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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phrase in Genesis 3:15</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Protoevangelium" and "Protoevangelion" redirect here. For the genre of infancy gospels, see <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy gospel">Infancy gospel</a>. For the song by Billy Woods, see <a href="/wiki/Aethiopes_(album)" title="Aethiopes (album)"><i>Aethiopes</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p><b>Seed of the woman</b> or <b>offspring of the woman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">זַרְעָ֑הּ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">zar‘āh</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'her seed') is a phrase from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>: as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">serpent</a>'s temptation of <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, God announces (in Genesis 3:15) that he will put an enmity between the seed of the serpent and the seed of the woman. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, this verse is known as the <b>protoevangelium</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is interpreted as a prophecy of the coming of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the "seed of the woman" is taken as a collective reference to humankind in general. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_text">Source text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Source text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Genesis 3, Eve is tempted by a serpent to disobey God's orders and eat from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a>. When confronted by God, she blames the serpent for her actions. God therefore curses the serpent to crawl on its belly and eat dust, and adds: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; they shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise their heel.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 3:15<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There are several different ways of translating this verse. The Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, which is generally used as a source text for <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> bibles, has feminine rather than masculine pronouns in the latter half of the verse. Additionally, the second occurrence of the Hebrew <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">shuph</i></span> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שׁוּף</span></span>), "bruise", is translated in the Vulgate as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">insidiaberis</i></span>, "lie in wait". Consequently, Catholic bibles often give a reading such as that found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a></i>: "... she shall crush thy head, and thou shalt lie in wait for her heel". </p><p>The first <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shuph</i></span> may also be translated as "crush" ("he shall crush thy head"). Authors such as H. C. Leupold have argued that a <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_and_syllepsis" title="Zeugma and syllepsis">zeugma</a> is employed to give the word a different meaning when applied to the injury inflicted on the heel.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many modern translations, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard</a> (2020), <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">New English Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living Translation</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> have "offspring" instead of the more literal "seed". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">rabbinical Judaism</a>, the contrasting groups of "seed of the woman" and "seed of the serpent" are generally taken as plural, with the promise "he will bruise your head" applied to Adam and humankind bruising the serpent's head.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Jewish tradition where a messiah is said to be a remedy to the bruising of the heel of the "seed of the woman".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a possible <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish messianic</a> interpretation of Genesis 3:15 in some schools of Judaism during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> has been suggested by some Christian scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no evidence of such an interpretation has yet come to light.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christ">Christ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Christianity, Genesis 3:15 is known as the <b>protevangelium</b>. This is a compound of two Greek words, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">protos</i></span> meaning "first" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">evangelion</i></span> meaning "good news" or "<a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">gospel</a>". Thus, the verse is commonly referred to as the first mention in the Bible of the "good news" of salvation. Old Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Derek_Kidner" title="Derek Kidner">Derek Kidner</a> describes the Protoevangelium as "the first glimmer of the gospel",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_P._Hamilton" title="Victor P. Hamilton">Victor P. Hamilton</a> emphasises the importance of the redemptive promise included in the curse.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reference to the "seed of the woman" is believed by Christians to be a prophecy of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. They believe that elsewhere in the Bible, a child is referred to as the "seed" of his father, exclusively. In fact, there are other passages when the Hebrew for seed (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">זרע</span></span>/<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">זרעך</span></span>) is used for a woman. In Genesis 16:10 an angel says to Hagar, a woman, "I will multiply thy seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude." Hagar was not a virgin, therefore one cannot conclude that the seed of a woman must refer to a virgin birth. </p><p>Jesus is called the "seed of David" at <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 1:3, and the whole nation of Israel is referred to as the "seed of Jacob" at <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> 33:26. For Jesus to be called the "seed of the woman", therefore, is interpreted to mean that he will have no earthly father.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The phrase "seed of the woman" is sometimes counted as referring to Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identification of the "seed of the woman" with Jesus goes back at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (180 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who (along with several other <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>) regarded this verse as "the first messianic prophecy in the Old Testament".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis" title="Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis">Serapion</a>, the Bishop of Thmuis, wrote the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The woman does not have seed, only man does. How then was that (Gen 3:15) said of the Woman? Is it not evident that there is here question of Christ, whom the holy Virgin brought forth without seed? As a matter of fact, the singular is used, "of the seed", and not the plural, "of the seeds". The seed of the woman is referred to again in Revelation 12:17.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Among those who follow a Christological interpretation of the verse, the bruising of the serpent's head is taken to refer primarily to the final defeat of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, while the bruising of the heel of the seed of the woman is taken to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> of Christ. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Berkhof" title="Louis Berkhof">Louis Berkhof</a>, for example, wrote: "The death of Christ, who is in a preeminent sense the seed of the woman, will mean the defeat of Satan."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tradition found in some old eastern Christian sources (including <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">the <i>Kitab al-Magall</i></a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i>) holds that the serpent's head was crushed at <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>, described as a skull-shaped hill at the centre of the Earth, where <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a> had placed the body of Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title=""round Pike the head" makes no sense, also quotation marks were inconsistent (September 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Romans 16:20, there is perhaps the clearest reference to the Protoevangelium in the New Testament, "And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen." Here, the seed of the woman is identified as "the God of peace", and yet the Church is identified as the feet that will bruise Satan's head.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, in his <i>Lectures on Romans</i>, also identifies the seed of the woman with "the word of God in the church".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary">Mary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> often understand the "woman" of Genesis 3:15 to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> as well as Eve. The text in Genesis is also seen as connecting to the sign the Lord gives to King Achaz through <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_7:14" title="Isaiah 7:14">Isaiah 7:14</a>, "Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel." The English <i><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a></i> 1609 onwards has "she shall crush thy head, and thou shalt lie in wait for her heel". This reading was supported in the Bull <i><a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a></i> of December 1854 and is defended by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Maas" title="Anthony Maas">Anthony Maas</a> in the 1912 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Ciseri,_immacolata._Firenze,_Chiesa_del_Sacro_Cuore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Antonio_Ciseri%2C_immacolata._Firenze%2C_Chiesa_del_Sacro_Cuore.jpg/250px-Antonio_Ciseri%2C_immacolata._Firenze%2C_Chiesa_del_Sacro_Cuore.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Antonio_Ciseri%2C_immacolata._Firenze%2C_Chiesa_del_Sacro_Cuore.jpg/375px-Antonio_Ciseri%2C_immacolata._Firenze%2C_Chiesa_del_Sacro_Cuore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Antonio_Ciseri%2C_immacolata._Firenze%2C_Chiesa_del_Sacro_Cuore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculata</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ciseri" title="Antonio Ciseri">Antonio Ciseri</a></figcaption></figure><p>Having interpreted the seed of the serpent as a reference to the followers of Satan, Maas also writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One may be tempted to understand the seed of the woman in a similar collective sense, embracing all who are born of God. But seed not only may denote a particular person, but has such a meaning usually, if the context allows it. St. Paul (Galatians 3:16) gives this explanation of the word 'seed' as it occurs in the patriarchal promises: "To Abraham were the promises made and to his Seed. He saith not, and to his seeds, as of many; but as of one, and to his Seed, which is Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican-Roman_Catholic_International_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission">Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission</a> explains the controversy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Hebrew text of Genesis 3:15 speaks about enmity between the serpent and the woman, and between the offspring of both. The personal pronoun (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">hu’</span></span>) in the words addressed to the serpent, "He will strike at your head", is masculine. In the Greek translation used by the early Church (LXX), however, the personal pronoun <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">autos</span></span> (he) cannot refer to the offspring ... but must refer to a masculine individual who could then be the Messiah, born of a woman. The Vulgate translates the clause as <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">ipsa</span></span>. ... This feminine pronoun supports a reading of this passage as referring to Mary which has become traditional in the Latin Church.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Modern Catholic bibles often refrain from using feminine pronouns in this verse. The revised Latin version, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a>, authorised by the Vatican, has the masculine <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ipsum</i></span> instead of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ipsa</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="New Jerusalem Bible">New Jerusalem Bible</a> has "it [the seed] will bruise your head"; and the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a> has "they", explaining in a footnote that "offspring" is a collective noun, referring to "all the descendants of the woman".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars connect Jesus’ usage of the word “woman” to call Mary instead of calling her "mother" as a confirmation of Mary being the "Woman" described in Genesis 3:15. Mary was often seen as the "<a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a>," who crushed the serpent's head at the Annunciation by obeying the <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a> when he said she would bear the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (Luke 1:38).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In accordance with this design, Mary the Virgin is found obedient, saying: “Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to your word.” Luke 1:38 But Eve was disobedient, for she did not obey when as yet she was a virgin. ... having become disobedient, was made the cause of death, both to herself and to the entire human race; so also did Mary, having a man betrothed [to her], and being nevertheless a virgin, by yielding obedience, become the cause of salvation, both to herself and the whole human race. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 22</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternative spellings include <i>protevangelium</i>, <i>proto-evangelium</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>protoevangelion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWest2019" class="citation book cs1">West, Christopher (20 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svA0moWkh30C&pg=PA303"><i>Theology of the Body Explained: A Commentary on John Paul II's "Gospel of the Body"</i></a>. Gracewing Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852446003" title="Special:BookSources/9780852446003"><bdi>9780852446003</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+Body+Explained%3A+A+Commentary+on+John+Paul+II%27s+%22Gospel+of+the+Body%22&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft.isbn=9780852446003&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvA0moWkh30C%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSproul1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul_Jr." title="R. C. Sproul Jr.">Sproul, R. C. Jr</a> (1 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUDH-tZI4lIC&pg=PT56"><i>Almighty over All: Understanding the Sovereignty of God</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441215253" title="Special:BookSources/9781441215253"><bdi>9781441215253</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almighty+over+All%3A+Understanding+the+Sovereignty+of+God&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft.isbn=9781441215253&rft.aulast=Sproul&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUDH-tZI4lIC%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0103.htm#15">Genesis 3:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupold1950" class="citation web cs1">Leupold, H. C. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/leupold/genesis/genesis.v.html">"Chapter III: The Temptation and the Fall"</a>. <i>Exposition of Genesis</i>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exposition+of+Genesis&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+The+Temptation+and+the+Fall&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Leupold&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fleupold%2Fgenesis%2Fgenesis.v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1984" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Neusner (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oursagesgodisrae00neus/page/165"><i>Our Sages, God, and Israel</i></a></span>. Chappaqua: Rossel Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oursagesgodisrae00neus/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0940646188" title="Special:BookSources/0940646188"><bdi>0940646188</bdi></a>. <q>Man became frightened, saying: This is the one concerning whom it is written: He will bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel, Genesis 3:15. Perhaps this one has come to bite me.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Sages%2C+God%2C+and+Israel&rft.place=Chappaqua&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Rossel+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0940646188&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Neusner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foursagesgodisrae00neus%2Fpage%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targum.info/pj/pjgen1-6.htm">"PsJon Gen. 1-6"</a>. <i>targum.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=targum.info&rft.atitle=PsJon+Gen.+1-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftargum.info%2Fpj%2Fpjgen1-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenmenger2006" class="citation book cs1">Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas (2006). J P Stehelin and Michael A Hoffman II (ed.). <i>The Traditions of the Jews</i> (1st ed.). Coeur d'Alene: Independent History and Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0970378440" title="Special:BookSources/0970378440"><bdi>0970378440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditions+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Coeur+d%27Alene&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Independent+History+and+Research&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0970378440&rft.aulast=Eisenmenger&rft.aufirst=Johann+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai1986" class="citation book cs1">Patai, Raphael (1986). <i>The Messiah Texts</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814318509" title="Special:BookSources/0814318509"><bdi>0814318509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messiah+Texts&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0814318509&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Kidner, <i>Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary</i>, (IVP, 1967), p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Victor P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA7ewo5QTacC&q=i+will+put+enmity+between+you+and+the+woman+catholic"><i>Handbook on the Pentateuch</i></a>, Baker Academic, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801027161" title="Special:BookSources/9780801027161">9780801027161</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmour2002" class="citation book cs1">Armour, Michael C (2002). <i>A Newcomer's Guide to the Bible</i>. Joplin: College Press Publishing Company. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899009018" title="Special:BookSources/0899009018"><bdi>0899009018</bdi></a>. <q>To remove those barriers, God made a special promise to Eve. Before He sent her from the garden, He promised that one of her descendants would eventually crush Satan's head, receiving a painful bruise in the process (Genesis 3:15).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Newcomer%27s+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Joplin&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=College+Press+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0899009018&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Michael+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus" class="citation web cs1">Irenaeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103521.htm">"Against Heresies 5.21"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Against+Heresies+5.21&rft.au=Irenaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103521.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McDowell, Josh (2007). <i>Nueva Evidencia Que Demanda un Veredicto</i> [<i>New Evidence that Demands a Verdict</i>] (in Spanish). Casa Bautista of Pubns. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0311050482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0311050482"><bdi>978-0311050482</bdi></a>. <q>Aquí Dios promete que la simiente de la mujer aplastaría la cabeza de la serpiente. Claus Westermann, un experto en el Antiguo Testamento, afirma: 'Desde el tiempo de Ireneo, la tradición cristiana ha entendido este pasaje como una profecía acerca de Cristo (y María)'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nueva+Evidencia+Que+Demanda+un+Veredicto&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Casa+Bautista+of+Pubns&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0311050482&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon J. Wenham, <i>WBC: Genesis 1–15</i>, (Thomas Nelson, 1987), pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, Dominic J., "Patristic Interpretation of the Protoevangelium", <i>Marian Studies</i> 1 (1961): 111–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Berkhof, <i>Systematic Theology</i>, Eerdman's 1996, page 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge2010" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ernest Aldfred Wallis (2010). <i>The Book of the Cave of Treasures</i>. Whitefish: Kessinger. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1169774629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1169774629"><bdi>978-1169774629</bdi></a>. <q>And it was called 'Gaghulta', because it was round Pike the head, and 'Resiphta' (i.e. a trodden-down thing), because the head of the accursed serpent, that is to say, Satan, was crushed there, and 'Gefifta' (Gabbatha), because all the nations were to be gathered to it." <i>Kitab al-Magall</i>: "The place was called Gumgumah, 'of a skull', because in it was placed the skull of the Father of mankind, and Gulgulah, because it was conspicuous in the earth, and was despised by its sons, for in it was the head of the hateful Dragon which seduced Adam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Cave+of+Treasures&rft.place=Whitefish&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1169774629&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Aldfred+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Keil and Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament</i>, Genesis 3:14, 15, E-Sword edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutherPauck,_translated_by_Wilhelm1961" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin; Pauck, translated by Wilhelm (1961). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lutherlectureson00pauc"><i>Luther: Lectures on Romans</i></a></span> (Ichthus ed.). Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lutherlectureson00pauc/page/n245">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664241514" title="Special:BookSources/0664241514"><bdi>0664241514</bdi></a>. <q>The seed of the devil is in it; hence, the Lord says to the serpent in Gen. 3:15: 'I will put enmity between your seed and her seed.' The seed of the woman is the word of God in the church ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%3A+Lectures+on+Romans&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=183&rft.edition=Ichthus&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0664241514&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Pauck%2C+translated+by+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flutherlectureson00pauc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maas-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maas_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm">"The Blessed Virgin Mary"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15464b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anglican/Roman Catholic International Commission, Donald Bolen, Gregory Cameron, <i>Mary: grace and hope in Christ: the Seattle statement of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission; the text with commentaries and study guide</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, p. 33, footnote 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_genesis_lt.html">"LIBER GENESIS - Nova Vulgata, Vetus Testamentum"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=LIBER+GENESIS+-+Nova+Vulgata%2C+Vetus+Testamentum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fbible%2Fnova_vulgata%2Fdocuments%2Fnova-vulgata_vt_genesis_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usccb.org/bible/genesis/3">"scripture"</a>. <i>usccb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usccb.org&rft.atitle=scripture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgenesis%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1961" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Edward K. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27658099">"The Woman of Cana"</a>. <i>The Furrow</i>. <b>12</b> (5): 304–310. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-3120">0016-3120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27658099">27658099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Furrow&rft.atitle=The+Woman+of+Cana&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=304-310&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27658099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0016-3120&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27658099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103322.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, III.22 (St. Irenaeus)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Against+Heresies%2C+III.22+%28St.+Irenaeus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103322.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMossMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">DeMoss, Matthew S.; Miller, J. Edward (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Xt5hHAPo4C&pg=PT111"><i>Zondervan Dictionary of Bible and Theology Words</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310867111" title="Special:BookSources/9780310867111"><bdi>9780310867111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Dictionary+of+Bible+and+Theology+Words&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780310867111&rft.aulast=DeMoss&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft.au=Miller%2C+J.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_Xt5hHAPo4C%26pg%3DPT111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeed+of+the+woman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&oldid=1254229928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_of_the_woman&oldid=1254229928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Category:Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit (parashah)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_phrases" title="Category:Biblical phrases">Biblical phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Genesis" title="Category:Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_soteriology" title="Category:Christian soteriology">Christian soteriology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christology" title="Category:Christology">Christology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mariology" title="Category:Mariology">Mariology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2022">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 00:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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