CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9150fe62ca2d4aad',cH: 'ePfY8.ohr7DYgJxH9b5bXtiVp_gnzzkZJ5MXpmByHuM-1740080691-1.2.1.1-kpZVyoKd0.r7pLS012Ivyo_lIzgIJcM2iJrMm11O3n1ies1F0G6kfjyz99q33MHw',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=visuals&__cf_chl_tk=IpT7LZEpYrv5M0b1Kfw_FBef1eZ6FAED6DYIvOytd8U-1740080691-1.0.1.1-l2F45HcPDWN1Dbccf_RTrElZQsq8N1S0i3E5ar5QfMI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740080691',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=visuals&__cf_chl_f_tk=IpT7LZEpYrv5M0b1Kfw_FBef1eZ6FAED6DYIvOytd8U-1740080691-1.0.1.1-l2F45HcPDWN1Dbccf_RTrElZQsq8N1S0i3E5ar5QfMI",md: "dUyTfaKgObNXD7C1Q1TudvFWwHsWnfpjj1Ou_jm46gY-1740080691-1.2.1.1-irL7v_y9MguXivslyReCHLbM_vl7yLny9F1IceZm25izmj9GJo9UhTRbyb0bVPiv15cPkhwMI50u4ZbS0flOnPSRtXcAfKyAbnd6Z6OvuzPAbw6ePKNhVkbKbIRuOOXou4P31gUGPGLn3eLfwfiFO.jOZD843lCsuPvfhNxV8v4vku1bZhiUbjW6OUqWl6pDxQ9skvzIbastKY1JrHO8s._h94Ma3TbU697SDv6d8EC8MGA67T4oUsQsCRk8Eq945awPJZ8J0xRj2sXWteAA0VtE5k6TsZn8Hk87sblZKBeOIBxZ7o0yAEeeHI2PGjVl7xmhTHilsXJ1Q.bnjWSMvZWB8yfScBnYvzibLtE7RfI2Ji7YaeRFh8j.802vBUFk.IoU69A7u3ZBZ_d6BSQpWgY94Pkpa1XYWx2aKu82n3WZpPCHExHCgEgMQTiCU36OstjiD7G9m1fbXW04Oo6.Zfyg8.BIj751YjffajM8qevlGZeAhtBFdKO4b6mtyPrSpThzp84L1A_beZcO8B.r48o4ncGq5qj4CtPbNFzmlEIkGYxFhZ3VeorKIRFyDY4mmvK82XVI_ishAcfG2Pt8xng_LS1Q.wbUsqxXr7E3hU6cx3nKdugeS88_nhobukIrEfGEtLzbI7ul3maBJEe6b7U86EDXPSCVC4yIWExeZ9MH3hda4zYb3WdNv7AuG.xK2eDDFHz7sjVHezWoII0pqYApdSKSnf.FrJHpBqcXfWLRIpZ1QGv15B9_cYeWevr9O3vxtwRzKg7tXtXK1hH9.LtmXvWOYLsa4XFtDEojC_DvtYTB7e1Yrty2AfTDqGJ.mJaQOTdta6wj28h.r4GRskACeX2MWiMEi7DvMvM28Mh6P3C26wL_sqyoGAMpk_VOT0Xc6wJ.8KoJ1.e6LJ1SlnF9NX_S_EZLa3BxQ1q_6zLzcXyGl_nR2pgidLPZr15KkjuUyjl_I6WWuAMQ6efqajMq.xna43PItvh2CIj7lYKkHk7c57ogEi0TgzA5ZkppcGJBg7pScqG9lR0wLLitpdnJf9_63dnXakxvrFYryK_UT0k8XDq9xVnpUBQh7SbBlMD53.yvHmTSPF55lSQHh1yOEoCV2WI5eWKYQVuINbN16YLJu4M4rlFqCajI4S9FFZvftiza.KTVJE8ecLAIHxMURqFT6A2RHERZZWGIb5LUOJe0hhe7uG6uF400B4i_.LmAgewfwRJMJM5pSedr_.MmX.ou7rnCiOHm7P4FHzrbrAIHSzfTVhms0JwPkj9BAHQuDU_osciosFuhLzsvcyAYlVz0ru4l5B_Ht270ww15QbwInTu.fHVFKob5uq9_EdL2xjgiBDK_Etk4ujvy6.Sq3E9mUzEBJtu3rTaYCRNHNiZfqRtJR0WE9XeGoavd5J6KEaRiVwd0JAQZzhnbBFRsX7hgt98uj6O_RCbqnfbl_mfposo4BqZOSUG4pI2_IVsVpRzbwIfHCLw9NZJ42vHM1oC_Ms7t9nXxkqM9k7_YL2mxqyeHOos9CTuutVYdlNfeGrGQAfRXVXDhVPaakTKPe78fV0jnordK68aP6DnJzXd5IrT2LWUINPBpVnW3PJUCKVyFWlZX_iCdsvWlxDwkwZ9Mb0gUjyIlmq7RJG03N6VfLoY1wuq386vTiQ3xplxjSkb3Q5ELlWm6HplwiT2FxWCVdUkX0wXn5KDMLZbu4elaACSNCkz0Ef62wCQxWzEnbSPHzVLzzKJQxwdTZ1T.tM0wAbGnfg5ZWcUiqxcETsa9rG1E7eE8R1zIApvnAKHs9ZWK30aaHi1XAPFMXzVXuEaeRx76L2AdkmSjduKW62707.fUJP_JriE2P9cwjQUHoIgeAMJ0sJJnoofdww5.p4.yF0AAalUv9lF5Llrc3YQwI._bFavQOpfUhfmv.ZqqO3_ze_TTcE9ykDo7vA",mdrd: "UN4gs3jppZO.G7b6VbbZu1BpwqrvbwqllOpYhLmv5qE-1740080691-1.2.1.1-_tEl4jiC98iEQroxIgATptvT1otC_u3Knfc3fy6g4wVIFDM2ZGp.tt8ksMxK7k5yTKe9WCyTAiZLnYwSGVPaOyWXHmQmZggMrabsK1NRowKL6itv78m9pUr6grq2l7Z5emzTjcxY2xxrZecuPotjXLM9JyaSSrDatDLIpcSoK3l9TXwlo951ffyk6zH9.AhM29pKUTYfNBQBa8OvjpOZI637GMuVTz9IkC5D7RbKJcAMMdfIWZzjv6l24nSKNP5Y6B_OcmchPSF7lffNKnNnfA6d2mA3NbtZjoTjIecaA2BHsIa3GhVieyuY_GPpJHtWNWlyylpVnQA9aqiSkZKOTiX8shozfmk2UCCE0vOwHY4farkvjMTb8F_7QOpUOXgSLTpkY_xl.ywEG5Bhky_.F4HnZPajhiGQW6O4oS9SQMyAzU_ZT0LRsyylwd192KWTNfRnZJdxbiaPLQ1poS8x6y8bm3_hvq39W_5ves8dH_akIc8exCKv5D2B2cjSApwTubayrtTcQD0aFpalTAwvgx6HdLVZny2lo9k0BhfO5qYlwqVJWB0O.6Hnoq37xpUTPpyuEzGidh9vW6xi8oAqqqtz5x0E0QZZ2IaFmmnTdFuChdzoePwSwrGAOw0t7DsNVQxbBwaIJHo5H3mkkI6LLooDJMlC1eT0UnKE0taq5D1EXFPUEQZVmq9QjK.kjVKeRZvz3wai5agYbCurqbfbiigoOZ0oMHWtF_E3ex328nfXj.Vz_7yMXasbwNLo_n2nPC44yX3Oj1qyFflz9pppp3OvyjVQMho2_gb.E5_HY8kllK_dBPapFkM_ksWr2sdXAnipkjHhyiYqWxrjEKafnNyJVDWs4RtTBXTcPbY3E.BzhgSHqcvW00HgfSI4327GMG81JB6zEb9sV.RomoV1FoNaFdjvPFI8dL7FaNIWAKlntrZVbKgctFH0ATowN0tUVnJi.tMZs5Ytn64A9Alq0goc3Bwc9REYbGpI5lythMCjceYRzlCwcqJBfXfFG7Us3QsxpAg6jjNH3CQtuKtBUdYZVanWCdDcDVBVw8ZdTZpjh5aazfDWDCH4KwZwqR__aKlhBnnBOV5PQq_wAREpHko5tVRcURHZPiGCb1j0Dka9U5HPyc6YDOl4FR9WSQGIibQDClX2iWyOHKWK2.rN8kFnV0bLGY4B8qPxUOsNdWk9mXxKB3OF7X.9Dw6gGiPPWafXhUT_WNuQrf_wRg7bwLU6sKU80PLWsB7_wll.2QqQBYJ17uNeu7DToEqcllSL2tlhdGJLIgfXyCLWIzXAms0O0yjGx3Aur.3EGtb1uHSQjafniw6LKs6xKK1DK_zO15PH84.vs80_M314zUMn3nxD.sw0YTSvMdDJfvnz8.LYFiUYWc0v5TX6mp2tSl_WWQafncWH5ZD2gLUAxa.82ClqfU2PbNOFxzeKGjKsJBWBzLfNO4pB_E7PLKOmiQQwSnbMNt.i_xhmrdppJquJKJKU4UqRw9Wc5wfegfEI6YVbyCTT595AEVRCTA8H7BvWB4IhLV_oQjvNQlfszR3_TwCBWBqIq3QoPs5QTUFPgwGnmpjHcJn6AuqUHUBs4K0Wfp7Vaw1nf9V25iG53EhzS3emeX0hhQAY1aPx4gNXDEAO_m5TZsldSDCQ6lQXMeSEgJ6KgUbDm3TkAXVY7P7czO56r7J8MjApkdmNXsSVny3gfhv5BxOgZnAzsQ7ZT9shN4wSyNRnUqiJOaieFRXigdGBH0cO9XOiYyi_YSGWkAuuQiiytrvHIexxwM8Ft5xEX7e2.JKcyTR0rrWO_LGwn4IvtZlvcHHHaPbc3917vieM.2UZWAObq0M3JJAdNLrUMOB9RAAR5lvx_AcxKv4iD0pEIfOAweKAe8ViIbl3DjQIT8_moxQUkys2flBQgLcxkR7MTFHGf53efMzgBCM_EcVboU95Ix9_t6J6BMNvYeVbc0kY_4C9dMsbTkiwTY4iOI2_xBOh8fs9jR.C3OpDhg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9150fe62ca2d4aad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=visuals&__cf_chl_rt_tk=IpT7LZEpYrv5M0b1Kfw_FBef1eZ6FAED6DYIvOytd8U-1740080691-1.0.1.1-l2F45HcPDWN1Dbccf_RTrElZQsq8N1S0i3E5ar5QfMI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>