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class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT500857_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT500857_0"></i><p> Papetiers à Vidalon-lès-Annonay (leur ville natale), dans l'Ardèche et, en même temps, pionniers de l'aérostation. Dès 1782, ils expérimentent la force ascensionnelle d'un gaz moins lourd que l'air et enfermé dans une enveloppe, le poids de l'ensemble étant inférieur au poids du volume d'air déplacé. Dans un mémoire à l'académie de Lyon, Joseph Montgolfier décrit les essais effectués d'abord avec l'hydrogène, ce « gaz inflammable » récemment identifié par Henry Cavendish (1765). Des ballons d'étoffe ou de papier s'envolent ; mais ils retombent très rapidement, car l'hydrogène s'échappe au travers des enveloppes. Les tentatives avec l'air chaud seront plus satisfaisantes. Dans sa maison d'Avignon, Joseph Montgolfier fait monter, jusqu'au plafond, des boîtes de taffetas (1,5 m<sup>3</sup>) gonflées d'air chaud (nov. 1782). Cet essai est répété plusieurs fois à Annonay, avec des appareils plus importants : parallélépipède de 25 mètres cubes, enlevé à 300 mètres ; globe de 220 kilogrammes à plus de 400 mètres. Enfin, le 5 juin 1783, une démonstration, décrite par Étienne Montgolfier, est effectuée à Annonay, devant les membres des états du Vivarais. Le ballon (diamètre : 11,70 m ; poids : 245 kg) se compose de pièces de toile doublées de papier, assemblées par 1 800 boutons et cousues sur un réseau de ficelles. L'ensemble est fixé, à la base, autour d'un châssis circulaire. L'enveloppe, contenant 800 mètres cubes d'air chaud, est gonflée au-dessus d'un feu de paille et de laine, tandis que huit hommes la maintiennent par des cordes. La machine s'élèvera jusqu'à 2 000 mètres, évoluant une dizaine de minutes, et se posera, parmi les vignes, à 2,5 km d'Annonay. L'Académie des sciences souhaitant contrôler une expérience semblable, Étienne Montgolfier exécute à Paris, chez Réveillon, fabricant de papiers peints, un globe lancé devant Louis XVI, à Versailles (19 sept. 1783). Le ballon enlève une petite nacelle où sont installés un coq, un canard et un mouton : premier test sur les réactions d'êtres vivants transportés en atmosphère. On retrouvera les animaux en parfait état dans les bois de Vaucresson, où s'est posée la montgolfière après un vol à 500 mètres d'altitude. La machine est alors transformée pour transporter des voyageurs : galerie fixée autour du châssis et réchaud suspendu sous l'enveloppe. À maintes reprises, dans le jardin de Réveillon, Pilâtre de Rozier expérimente l'aérostat encore captif. Il monte et descend à volonté, entretenant le feu avec des bottes de paille pour renouveler l'air chaud. Il procédera de cette manière lors du premier voyage aérien, avec F. d'Arlandes (21 nov. 1783). Parti de La Muette, le globe traverse Paris, plafonnant à 1 000 mètres, et se pose, vingt minutes plus tard, sur la Butte-aux-Cailles. Si l'exploit fait sensation, il n'en marque pas moins les limites d'un procédé sans avenir : un long parcours exigerait une montgolfière volumineuse et un poids considérable de paille ; au surplus, il n'est guère rationnel d'entretenir du feu sous une enveloppe de toile et de papier. Témoin du premier voyage en ballon à hydrogène (Jacques Charles et Nicolas Robert, 1<sup>er</sup> déc. 1783), É. Montgolfier comprendra que le « gaz inflammable » représente la bonne solution. Avant la fin du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la montgolfière ne servira plus qu'au divertissement des foules. Étienne Montgolfier est décédé le 2 août 1799 à Serrières, dans l'Ardèche ; son frère Joseph, le 26 juin 1810 à Balaruc-les-Bains, dans l'Hérault.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH120342" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Expérience aérostatique du 19 septembre 1783" href="/media/experience-aerostatique-du-19-septembre-1783-ph120342/"><img id="PH120342" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_ph120342_7dbfb6b2d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Expérience aérostatique du 19 septembre 1783 - crédits : J.-M. Manaï/ Bibliothèque municipale, Versailles" data-description="Expérience aérostatique effectuée à Versailles le 19 septembre 1783. Ce jour-là, l'avant-cour du château de Versailles est envahie par la foule venue assister à l'envol d'un ballon à air chaud des frères Montgolfier. En présence du roi Louis XVI et de la famille royale, le ballon s'élève dans les…" data-copyright="J.-M. Manaï/ Bibliothèque municipale, Versailles" width="1024" height="793" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Expérience aérostatique du 19 septembre 1783 </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> J.-M. Manaï/ Bibliothèque municipale, Versailles </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH990371" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Montgolfière" href="/media/montgolfiere-ph990371/"><img id="PH990371" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/5/csm_ph990371_d9e9dc9869.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Montgolfière - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le 21 novembre 1783, au château de la Muette, à Paris, Pilâtre de Rozier et le marquis d'Arlandes effectuent la première ascension à bord d'un ballon à air chaud conçu par les frères Montgolfier." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="760" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Montgolfière </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Jacques MÉRAND</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" 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<li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire générale des techniques" href="/classification/techniques/histoire-des-techniques/histoire-generale-des-techniques/"> Histoire générale des techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des techniques: personnalités, xixe s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire des techniques: personnalités, xixe s." href="/classification/techniques/histoire-des-techniques/histoire-generale-des-techniques/histoire-des-techniques-personnalites-xixe-s/"> Histoire des techniques: personnalités, <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT500857_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH120342" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Expérience aérostatique du 19 septembre 1783" href="/media/experience-aerostatique-du-19-septembre-1783-ph120342/"> <img id="PH120342" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_ph120342_7dbfb6b2d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Expérience aérostatique du 19 septembre 1783 - crédits : J.-M. Manaï/ Bibliothèque municipale, Versailles" data-description="Expérience aérostatique effectuée à Versailles le 19 septembre 1783. Ce jour-là, l'avant-cour du château de Versailles est envahie par la foule venue assister à l'envol d'un ballon à air chaud des frères Montgolfier. En présence du roi Louis XVI et de la famille royale, le ballon s'élève dans les…" data-copyright="J.-M. Manaï/ Bibliothèque municipale, Versailles" width="1024" height="793" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Expérience aérostatique du 19 septembre 1783 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> J.-M. Manaï/ Bibliothèque municipale, Versailles </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990371" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Montgolfière" href="/media/montgolfiere-ph990371/"> <img id="PH990371" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/5/csm_ph990371_d9e9dc9869.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Montgolfière - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le 21 novembre 1783, au château de la Muette, à Paris, Pilâtre de Rozier et le marquis d'Arlandes effectuent la première ascension à bord d'un ballon à air chaud conçu par les frères Montgolfier." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="760" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Montgolfière </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT500857_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/premier-voyage-aerien-humain/"> <span class="rg">PREMIER VOYAGE AÉRIEN HUMAIN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Bernard MARCK</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">170 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : PREMIER VOYAGE A&Eacute;RIEN HUMAIN" href="/encyclopedie/premier-voyage-aerien-humain/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Montgolfière - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/5/csm_ph990371_65cb3ce0ee.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Si des tentatives d'envol humain eurent lieu, au fil des siècles, sans laisser de témoignages précis, le vol historique du marquis Francois-Laurent d'Arlandes et de Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier – à bord d'un ballon à air chaud conçu par les frères Montgolfier –, le 21 novembre 1783, marque cette...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/aviation-histoire-de-l-aviation/#c28200"> <span class="rg">AVIATION - </span><span class="rm">Histoire de l'aviation</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Edmond PETIT</span> et <span rel="author">Pierre SPARACO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 109 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">34 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AVIATION - Histoire de l'aviation" href="/encyclopedie/aviation-histoire-de-l-aviation/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Bombardier B17 - crédits : Air Force Historical Research Agency" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/2/csm_ph041383_d374a9c28a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> En 1783, la découverte de l' aérostat par les frèresMontgolfier suscite un engouement tel pour les « globes » que les recherches sur les appareils plus lourds que l'air seront suspendues et vont prendre un certain retard. 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