CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91cf78d8eba46bdc',cH: '3vrKK9ivHANA2jGWKewkzWX16fKiojK86ZmNp3a5vqM-1741406913-1.2.1.1-ZdZZOATn36CfaICs.dHPRjS9qkwV88DqgC9nww6TRQlDPvPCVfMw6N1CUkgq8t2e',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=last-mile%20delivery&page=8&__cf_chl_tk=GYqjkum9BPPahVuHRQozcPQDiGkiwjs6OYRodZP5uT8-1741406913-1.0.1.1-9bfhEwk3kz7L5QFtC97doLO8ad5yRMhcERlcX14rwsU",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741406913',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=last-mile%20delivery&page=8&__cf_chl_f_tk=GYqjkum9BPPahVuHRQozcPQDiGkiwjs6OYRodZP5uT8-1741406913-1.0.1.1-9bfhEwk3kz7L5QFtC97doLO8ad5yRMhcERlcX14rwsU",md: "jjLW9Yyf.POxjFyulMEkmJa9A2abDHnwDm1i5G9W0EY-1741406913-1.2.1.1-w6aCFJ.FJQglXFCLHaX0wf04.1aJpwuxftK3_93lgDpgu_9llsrwPJkeFWzjkkRRVq8R7C6AJhsV.90qlX_nAtKI3jSjEV5843SWWedH8syCe9cTtcgjJbfoxOvdWbBpvCct20qZvCa1VRGLD.tyY7m1XlLeKjOUh9ZvW2Dv6z67L4RwIaLIsZTdoK2JoAix_VsiAKiUd_.DoSxdztDa_cEBAo6dHtgXjIypxBnBqTRv9fo.d59pGST0BQdFMUNHv7i8znJ_z5x9EE7KA._r3m1.uyCkqDImnK70Y__MaJGgIGQOxQ36tZMJ.BPcBMqr5hu9gqg9kFvSlreEB6LZfJ85Q5v66_EKFKk.ecjneOc.axkng__1wwwQRHjwNNJ_KwzGFQxxZ8cSiKi8rfefnciFsXkC17R.E_hioQSVOTXQ945NYFtGBFMxwylajFgjn2h_eZc.rXiYX1nFE5It3aolIyecc9Q584VLu.9rJEMW7oEEP7OTxaetyXnLqjCfI9dXy6vZXmwhuZHuEN4tUkFQgpcNCEdfHNamNmzfJbgrbPeoScr5R33XumvrFowKnR0zfQrt7y0h9GFOt822DtiT0umUW6zNpwa.LnKFy2yrUI9Z2fP7Qpp2ih4XTkYuzxq2G0e.HpmjzDKKZrJjE9A1zLgzw2r1GxYKKR8a28ZMVnwGgOzNXaGfG2YbyrsaVka0E6ikPfKOoUNm3AMw_5l9smlfCpcKcycs7DmYZAPon8zvzZKhMTCHCJV24.npkbNba5sBQo9d4VIIv_bwMY0dFUaFbR4VlixBvpFNPFZc8YXysGKaYh5QGdP3qViRteJvasutNNxvdXt87mXKBiyoFVCY4GvEau10TSAHC5IqYMVuFz983GfhmA5gkL5J0V44uXsMdQMZ7JlNWnSOrfwdWYJ9NYi_kV6dKNHMVOYDjci4KQOKHMR0furQuYyz44DPvKeLpcoXAxIoadIUtlfw85ewJYxPJ_1cxgDyifWVp8Z93WTcmW2RZG2B8xOilx0vgyUzUPkIbue2BGGiuPNX6.l88PiLQcTQpsBoOV._w7IsB5eDpeK5_xw9vgQ9Tz8rIKv6kCX.CGbMeEaIqLXMZO.4L4EZX5AA5.JiFZLRmaPTOIcktDiyEuXWKq6LRjq_14Gbrk.Iy1uRscBzSBm3RJVkZp._icfLSBW_xVnnp1wZlyRIDhojN0phwrdEft3VTpoRfRV7P8OJZf6p_gzGlttT3C0p9iOvZ0dgw_5LNapzK.rHYlIkhiaQUVLBrCyE07LAWUKhRtECxpSaYfhEgaLkEL1c_dMR_TsF2Mw",mdrd: "o0paptUu9uZXU8vcg3O.JQFZWJCb_PRVwrqzqk4nzds-1741406913-1.2.1.1-lkGDa43.VuIZbQqYsLUWw5sUxzzxHZT8bGovnGnoKgfSkBx0WEYarlax6ATcVq4wuavjpwgdg1aam78TTLojnpQOnDarE9wQm6mmVBQKYo2U3e0H7.KG2tl7.a686ElPjDOfFCZItpsrXWzy_7F3IOqEGhQVvbqsbl_Fpc6SMmuUDNlcT_UCQEv28V7b3JZEC4SRQ2Llp40H3uO4syVlTN1ooirMYXwRCnvP01YOT9MX_ohc6HQZ3fvNiliqTYKSzIlqxbRPIKd6dij1SUkjzaNWwUo7Dasu9TA5IuiEA9mAT4IclPydYYZ3ejMkyqIQH.A7u1gH2.n.OY0o54t8_xHzrt_TVwhf5aStgsThHTKNabXRmoUCeJErtn0nNgbFKqBbNgVZ1RftwTVyzjdMzewTA3OChZZmHVftzDxDWqdYfcSssh1TDRfLBSlYu30IFxPIb3suJG70hroCZqTcg.LT2pDAfeXJq33QABMpt5f6tOtFXo6cl9Nex9LehVcy8G3IjEDLcD0_1CVzlvhqRVrDjSfgsxy3fD_.WBzljDMI1FqkDll5AnKRHs.Q.VGJfbGNd_mELm4kV5mVyKWFWw906ttqibQxEF4xiCe5okec7JftAm229RUrmhwP8Y4HHxjKq52qPZ0gwodbkh9ZdNHrr279dYgNBSEuq0VYLqKVJi34kmUkBfsCOJcBHvhm5g47jnwiQJJcl5tsgDyrWKehFMypPAuQYWGaZrzUgAzBH6nDwDBGkNAIZ0_2vnjhvu8DTtcYNqvScWj.xIU.l.s8.2zmEWCLkIbkdkfwm43_4wawAULHFi6q0sw9aMaGukDgMhT70Oc34VDQjOX3UP5W.usLAmDzw9m9VzeUquoZSV.liC_bqSUIgTEDha1Eb9uULMCopFDpxkYZmhA8wpTwHt1JS02HuOERnGiKDD9Hg3DK5SfTk7wNjWHq9TWgNVA8MJub9NrRbVH3mY63kOClvpnz7W8Ps5Bgd5d6oOH5gVIhKEgoWJlLCN724Q1eils7mLiYsFrTYkPK5J.YQT8kF6jw_TXvyow2Kfq7ax8nR86uuV5wBmZmdHg5AtiWhTL7y6MRNJiXsIAUMDxhhmToffN6e1lA_AqymgVfo_wUO8CA7mX_Gx_q9thap0Hlvelpw.ThH7SpJqpcWZ3bqQIs0IvPYpcjOeWdqGeVS6CYZKOZDbe.l02_piOcNj8inwrno3d8_yLT6HVoGIf88vTQBOZ4YYtwD_M.6ZayjBzkRNEJadZjx3Moc4c6Dn9Uh7b2I0PuH6rP3rVAcGnRi._T7eyJpIE7iEzqoABh7Lw7BWy.0KmU1T5dUxcupE0glj9sr0XIYl5dK_KsrNquYIigL7.MgtTfmu7n9N0YPReyeuWCkpi6LjFjTOHv_v_ihvMmBQKKCf.IUlROauwKvKmnwnieo5btZHcEppNZFgZMA0EEOdeXgAhow0618FHndmh4JvuPR6GhyRQS45kf4RJVFhJjK3gO5fSQ.ov0i3v7wJyHCV9a_wNcyOgQg.4TpX2U.vfrNo0f0h9XRDvN5.jA0AWAJ2a6gKgv2.AvYk4vdms52dsEraYJ_DF5schh_VzQz8B9y.3eMs6eOnJqIZ0RmQSG89dP75PYgXw9Nh6XIwD.tka561eQoIE5fIIVb5cqnnTyBhirJ2MENkg5YcIKQLoN6hWYWFuKsYDvq1N40tYkIj8Ln5PEUbFk5epwKKAKZivVCbHvlW9p3bBSgydypf8txz6bu.A8C73VgBL11hKQGzkT_hP4khEqKRNazNnzPjyr.mvdq6bLTFixJWo3L9Mn36BbB8LKmNeWmNh4SDMLOQJecfGqYz2HURk_6G_Kvh2OLBOXbiletLcx4xoP8A0OhJ.2gmV.IlRoJKbqxFntlNXgCUHTrxtDBnJfH5mVQUfW2k3OqBFP2Wb9ESy0.Ud4cujHGs3zb8BN4YNQhvjpeh0bOChUeHvXAZeB"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91cf78d8eba46bdc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=last-mile%20delivery&page=8&__cf_chl_rt_tk=GYqjkum9BPPahVuHRQozcPQDiGkiwjs6OYRodZP5uT8-1741406913-1.0.1.1-9bfhEwk3kz7L5QFtC97doLO8ad5yRMhcERlcX14rwsU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>