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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past_tense_allomorphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_tense_allomorphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Past tense allomorphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_tense_allomorphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural_allomorphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural_allomorphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plural allomorphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural_allomorphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_allomorphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_allomorphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Negative allomorphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_allomorphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sami_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sami_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In Sami languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sami_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stem_allomorphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_allomorphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stem allomorphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_allomorphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorf" title="Allomorf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Allomorf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة بنيوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة بنيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Аламорф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аламорф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Аламорф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аламорф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7lomorf" title="Al·lomorf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·lomorf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allomorph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorfo" title="Alomorfo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alomorfo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorfo" title="Alomorfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alomorfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorfo" title="Alomorfo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alomorfo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="تکواژگونه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکواژگونه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorphe" title="Allomorphe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allomorphe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%98%95%ED%83%9C" title="이형태 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이형태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Allomorph" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorf" title="Alomorf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alomorf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndbrig%C3%B0i" title="Myndbrigði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myndbrigði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorfo" title="Allomorfo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allomorfo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Алломорфа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алломорфа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomofu" title="Alomofu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alomofu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorf" title="Allomorf – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allomorf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorf" title="Allomorf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allomorf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="異形態 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="異形態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorf" title="Allomorf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allomorf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorf" title="Allomorf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Allomorf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorfia" title="Alomorfia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alomorfia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorf" title="Alomorf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alomorf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Алломорф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алломорф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorfi" title="Alomorfi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alomorfi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorfi" title="Allomorfi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Allomorfi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorf" title="Allomorf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allomorf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Алломорф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алломорф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomorf" title="Alomorf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alomorf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Аломорф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аломорф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alof%C3%B4me" title="Alofôme – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alofôme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" title="形態素變體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="形態素變體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A variant pronunciation of a morpheme</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept in linguistics. For the concept in geology, see <a href="/wiki/Allomorph_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allomorph (geology)">Allomorph (geology)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Allomorph" title="Special:EditPage/Allomorph">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Allomorph%22">"Allomorph"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Allomorph%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Allomorph%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Allomorph%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Allomorph%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Allomorph%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, an <b>allomorph</b> is a variant <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_form" title="Phonetic form">phonetic form</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>, or in other words, a unit of meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing the meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>allomorph</i> describes the realization of phonological variations for a specific morpheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different allomorphs that a morpheme can become are governed by <a href="/wiki/Morphophonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonemic">morphophonemic</a> rules. These phonological rules determine what phonetic form, or specific <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>, a morpheme will take based on the phonological or morphological context in which it appears.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has several morphemes that vary in sound but not in meaning, such as past tense morphemes, plural morphemes, and negative morphemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_tense_allomorphs">Past tense allomorphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Past tense allomorphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, an English past tense morpheme is <i>-ed</i>, which occurs in several allomorphs depending on its phonological environment by assimilating the voicing of the previous segment or the <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">insertion</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> after an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_stop" title="Alveolar stop">alveolar stop</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-əd]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ɪd]</span> in verbs whose <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> ends with the alveolar stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, such as 'hunted' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʌntɪd]</span> or 'banded' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bændɪd]</span></li> <li>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-t]</span> in verbs whose stem ends with voiceless phonemes other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, such as 'fished' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɪʃt]</span></li> <li>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-d]</span> in verbs whose stem ends with voiced phonemes other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, such as 'buzzed' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʌzd]</span></li></ul> <p>The "other than" restrictions above are typical for allomorphy. If the allomorphy conditions are ordered from most restrictive (in this case, after an alveolar stop) to least restrictive, the first matching case usually has precedence. Thus, the above conditions could be rewritten as follows: </p> <ul><li>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-əd]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ɪd]</span> when the stem ends with the alveolar stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span></li> <li>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-t]</span> when the stem ends with voiceless phonemes</li> <li>as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-d]</span> elsewhere</li></ul> <p>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-t]</span> allomorph does not appear after stem-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> although the latter is voiceless, which is then explained by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-əd]</span> appearing in that environment, together with the fact that the environments are ordered (that is, listed in order of priority). Likewise, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-d]</span> allomorph does not appear after stem-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> because the earlier clause for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-əd/</span> allomorph has priority. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-d/</span> allomorph does not appear after stem-final voiceless phoneme because the preceding clause for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-t]</span> comes first. </p><p>Irregular past tense forms, such as "broke" or "was/were," can be seen as still more specific cases since they are confined to certain lexical items, such as the verb "break," which take priority over the general cases listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural_allomorphs">Plural allomorphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plural allomorphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plural morpheme for regular nouns in English is typically realized by adding an <i>-s</i> or <i>-es</i> to the end of the noun. However, the plural morpheme actually has three different allomorphs: [-s], [-z], and [-əz]. The specific pronunciation that a plural morpheme takes on is determined by the following morphological rules:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>assume that the basic form of the plural morpheme, /-z/, is [-z] ("bags" /bægz/)</li> <li>the morpheme /-z/ becomes [-əz] by inserting an [ə] before [-z] when a noun ends in a <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> ("buses" /bʌsəz/)</li> <li>change the morpheme /-z/ to a voiceless [-s] when a noun ends in a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless sound">voiceless sound</a> ("caps" /kæps/)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_allomorphs">Negative allomorphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Negative allomorphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English, the negative prefix <i>in-</i> has three allomorphs: [ɪn-], [ɪŋ-], and [ɪm-]. The phonetic form that the negative morpheme /ɪn-/ uses is determined by the following morphological rules:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the negative morpheme /ɪn-/ becomes [ɪn-] when preceding an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonant</a> ("intolerant"/ɪn'tɔlərənt/)</li> <li>the morpheme /ɪn-/ becomes [ɪŋ-] before a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a> ("incongruous" /ɪŋ'kɔŋgruəs/)</li> <li>the morpheme /ɪn-/ becomes [ɪm-] before a <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial consonant</a> ("improper" /ɪm'prɔpər/)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sami_languages">In Sami languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Sami languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Trochaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochaic">trochaic</a> pattern of alternating <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> and unstressed syllables. The vowels and consonants that are allowed in an unstressed <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> differ from those that are allowed in a stressed syllable. Consequently, every suffix and inflectional ending has two forms, and the form that is used depends on the stress pattern of the word to which it is attached. For example, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> verb suffix -<span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">hit/-ahttit</i></span> in which <i>-<span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">hit</i></span></i> is selected when it would be the third syllable (and the preceding verb has two syllables), and <i>-<span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">ahttit</i></span></i> is selected when it would be the third and the fourth syllables (and the preceding verb has three syllables): </p> <ul><li><i><span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">goar·ru<b>t</b></i></span></i> has two syllables and so when suffixed, the result is <i><span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">goa·ru<b>·hit</b></i></span></i>.</li> <li><span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">na·nos·m<b>it</b></i></span> has three syllables and so when suffixed, the result is <i><span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">na·nos·m<b>ah·ttit</b></i></span></i>.</li></ul> <p>The same applies to inflectional patterns in the Sami languages as well, which are divided into even stems and odd stems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stem_allomorphy">Stem allomorphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stem allomorphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allomorphy can also exist in stems or <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Vāk</b> (voice) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːk/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ-as/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ-as/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ-aːm/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ-aː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːɡ-bʱis/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ-i/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːk-ʂi/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three allomorphs of the stem, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːk/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːɡ/</span>, which are conditioned by the particular case-marking suffixes. </p><p>The form of the stem <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːk/</span>, found in the nominative singular and locative plural, is the etymological form of the morpheme. Pre-Indic palatalization of <a href="/wiki/Velars" class="mw-redirect" title="Velars">velars</a> resulted in the variant form <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːt͡ʃ/</span>, which was initially phonologically conditioned. The conditioning can still be seen in the locative singular form, for which the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> is followed by the high front vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. </p><p>However, the subsequent merging of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> made the alternation unpredictable on phonetic grounds in the genitive case (both singular and plural) as well as the nominative plural and the instrumental singular. Thus, allomorphy was no longer directly relatable to phonological processes. </p><p>Phonological conditioning also accounts for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaːɡ/</span> form in the instrumental plural, in which the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> assimilates in voicing to the following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term was originally used to describe variations in chemical structure. It was first applied to language (in writing) in 1948, by Fatih Şat and Sibel Merve in Language XXIV.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Null_allomorph" title="Null allomorph">Null allomorph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">Alternation (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">Suppletion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allomorph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTarni2019" class="citation book cs1">Tarni, Prasad (2019-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7eoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>A Course in Linguistics, Third Edition</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88028-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-88028-96-7"><bdi>978-93-88028-96-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Linguistics%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.isbn=978-93-88028-96-7&rft.aulast=Tarni&rft.aufirst=Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7eoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllomorph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkinRodmanHyams2018" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2018). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontola0000from_b4i4"><i>An Introduction to Language</i></a></span> (11th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 218–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781337559577" title="Special:BookSources/9781337559577"><bdi>9781337559577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Language&rft.pages=218-220&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781337559577&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Rodman%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hyams%2C+Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontola0000from_b4i4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllomorph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik2019" class="citation journal cs1">Moravcsik, Edith (2019-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopli-2019-0020">"Accounting for Variation in Language"</a>. <i>Open Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 369–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopli-2019-0020">10.1515/opli-2019-0020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208141142">208141142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Accounting+for+Variation+in+Language&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=369-382&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopli-2019-0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208141142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moravcsik&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fopli-2019-0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllomorph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffersLehiste1982" class="citation book cs1">Jeffers, Robert; Lehiste, Ilse (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesmethod0000jeff"><i>Principles and Methods for Historical Linguistics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262600118" title="Special:BookSources/9780262600118"><bdi>9780262600118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Methods+for+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780262600118&rft.aulast=Jeffers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lehiste%2C+Ilse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesmethod0000jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllomorph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkinRodmanHyams2003" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2003). <i>An Introduction to Language</i> (9th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Cengage Learning">Wadsworth Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 268–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439082416" title="Special:BookSources/9781439082416"><bdi>9781439082416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Language&rft.pages=268-272&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781439082416&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Rodman%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hyams%2C+Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllomorph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary Online: Entry 50006103. Accessed: 2006-09-05</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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