoccr.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Aberhart%27s+Social+Credit+Party&rft.pub=The+Applied+History+Research+Group&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fcalgary%2Fwasoccr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.td.com/bios/mckenna.jsp">"Frank McKenna"</a>. TD Bank Financial Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616211536/http://www.td.com/bios/mckenna.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+McKenna&rft.pub=TD+Bank+Financial+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.td.com%2Fbios%2Fmckenna.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506211316/http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/alberta-premier-speak-campus-forum">"Alberta Premier to speak at campus forum"</a>. Queen's University. 22 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/alberta-premier-speak-campus-forum">the original</a> on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alberta+Premier+to+speak+at+campus+forum&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Falberta-premier-speak-campus-forum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515212147/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/ju/cromwell/index-eng.asp">"The Honourable Mr. Justice Thomas Albert Cromwell"</a>. Supreme Court of Canada. 8 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/ju/cromwell/index-eng.asp">the original</a> on 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Mr.+Justice+Thomas+Albert+Cromwell&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Canada&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.gc.ca%2Fcourt-cour%2Fju%2Fcromwell%2Findex-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurney2005" class="citation book cs1">Burney, Derek (2005). Getting it Done: A Memoir. McGill-Queens University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2926-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2926-8"><bdi>0-7735-2926-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+it+Done%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=McGill-Queens+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7735-2926-8&rft.aulast=Burney&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520221301/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/bios/donald-carty-bio.aspx">"Donald J. Carty"</a>. Dell. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/bios/donald-carty-bio.aspx">the original</a> on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donald+J.+Carty&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.dell.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Fcorp%2Fd%2Fbios%2Fdonald-carty-bio.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenniff2009" class="citation web cs1">Kenniff, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.concordia.ca/mclaughlin">"Honorary Degree Citation – W. Earle McLaughlin"</a>. Concordia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117213515/http://archives.concordia.ca/mclaughlin">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degree+Citation+%E2%80%93+W.+Earle+McLaughlin&rft.pub=Concordia+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kenniff&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.concordia.ca%2Fmclaughlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbc.com/newsroom/down2-nixon.html">"GORDON M. NIXON"</a>. Royal Bank of Canada. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527094539/http://www.rbc.com/newsroom/down2-nixon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GORDON+M.+NIXON&rft.pub=Royal+Bank+of+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fdown2-nixon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/gazette/alumnireview/stories/growing-gardens-and-young-minds">"Growing gardens and young minds"</a>. Queen's Alumni Review: Science on the small scale. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043641/http://www.queensu.ca/gazette/alumnireview/stories/growing-gardens-and-young-minds">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+Alumni+Review%3A+Science+on+the+small+scale&rft.atitle=Growing+gardens+and+young+minds&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fgazette%2Falumnireview%2Fstories%2Fgrowing-gardens-and-young-minds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoofe2010" class="citation web cs1">Woofe, Daniel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensu.ca/connect/principal/2010/11/13/india-some-reflections-and-lessons-learned/">"India: some reflections and lessons learned"</a>. Queen's University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428204652/http://www.queensu.ca/connect/principal/2010/11/13/india-some-reflections-and-lessons-learned/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%3A+some+reflections+and+lessons+learned&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Woofe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fconnect%2Fprincipal%2F2010%2F11%2F13%2Findia-some-reflections-and-lessons-learned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112172923/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/author/david-dodge/">"David Dodge"</a>. Bank of Canada. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofcanada.ca/author/david-dodge/">the original</a> on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Dodge&rft.pub=Bank+of+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofcanada.ca%2Fauthor%2Fdavid-dodge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/elon-musk">"Elon Musk"</a>. Business Insider. 21 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625120310/http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/elon-musk">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk&rft.date=2011-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fblackboard%2Felon-musk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathon_Gatehouse2010" class="citation web cs1">Jonathon Gatehouse (29 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2010/07/29/love-rockets-and-the-geek-tycoon/">"Elon Musk, the geek tycoon"</a>. Maclean's. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%2C+the+geek+tycoon&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.au=Jonathon+Gatehouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2Flove-rockets-and-the-geek-tycoon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1990" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Thomas H. (1990). Queen's : the first one hundred & fifty year. Hedgehog Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895261-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-895261-00-7"><bdi>1-895261-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen%27s+%3A+the+first+one+hundred+%26+fifty+year&rft.pub=Hedgehog+Productions&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-895261-00-7&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1983" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Frederick W. (1983). Queen's University, Volume 2, 1917–1961: To Serve and Yet Be Free. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0376-5"><bdi>0-7735-0376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen%27s+University%2C+Volume+2%2C+1917%E2%80%931961%3A+To+Serve+and+Yet+Be+Free&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7735-0376-5&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Roberta (2002). Setting the Agenda: Jean Royce and the Shaping of Queen's University. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3671-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3671-6"><bdi>0-8020-3671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+Agenda%3A+Jean+Royce+and+the+Shaping+of+Queen%27s+University&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8020-3671-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeatby1978" class="citation book cs1">Neatby, Hilda (1978). Queen's University, Vol I: Volume I, 1841–1914: And Not to Yield. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0336-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0336-6"><bdi>0-7735-0336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen%27s+University%2C+Vol+I%3A+Volume+I%2C+1841%E2%80%931914%3A+And+Not+to+Yield&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7735-0336-6&rft.aulast=Neatby&rft.aufirst=Hilda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlykQuinn1980" class="citation book cs1">Rawlyk, George; Quinn, Kevin (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redeemedoflordsa0000rawl">The Redeemed of the Lord Say So: A History of Queen's Theological College 1912–1972</a>. Queen's Theological College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88911-016-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88911-016-6"><bdi>0-88911-016-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Redeemed+of+the+Lord+Say+So%3A+A+History+of+Queen%27s+Theological+College+1912%E2%80%931972&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Theological+College&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-88911-016-6&rft.aulast=Rawlyk&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredeemedoflordsa0000rawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen%27s+University+at+Kingston" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Queen%27s_University" title="Template:Queen's University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#EEBD31">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Queen%27s_University" title="Template talk:Queen's University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#EEBD31">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Queen%27s_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Queen's University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#EEBD31">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queen&#039;s_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's University</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#11335D; color:#EEBD31;">Faculties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Queen's University Faculty of Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Faculty_of_Education" title="Queen's University Faculty of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Engineering" title="Smith Engineering">Smith Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Faculty_of_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Faculty of Health Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Faculty_of_Law" title="Queen's University Faculty of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_School_of_Business" title="Smith School of Business">Smith School of Business</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#11335D; color:#EEBD31;">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_School_of_Drama_and_Music" title="Dan School of Drama and Music">Dan School of Drama and Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_School_of_Environmental_Studies" title="Queen's School of Environmental Studies">School of Environmental Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_School_of_Kinesiology_and_Health_Studies" title="Queen's School of Kinesiology and Health Studies">School of Kinesiology and Health Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_School_of_Medicine" title="Queen's School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_School_of_Urban_and_Regional_Planning" title="Queen's School of Urban and Regional Planning">School of Urban and Regional Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Theological_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Theological College">Queen's Theological College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#11335D; color:#EEBD31;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_Society_of_Queen%27s_University" title="Alma Mater Society of Queen's University">Alma Mater Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo_Hoo_the_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Boo Hoo the Bear">Boo Hoo the Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFRC-FM" title="CFRC-FM">CFRC-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Words" title="Golden Words">Golden Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Thigh" title="Oil Thigh">Oil Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Debating_Union" title="Queen's Debating Union">Queen's Debating Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Golden_Gaels" title="Queen's Golden Gaels">Queen's Golden Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gaels_football" title="Queen's Gaels football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Golden_Gaels_women%27s_ice_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Golden Gaels women's ice hockey">W ice hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Journal" title="The Queen's Journal">The Queen's Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_District,_Kingston" title="University District, Kingston">Student Ghetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#11335D; color:#EEBD31;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracken_Health_Sciences_Library" title="Bracken Health Sciences Library">Bracken Health Sciences Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hall_(Queen%27s_University)" title="Grant Hall (Queen's University)">Grant Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Herstmonceux Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Media_Lab" title="Human Media Lab">Human Media Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Stadium_(Kingston)" title="Richardson Stadium (Kingston)">Richardson Memorial Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#11335D; color:#EEBD31;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Law_Journal" title="Queen's Law Journal">Queen's Law Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#11335D; color:#EEBD31;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Queen%27s_University_people" title="List of Queen's University people">List of Queen's University people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-secondary_education_in_Ontario" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-secondary_institutions_in_Ontario" title="Template:Post-secondary institutions in Ontario"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-secondary_institutions_in_Ontario" title="Template talk:Post-secondary institutions in Ontario"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-secondary_institutions_in_Ontario" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-secondary institutions in Ontario"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-secondary_education_in_Ontario" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ontario" title="Higher education in Ontario">Post-secondary education in Ontario</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Degree-granting_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Ontario">Degree-granting institutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public universities<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/university/">[1]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoma_University" title="Algoma University">Algoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Hearst" title="Université de Hearst">Hearst</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian/Laurentienne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_University" title="Nipissing University">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ontario School of Medicine">NOSM</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ontario_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ontario Institute of Technology">Ontario Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">Ottawa</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">RMC/CMR</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sudbury" title="University of Sudbury">Sudbury</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">TMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">UOF</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private universities<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/degreeauthority/priv_deg.html">[2]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Christian_College" title="Canada Christian College">Canada Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bible_College" title="Emmanuel Bible College">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaithWay_Baptist_College_of_Canada" title="FaithWay Baptist College of Canada">FaithWay Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bible_College" title="Great Lakes Bible College">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_College_%26_Seminary" title="Heritage College & Seminary">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_University_(Canada)" title="Huntington University (Canada)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Judaic_Studies" title="Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies">Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Christian_Studies" title="Institute for Christian Studies">Institute for Christian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_College_and_Seminary" title="Master's College and Seminary">Master's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Seat_of_Wisdom_College_(Canada)" title="Our Lady Seat of Wisdom College (Canada)">Our Lady Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Redeemer University College">Redeemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Seminary" title="St. Philip's Seminary">St. Philip's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpiot_College_(Toronto)" title="Talpiot College (Toronto)">Talpiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorneloe_University" title="Thorneloe University">Thorneloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Baptist_Seminary_and_Bible_College" title="Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College">Toronto Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_University" title="Tyndale University">Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel_of_Toronto" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel of Toronto">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#e6e6ff;padding:1px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Public universities grant degrees under the authority of an <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Act of the Legislative Assembly</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal Charter</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/degreeauthority/legislation.html">[3]</a> Private universities grant degrees under the authority of an Act of the Legislative Assembly or may provide individual degree programs with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Training,_Colleges_and_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities">Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/degreeauthority/consent.html">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Degree programs offered under Ministerial Consent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adler Toronto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_College_of_Naturopathic_Medicine" title="Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine">CCNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Memorial_Chiropractic_College" title="Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College">CMCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Gould_School" title="The Glenn Gould School">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCC_Institute_of_Technology" title="RCC Institute of Technology">RCC/Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_colleges_in_Ontario" title="University colleges in Ontario">Affiliated/federated schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_University_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Assumption University (Windsor, Ontario)">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brescia_University_College" title="Brescia University College">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_College_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Canterbury College (Windsor, Ontario)">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Lutheran_Theological_Seminary" title="Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel_University_College" title="Conrad Grebel University College">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_University_College" title="Dominican University College">Dominican/Dominicain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendon_College" title="Glendon College">Glendon</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_University_College" title="Huron University College">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_College_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Iona College (Windsor, Ontario)">Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_University_College_(University_of_Western_Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="King's University College (University of Western Ontario)">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_College" title="Martin Luther University College">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College" title="Ontario Agricultural College">OAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renison_University_College" title="Renison University College">Renison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_University" title="Saint Paul University">Saint Paul</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Jerome%27s_University" title="St. Jerome's University">St. Jerome's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_College,_Waterloo" title="United College, Waterloo">United</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡French-language institution; *bilingual institution (English/French).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/french-language-colleges-and-universities">[5]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Ontario" title="List of colleges in Ontario">Colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges of applied arts and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_College" title="Algonquin College">Algonquin</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Bor%C3%A9al" title="Collège Boréal">Boréal</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_College" title="Cambrian College">Cambrian</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadore_College" title="Canadore College">Canadore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)" title="Centennial College (Canada)">Centennial</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_College" title="Confederation College">Confederation</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_College" title="Durham College">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanshawe_College" title="Fanshawe College">Fanshawe</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_College" title="Fleming College">Fleming</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_College" title="Georgian College">Georgian</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cit%C3%A9_coll%C3%A9giale" class="mw-redirect" title="La Cité collégiale">La Cité</a>†‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_College" title="Lambton College">Lambton</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_College" title="Loyalist College">Loyalist</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_College" title="Mohawk College">Mohawk</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_College" title="Niagara College">Niagara</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_College_(Ontario)" title="Northern College (Ontario)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_College,_Ontario" title="St. Lawrence College, Ontario">St. Lawrence</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sault_College" title="Sault College">Sault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Polytechnic" title="Seneca Polytechnic">Seneca</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes of technology and advanced learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_College" title="Conestoga College">Conestoga</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Polytechnic" title="Humber Polytechnic">Humber</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_College" title="Sheridan College">Sheridan</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Grands-Lacs" title="Collège des Grands-Lacs">Grands-Lacs</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>†Degree programs offered ‡French-language institution<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/french-language-colleges-and-universities">[5]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_recognized_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other recognized institutions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Michener_Institute" title="The Michener Institute">Michener Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aboriginal_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aboriginal institutes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Education_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinabek Education Institute">Anishinabek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNTI" title="FNTI">FNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjgewin_Teg_Educational_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute">Kenjgewin Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iohahi:io_Akwesasne_Adult_Education_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Iohahi:io Akwesasne Adult Education Centre">Iohahi:io Akwesasne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negahneewin_College" title="Negahneewin College">Negahneewin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogwehoweh_Skills_and_Trades_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre (page does not exist)">Ogwehoweh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oshki-Pimache-O-Win_Education_%26_Training_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oshki-Pimache-O-Win Education & Training Institute (page does not exist)">Oshki-Pimache-O-Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Generations_Education_Institute" title="Seven Generations Education Institute">Seven Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingwauk_Kinoomaage_Gamig" title="Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig">Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Polytechnic" title="Six Nations Polytechnic">Six Nations Polytechnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U15_universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U15" title="Template:U15"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U15" title="Template talk:U15"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U15" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U15"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U15_universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15 universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shad_Valley_host_campuses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ShadUni" title="Template:ShadUni"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ShadUni" title="Template talk:ShadUni"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ShadUni" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ShadUni"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shad_Valley_host_campuses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shad_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad Valley">Shad Valley</a> host campuses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="University of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bark_Lake" title="Bark Lake">Bark Lake/Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Queen's ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College,_Aurora" title="St. Andrew's College, Aurora">St. Andrew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="CDIO_Initiative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CDIO" title="Template:CDIO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CDIO" title="Template talk:CDIO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CDIO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CDIO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CDIO_Initiative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/CDIO_Initiative" title="CDIO Initiative">CDIO Initiative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="South_Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Institute" title="Chisholm Institute">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" title="Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">Royal Melbourne Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast" title="University of the Sunshine Coast">Sunshine Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Petrochemical_Technology" title="Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology">Beijing Petrochemical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Jiaotong_University" title="Beijing Jiaotong University">Beijing Jiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_University_of_Information_Technology" title="Chengdu University of Information Technology">Chengdu Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou_University" title="Shantou University">Shantou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Electronic_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Electronic Science and Technology of China">Electronic Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_University" title="Yanshan University">Yanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Neusoft_University_of_Information" title="Dalian Neusoft University of Information">Dalian Neusoft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">MARA Technological (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungku_Omar_Polytechnic" title="Ungku Omar Polytechnic">Ungku Omar Poly (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sultan_Polytechnic" title="Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic">Ibrahim Sultan Poly (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor%27s_University" title="Taylor's University">Taylor's (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">Auckland (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Polytechnic" title="Singapore Polytechnic">Singapore Poly (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City">National Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahti_University_of_Applied_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahti University of Applied Sciences">Lahti A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Lapland University of Applied Sciences">Lapland A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Metropolia University of Applied Sciences">Metropolia A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Novia University of Applied Sciences">Novia A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savonia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Savonia University of Applied Sciences">Savonia A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences">Seinäjoki A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Tampere University of Applied Sciences">Tampere A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Turku University of Applied Sciences">Turku A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">Turku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_State_University" title="Astrakhan State University">Astrakhan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University" title="Bauman Moscow State Technical University">Moscow State Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepovets_State_University" title="Cherepovets State University">Cherepovets State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_State_Technical_University" title="Don State Technical University">Don State Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Federal_University" title="Kazan Federal University">Kazan Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Aviation_Institute" title="Moscow Aviation Institute">Moscow Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology">Moscow Physics and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute" title="Moscow Engineering Physics Institute">Moscow Engineering Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Federal_University" title="North-Eastern Federal University">North-Eastern Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oryol State University">Orel State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Aerospace_Instrumentation" title="Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation">Saint Petersburg Aerospace Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_University" title="Siberian Federal University">Siberian Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolkovo_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology">Skolkovo Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Polytechnic_University" title="Tomsk Polytechnic University">Tomsk Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_State_University_of_Control_Systems_and_Radio-electronics" title="Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio-electronics">Tomsk Control Systems and Radioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blekinge_Institute_of_Technology" title="Blekinge Institute of Technology">Blekinge Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_School_of_Engineering" title="Jönköping School of Engineering">Jönköping Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristianstad_University" title="Kristianstad University">Kristianstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology" title="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_University" title="Linköping University">Linköping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_University_of_Technology" title="Luleå University of Technology">Luleå Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_Institute_of_Technology" title="Umeå Institute of Technology">Umeå Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_West" title="University West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sk%C3%B6vde" title="University of Skövde">Skövde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College" title="South Eastern Regional College">South Eastern Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hogeschool_Gent" title="Hogeschool Gent">Gent (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Denmark Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne">Bretagne Telecom (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_Wismar" title="Hochschule Wismar">Hochschule Wismar (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Milan Poly (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_de_Engenharia_do_Porto" title="Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto">Porto Superior Engineering (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Catalonia" title="Polytechnic University of Catalonia">Catalonia Poly (Spain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytechnique Montréal">Montréal Poly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_College" title="Sheridan College">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge" title="California State University, Northridge">Cal State Northridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embry%E2%80%93Riddle_Aeronautical_University" title="Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University">Embry–Riddle Aeronautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Central and South America</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Chile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_the_Most_Holy_Conception" title="Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception">Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Lagos" title="University of Los Lagos">Los Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago,_Chile" title="University of Santiago, Chile">Santiago Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICESI_University" title="ICESI University">Higher Studies of Incolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Colombia National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Pontifical Xavierian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Antioquia" title="University of Antioquia">Antioquia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">Santo Tomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Quind%C3%ADo" title="University of Quindío">Quindío</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Matariki_Network_of_Universities_(MNU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Matariki_Network" title="Template:Matariki Network"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Matariki_Network" title="Template talk:Matariki Network"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matariki_Network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Matariki Network"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Matariki_Network_of_Universities_(MNU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Matariki_Network_of_Universities" title="Matariki Network of Universities">Matariki Network of Universities</a> (MNU)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">Otago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">Tübingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_Canada" title="Template:Universities in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Universities in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada" title="List of universities in Canada">Universities in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_University_of_the_Arts" title="Alberta University of the Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_of_Edmonton" title="Concordia University of Edmonton">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacEwan_University" title="MacEwan University">MacEwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_University" title="Mount Royal University">Mount Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Canada_West" title="University Canada West">Canada West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilano_University" title="Capilano University">Capilano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr_University_of_Art_and_Design" title="Emily Carr University of Art and Design">Emily Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Fraser_Valley" title="University of the Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University" title="Kwantlen Polytechnic University">Kwantlen Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_British_Columbia" title="University of Northern British Columbia">Northern British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Roads_University" title="Royal Roads University">Royal Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University" title="Thompson Rivers University">Thompson Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_University" title="Vancouver Island University">Vancouver Island </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manitoba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_University" title="Brandon University">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_University" title="Canadian Mennonite University">Canadian Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface" title="Université de Saint-Boniface">Saint-Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newfoundland and Labrador</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Brunswick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crandall_University" title="Crandall University">Crandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fredericton" title="University of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_University" title="St. Stephen's University">St. Stephen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(Canada)" title="St. Thomas University (Canada)">St. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville_University" title="Yorkville University">Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nova Scotia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_School_of_Theology" title="Atlantic School of Theology">AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_King%27s_College" title="University of King's College">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University" title="Mount Saint Vincent University">Mount Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSCAD_University" title="NSCAD University">NSCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">Saint Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_(Halifax)" title="Saint Mary's University (Halifax)">Saint Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Sainte-Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoma_University" title="Algoma University">Algoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Hearst" title="Université de Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_University" title="Nipissing University">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ontario School of Medicine">NOSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ontario_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ontario Institute of Technology">Ontario Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">RMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sudbury" title="University of Sudbury">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">TMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">UOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prince Edward Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="University of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quebec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_University" title="Bishop's University">Bishop's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Montr%C3%A9al" title="HEC Montréal">HEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique de Montréal">Polytechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Montréal (UdeM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Université du Québec">Université du Québec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_en_Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue" title="Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue">Abitibi-Témiscamingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Chicoutimi" title="Université du Québec à Chicoutimi">Chicoutimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université du Québec à Montréal">Montréal (UQAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_en_Outaouais" title="Université du Québec en Outaouais">Outaouais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Rimouski" title="Université du Québec à Rimouski">Rimouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration_publique" title="École nationale d'administration publique">ENAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_technologie_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École de technologie supérieure">ÉTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Institut national de la recherche scientifique">INRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_T%C3%89LUQ" title="Université TÉLUQ">TÉLUQ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saskatchewan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">Regina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_University_of_Canada" title="First Nations University of Canada">First Nations University of Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_University" title="Yukon University">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420038#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419368331">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121827750">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149706703">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173298995">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/536438/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/41694-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79100815">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884591t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884591t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36140360">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003192682&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6055211">Norway</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90865584">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000616924">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600651405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266832205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/47e3c5e7-1020-4086-8134-7a5dcb781e57">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00438577?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500312936">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1219064">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026636301">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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