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Laut - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Laut" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Laut" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Laut" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Laut" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmu_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmu_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ilmu fisik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ilmu_fisik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ilmu fisik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ilmu_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Air laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pasang_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasang_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pasang laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasang_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ombak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ombak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ombak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ombak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesisir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesisir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pesisir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesisir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cekungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cekungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Cekungan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cekungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permukaan_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permukaan_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Permukaan laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permukaan_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siklus_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siklus_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Siklus air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siklus_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siklus_karbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siklus_karbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Siklus karbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siklus_karbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peningkatan_keasaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peningkatan_keasaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Peningkatan keasaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peningkatan_keasaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kehidupan_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kehidupan_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kehidupan laut</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kehidupan_laut-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kehidupan laut</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kehidupan_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alga_dan_tumbuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alga_dan_tumbuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alga dan tumbuhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alga_dan_tumbuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hewan_dan_kehidupan_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hewan_dan_kehidupan_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hewan dan kehidupan lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hewan_dan_kehidupan_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manusia_dan_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manusia_dan_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manusia dan laut</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manusia_dan_laut-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Manusia dan laut</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manusia_dan_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sejarah_navigasi_dan_penjelajahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_navigasi_dan_penjelajahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sejarah navigasi dan penjelajahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_navigasi_dan_penjelajahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_oseanografi_dan_penjelajahan_laut_dalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_oseanografi_dan_penjelajahan_laut_dalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sejarah oseanografi dan penjelajahan laut dalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_oseanografi_dan_penjelajahan_laut_dalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perjalanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjalanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Perjalanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perjalanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekreasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekreasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Rekreasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rekreasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perdagangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdagangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Perdagangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdagangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perikanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perikanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Perikanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perikanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Hukum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Perang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perompakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perompakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Perompakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perompakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembangkit_listrik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembangkit_listrik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Pembangkit listrik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembangkit_listrik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industri_ekstraktif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industri_ekstraktif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Industri ekstraktif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industri_ekstraktif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Polusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suku_laut_asli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suku_laut_asli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Suku laut asli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suku_laut_asli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Dalam budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalam_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 225 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-225" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">225 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Амшын – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4t" title="Laôt – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laôt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD" title="ባህር – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባህር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyar" title="Riyar – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Riyar" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%A3" title="Sǣ – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sǣ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_ile" title="Okwaan̄ ile – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ ile" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بحر – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بحر – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="সাগৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ралъад – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ралъад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुन्द्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="समुन्द्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamara" title="Lamara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lamara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz" title="Dəniz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara" title="Segara – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meea" title="Meea – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laot" title="Laot – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laot" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुंद्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समुंद्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ပင်ႏလယ်ႏ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပင်ႏလယ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="সাগর – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC" title="རྒྱ་མཚོ – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་མཚོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i" title="Hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="ХӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەریا – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%B1iz" title="Deñiz – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%99e" title="Moře – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Тинĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r" title="Môr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rjo" title="Mórjo – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Θάλασσα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8r" title="Mèr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mèr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro" title="Maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso" title="Itsaso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دریا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasawasa" title="Wasawasa – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wasawasa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3gvur" title="Sjógvur – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjógvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltsia" title="Weltsia – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weltsia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2r" title="Mâr – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farraige" title="Farraige – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Farraige" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8" title="Lanmè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir" title="Muir – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para" title="Para – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooir" title="Mooir – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mooir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teku" title="Teku – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Teku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samundar" title="Samundar – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morjo" title="Morjo – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8" title="Lanmè – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanmè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenger" title="Tenger – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ծով – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik" title="Tasik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tasik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osimmiri" title="Osimmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osimmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay" title="Baybay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Форд – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro" title="Maro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r" title="Sjór – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xamsi" title="xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara" title="Sagara – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ზღვა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%84iz" title="Teńiz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel" title="Ilel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B" title="Хы – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bgu" title="Teŋgu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai_a%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="Kyai a̱sa̱khwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kyai a̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalunga" title="Kalunga – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kalunga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok" title="Lawok – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Теңіз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="សមុទ្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4" title="바다 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Тенгиз – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Саридз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Деңиз – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier" title="Mier – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Гьуьл – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%AB" title="Zieë – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2" title="Mâ – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomb%C3%BA" title="Lombú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lombú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5" title="ທະເລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas%C3%A8%E2%80%99" title="Tasè’ – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tasè’" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुन्द्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="समुन्द्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara" title="Segara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Иневедсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иневедсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauik" title="Lauik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lauik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тэнгис – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Тангыж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Иневедь (ведень пурнавкс) – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иневедь (ведень пурнавкс)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="دریو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دریو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%93y%C4%81tl" title="Huēyātl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Huēyātl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solten_See" title="Solten See – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Solten See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee" title="Zee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi" title="Asi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Asi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee" title="Zee – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9" title="Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ସମୁଦ୍ର – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମୁଦ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Денджыз – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman" title="Laman – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers" title="Mers – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mers" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze" title="Morze – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AB%DB%8C" title="سمندرګی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمندرګی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_qucha" title="Hatun qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amari" title="Amari – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Байҕал – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morje" title="Morje – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari" title="Bhahari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad" title="Bad – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti" title="Deti – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara" title="Sagara – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari" title="Bahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bayu" title="bayu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bayu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bcilung" title="bcilung – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bcilung" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D" title="ಕಡಲ್‍ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಡಲ್‍" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80" title="Баҳр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88iz" title="Deňiz – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz" title="Deniz – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Диңгез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90po" title="Ɛpo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɛpo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="دېڭىز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz" title="Dengiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Biển – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAe" title="Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ej" title="Géej – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Géej" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haij" title="Haij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%C3%AA" title="Zeê – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zeê" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i" title="Hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle" title="Ulwandle – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ulwandle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laut" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Laut" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laut"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Laut_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Laut (disambiguasi)">Laut (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel ini bukan mengenai <a href="/wiki/Larut" class="mw-redirect" title="Larut">Larut</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Waves_lajolla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Waves_lajolla.jpg/300px-Waves_lajolla.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Waves_lajolla.jpg/450px-Waves_lajolla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Waves_lajolla.jpg/600px-Waves_lajolla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">Ombak</a> laut menabrak <a href="/wiki/Pemecah_gelombang" title="Pemecah gelombang">pemecah gelombang</a> di <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Santa_Catalina" title="Teluk Santa Catalina">Teluk Santa Catalina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Singapore_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Singapore_from_above.jpg/300px-Singapore_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Singapore_from_above.jpg/450px-Singapore_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Singapore_from_above.jpg/600px-Singapore_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Laut berpengaruh bagi pembangunan dan perdagangan <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> seperti di <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepôt">kota pelabuhan</a> tersibuk di dunia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Laut</b> atau <b>segara</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Perairan" title="Perairan">perairan</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_laut" title="Air laut">asin</a> besar yang dikelilingi secara menyeluruh atau sebagian oleh <a href="/wiki/Daratan" title="Daratan">daratan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGSencycl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGSencycl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karleskint09_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karleskint09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam arti yang lebih luas, "<b>laut</b>" adalah sistem perairan <a href="/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra">samudra</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_asin" title="Air asin">berair asin</a> yang saling terhubung di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> yang dianggap sebagai satu <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Dunia" title="Samudra Dunia">samudra global</a> atau sebagai beberapa samudra utama. Laut memengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi">iklim Bumi</a> dan memiliki peran penting dalam <a href="#Siklus_air">siklus air</a>, <a href="#Siklus_karbon">siklus karbon</a>, dan <a href="#Alga_dan_tumbuhan">siklus nitrogen</a>. Meskipun <a class="mw-selflink selflink">laut</a> telah <a href="#Navigasi_dan_penjelajahan">dijelajahi</a> dan <a href="#Navigasi_dan_penjelajahan">diarungi</a> sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Prasejarah" title="Prasejarah">prasejarah</a>, kajian ilmiah modern terhadap laut yaitu <a href="#Ilmu_fisik">oseanografi</a> baru dimulai pada masa <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Challenger" title="Ekspedisi Challenger">ekspedisi HMS <i>Challenger</i></a> dari <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> pada tahun 1870-an.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Laut pada umumnya dibagi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Samudra#Pembagian_samudra" title="Samudra">lima samudra besar</a> yang meliputi empat samudra yang diakui <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Hidrografi_Internasional" title="Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional">Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional</a><sup id="cite_ref-ihorg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihorg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Pasifik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Hindia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Arktik" title="Samudra Arktik">Arktik</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan">Samudra Selatan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akibat <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_benua" title="Pergeseran benua">pergeseran benua</a>, saat ini <a href="/wiki/Belahan_Bumi_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Belahan Bumi Utara">Belahan Bumi Utara</a> memiliki rasio antara luas daratan dan laut yang lebih seimbang (sekitar 2:3) daripada <a href="/wiki/Belahan_Bumi_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Belahan Bumi Selatan">Belahan Bumi Selatan</a> yang nyaris keseluruhan merupakan samudra (1:4,7).<sup id="cite_ref-reddyornot_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reddyornot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kadar <a href="#Air_laut">salinitas</a> di samudra lepas secara umum bernilai sekitar 3,5%, tetapi variasi dapat ditemukan di perairan yang lebih dikelilingi daratan, di dekat muara sungai besar, atau di kedalaman besar. Sekitar 85% dari zat yang terlarut di lautan lepas adalah <a href="/wiki/Garam_meja" class="mw-redirect" title="Garam meja">natrium klorida</a>. Perbedaan salinitas dan suhu di antara wilayah-wilayah laut menimbulkan <a href="/wiki/Arus_termohalin" title="Arus termohalin">arus termohalin</a>. Pengaruh <a href="#ombak">ombak</a>, yang dihasilkan oleh angin dan oleh <a href="#pasang_laut">pasang surut laut</a>, menimbulkan <a href="#Arus">arus permukaan</a>. Arah aliran arus diatur oleh daratan di <a href="#Pesisir">permukaan</a> dan <a href="#Cekungan">bawah laut</a> serta oleh <a href="/wiki/Efek_Coriolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Efek Coriolis">efek Coriolis</a> akibat <a href="/wiki/Rotasi_Bumi" title="Rotasi Bumi">rotasi Bumi</a>. </p><p>Perubahan ketinggian permukaan laut pada masa lalu meninggalkan <a href="/wiki/Landas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Landas benua">landas benua</a>, yaitu wilayah dangkal di laut yang dekat dengan darat. Wilayah yang kaya akan nutrien ini dihuni oleh <a href="#Kehidupan_laut">kehidupan</a> yang menjadi sumber <a href="#Makanan">makanan</a> bagi manusia seperti <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut">mamalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krustasea" title="Krustasea">krustasea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rumput_laut" class="mw-disambig" title="Rumput laut">rumput laut</a>, baik yang <a href="/wiki/Pemancingan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemancingan">ditangkap dari alam liar</a> maupun yang <a href="/wiki/Akuakultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Akuakultur">dikembangkan dalam tambak</a>. Keanekaragaman hayati laut yang paling beragam berada di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">terumbu karang</a> tropis. Dahulu, <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_paus" title="Perburuan paus">perburuan paus</a> di laut lepas <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_perburuan_paus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah perburuan paus">umum dilakukan</a>, tetapi jumlah <a href="/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia)">paus</a> yang kian menurun memicu <a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Regulasi_Perburuan_Paus_Internasional" title="Konvensi Regulasi Perburuan Paus Internasional">upaya konservasi dari berbagai negara</a> yang menghasilkan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Komisi_Perburuan_Paus_Internasional#Moratorium_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisi Perburuan Paus Internasional">moratorium</a> terhadap perburuan paus komersial. Kehidupan di laut juga dapat ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Zona_hadal" title="Zona hadal">kedalaman</a> yang jauh dari <a href="/wiki/Zona_epipelagik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona epipelagik">jangkauan sinar matahari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ekstremofil" title="Ekstremofil">Ekosistem di laut dalam</a> didukung oleh keterdapatan nutrien dari <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">celah-celah hidrotermal</a>. Kehidupan di Bumi <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">kemungkinan bermula</a> dari sana dan mikrob air umumnya dianggap sebagai pemicu <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_Oksigenasi_Besar" title="Peristiwa Oksigenasi Besar">peristiwa peningkatan oksigen</a> zaman dahulu di <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Bumi" title="Atmosfer Bumi">atmosfer Bumi</a>. Baik <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_evolusi_tumbuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah evolusi tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Hewan#Asal-usul_evolusi" title="Hewan">hewan</a> mula-mula <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">berevolusi</a> di laut. </p><p>Laut juga menjadi unsur penting bagi aktivitas <a href="#Perdagangan">perdagangan</a>, <a href="#Perjalanan">transportasi</a>, dan <a href="#Industri_penyarian">industri</a> manusia serta sebagai <a href="#Pembangkit_listrik">sumber tenaga pembangkit listrik</a>. Hal-hal tersebut membuat laut diperhitungkan dalam strategi <a href="#Perang">peperangan</a>. Di sisi lain, laut juga dapat menjadi sumber ancaman bencana seperti <a href="#Tsunami">tsunami</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Siklon_tropis" title="Siklon tropis">siklon tropis</a>. Pengaruh-pengaruh tersebut menjadikan laut sebagai aspek penting dalam <a href="#Dalam_kebudayaan">kebudayaan manusia</a>. Mulai dari berbagai <a href="/wiki/Dewa_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewa laut">dewa-dewa laut</a> yang dapat ditemukan di berbagai kebudayaan, <a href="/wiki/Odisseia" title="Odisseia">puisi epos</a> karya penulis Yunani Kuno yaitu <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Penguburan_di_laut" title="Penguburan di laut">penguburan manusia di laut</a> hingga perubahan yang ditimbulkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_Kolumbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertukaran Kolumbia">Pertukaran Kolumbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seni_kelautan" class="mw-redirect" title="Seni kelautan">seni kelautan</a> hiperealis, dan musik yang terinspirasi dari laut seperti "<a href="/wiki/Scheherazade_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Laut dan Kapal Sinbad</a>" karya <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>. Laut juga menjadi tempat <a href="#Waktu_luang">kegiatan-kegiatan waktu luang</a> manusia seperti <a href="/wiki/Renang_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renang manusia">berenang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selam_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Selam scuba">menyelam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selancar" title="Selancar">selancar</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Berlayar_(olahraga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlayar (olahraga)">berlayar</a>. Akan tetapi, <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_penduduk" title="Pertumbuhan penduduk">pertumbuhan penduduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi" title="Industrialisasi">industrialisasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pertanian_intensif" title="Pertanian intensif">pertanian intensif</a> kini menimbulkan <a href="#Polusi_laut">polusi laut</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">Karbon dioksida</a> di atmosfer yang makin meningkat jumlahnya menurunkan nilai <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> laut melalui proses <a href="#Pengasaman">pengasaman samudra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pemancingan_berlebihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemancingan berlebihan">Pemancingan berlebihan</a> juga menjadi masalah bagi laut yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Tragedi_kepemilikan_bersama" title="Tragedi kepemilikan bersama">kepemilikan bersama</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi">Definisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:World_ocean_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/220px-World_ocean_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/330px-World_ocean_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/440px-World_ocean_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Sistem saling terhubung dari samudra-samudra dunia dan berbagai pembagian mereka.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam artian yang lebih luas, "laut" adalah sistem saling terhubung dari samudra-samudra di Bumi, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Pasifik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Hindia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan">Selatan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Arktik" title="Samudra Arktik">Arktik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, istilah "laut" juga sering kali memiliki cakupan yang lebih sempit, seperti <a href="/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Laut_Jawa" title="Laut Jawa">Laut Jawa</a>. Berdasarkan definisi ini, tidak ada perbedaan khusus antara laut dan samudra selain ukuran laut yang lebih kecil dan biasanya dibatasi oleh wilayah daratan luas.<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice.noaa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice.noaa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laut_Sargasso" title="Laut Sargasso">Laut Sargasso</a>, yang batasnya ditentukan dari empat arah arus <a href="/wiki/Pusaran_Atlantik_Utara" title="Pusaran Atlantik Utara">Pusaran Atlantik Utara</a>, dikecualikan dari definisi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:90</sup></span> Laut umumnya lebih besar ketimbang <a href="/wiki/Danau" title="Danau">danau</a> dan berisi <a href="/wiki/Air_asin" title="Air asin">air asin</a>. Meskipun definisi ukuran dan pembatasan oleh wilayah daratan merupakan definisi yang umum dipakai, tidak ada definisi teknis yang resmi untuk istilah <i>laut</i> yang dipakai oleh oseanografer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Hukum_internasional" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_tentang_Hukum_Laut" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut">Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut</a> (UNCLOS) menyatakan bahwa semua samudra adalah laut (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>the sea</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Oseanografi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ilmu_fisik">Ilmu fisik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Ilmu fisik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ilmu fisik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi">Oseanografi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi_fisik" title="Oseanografi fisik">Oseanografi fisik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg/220px-Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg/330px-Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg/440px-Apollo17WorldReversed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>Foto "<a href="/wiki/Kelereng_Biru" title="Kelereng Biru">Kelereng Biru</a>" dalam orientasi aslinya, menampilkan wilayah pertemuan antara <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia">Samudra Hindia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Harapan" title="Tanjung Harapan">Tanjung Harapan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> adalah satu-satunya <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> yang diketahui memiliki lautan <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> cair di permukaannya,<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:22</sup></span> meskipun planet lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> juga diketahui memiliki <a href="/wiki/Tudung_es_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudung es Mars">tudung es</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_serupa_Bumi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet serupa Bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">planet-planet serupa</a> <a href="/wiki/Planet_luar_tata_surya" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet luar tata surya">di luar tata surya</a> dapat memiliki samudra.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Masih tidak jelas <a href="/wiki/Asal_muasal_air_di_Bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal muasal air di Bumi">dari mana air di Bumi berasal</a>, tetapi dilihat dari <a href="/wiki/Ruang_angkasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruang angkasa">ruang angkasa</a>, planet Bumi tampak seperti sebuah "<a href="/wiki/Kelereng_Biru" title="Kelereng Biru">kelereng biru</a>" dari berbagai bentukannya—samudra, lapisan es, dan awan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Laut di Bumi memiliki volume sebesar 1.335.000.000 kilometer kubik yang mencakup <a href="/wiki/Persebaran_air_di_Bumi" title="Persebaran air di Bumi">sekitar 96,5% dari seluruh air di Bumi</a> yang diketahui<sup id="cite_ref-USGSwater_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSwater-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan meliputi lebih dari 70% permukaan Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:7</sup></span> Sementara itu, 1,74% air di Bumi dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk beku di es laut <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Arktik" title="Samudra Arktik">Samudra Arktik</a>, lapisan es <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan">laut-laut di sekitarnya</a>, serta berbagai <a href="/wiki/Gletser" title="Gletser">gletser</a> dan endapan es di permukaan di seluruh dunia. Air sisanya (sekitar 1,72%) tersedia sebagai <a href="/wiki/Air_tanah" title="Air tanah">air tanah</a> atau di tahapan-tahapan <a href="#Siklus_air">siklus air</a>, yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Air_tawar" title="Air tawar">air tawar</a> di <a href="/wiki/Danau" title="Danau">danau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a>, dan pada <a href="/wiki/Air_hujan" class="mw-redirect" title="Air hujan">air hujan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Uap_air" title="Uap air">uap air</a> di <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Bumi" title="Atmosfer Bumi">udara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">awan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSwater_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSwater-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sastrawan Inggris, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, menyebut bahwa "Bumi" (bahasa Inggris: <i><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:earth" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:earth">earth</a></i>) lebih pantas disebut sebagai "Samudra".<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:7</sup></span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi">Hidrologi</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">kajian ilmiah</a> terhadap <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> dan <a href="#Siklus_air">siklus air</a> di Bumi. <a href="/wiki/Hidrodinamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidrodinamika">Hidrodinamika</a> mengkaji <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> pada air yang bergerak. Ilmu yang mempelajari laut secara khusus adalah <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi">oseanografi</a> yang mengkaji kondisi <a href="#Air_laut">air laut</a>, <a href="#Gelombang">gelombang</a>, <a href="#Pasang_surut">pasang surut</a>, <a href="#Arus">arus</a>, <a href="#Pesisir">pesisir</a>, <a href="#Cekungan">dasar laut</a>, dan mengkaji <a href="#Kehidupan_laut">kehidupan laut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cabang ilmu yang mengkaji gaya yang terjadi di laut beserta gerakannya adalah <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi_fisik" title="Oseanografi fisik">oseanografi fisik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biologi_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi laut">Biologi laut</a> (oseanografi biologi) mengkaji <a href="#Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>, <a href="#Hewan">hewan</a> dan organisme lain yang hidup di dalam <a href="#Habitat">ekosistem laut</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi_kimia" title="Oseanografi kimia">Oseanografi kimia</a> yang mengkaji interaksi <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> dalam samudra terutama pada peran samudra dalam <a href="#Siklus_karbon">siklus karbon</a> dan peran <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> dalam <a href="#Asidifikasi">peningkatan keasaman</a> air laut saat ini. <a href="/wiki/Geografi_fisik" title="Geografi fisik">Geografi</a> laut dan maritim mengkaji bentuk laut. <a href="/wiki/Geologi_laut" title="Geologi laut">Geologi laut</a> (oseanografi geologi) mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_benua" title="Pergeseran benua">pergeseran benua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">komposisi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Struktur_Bumi" title="Struktur Bumi">struktur Bumi</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Sedimentasi" title="Sedimentasi">sedimentasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme">vulkanisme</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi">seismologi</a> di laut.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Air"></span><span id="air"></span><span id="Air_asin"></span><span id="air_asin"></span><span id="Air_laut"></span><span id="air_laut"></span><span id="Air_garam"></span><span id="air_garam"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_laut">Air laut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Air laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Air laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Air_laut" title="Air laut">Air laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/200px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/300px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/400px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Peta yang menggambarkan variasi tingkat keasinan (salinitas) di dunia. Merah = 40‰, ungu = 30‰</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Zat terlarut dalam air laut (salinitas 3,5%)<sup id="cite_ref-Millero_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Zat</th> <th>Kadar (‰)</th> <th>% dari total garam </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klorida" title="Klorida">Klorida</a></td> <td>19,3</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a></td> <td>10,8</td> <td>30,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">Sulfat</a></td> <td>2,7</td> <td>7,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>1,3</td> <td>3,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a></td> <td>0,41</td> <td>1,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a></td> <td>0,40</td> <td>1,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bikarbonat" title="Bikarbonat">Bikarbonat</a></td> <td>0,10</td> <td>0,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromida" title="Bromida">Bromida</a></td> <td>0,07</td> <td>0,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">Karbonat</a></td> <td>0,01</td> <td>0,05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Stronsium</a></td> <td>0,01</td> <td>0,04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">Borat</a></td> <td>0,01</td> <td>0,01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorida" title="Fluorida">Fluorida</a></td> <td>0,001</td> <td>&lt;0,01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zat larut lainnya</td> <td>&lt;0,001</td> <td>&lt;0,01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Air di laut diduga berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">gunung berapi</a> di Bumi, mulai dari 4 miliar tahun yang lalu melalui proses pengeluaran gas dari lelehan batuan.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:24–25</sup></span> Beberapa penelitian lain menyebutkan bahwa sebagian besar air di Bumi dapat berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">komet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ciri khas utama air laut adalah sifatnya yang asin. Walaupun tingkat keasinannya (salinitas) dapat beragam, sekitar 90% air di samudra memiliki 34─35 g <a href="/wiki/Larutan_berair" title="Larutan berair">zat padat yang terlarut</a> per <a href="/wiki/Liter" title="Liter">liter</a>, sehingga menghasilkan tingkat salinitas sebesar 3,4─3,5%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Agar dapat lebih mudah mendeskripsikan perbedaan-perbedaan yang kecil, salinitas umumnya dinyatakan dalam satuan permil (‰) atau perseribu (<i>part per thousand</i>, ppt). Salinitas permukaan air laut di Belahan Bumi Utara pada umumnya mendekati angka 34‰, sementara di Belahan Bumi Selatan mencapai 35‰.<sup id="cite_ref-reddyornot_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reddyornot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salinitas di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a> sedikit lebih tinggi daripada laut pada umumnya yaitu senilai 38‰.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Merah" title="Laut Merah">Laut Merah</a> bagian utara, salinitas bahkan dapat mencapai 41‰.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Komposisi zat larut di dalam samudra relatif stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-Millero_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millero-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Klorida" title="Klorida">klorida</a>, yang merupakan unsur pembentuk <a href="/wiki/Garam_meja" class="mw-redirect" title="Garam meja">garam biasa</a>, mencakup sekitar 85% dari zat padat yang terlarut dalam air laut. Terdapat pula <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion-ion</a> logam seperti <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>, dan ion-<a href="/wiki/Ion_negatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion negatif">ion negatif</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">karbonat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bromida" title="Bromida">bromida</a>. Air laut terlalu asin untuk diminum oleh manusia dan <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a> manusia tidak mampu mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">urin</a> yang seasin air laut.<sup id="cite_ref-noaaaa_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaaaa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walaupun jumlah garam di samudra relatif konstan selama jutaan tahun, beberapa faktor dapat mempengaruhi perubahan salinitas air laut.<sup id="cite_ref-setalleyduauang_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setalleyduauang-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Faktor yang dapat meningkatkan salinitas adalah <a href="/wiki/Evaporasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporasi">evaporasi</a> dan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Es_laut" title="Es laut">es laut</a> (karena saat es terbentuk, garam yang terlarut tidak akan ikut beku sehingga bercampur dengan air laut di sekitar es) dapat meningkatkan salinitas sementara faktor yang dapat menurunkan salinitas adalah <a href="/wiki/Presipitasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Presipitasi">presipitasi</a>, pelelehan es, serta <a href="/wiki/Air_tawar" title="Air tawar">air tawar</a> yang masuk dari <a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Limpasan_permukaan" title="Limpasan permukaan">limpasan permukaan</a> (<i>runoff</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-setalleyduauang_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setalleyduauang-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagai contoh, air di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> memiliki tingkat keasinan yang sangat rendah hingga dapat tergolong sebagai <a href="/wiki/Air_payau" title="Air payau">air payau</a> karena ada banyak sungai yang mengalir ke laut ini.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, air <a href="/wiki/Laut_Merah" title="Laut Merah">Laut Merah</a> memiliki salinitas yang tinggi akibat tingkat evaporasinya yang juga tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_(World_Ocean_Atlas_2009).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png/220px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png/330px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png/440px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_temperature_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3183" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>Rata-rata <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> di permukaan laut pada tahun 2009, dari −2&#160;°C (nila muda) sampai 30&#160;°C (merah muda).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">Suhu</a> laut bergantung pada tingkat <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiasi matahari">radiasi matahari</a> yang diterima. Di wilayah tropis, Matahari hampir berada tepat di <a href="/wiki/Zenit" title="Zenit">zenit</a>, sehingga suhu di permukaan laut dapat naik hingga lebih dari 30&#160;°C. Sementara itu, di dekat wilayah kutub, suhu permukaan berada dalam keseimbangan dengan es laut yaitu sekitar -2&#160;°C. Perbedaan suhu tersebut menjadi faktor yang mendorong sirkulasi arus air di samudra. Arus hangat di permukaan mengalami pendinginan seiring pergerakannya menjauhi wilayah tropis. Peristiwa ini membuat air menjadi lebih padat dan bergerak turun ke bawah samudra. Sementara itu, air dingin dari arus laut dalam bergerak ke wilayah khatulistiwa, dengan didorong oleh perubahan suhu dan kepadatan air, sehingga <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Upwelling">naik kembali ke permukaan</a>. Air di laut dalam memiliki suhu sekitar -2&#160;°C hingga 5&#160;°C di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/220px-WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/330px-WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/440px-WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2217" /></a><figcaption>Rata-rata tingkat <a href="/wiki/Saturasi_oksigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturasi oksigen">oksigen</a> di permukaan laut pada tahun 2009, dari 0,15 (nila muda) hingga 0,45 (merah muda) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mol_(kimia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mol (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">mol</a> <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O₂</a> per <a href="/wiki/Meter_kubik" title="Meter kubik">meter kubik</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Air laut dengan salinitas 35‰ memiliki titik beku sekitar −1,8&#160;°C.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jika suhunya sudah cukup rendah, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal_es&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristal es (halaman belum tersedia)">kristal es</a> akan terbentuk di permukaan. Kristal-kristal ini akan pecah menjadi kepingan-kepingan kecil dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Suspensi" title="Suspensi">suspensi</a> yang dikenal dengan sebutan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frazil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frazil (halaman belum tersedia)">frazil</a></i>. Jika laut sedang tenang, frazil akan membeku menjadi lembaran-lembaran es tipis yang disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilas (halaman belum tersedia)">nilas</a></i>, yang akan menjadi semakin tebal jika es-es baru terbentuk di bawahnya. Di lautan yang tidak tenang, kristal-kristal frazil dapat saling bergabung menjadi piringan-piringan datar yang disebut "panekuk". Piringan-piringan ini nantinya akan bersatu dan membentuk <i>drift ice</i>. Saat membeku, air garam dan udara dapat terperangkap di antara kristal-kristal es. Sementara itu, nilas dapat memiliki salinitas sebesar 12─15&#160;‰. <a href="/wiki/Es_laut" title="Es laut">Es laut</a> berusia satu tahun dapat memiliki salinitas yang lebih rendah yaitu sekitar 4─6&#160;‰.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kadar oksigen di dalam air laut utamanya dipengaruhi oleh <a href="#Kehidupan_laut">organisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> yang tinggal di dalamnya seperti <a href="#Alga">alga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplankton</a>, dan <a href="#Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Rumput_laut" class="mw-disambig" title="Rumput laut">rumput laut</a>. Pada siang hari, organisme-organisme ini melakukan <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> dan menghasilkan oksigen yang larut ke dalam air laut. Oksigen terlarut ini lalu dimanfaatkan oleh <a href="#Hewan">hewan laut</a>. Pada malam hari, organisme tersebut tidak melakukan fotosintesis dan jumlah oksigen yang terlarut pun mengalami penurunan. Cahaya sangat penting untuk proses fotosintesis. Sudut matahari, kondisi cuaca, dan <a href="/wiki/Kekeruhan" title="Kekeruhan">kekeruhan</a> air menentukan tingkat cahaya yang dapat menembus ke dalam laut. Kebanyakan cahaya dipantulkan di permukaan. Cahaya merah akan terserap di bagian atas. Cahaya kuning dan hijau dapat menjangkau kedalaman yang lebih besar sementara cahaya biru dan nila bisa menembus kedalaman hingga 1.000 m. Di bawah kedalaman 200 m, tidak terdapat cukup cahaya untuk melakukan fotosintesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, teradapt sangat sedikit oksigen terlarut di laut dalam. Kehidupan laut dalam seperti <a href="/wiki/Bakteri_anaerobik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteri anaerobik">bakteri anaerobik</a> mengurai materi organik yang jatuh dari atas untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">hidrogen sulfida</a> (H₂S).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" title="Pemanasan global">Pemanasan global</a> diperkirakan akan semakin mengurangi oksigen baik di laut dalam atau bahkan di permukaan laut karena kelarutan oksigen akan mengalami penurunan jika suhu laut meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Arus_permukaan_samudra"></span><span id="Arus_permukaan"></span><span id="arus_permukaan"></span><span id="arus"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arus">Arus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Arus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Arus_air_laut" title="Arus air laut">Arus air laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Corrientes-oceanicas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/350px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/525px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/700px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Arus di permukaan: merah adalah arus hangat, sementara biru adalah arus dingin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/350px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/525px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/700px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arus_termohalin" title="Arus termohalin">Arus termohalin</a>. Garis dan tanda panah menunjukkan arus dan pergerakan arus. Warna merah menunjukkan arus hangat sementara warna biru menunjukkan arus dingin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Angin yang berhembus di permukaan laut menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Gaya_gesek" title="Gaya gesek">pergesekan</a> antara udara dan laut. Pergesekan ini dapat membentuk ombak dan membuat air laut di permukaan bergerak searah dengan angin. Meskipun arah angin sering kali berbeda-beda, kebanyakan angin berhembus dari satu arah sehingga arus di permukaan dapat terbentuk. Angin barat paling sering ditemukan di wilayah lintang sedang sementara angin timur mendominasi wilayah <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dengan adanya arus, air laut berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dan air laut di sekitarnya akan mengisi tempatnya yang sebelumnya itu dan begitupun seterusnya. Rangkaian peristiwa ini kemudian membentuk arus yang bergerak melingkar di samudra berupa <a href="/wiki/Pusaran_samudra" title="Pusaran samudra">pusaran</a>. Terdapat lima pusaran utama di samudra-samudra dunia yaitu dua di Samudra Pasifik, dua di Samudra Atlantik, dan satu di Samudra Hindia.<sup id="cite_ref-reddyornot_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reddyornot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pusaran lainnya yang lebih kecil dapat ditemukan di laut-laut kecil. Terdapat pula satu pusaran di sekitaran <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a>. Pusaran-pusaran ini telah bergerak sedemikian rupa selama beberapa milenium, dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a> daratan, arah angin, serta <a href="/wiki/Efek_Coriolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Efek Coriolis">Efek Coriolis</a>. Arus permukaan laut di Belahan Bumi Utara mengalir searah jarum jam sementara arus permukaan laut di Belahan Bumi Selatan mengalir berlawanan dengan arah jarum jam. Arus yang bergerak menjauhi khatulistiwa membawa air laut yang bersuhu hangat sementara arus yang bergerak menuju khatulistiwa cenderung lebih dingin. Arus-arus tersebut berpengaruh terhadap iklim Bumi. Arus dapat mendinginkan wilayah khatulistiwa dan menghangatkan wilayah lintang sedang dan tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Arus laut merupakan salah satu parameter yang digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_iklim_global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model iklim global (halaman belum tersedia)">model iklim global</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Model-model samudra memanfaatkan ilmu-ilmu dari bidang <a href="/wiki/Dinamika_fluida_geofisika" title="Dinamika fluida geofisika">dinamika fluida geofisika</a> yang mengkaji arus fluida berskala besar seperti air di samudra.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arus di permukaan hanya mempengaruhi air laut yang terletak beberapa ratus meter di atas. Sementara itu, di kedalaman, terdapat arus yang dipicu oleh pergerakan air di dasar laut. Terdapat pula arus yang mengalir di seluruh samudra dunia yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Arus_termohalin" title="Arus termohalin">arus termohalin</a> yang bergerak lambat dan didorong oleh perbedaan massa jenis air yang akibat perbedaan salinitas dan suhu.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di wilayah lintang tinggi dengan suhu atmosfer yang rendah, air laut menjadi dingin serta semakin asin akibat proses pembentukan es air laut. Karena dua faktor tersebut, massa jenis air laut di sana menjadi semakin tinggi dan air pun turun ke kedalaman. Dari laut dalam di dekat <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, air tersebut mengalir ke arah selatan. Ketika aliran air tersebut mencapai wilayah Antarktika, datang pula air dari wilayah dingin lainnya lalu air tersebut akan mengalir ke timur. Aliran air kemudian terbagi menjadi dua ke arah utara, yaitu ke Samudra Hindia dan Samudra Pasifik. Di samudra-samudra tersebut air mulai menghangat, massa jenisnya berkurang, dan naik ke permukaan serta akhirnya berputar kembali ke arah selatan. Sebagian akan mengalir kembali ke Samudra Atlantik. Satu siklus di dalam sirkulasi termohalin memerlukan waktu ribuan tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain pusaran samudra, terdapat pula arus permukaan yang bersifat sementara dan hanya muncul dalam kondisi-kondisi tertentu. Ombak yang pecah di pesisir pada sudut tertentu dapat membentuk <a href="/wiki/Arus_sejajar_pantai" title="Arus sejajar pantai">arus sejajar pantai</a> (<i>longshore current</i>) yang membuat air mengalir sejajar dengan garis pantai. Arus sejajar pantai akan semakin kuat jika ombak yang pecah semakin besar, pantainya semakin panjang, dan sudut ombak yang mendekati semakin serong.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Arus tersebut dapat memindahkan pasir atau kerikil dalam jumlah yang besar, yang kemudian dapat menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spit (halaman belum tersedia)">spit</a>, mengikis pantai, atau membuat saluran air terisi dengan <a href="/wiki/Lanau" title="Lanau">lanau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rip_current&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rip current (halaman belum tersedia)">rip current</a></i> dapat terjadi ketika air dari ombak yang terakumulasi di dekat pesisir bergerak kembali ke arah laut di dasar perairan. Arus ini dapat muncul di celah di <a href="/wiki/Gosong_pasir" title="Gosong pasir">gosong pasir</a> atau di dekat struktur buatan manusia seperti <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Groyne (halaman belum tersedia)">groyne</a></i>. <i>Rip current</i> dapat memiliki kecepatan hingga 0,9 m/detik dan dapat terjadi di pantai mana pun yang bergelombang, sehingga arus ini membahayakan perenang yang dapat terjebak di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, terdapat pula arus <a href="/wiki/Pembalikan_massa_air" title="Pembalikan massa air">pembalikan massa air</a> (<i>upwelling</i>) yang bersifat sementara dan terjadi ketika angin mendorong air di permukaan menjauhi daratan sehingga air yang ada di bawahnya terbawa ke atas. Air di arus ini dingin dan umumnya kaya akan nutrien yang baik bagi pertumbuhan fitoplankton dan produktivitas laut.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasang_laut">Pasang laut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pasang laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pasang laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pasang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasang laut">Pasang laut</a></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="right"> <tbody><tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/150px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/225px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Fundy" title="Teluk Fundy">Teluk Fundy</a> saat pasang surut</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/150px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/225px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Teluk yang sama saat pasang naik</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tide_overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tide_overview.svg/220px-Tide_overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tide_overview.svg/330px-Tide_overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tide_overview.svg/440px-Tide_overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Pasang naik (biru) di titik terdekat dan terjauh Bumi dari Bulan</figcaption></figure> <p>Pasang laut adalah naik dan turunnya permukaan air di laut yang disebabkan oleh pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi">gravitasi</a> Bulan dan Matahari serta <a href="/wiki/Rotasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotasi">rotasi</a> Bumi. Setiap kali terjadi pasang laut, permukaan laut akan mencapai ketinggian maksimum yang dikenal dengan sebutan "pasang naik", dan lalu kembali ke ketinggian minimum yang disebut "pasang surut". Saat air sedang surut, akan ada semakin banyak wilayah yang berada di atas air, yang juga dikenal dengan istilah <a href="/wiki/Mintakat_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintakat pasang surut">mintakat pasang surut</a>. Perbedaan ketinggian antara pasang naik dengan pasang surut disebut <a href="/wiki/Tunggang_pasang_surut" title="Tunggang pasang surut">tunggang pasang surut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebanyakan tempat mengalami dua pasang naik setiap harinya dengan selang waktu sekitar 12 jam 25 menit, atau setengah dari jangka waktu yang diperlukan oleh Bumi untuk melakukan perputaran penuh dan mengembalikan Bulan ke posisi semula relatif terhadap pengamatnya. Massa Bulan tercatat sekitar 27 juta kali lebih kecil ketimbang Matahari, tetapi jaraknya 400 kali lebih dekat dengan Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAtides_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaya_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya pasang surut">Gaya pasang surut</a> akan semakin rendah jika jarak semakin jauh, sehingga pengaruh Bulan terhadap pasang laut dua kali lebih besar ketimbang Matahari.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAtides_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah tonjolan akan terbentuk di samudra, tepatnya di tempat ketika Bumi berada di titik paling dekat dengan Bulan, karena ini juga merupakan tempat yang paling terkena pengaruh gravitasi Bulan. Sementara itu, di sisi yang berlawanan dengan tempat tersebut di Bumi, gaya dari bulan ada pada titik terlemahnya, sehingga tonjolan lain juga ikut terbentuk. Bulan berputar mengelilingi Bumi, sehingga tonjolan samudra ini juga ikut bergerak di sekitaran Bumi. Gaya gravitasi Matahari juga berdampak terhadap laut, tetapi tidak sekuat Bulan. Ketika Matahari, Bulan, dan Bumi saling sejajar, akan dihasilkan "pasang laut purnama". Di sisi lain, jika Matahari berada di sudut 90° dari Bulan saat dilihat dari Bumi (membentuk sudut tegak lurus), pengaruh gravitasi gabungan dari keduanya terhadap pasang laut menjadi lebih rendah, sehingga terjadilah "pasang laut perbani".<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pasang laut menghadapi resistensi dari <a href="/wiki/Inersia" title="Inersia">inersia</a> air dan dapat dipengaruhi oleh daratan. Di tempat-tempat seperti <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Meksiko" title="Teluk Meksiko">Teluk Meksiko</a>, daratan membatasi pergerakan tonjolan, sehingga hanya satu pasang laut yang terjadi setiap harinya. Sementara itu, di dekat pantai suatu pulau bisa terjadi empat pasang naik dalam sehari. <a href="/wiki/Selat_Euripus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selat Euripus">Selat</a> di dekat <a href="/wiki/Halkis" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkis">Halkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evvia">Euboea</a>, bahkan menghadapi arus pasang surut yang kuat yang dapat secara mendadak berganti arah, biasanya empat kali per hari tetapi bisa mencapai dua belas kali per hari saat Bulan dan Matahari membentuk sudut tegak lurus.<sup id="cite_ref-EuripusStraits_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuripusStraits-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apabila terdapat teluk atau muara yang berbentuk seperti corong, <a href="/wiki/Tunggang_pasang_surut" title="Tunggang pasang surut">tunggang pasang surut</a> dapat membesar. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Fundy" title="Teluk Fundy">Teluk Fundy</a> yang dapat mengalami pasang laut purnama dengan ketinggian 15 m. Walaupun pasang laut terjadi sekala berkala dan dapat diprediksi, ketinggian pasang naik dapat diturunkan oleh angin di lepas pantai dan dinaikkan oleh angin di darat. Tekanan tinggi di pusat sebuah <a href="/wiki/Antisiklon" title="Antisiklon">antisiklon</a> mendorong air ke bawah dan terkait dengan pasang surut yang abnormal, sementara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_bertekanan_rendah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan bertekanan rendah (halaman belum tersedia)">kawasan bertekanan rendah</a> dapat mengakibatkan pasang naik yang ekstrem.<sup id="cite_ref-oceanservice_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pusuan_ribut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusuan ribut">Pusuan ribut</a> dapat terjadi ketika angin kencang mengakibatkan akumulasi air di kawasan pesisir yang dangkal, dan pusuan ribut jika diiringi dengan sistem bertekanan rendah dapat meningkatkan permukaan laut secara signifikan selama peristiwa pasang naik. Pada tahun 1900, <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, mengalami pusuan ribut setinggi 15 kaki (5 m) selama peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Angin_ribut_Galveston_1900" title="Angin ribut Galveston 1900">angin ribut</a> yang menewaskan lebih dari 3.500 orang dan menghancurkan 3.636 rumah.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ombak">Ombak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Ombak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ombak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">Ombak</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg/200px-Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg/300px-Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg/400px-Mavericks_Surf_Contest_2010b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>Seorang peselancar sedang mengarungi ombak besar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/200px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/300px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/400px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Saat memasuki perairan dangkal, ombak akan melambat dan <a href="/wiki/Amplitudo" title="Amplitudo">amplitudonya</a> juga bertambah</figcaption></figure> <p>Angin yang berhembus di atas permukaan laut membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">ombak</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Serenjang" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenjang">tegak lurus</a> terhadap arah angin. <a href="/wiki/Gaya_gesek" title="Gaya gesek">Gaya gesek</a> antara angin sepoi-sepoi dengan air di kolam akan membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Riak (halaman belum tersedia)">riak</a>, tetapi angin yang kencang di samudra akan menghasilkan ombak yang lebih besar. Ombak akan mencapai ketinggian maksimal ketika kecepatannya hampir menyamai kecepatan angin. Apabila angin berhembus secara terus menerus di perairan terbuka (seperti angin <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roaring_Forties&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roaring Forties (halaman belum tersedia)">Roaring Forties</a></i> di Belahan Selatan), akan terbentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelombang_besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelombang besar (halaman belum tersedia)">gelombang besar</a> (<i>swell</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.83–84)</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apabila angin mereda, pembentukan ombak juga berkurang, tetapi ombak yang sudah terbentuk akan terus bergerak ke daratan. Besarnya ombak bergantung pada <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fetch (halaman belum tersedia)">fetch</a></i> (jarak perjalanan tempuh gelombang dari awal pembentukannya) serta pada kekuatan dan durasi angin. Jika ombak bertemu dengan ombak lain dari arah yang berbeda, akan terjadi <a href="/wiki/Interferensi" title="Interferensi">interferensi</a> di antara keduanya, yang membuat ombak di laut menjadi sulit diprediksi.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Interferensi_konstruktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferensi konstruktif">Interferensi konstruktif</a> dapat menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_raksasa" title="Gelombang raksasa">gelombang raksasa</a> (<i>rogue waves</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-mrgarrison_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagai catatan, kebanyakan ombak tingginya tidak melebihi 3 m<sup id="cite_ref-mrgarrison_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan saat terjadi badai tingginya bisa naik dua atau tiga kali lipat.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, tinggi gelombang raksasa telah tercatat di atas angka 25 m.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bagian atas ombak disebut "puncak", sementara bagian terbawah yang terletak di antara dua ombak disebut "dasar", dan jarak di antara kedua puncak dijuluki "panjang gelombang". Angin mendorong ombak di permukaan laut, tetapi sebenarnya ini merupakan perpindahan energi dan bukanlah pergerakan air secara horizontal. Saat ombak mendekati air dangkal, perilakunya akan berubah. Definisi "air dangkal" tergantung pada besar ombaknya; jika kedalaman sama dengan setengah panjang gelombang, ombak akan mulai "merasakan" dasar laut. Pergesekan antara dasar laut dengan air akan mengubah kecepatan, arah, dan bentuk ombak. Ombak akan melambat dan panjang gelombang berkurang. Jika ombak mendekat dengan sudut tertentu atau garis pantai yang didekati tidak merata, beberapa bagian akan melambat terlebih dahulu setelah "merasakan" dasar laut, sehingga ombak pun mengalami <a href="/wiki/Refraksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Refraksi">refraksi</a> dan menyelimuti daerah tanjung. Saat perairan menjadi semakin dangkal, energi di ombak tidak dapat bergerak ke bawah dan malah mengarah ke atas, sehingga meningkatkan tinggi ombak. Bagian puncak ombak pun condong ke arah depan, dan akhirnya ombak pecah di pesisir.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Tsunami"></span><span id="tsunami"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami">Tsunami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Tsunami" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tsunami"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a></div> <p>Tsunami adalah jenis ombak tak lazim yang disebabkan oleh peristiwa besar dan mendadak seperti <a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>, tubrukan meteorit, <a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung_berapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Letusan gunung berapi">letusan gunung berapi</a>, longsor di bawah laut, atau tanah yang longsor ke laut. Terdapat beberapa perbedaan antara tsunami dengan ombak yang dihasilkan oleh angin:<sup id="cite_ref-NTWC-physics_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:800px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Tsunami</b> </td> <td><b>Ombak biasa</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Penyebab </td> <td>Gempa bumi, longsor, aktivitas gunung berapi, aktivitas cuaca tertentu, tubrukan meteorit </td> <td>Angin yang berhembus di permukaan samudra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Letak energi </td> <td>Dari permukaan hingga dasar samudra </td> <td>Permukaan samudra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panjang gelombang </td> <td>100–480&#160;km </td> <td>90–180 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kecepatan </td> <td>Lebih dari 800&#160;km/jam di perairan dalam, 30–50&#160;km/jam di dekat pesisir </td> <td>10–100&#160;km/jam </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2004-tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/200px-2004-tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/300px-2004-tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/400px-2004-tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samudra_Hindia_2004" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004">Tsunami pada tahun 2004</a> di Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>Apabila penyebabnya adalah gempa bumi, pergeseran patahan dapat mengakibatkan pergeseran dasar laut secara vertikal, dan hal ini akan menaikkan atau menurunkan permukaan laut di kawasan yang terkena dampak kejadian ini untuk sementara waktu. <sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Energi potensial dari air laut yang terdorong ke atas berubah menjadi energi kinetik,<sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sehingga menghasilkan gelombang yang menyebar dengan kecepatan yang proporsional dengan akar kuadrat <a href="/wiki/Percepatan_gravitasi" title="Percepatan gravitasi">percepatan gravitasi</a> dikali kedalaman air.<sup id="cite_ref-UoW_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoW-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, jika perairan semakin dalam, maka pergerakan tsunami akan semakin cepat.<sup id="cite_ref-NTWC-physics_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gelombang tsunami akan kehilangan energi secara bertahap, sehingga semakin jauh gelombang dari tempat pemicu tsunami, maka semakin lemah gelombangnya. Namun, kecepatannya tidak seragam karena sekali lagi perlu diingat bahwa kecepatan gelombang dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman air. Hal ini berdampak terhadap arah <a href="/wiki/Muka_gelombang" title="Muka gelombang">muka gelombang</a> (fenomena yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Refraksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Refraksi">refraksi</a>), yang dapat memperkuat tsunami di beberapa wilayah dan melemahkannya di tempat lainnya, tergantung pada topografi di bawah laut.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat tsunami mendekati perairan dangkal, kecepatannya akan melambat, panjang gelombangnya memendek, dan <a href="/wiki/Amplitudo" title="Amplitudo">amplitudonya</a> naik drastis.<sup id="cite_ref-UoW_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoW-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Puncak atau dasar gelombang tsunami dapat tiba di wilayah pesisir terlebih dahulu.<sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apabila yang sampai pertama adalah puncak gelombang tsunami, air akan surut, sehingga dapat menjadi peringatan bagi orang-orang yang tinggal di daratan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jika yang datang pertama adalah dasar gelombang tsunami, tsunami akan langsung membanjiri daratan yang ada di hadapannya. Kehancuran dapat diakibatkan oleh air yang surut ke laut setelah terjadinya tsunami, dan orang-orang dan puing-puing juga dapat hanyut oleh air. Seringkali beberapa tsunami dipicu oleh satu peristiwa geologi dan tiba dalam rentang waktu antara delapan menit hingga dua jam. Gelombang pertama yang tiba di pesisir mungkin bukanlah yang terbesar maupun yang paling merusak.<sup id="cite_ref-usgstsunami_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terkadang tsunami dapat berubah menjadi gelombang yang disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_bore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidal bore (halaman belum tersedia)">tidal bore</a></i> di daerah teluk yang dangkal atau muara.<sup id="cite_ref-NTWC-physics_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="pesisir"></span><span id="Pesisir"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesisir">Pesisir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pesisir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pesisir"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pesisir" title="Pesisir">Pesisir</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Paracas_National_Reserve,_Ica,_Peru-3April2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Paracas_National_Reserve%2C_Ica%2C_Peru-3April2011.jpg/200px-Paracas_National_Reserve%2C_Ica%2C_Peru-3April2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Paracas_National_Reserve%2C_Ica%2C_Peru-3April2011.jpg/300px-Paracas_National_Reserve%2C_Ica%2C_Peru-3April2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Paracas_National_Reserve%2C_Ica%2C_Peru-3April2011.jpg/400px-Paracas_National_Reserve%2C_Ica%2C_Peru-3April2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>Pesisir di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cagar_Nasional_Paracas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cagar Nasional Paracas (halaman belum tersedia)">Cagar Nasional Paracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica">Ica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg/200px-Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg/300px-Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg/400px-Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Pantai <a href="/wiki/Praia_da_Marinha" title="Praia da Marinha">Praia da Marinha</a> di <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Zona tempat bertemunya daratan dengan lautan dikenal dengan sebutan <a href="/wiki/Pesisir" title="Pesisir">pesisir</a> (<i>coast</i>), sementara bagian yang terletak di antara titik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasang_laut_purnama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasang laut purnama (halaman belum tersedia)">pasang laut purnama</a> terendah dan batas tertinggi yang dapat dijangkau ombak dijuluki <a href="/wiki/Bibir_pantai" title="Bibir pantai">bibir pantai</a> (<i>shore</i>). <a href="/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai">Pantai</a> (<i>beach</i>) adalah tempat berkumpulnya <a href="/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantai_kerikil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantai kerikil (halaman belum tersedia)">kerikil</a> di tepi laut.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse291_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanjung" title="Tanjung">Tanjung</a> adalah bagian daratan yang menjorok ke laut, dan tanjung yang sangat luas disebut <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung" title="Semenanjung">semenanjung</a>. Sementara itu, perairan yang menjorok ke daratan (khususnya yang diapit oleh dua tanjung) disebut <a href="/wiki/Teluk" title="Teluk">teluk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Garis pantai dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor yang meliputi kekuatan ombak yang datang menghampiri di bibir pantai, kemiringan batas tanah, komposisi dan kerasnya bebatuan di pesisir, kemiringan lereng di lepas pantai, dan perubahan ketinggian daratan. Biasanya gelombang akan bergulung ke bibir pantai dengan frekuensi enam hingga delapan kali per menit, dan ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelombang_konstruktif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelombang konstruktif (halaman belum tersedia)">gelombang konstruktif</a> karena cenderung memindahkan materi ke atas pantai dan dampak <a href="/wiki/Erosi" title="Erosi">erosinya</a> juga kecil. Namun, gelombang badai juga dapat tiba di bibir pantai dengan frekuensi yang tinggi, dan gelombang semacam ini disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelombang_destruktif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelombang destruktif (halaman belum tersedia)">gelombang destruktif</a> karena akan memindahkan materi ke arah laut. Selama pasang naik, kekuatan gelombang badai yang menerpa kaki tebing akan memiliki dampak yang merusak, karena udara di dalam celah-celah dan retakan-retakan di tebing akan mengalami pemampatan, dan lalu mengalami perluasan selama proses pengeluaran tekanan. Pada saat yang sama, pasir dan bebatuan memiliki dampak <a href="/wiki/Erosi" title="Erosi">erosi</a> saat terhujam ke arah bebatuan. Akibatnya, bagian bawah tebing pun terkikis, dan jika ditambah dengan proses pelapukan yang lazimnya terjadi, kehancuran akan terjadi. Meskipun begitu, seiring berjalannya waktu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paparan_pantai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paparan pantai (halaman belum tersedia)">paparan pantai</a> (<i>wave-cut platform</i>) akan terbentuk di kaki bukit dan bentang alam tersebut akan melindungi tebing dan mengurangi dampak erosi yang dipicu oleh ombak.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse291_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Materi yang terkikis dari tepi daratan pada akhirnya terbawa ke laut. Di situ materi-materi tersebut mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atrisi_(erosi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atrisi (erosi) (halaman belum tersedia)">atrisi</a> akibat arus yang mengalir sejajar dengan pesisir. Di sisi lain, sedimen yang terbawa oleh sungai ke laut akan mengendap dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Delta_sungai" title="Delta sungai">delta-delta</a> di muara. Seluruh materi tersebut terbawa kesana kemari oleh ombak, pasang laut, dan arus.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse291_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengerukan dapat mengeluarkan materi dan memperdalam saluran air, tetapi bisa mengakibatkan hal yang tak diinginkan di tempat lain di garis pantai. Untuk mencegah banjir di daratan, pemerintah dapat membangun <a href="/wiki/Pemecah_gelombang" title="Pemecah gelombang">pemecah gelombang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinding_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinding laut">dinding laut</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Tanggul" title="Tanggul">tanggul</a>. Contohnya, di Inggris, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembatas_Thames&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembatas Thames (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembatas Thames</a> melindungi <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Pusuan_ribut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusuan ribut">pusuan ribut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara jebolnya tanggul-tanggul di sekitaran <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Badai_Katrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Badai Katrina">Badai Katrina</a> mengakibatkan krisis di Amerika Serikat. <a href="/wiki/Reklamasi_daratan" title="Reklamasi daratan">Reklamasi daratan</a> juga dapat dilakukan, seperti perluasan dua pulau kecil yang memungkinkan pembangunan <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Hong_Kong" title="Bandar Udara Internasional Hong Kong">Bandar Udara Internasional Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="Cekungan_samudra"></span><span id="cekungan_samudra"></span><span id="Cekungan"></span><span id="cekungan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cekungan">Cekungan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Cekungan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cekungan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_samudra" title="Cekungan samudra">Cekungan samudra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/220px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/330px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/440px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Tiga jenis batas lempeng</figcaption></figure> <p>Bumi terbagi menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inti_bumi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inti bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">inti</a> yang magnetik, bagian <a href="/wiki/Mantel_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantel (geologi)">mantel</a> yang kebanyakan cair, dan kulit terluar yang keras dan padat (<a href="/wiki/Litosfer" title="Litosfer">litosfer</a>). Litosfer terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak</a> dan bagian teratas mantel Bumi. Di daratan, kerak dikenal dengan sebutan <a href="/wiki/Kerak_benua" title="Kerak benua">kerak benua</a>, sementara yang berada di dasar laut disebut <a href="/wiki/Kerak_samudra" title="Kerak samudra">kerak samudra</a>. Kerak samudra terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Basal" title="Basal">basal</a> yang relatif padat dan memiliki ketebalan sekitar lima hingga sepuluh kilometer. Litosfer yang relatif tipis mengambang di atas mantel yang lebih panas dan terbagi menjadi sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_tektonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempeng tektonik">lempeng tektonik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di tengah samudra, <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> terus menerus terdorong di antara lempeng-lempeng yang saling bersebelahan dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Punggung_tengah_samudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Punggung tengah samudra">punggung tengah samudra</a>, dan di sini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arus_konveksi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arus konveksi (halaman belum tersedia)">arus konveksi</a> di dalam mantel cenderung menjauhkan lempeng-lempeng tersebut. Akibat perbedaan masa jenis, salah satu lempeng samudra dapat menunjam ke bawah lempeng lainnya, dan proses ini dikenal dengan sebutan <a href="/wiki/Subduksi" title="Subduksi">subduksi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palung" class="mw-redirect" title="Palung">Palung</a> di samudra terbentuk di tempat seperti ini, dan prosesnya diiringi oleh tumbukan. Tumbukan ini dapat mengakibatkan gempa bumi, sementara panas juga dihasilkan dan <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> terdorong ke atas, sehingga membentuk gunung bawah laut, dan beberapa dapat menghasilkan gugusan kepulauan vulkanik yang terletak di dekat palung. Di dekat beberapa batas antara laut dan daratan, lempeng samudra yang agak lebih padat menunjam ke bawah lempeng kontinental, sehingga terbentuklah lebih banyak palung subduksi. Saat keduanya saling bertumbukan, lempeng kontinental akan mengalami perubahan bentuk dan menghasilkan aktivitas gempa bumi dan pembentukan gunung.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palung terdalam di Bumi adalah <a href="/wiki/Palung_Mariana" title="Palung Mariana">Palung Mariana</a> yang terbentang sekitar 2.500&#160;km di dasar laut. Palung tersebut berada di dekat <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Mariana" title="Kepulauan Mariana">Kepulauan Mariana</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan" title="Kepulauan">kepulauan</a> vulkanik di Samudra Pasifik Barat. Rata-rata lebar palung ini tercatat sebesar 68&#160;km, sementara titik terdalamnya adalah 10.994 kilometer di bawah permukaan laut.<sup id="cite_ref-smmt_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smmt-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah palung yang lebih panjang terbentang sekitar 5.900&#160;km di pesisir Peru dan Chili dengan kedalaman yang mencapai 8.065 m. Palung tersebut muncul di tempat terjadinya subduksi <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Nazca" title="Lempeng Nazca">Lempeng Nazca</a> (yang merupakan lempeng samudra) ke bawah <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Amerika_Selatan" title="Lempeng Amerika Selatan">Lempeng Amerika Selatan</a> (yang merupakan lempeng kontinental), dan terkait dengan aktivitas gunung berapi di Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permukaan_laut">Permukaan laut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Permukaan laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Permukaan laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg/200px-Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg/300px-Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg/400px-Ocean_dynamic_topography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Variasi permukaan laut di seluruh dunia (1992) dari −1,4 m (nila muda) sampai +1,0 m (merah muda).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Permukaan_laut" title="Permukaan laut">Permukaan laut</a></div> <p>Selama sebagian besar sejarah Bumi, permukaan laut memiliki ketinggian yang berada di atas tingginya saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:74</sup></span> Faktor utama yang memengaruhi perubahan tinggi permukaan laut pada sepanjang sejarahnya adalah perubahan kerak samudra, dengan pola penurunan yang diperkirakan akan tetap berlangsung dalam waktu panjang ke depan.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada periode <a href="/wiki/Glasial_Maksimum_Terakhir" title="Glasial Maksimum Terakhir">Glasial Maksimum Terakhir</a> sekitar 20.000 tahun yang lalu, permukaan laut ada pada ketinggian 120 m lebih rendah daripada ketinggiannya saat ini. Akan tetapi, selama 100 tahun terakhir, tinggi permukaan laut <a href="/wiki/Peningkatan_permukaan_laut_terkini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peningkatan permukaan laut terkini">telah naik</a> dengan rata-rata kenaikan sebanyak 1,8&#160;mm per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar dari kenaikan ini dipicu oleh peningkatan suhu laut yang menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">pemuaian</a> air laut di kedalaman 0–500 m dari permukaan. Faktor-faktor lain yang turut menaikkan tinggi permukaan laut (sekitar seperempatnya) berasal dari sumber air di daratan, seperti melelehnya salju dan <a href="/wiki/Penyusutan_gletser_sejak_1850" title="Penyusutan gletser sejak 1850">gletser</a> serta pengambilan air tanah untuk irigasi dan keperluan manusia lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pola kenaikan permukaan laut yang dipicu oleh <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" title="Pemanasan global">pemanasan global</a> diperkirakan akan berlanjut paling tidak hingga akhir abad ke-21.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="Siklus_air"></span><span id="siklus_air"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siklus_air">Siklus air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Siklus air" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Siklus air"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Siklus_air" title="Siklus air">Siklus air</a></div> <p>Laut merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Siklus_air" title="Siklus air">siklus air</a>, yaitu ketika air <a href="/wiki/Penguapan" title="Penguapan">menguap</a> dari samudra, bergerak melalui atmosfer dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Uap_air" title="Uap air">uap</a>, mengalami <a href="/wiki/Kondensasi" title="Kondensasi">kondensasi</a>, lalu <a href="/wiki/Presipitasi_(meteorologi)" title="Presipitasi (meteorologi)">turun ke bumi</a> (biasanya dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan">hujan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Salju" title="Salju">salju</a>), dan akhirnya kembali ke laut.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahkan di <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Atacama" title="Gurun Atacama">Gurun Atacama</a> (sebuah kawasan yang sangat jarang dituruni hujan), awan-awan kabut padat yang dikenal dengan sebutan <i><a href="/wiki/Camanchaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Camanchaca">camanchaca</a></i> datang dari laut dan menjadi sumber air bagi tumbuhan-tumbuhan di kawasan <i><a href="/wiki/Lomas" title="Lomas">lomas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di wilayah daratan yang luas, terdapat kenampakan-kenampakan geologi yang dapat membentuk wilayah <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_endoreik" title="Cekungan endoreik">cekungan endoreik</a>. Cekungan-cekungan ini terkadang menghasilkan danau garam permanen karena air yang mengalir masuk menguap sementara mineralnya terakumulasi. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Air dari cekungan-cekungan tersebut dapat kembali ke laut melalui proses penguapan, aliran air tanah, dan (dalam <a href="/wiki/Skala_waktu_geologi" title="Skala waktu geologi">waktu yang lama</a>) <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_benua" title="Pergeseran benua">pergeseran benua</a>. <span id="Siklus_karbon"></span><span id="siklus_karbon"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siklus_karbon">Siklus karbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Siklus karbon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Siklus karbon"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklus_karbon_samudra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklus karbon samudra (halaman belum tersedia)">Siklus karbon samudra</a></div> <p>Samudra memiliki kuantitas karbon terbesar yang didaur secara aktif, dan jumlah karbon yang terkandung di dalam samudra juga merupakan yang terbesar kedua setelah <a href="/wiki/Litosfer" title="Litosfer">litosfer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalCarbonCycle_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonCycle-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lapisan permukaan samudra mengandung banyak sekali <a href="/wiki/Karbon_organik_terlarut" title="Karbon organik terlarut">karbon organik terlarut</a>, yang sering kali ditukar dengan karbon di atmosfer. Sementara itu, konsentrasi <a href="/wiki/Karbon_anorganik_total" title="Karbon anorganik total">karbon anorganik terlarut</a> di lapisan dalam samudra tercatat sekitar 15 persen lebih tinggi ketimbang konsentrasi di lapisan permukaan,<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento_and_Gruber_2006_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento_and_Gruber_2006-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan karbon di lapisan dalam akan tetap berada di sana dalam waktu yang panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-Prentice_etal_2001_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_2001-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arus_termohalin" title="Arus termohalin">Arus termohalin</a> menukar karbon di antara kedua lapisan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalCarbonCycle_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonCycle-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karbon dari atmosfer memasuki samudra dan mengalami pelarutan di lapisan permukaan, dan lalu berubah menjadi <a href="/wiki/Asam_karbonat" title="Asam karbonat">asam karbonat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">karbonat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bikarbonat" title="Bikarbonat">bikarbonat</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(gas)</sub> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(aq)</sub></dd> <dd>CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></dd> <dd>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + H<sup>+</sup></dd> <dd>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119" /></span></span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2 H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>Karbon juga masuk ke laut lewat sungai dalam bentuk karbon organik terlarut, dan lalu diubah oleh organisme yang ber<a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> menjadi karbon organik. Karbon ini dapat didaur di rantai makanan atau mengalami presipitasi ke lapisan yang lebih dalam dan kaya akan karbon sebagai jaringan lunak mati atau di dalam cangkang-cangkang dan tulang-tulang sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kalsium_karbonat" title="Kalsium karbonat">kalsium karbonat</a>. Karbon ini beredar di lapisan ini dalam waktu yang panjang sebelum mengendap sebagai sedimen atau kembali ke permukaan melalui arus termohalin.<sup id="cite_ref-Prentice_etal_2001_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_2001-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Pengasaman_samudra"></span><span id="pengasaman"></span><span id="asidifikasi_samudra"></span><span id="asidifikasi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peningkatan_keasaman">Peningkatan keasaman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Peningkatan keasaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peningkatan keasaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Peningkatan_keasaman_air_laut" title="Peningkatan keasaman air laut">Peningkatan keasaman air laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_(GLODAP).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/300px-Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/450px-Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/600px-Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Perkiraan perubahan <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> air laut yang diakibatkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> yang dihasilkan manusia</figcaption></figure> <p>Air laut bersifat sedikit <a href="/wiki/Alkalinitas" title="Alkalinitas">alkali</a> dan memiliki rata-rata <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> sekitar 8,2 selama 300 juta tahun terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baru-baru ini, aktivitas manusia dengan cepat meningkatkan kadar <a href="#Siklus_karbon">karbon dioksida</a> di atmosfer. Sekitar 30–40% dari tambahan CO<sub>2</sub> diserap oleh samudra, sehingga membentuk <a href="/wiki/Asam_karbonat" title="Asam karbonat">asam karbonat</a> dan menurunkan pH (sekarang di bawah 8,1<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) melalui proses yang disebut peningkatan keasaman samudra.<sup id="cite_ref-Feely04_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feely04-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeebe2008_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeebe2008-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GattusoHansson2011_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GattusoHansson2011-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kadar pH diperkirakan akan turun hingga 7,7 (peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidrogen sebesar 3 kali lipat) pada tahun 2100, yang merupakan perubahan besar dalam kurun waktu satu abad.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutAntarctica_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAntarctica-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu unsur penting dalam pembentukan material kerangka pada hewan-hewan laut adalah <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>, tetapi <a href="/wiki/Kalsium_karbonat" title="Kalsium karbonat">kalsium karbonat</a> menjadi semakin mudah larut jika tekanan semakin tinggi, sehingga cangkang dan kerangka akan mengalami pelarutan apabila berada di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedalaman_kompensasi_karbonat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedalaman kompensasi karbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">kedalaman kompensasi karbonat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinet_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinet-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kalsium karbonat juga menjadi semakin mudah larut jika kadar pH lebih rendah, sehingga pengasaman samudra kemungkinan akan berdampak besar terhadap organisme-organisme laut yang memiliki cangkang seperti <a href="/wiki/Tiram" title="Tiram">tiram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerang">kerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulu_babi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulu babi">bulu babi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">koral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMEL_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMEL-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> karena kemampuan mereka untuk membentuk cangkang akan berkurang,<sup id="cite_ref-orr05_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orr05-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan kedalaman kompensasi karbonat akan semakin mendekati permukaan laut. Organisme <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonik</a> yang juga akan terkena dampak dari pengasaman meliputi moluska-moluska mirip siput yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pteropoda" title="Pteropoda">pteropoda</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a> bersel tunggal yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kokolitofor" title="Kokolitofor">kokolitofor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>. Organisme-organisme ini merupakan bagian penting dari <a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">rantai makanan</a> dan penurunan jumlah mereka akan berdampak besar terhadap <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>. Di kawasan tropis, <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">koral</a> akan sangat terdampak karena koral akan semakin sulit membentuk kerangka yang terbuat dari kalsium karbonat,<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2009_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan ini akan berdampak pada hewan-hewan lainnya yang tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">terumbu karang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutAntarctica_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutAntarctica-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam riwayat geologi Bumi, belum ada peristiwa yang sebanding dengan perubahan tingkat keasaman di laut seperti yang terjadi saat ini, sehingga tidak diketahui secara pasti bagaimana ekosistem laut akan beradaptasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hönisch2012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hönisch2012-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal ini dapat semakin diperparah oleh efek dari peningkatan suhu dan penurunan kadar oksigen.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruber2011_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber2011-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="Kehidupan"></span><span id="kehidupan"></span><span id="kehidupan_laut"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kehidupan_laut">Kehidupan laut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Kehidupan laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kehidupan laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/170px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/255px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/340px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">Terumbu karang</a> merupakan salah satu habitat dengan kehidupan yang paling beranekaragam di dunia.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehidupan laut">Kehidupan laut</a></div> <p>Samudra adalah tempat tinggal beranekaragam kehidupan yang memanfaatkannya sebagai habitat. Sinar matahari hanya menerangi lapisan-lapisan atas laut, sehingga sebagian besar samudra berada dalam kegelapan permanen. Di setiap tingkatan kedalaman dan zona suhu, terdapat habitat-habitat tersendiri untuk spesies-spesies yang unik, sehingga lingkungan laut memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terdapat bermacam-macam habitat laut, dari habitat di permukaan laut hingga <a href="/wiki/Palung" class="mw-redirect" title="Palung">palung</a> yang paling dalam. Beberapa contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">terumbu karang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_kelp&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan kelp (halaman belum tersedia)">hutan kelp</a>, padang <a href="/wiki/Lamun" title="Lamun">lamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolam_pasang-surut" title="Kolam pasang-surut">kolam pasang-surut</a>, dasar laut yang berlumpur, berpasir dan berbatu, serta <a href="/wiki/Zona_pelagik" title="Zona pelagik">zona pelagik</a> terbuka. Organisme yang hidup di laut juga bermacam-macam, dari <a href="/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia)">paus</a> dengan panjang yang mencapai 30 meter hingga <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplankton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> mikroskopis, fungi, dan bakteri. Kehidupan laut berperan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklus_karbon" title="Siklus karbon">siklus karbon</a> sebagai organisme fotosintetik yang mengubah <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> terlarut menjadi karbon organik.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DKlife_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKlife-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.204–29)</sup></span> </p><p>Kehidupan mungkin bermula di laut dan semua <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a> hewan terwakili di sana. Para ilmuwan saat ini masih memperdebatkan tempat kemunculan kehidupan secara pasti: <a href="/wiki/Percobaan_Miller-Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Percobaan Miller-Urey">percobaan Miller-Urey</a> menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan mungkin muncul secara <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> di sebuah "sup" kimia encer di perairan terbuka, tetapi baru-baru ini muncul dugaan bahwa kehidupan pertama kali muncul di <a href="/wiki/Mata_air_panas" title="Mata air panas">mata air panas</a> vulkanik, sedimen tanah liat, atau <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">ventilasi hidrotermal</a> di dasar laut, dan semua tempat ini akan melindungi kehidupan awal dari radiasi ultraviolet yang tidak diserap oleh atmosfer Bumi pada masa itu.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.138–40)</sup></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kelp_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kelp_forest.jpg/200px-Kelp_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Kelp_forest.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_kelp&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan kelp (halaman belum tersedia)">Hutan kelp</a> yang menjadi habitat banyak organisme laut</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Habitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Habitat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Habitat_laut" title="Habitat laut">Habitat laut</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;max-width:22em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Habitat_laut" title="Habitat laut">Habitat laut</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul> <li style="border-left: 20px solid powderblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Zona_litoral" title="Zona litoral">Zona litoral</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid lightblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Zona_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona pasang surut">Zona pasang surut</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid skyblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari">Estuari</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid skyblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Hutan_ganggang" title="Hutan ganggang">Hutan ganggang</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid deepskyblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">Terumbu karang</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid dodgerblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepi_samudra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepi samudra (halaman belum tersedia)">Tepi samudra</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid dodgerblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Landas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Landas benua">Landas benua</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid royalblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Zona_neritik" title="Zona neritik">Zona neritik</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid royalblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Selat" title="Selat">Selat</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid royalblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Zona_pelagik" title="Zona pelagik">Zona pelagik</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid mediumblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem_laut#Zona_oseanik" title="Ekosistem laut">Zona oseanik</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid darkblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_laut" title="Gunung laut">Gunung laut</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid indigo; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">Ventilasi hidrotermal</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid navy; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliran_dingin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliran dingin (halaman belum tersedia)">Aliran dingin</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid gray; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Zona_demersal" title="Zona demersal">Zona demersal</a></li> <li style="border-left: 20px solid tan; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/wiki/Zona_bentik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona bentik">Zona bentik</a></li> </ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Topik_habitat_samudera" title="Templat:Topik habitat samudera"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Topik_habitat_samudera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Topik habitat samudera (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Topik_habitat_samudera&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Secara horizontal, habitat laut dapat dibagi menjadi habitat lautan terbuka dan pesisir. Habitat pesisir terbentang dari garis pantai hingga ujung <a href="/wiki/Landas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Landas benua">landas benua</a>. Kebanyakan kehidupan laut dapat ditemui di habitat pesisir, meskipun landas benua hanya mencakup 7% dari luas seluruh samudra. Habitat lautan terbuka terletak di samudra dalam di landas benua. Selain pembagian secara horizontal, habitat laut dapat dibagi secara vertikal menjadi habitat <a href="/wiki/Zona_pelagik" title="Zona pelagik">pelagik</a> (perairan terbuka), <a href="/wiki/Zona_demersal" title="Zona demersal">demersal</a> (di atas dasar laut), dan <a href="/wiki/Zona_bentik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona bentik">bentik</a> (dasar laut). Pembagian ketiga adalah menurut <a href="/wiki/Garis_lintang" title="Garis lintang">garis lintang</a>: dari perairan tropis, sedang, sampai kutub.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.150f)</sup></span> </p><p>Terumbu karang, yang disebut "hutan hujan di laut", menduduki kurang dari 0,1 persen permukaan samudra dunia, tetapi ekosistemnya mencakup 25 persen dari seluruh spesies laut.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terumbu karang yang paling dikenal adalah terumbu karang <a href="/wiki/Tropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropis">tropis</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> di Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.204–07)</sup></span> Walaupun begitu, karang juga dapat ditemui di perairan dingin, dan terdapat enam spesies <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">koral</a> yang terlibat dalam pembentukan karang di perairan tersebut, yaitu <i><a href="/wiki/Lophelia_pertusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophelia pertusa">Lophelia pertusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Madrepora_oculata" title="Madrepora oculata">Madrepora oculata</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goniocorella_dumosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Goniocorella dumosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Goniocorella dumosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oculina_varicosa" title="Oculina varicosa">Oculina varicosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enallopsammia_profunda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enallopsammia profunda (halaman belum tersedia)">Enallopsammia profunda</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solenosmilia_variabilis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Solenosmilia variabilis (halaman belum tersedia)">Solenosmilia variabilis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alga_dan_tumbuhan">Alga dan tumbuhan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Alga dan tumbuhan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Alga dan tumbuhan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">Alga</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/200px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/300px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/400px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Diatom adalah salah satu jenis <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplankton</a> yang paling tersebar di laut.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Produsen_primer" title="Produsen primer">Produsen primer</a> seperti tumbuhan dan <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> tersebar luas di laut dan juga sangat penting bagi ekosistem. Diperkirakan setengah dari <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dunia dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NalGeo_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NalGeo-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekitar 45 persen <a href="/wiki/Produksi_primer" title="Produksi primer">produksi primer</a> di laut dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alga yang jauh lebih besar, yang umum dikenal dengan sebutan <a href="/wiki/Gulma_laut" title="Gulma laut">gulma laut</a>, juga penting di tingkatan lokal: <i>Sargassum</i> mengambang di permukaan, sementara <a href="/wiki/Kelp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelp">kelp</a> membentuk hutan dasar laut.<sup id="cite_ref-DKlife_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKlife-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.246–55)</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga">Tumbuhan berbunga</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Lamun" title="Lamun">lamun</a> tumbuh di "<a href="/wiki/Padang_rumput" title="Padang rumput">padang rumput</a>" di perairan dangkal berpasir,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sementara <a href="/wiki/Pohon_bakau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon bakau">pohon bakau</a> menghiasi daerah pesisir di kawasan tropis dan subtropis,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan tumbuhan-tumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Halofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Halofit">yang toleran terhadap garam</a> berkembang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawa_asin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rawa asin (halaman belum tersedia)">rawa asin</a> yang mengalami banjir secara berkala.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Semua habitat tersebut dapat <a href="/wiki/Sekuestrasi_karbon" title="Sekuestrasi karbon">menangkap dan menyimpan</a> karbon dalam jumlah yang besar, dan juga menopang <a href="/wiki/Biologi_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi laut">keragaman hayati</a> yang terdiri dari hewan-hewan besar dan kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinar hanya dapat menembus permukaan laut di atas 200 m, sehingga tumbuhan hanya dapat tumbuh di bagian ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bagian permukaan sering kali kekurangan komponen-komponen nitrogen yang aktif secara biologis. <a href="/wiki/Siklus_nitrogen" title="Siklus nitrogen">Siklus nitrogen</a> di laut terdiri dari proses transformasi mikrobial yang meliputi <a href="/wiki/Pengikatan_nitrogen" title="Pengikatan nitrogen">pengikatan nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asimilasi_nitrogen" title="Asimilasi nitrogen">asimilasi nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrifikasi" title="Nitrifikasi">nitrifikasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamoks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamoks (halaman belum tersedia)">anamoks</a>, dan denitrifikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa proses tersebut terjadi di laut dalam, sehingga pertumbuhan tumbuhan lebih besar di daerah yang mengalami <a href="/wiki/Pembalikan_massa_air" title="Pembalikan massa air">pembalikan massa air</a>, dan juga di daerah dekat <a href="/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari">muara</a> yang mengandung nutrien yang terbawa dari daratan. Maka dari itu, wilayah yang paling produktif, kaya akan plankton, dan juga kaya akan ikan umumnya terletak di daerah pesisir.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.160–63)</sup></span> </p><p><span id="Hewan"></span><span id="Zoologi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hewan_dan_kehidupan_lain">Hewan dan kehidupan lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Hewan dan kehidupan lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hewan dan kehidupan lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Zoologi_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologi laut">Zoologi laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG/200px-Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG/300px-Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG/400px-Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ikan_lepu_ayam" title="Ikan lepu ayam">Ikan lepu ayam</a> di dekat Pulau Banta, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg/200px-Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg/300px-Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg/400px-Tursiops_truncatus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lumba-lumba" title="Lumba-lumba">Lumba-lumba</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat beranekaragam hewan di laut, tetapi ada banyak spesies laut yang masih belum diketahui keberadaannya dan jumlah spesies yang telah ditemukan terus bertambah setiap tahunnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorne-Miller-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Burung_laut" title="Burung laut">burung laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinniped">anjing laut</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Penyu" title="Penyu">penyu</a> kembali ke daratan untuk berkembangbiak, tetapi ikan, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetacea</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ular_laut" title="Ular laut">ular laut</a> hanya hidup di laut, dan begitu pula berbagai <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata">invertebrata</a>. Samudra penuh dengan kehidupan dan memiliki banyak mikrohabitat yang beranekaragam.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorne-Miller-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu contohnya adalah lapisan permukaan yang menjadi tempat tinggal bakteri, <a href="/wiki/Fungi_laut" title="Fungi laut">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikroalga" title="Mikroalga">mikroalga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, telur ikan, dan berbagai larva, meskipun lapisan ini sering kali terombang-ambing oleh <a href="/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">ombak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zona_pelagik" title="Zona pelagik">Zona pelagik</a> dihuni oleh <a href="/wiki/Makrofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrofauna">makro</a>- dan <a href="/wiki/Mikrofauna" title="Mikrofauna">mikrofauna</a> dan banyak sekali <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> yang bergerak searah dengan arus. Kebanyakan organisme terkecil adalah larva ikan dan <a href="/wiki/Invertebrata_laut" title="Invertebrata laut">invertebrata laut</a> yang mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Telur_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telur (biologi)">telur</a> dalam jumlah besar karena kemungkinan embrio dapat bertahan sampai dewasa sangat kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zooplankton memakan fitoplankton dan zooplankton lainnya, dan merupakan bagian dasar dari rantai makanan yang kompleks: zooplankton dimakan oleh ikan dan organisme <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">nektonik</a> lain, dan lalu ikan dimangsa oleh hewan seperti <a href="/wiki/Hiu" title="Hiu">hiu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lumba-lumba" title="Lumba-lumba">lumba-lumba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa hewan laut melakukan migrasi, seperti migrasi musiman ke wilayah lain di samudra, atau migrasi harian secara vertikal untuk mencari makan di bagian atas pada malam hari dan lalu kembali ke bagian bawah untuk berlindung pada siang hari.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kapal-kapal juga dapat membawa atau menyebarkan <a href="/wiki/Spesies_invasif" title="Spesies invasif">spesies invasif</a> saat kapal-kapal tersebut mengeluarkan isi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballast&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballast (halaman belum tersedia)">ballast</a> atau dengan mengangkut organisme yang telah mengalami akumulasi di lambung kapal.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Osedax_frankpressi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Osedax_frankpressi.jpg/200px-Osedax_frankpressi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Osedax_frankpressi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Cacing-cacing <i><a href="/wiki/Osedax" title="Osedax">Osedax</a></i> yang menempel di sisa tulang belulang <a href="/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia)">paus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Zona demersal menopang kehidupan banyak hewan yang memakan organisme bentik atau yang mencari perlindungan dari para predator. Dasar laut menyediakan habitat di atas atau di bawah permukaan <a href="/wiki/Substrat_(biologi)" title="Substrat (biologi)">substrat</a> yang dipakai oleh organisme yang telah ber<a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> pada kondisi tersebut. <a href="/wiki/Mintakat_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintakat pasang surut">Mintakat pasang surut</a> yang terpapar udara secara berkala merupakan tempat tinggal <a href="/wiki/Teritip" title="Teritip">teritip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Krustasea" title="Krustasea">krustasea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zona_neritik" title="Zona neritik">Zona neritik</a> memiliki banyak organisme yang membutuhkan sinar untuk berkembang. Di sana, <i><a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Polychaeta" title="Polychaeta">Polychaeta</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Anemon_laut" title="Anemon laut">anemon laut</a>, dan invertebrata-invertebrata lainnya tinggal di bebatuan yang diselimuti alga. Karang sering kali dihuni oleh <a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">simbion-simbion</a> fotosintetik dan dapat ditemui di perairan dangkal yang dapat ditembus cahaya. Kerangka kapur yang dibentuk olehnya merupakan kenampakan dasar laut yang penting. Sementara itu, tidak banyak kehidupan di laut yang lebih dalam, tetapi kehidupan laut juga berkembang di sekitaran <a href="/wiki/Gunung_laut" title="Gunung laut">gunung laut</a>, tempat ikan dan hewan-hewan lainnya berkumpul dan mencari makan. <a href="/wiki/Ikan_demersal" title="Ikan demersal">Ikan demersal</a> tinggal di dekat dasar laut dan memangsa organisme pelagik atau invertebrata <a href="/wiki/Benthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthos">bentik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penjelajahan laut dalam sendiri telah menguak dunia baru yang sebelumnya tak pernah dilihat oleh para ilmuwan. Beberapa hewan seperti <a href="/wiki/Detritivora" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritivora">detritivora</a> bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Salju_laut" title="Salju laut">materi organik yang jatuh ke dasar samudra</a> ("salju laut"). Kehidupan lainnya berkumpul di sekitaran <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">ventilasi hidrotermal</a> di dasar laut, dan dari situ keluar air yang kaya akan mineral yang menopang berbagai macam organisme, dengan produsen primer berupa bakteri <a href="/wiki/Kemoautotrofik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemoautotrofik">kemoautotrofik</a> yang mengoksidasi sulfida, dan para konsumennya meliputi <i><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a></i> terspesialisasi, anemon laut, teritip, kepiting, cacing, dan ikan yang biasanya tidak dapat ditemui di tempat lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.212)</sup></span> Paus yang sudah mati dan tenggelam ke dasar samudra juga menjadi sumber makanan bagi sejumlah organisme yang turut bergantung pada bakteri pengoksidasi sulfur. Bangkai paus (termasuk kerangkanya yang kaya akan <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a>) menopang <a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">bioma</a>-bioma unik dengan banyak mikrob baru dan kehidupan-kehidupan lainnya yang belum ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Sejarah"></span><span id="sejarah"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manusia_dan_laut">Manusia dan laut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Manusia dan laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Manusia dan laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/220px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/330px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/440px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> kapal di <a href="/wiki/Candi_Borobudur" class="mw-redirect" title="Candi Borobudur">Candi Borobudur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/220px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/330px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg/440px-Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>Pada tanggal 12 Oktober 1492, penjelajah Italia <a href="/wiki/Kristoforus_Kolumbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristoforus Kolumbus">Kristoforus Kolumbus</a> berhasil "menemukan" <a href="/wiki/Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika">Benua Amerika</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Spanyol" title="Imperium Spanyol">Spanyol</a> (lukisan tahun 1893)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Astrolabe,_Strasbourg,_1466_AD,_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt,_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Astrolabe%2C_Strasbourg%2C_1466_AD%2C_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg/220px-Astrolabe%2C_Strasbourg%2C_1466_AD%2C_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Astrolabe%2C_Strasbourg%2C_1466_AD%2C_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg/330px-Astrolabe%2C_Strasbourg%2C_1466_AD%2C_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Astrolabe%2C_Strasbourg%2C_1466_AD%2C_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg/440px-Astrolabe%2C_Strasbourg%2C_1466_AD%2C_brass_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-DSC00536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span id="Navigasi"></span><span id="Penjelajahan"></span><span id="Eksplorasi"></span><span id="navigasi"></span><span id="penjelajahan"></span><span id="eksplorasi"></span><span id="Penjelajahan_laut_dalam"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_navigasi_dan_penjelajahan">Sejarah navigasi dan penjelajahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah navigasi dan penjelajahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah navigasi dan penjelajahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_navigasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah navigasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah navigasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kartografi" title="Sejarah kartografi">Sejarah kartografi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_maritim" title="Sejarah maritim">Sejarah maritim</a></div> <p>Manusia telah <a href="/wiki/Navigasi" title="Navigasi">menjelajahi</a> laut sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Prasejarah" title="Prasejarah">prasejarah</a>, biasanya dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Rakit" title="Rakit">rakit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perahu_lesung" title="Perahu lesung">perahu lesung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perahu_alang-alang" title="Perahu alang-alang">perahu alang-alang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kano" title="Kano">kano</a> dari kulit pohon. Sekitar tahun 3000 SM, bangsa <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> sudah mulai menyebar ke wilayah kepulauan di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matrilineality2003_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matrilineality2003-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kemudian, orang-orang "<a href="/wiki/Kebudayaan_Lapita" title="Kebudayaan Lapita">Lapita</a>" dari rumpun Austronesia menyebar luas di wilayah yang terbentang dari <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Bismarck" title="Kepulauan Bismarck">Kepulauan Bismarck</a> hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belwood1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belwood1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keturunan mereka <a href="/wiki/Navigasi_Polinesia" title="Navigasi Polinesia">mengarungi lautan sejauh ribuan kilometer</a> dari satu pulau ke pulau lainnya hanya dengan menggunakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kano" title="Kano">kano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dalam prosesnya mereka menemukan banyak pulau baru, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Paskah" title="Pulau Paskah">Pulau Paskah</a> (Rapa Nui), dan <a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir Kuno</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fenisia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fenisia">Fenisia</a> telah menjelajahi <a href="/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Merah" title="Laut Merah">Laut Merah</a>, sementara <a href="/wiki/Hannu" title="Hannu">Hannu</a> dari Mesir berhasil mencapai <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Arab" title="Semenanjung Arab">Semenanjung Arab</a> dan Pesisir Afrika sekitar tahun 2750 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada milenium pertama SM, bangsa Fenisia dan Yunani telah mendirikan koloni-koloni di pesisir <a href="/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekitar tahun 500 SM, seorang navigator <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a> yang bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanno_sang_Navigator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanno sang Navigator (halaman belum tersedia)">Hanno</a> menulis catatan perjalanannya yang menunjukkan bahwa ia paling tidak telah mencapai pesisir <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, atau mungkin malah hingga sejauh <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kamerun" title="Gunung Kamerun">Gunung Kamerun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_pertengahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad pertengahan">abad pertengahan awal</a>, bangsa <a href="/wiki/Viking" title="Viking">Viking</a> berhasil melintasi Samudra <a href="/wiki/Atlantik_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantik Utara">Atlantik Utara</a> hingga mencapai ujung timur laut benua <a href="/wiki/Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.12–13)</sup></span> Orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Republik_Novgorod" title="Republik Novgorod">Novgorod</a> juga telah berlayar di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Putih" title="Laut Putih">Laut Putih</a> dari abad ke-13 atau bahkan sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, laut beserta dengan pesisir Asia timur dan selatan dimanfaatkan oleh pedagang Arab dan Tionghoa.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming">Dinasti Ming</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a> bahkan memiliki armada yang terdiri dari 317 kapal dengan 37.000 awak yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Ho" title="Cheng Ho">Cheng Ho</a> pada awal abad ke-15; armada ini menjelajahi wilayah pesisir Samudra Hindia dan Pasifik.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.12–13)</sup></span> </p><p>Pada akhir abad ke-15, para pelaut Eropa Barat mulai mencari jalur dagang yang baru. <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> mengelilingi <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Harapan" title="Tanjung Harapan">Tanjung Harapan</a> pada tahun 1487 dan <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> mencapai India lewat tanjung tersebut pada tahun 1498. <a href="/wiki/Kristoforus_Kolumbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristoforus Kolumbus">Kristoforus Kolumbus</a> berlayar dari <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> pada tahun 1492 dalam upaya untuk mencapai wilayah India di timur dengan cara berlayar ke barat. Ia malah mendarat di sebuah pulau di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Karibia" title="Laut Karibia">Laut Karibia</a>, dan beberapa tahun kemudian seorang navigator <a href="/wiki/Republik_Venesia" title="Republik Venesia">Venesia</a> yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Caboto" title="Giovanni Caboto">Giovanni Caboto</a> berhasil mencapai <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. Penjelajah Italia <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, yang menjadi asal nama benua <a href="/wiki/Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>, menjelajahi pesisir Amerika Selatan dari tahun 1497 hingga 1502, dan ia juga menemukan mulut <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Amazon" title="Sungai Amazon">Sungai Amazon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.12–13)</sup></span> Pada tahun 1519, seorang navigator <a href="/wiki/Portugis" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis">Portugis</a> yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Magelhaens" title="Fernando de Magelhaens">Fernando de Magelhaens</a> memimpin ekspedisi pertama yang bertujuan mengelilingi dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.12–13)</sup></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/220px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/330px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/440px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Peta dunia karya <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> dari tahun 1569. Garis pantai <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Lama" title="Dunia Lama">Dunia Lama</a> digambarkan dengan cukup akurat, tetapi proyeksi untuk kawasan-kawasan di lintang tinggi menjadi terlalu besar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Terkait dengan sejarah alat navigasi, kompas pertama kali digunakan oleh orang Yunani dan Tionghoa kuno untuk menunjukkan orientasi utara dan mengetahui ke mana kapal mengarah. <a href="/wiki/Garis_lintang" title="Garis lintang">Garis lintang</a> ditentukan dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab">astrolab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongkat_Jacob" title="Tongkat Jacob">tongkat Jacob</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekstan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekstan (halaman belum tersedia)">sekstan</a>, sementara <a href="/wiki/Garis_bujur" title="Garis bujur">garis bujur</a> hanya dapat dihitung dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronometer_laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronometer laut (halaman belum tersedia)">kronometer</a> yang akurat untuk menunjukkan perbedaan waktu yang pasti antara kapal dengan titik yang telah ditentukan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Meridian_utama" title="Meridian utama">Meridian Greenwich</a>. Pada tahun 1759, seorang pembuat jam yang bernama <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> merancang alat semacam itu dan <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> menggunakan alat ini selama perjalanannya mengarungi samudra.<sup id="cite_ref-NavHist_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavHist-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kini <i><a href="/wiki/Sistem_Pemosisi_Global" title="Sistem Pemosisi Global">Sistem Pemosisi Global</a></i> (GPS) menggunakan lebih dari tiga puluh <a href="/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit">satelit</a> untuk memungkinkan navigasi secara akurat di seluruh dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-NavHist_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavHist-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terkait dengan peta yang juga sangat penting untuk navigasi, pada abad kedua, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus">Ptolemeus</a> telah memetakan wilayah-wilayah dunia yang dikenal pada masa itu, dari "<i><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Keberkahan" title="Pulau Keberkahan">Fortunatae Insulae</a></i>" (<a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Verde" title="Tanjung Verde">Tanjung Verde</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Kanari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Kanari">Kepulauan Kanari</a>) di barat hingga <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Thailand" title="Teluk Thailand">Teluk Thailand</a> di timur. Peta ini digunakan pada tahun 1492 oleh Kristoforus Kolumbus.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kemudian, <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> membuat peta dunia pada tahun 1538 dengan proyeksi yang meluruskan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_rhumb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis rhumb (halaman belum tersedia)">garis-garis rhumb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.12–13)</sup></span> sehingga menghasilkan proyeksi yang terlalu besar untuk wilayah-wilayah di lintang tinggi seperti wilayah <a href="/wiki/Artik" class="mw-redirect" title="Artik">Artik</a>. Pada abad ke-18, peta yang tersedia sudah lebih baik daripada sebelumnya, dan salah satu tujuan perjalanan <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> adalah untuk melakukan pemetaan lebih lanjut. Penelitian ilmiah berlanjut dengan pengukuran kedalaman oleh <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Tuscarora_(1861)" title="USS Tuscarora (1861)">Tuscarora</a></i>, penelitian samudra oleh <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Challenger" title="Ekspedisi Challenger">ekspedisi Challenger</a> (1872–1876), kiprah pelaut <a href="/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia">Skandinavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, ekspedisi <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sars" title="Michael Sars">Michael Sars</a> pada tahun 1910, <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Atlantik_Jerman" title="Ekspedisi Atlantik Jerman">ekspedisi Atlantik Jerman</a> pada tahun 1925, survei <i><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery_II" title="RRS Discovery II">Discovery II</a></i> di <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a> pada tahun 1932, dan seterusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, pada tahun 1921, didirikan <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Hidrografi_Internasional" title="Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional">Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional</a> yang merupakan badan yang kompeten dalam melakukan survei <a href="/wiki/Hidrografi" title="Hidrografi">hidrografi</a> dan pemetaan bahari.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_oseanografi_dan_penjelajahan_laut_dalam">Sejarah oseanografi dan penjelajahan laut dalam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah oseanografi dan penjelajahan laut dalam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah oseanografi dan penjelajahan laut dalam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg/300px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="487" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg/450px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg/600px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste_Piccard-Walsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a> (kiri) dan <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> (tengah) di dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batiskaf_Trieste&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Batiskaf Trieste (halaman belum tersedia)">batiskaf selam <i>Trieste</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi">Oseanografi</a> ilmiah bermula dari pelayaran Kapten James Cook dari tahun 1768 hingga 1779 yang mendeskripsikan Lautan Pasifik dari 71 derajat Selatan hingga 71 derajat Utara dengan tingkat ketelitian yang tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.14)</sup></span> Kronometer buatan <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> membantu navigasi dan pemetaan yang dilakukan oleh James Cook selama dua perjalanannya, dan keberhasilan ini lalu meningkatkan standar upaya-upaya penelitian berikutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.14)</sup></span> Ekspedisi-ekspedisi lainnya dilancarkan pada abad ke-19 oleh Rusia, Prancis, Belanda, Amerika Serikat, serta Britania Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.15)</sup></span> Kemudian, di atas <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> yang ditumpangi oleh <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> selama perjalanan yang memberikannya ilham untuk menulis buku <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, nakhoda kapalnya, <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>, memetakan lautan dan pesisir dan menerbitkan laporan yang terdiri dari empat volume mengenai tiga perjalanan kapal tersebut pada tahun 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.15)</sup></span> Buku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Forbes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Forbes (halaman belum tersedia)">Edward Forbes</a> dari tahun 1854 yang berjudul <i>Distribution of Marine Life</i> berpendapat bahwa kehidupan tidak bisa tumbuh di bawah kedalaman 600 meter, tetapi hal ini kemudian dibantah oleh ahli biologi Britania <a href="/wiki/W._B._Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="W. B. Carpenter">W. B. Carpenter</a> dan <a href="/wiki/C._Wyville_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Wyville Thomson">C. Wyville Thomson</a> yang menemukan kehidupan di laut dalam dengan metode pengerukan pada tahun 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.15)</sup></span> Wyville Thompson lalu menjadi kepala ilmuwan ekspedisi Challenger pada 1872–1876, yang menjadi perintis ilmu oseanografi.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.15)</sup></span> </p><p>Dalam perjalanan keliling dunia sepanjang 68.890 mil laut (127.580&#160;km), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Challenger_(1858)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Challenger (1858) (halaman belum tersedia)">HMS Challenger</a></i> menemukan sekitar 4.700 spesies laut baru, dan juga melakukan 492 <a href="/wiki/Pemeruman" title="Pemeruman">pemeruman</a> laut dalam, 133 pengerukan dasar laut, 151 pemukatan perairan lepas, dan 263 pengamatan suhu air.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di Samudra Atlantik Selatan pada tahun 1898/1899, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Chun" title="Carl Chun">Carl Chun</a> di atas <i>Valdivia</i> menemukan banyak bentuk kehidupan baru dari kedalaman yang melebihi 4.000 m. Pengamatan hewan laut dalam di lingkungan alami mereka pertama kali dilakukan pada tahun 1930 oleh <a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otis_Barton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otis Barton (halaman belum tersedia)">Otis Barton</a> yang turun hingga kedalaman 434 m dengan menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batisfer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Batisfer (halaman belum tersedia)">batisfer</a> yang terbuat dari baja.<sup id="cite_ref-jrank_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrank-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kemudian, pada tahun 1960, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">batiskaf selam</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batiskaf_Trieste&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Batiskaf Trieste (halaman belum tersedia)">Trieste</a></i> yang berhasil membawa <a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a> dan Jacques Piccard ke dasar <a href="/wiki/Palung_Mariana" title="Palung Mariana">Palung Mariana</a> di Samudra Pasifik dan mencapai rekor kedalaman 10.915 m.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pencapaian yang sama baru terulang pada tahun 2012 ketika <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> mengemudikan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deepsea_Challenger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deepsea Challenger (halaman belum tersedia)">Deepsea Challenger</a></i> ke kedalaman serupa.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakaian_selam_atmosfer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakaian selam atmosfer (halaman belum tersedia)">Pakaian selam atmosfer</a> dapat dikenakan untuk menjelajahi dasar laut, dan rekor dunia untuk penjelajahan terdalam dengan menggunakan pakaian ini dicetak pada tahun 2006 ketika seorang penyelam Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat mencapai kedalaman 610 m.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di laut dalam, sinar matahari tidak dapat tembus dan tekanannya sangat tinggi. Untuk menjelajahi laut dalam, diperlukan kendaraan-kendaraan khusus, baik itu kendaraan bawah laut yang dikendalikan dari jauh dan dlengkapi dengan pencahayaan dan kamera, atau kendaraan selam yang dapat ditumpangi awak. Kendaraan selam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir_(kendaraan_selam)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir (kendaraan selam) (halaman belum tersedia)">Mir</a></i> dapat ditumpangi oleh tiga awak dan turun hingga kedalaman 6.000 m. Kendaraan tersebut dilengkapi dengan cahaya 5.000 watt, perlengkapan video, dan lengan mekanik untuk mengumpulkan sampel atau memasang alat peneliti.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Batimetri" title="Batimetri">Batimetri</a> adalah pemetaan dan pengkajian <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a> dasar lautan. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur kedalaman laut meliputi <a href="/wiki/Perum_gema" class="mw-redirect" title="Perum gema">perum gema</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_airborne_depth_sounder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser airborne depth sounder (halaman belum tersedia)">laser airborne depth sounder</a></i>, atau penghitungan kedalaman dari data <a href="/wiki/Penginderaan_jauh" class="mw-redirect" title="Penginderaan jauh">penginderaan jauh</a> dari satelit. Informasi ini digunakan untuk menentukan rute kabel dan pipa bawah laut, untuk menentukan lokasi anjungan lepas pantai yang sesuai, dan untuk mencari tempat penangkapan ikan yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penelitian oseanografi yang sedang berlangsung saat ini adalah penelitian kehidupan laut, konservasi, lingkungan laut, kimia laut, dinamika iklim dan permodelannya, batas udara-laut, pola cuaca, sumber daya laut, energi terbarukan, ombak dan arus, serta perancangan dan pengembangan alat-alat dan teknologi-teknologi baru untuk meneliti laut dalam.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada era 1960-an dan 1970-an, penelitian berfokus pada taksonomi dan biologi dasar, tetapi pada era 2010-an perhatian telah teralih ke topik-topik besar seperti <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Untuk mengumpulkan data lapisan permukaan, para peneliti dapat memanfaatkan penginderaan jauh dari satelit, tetapi untuk memperoleh data dari laut dalam diperlukan pengukuran yang dilakukan secara <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, seperti kapal penelitian, alat pengamatan yang ditambatkan, serta kendaraan bawah laut.<sup id="cite_ref-NOC_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOC-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="Perkapalan"></span><span id="perdagangan"></span><span id="perkapalan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perjalanan">Perjalanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Perjalanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perjalanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RMS_Titanic_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/RMS_Titanic_3.jpg/220px-RMS_Titanic_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/RMS_Titanic_3.jpg/330px-RMS_Titanic_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/RMS_Titanic_3.jpg/440px-RMS_Titanic_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>, kapal penumpang raksasa yang tenggelam di Samudra Atlantik Utara pada tanggal 15 April 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Kapal layar atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal_paket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapal paket (halaman belum tersedia)">kapal paket</a> mengangkut surat ke seberang laut. Salah satu kapal paket pertama berlayar dari Belanda ke <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Hindia_Belanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavia, Hindia Belanda">Batavia</a> pada tahun 1670-an.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penumpang boleh naik, tetapi kondisi di dalam kapal tidak layak. Pelayaran penumpang terjadwal kemudian berkembang, tetapi waktu pelayarannya tergantung cuaca. Ketika kapal uap menggantikan kapal layar, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_samudra" title="Kapal samudra">kapal samudra</a> menjelma sebagai kapal penumpang. Pada awal abad ke-20, pelayaran lintas Atlantik memakan lima hari. Banyak perusahaan kapal berlomba-lomba membuat kapal terbesar dan tercepat. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Riband&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Riband (halaman belum tersedia)">Blue Riband</a> adalah penghargaan tak resmi yang dipersembahkan kepada kapal tercepat yang melintasi Atlantik dengan jadwal rutin. <i><a href="/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)" title="RMS Mauretania (1906)">Mauretania</a></i> memegang rekor kecepatan 26,06 knot (48,26&#160;km/jam) selama dua puluh tahun sejak 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hales Trophy, penghargaan pelayaran komersial tercepat melintasi Atlantik, dimenangkan oleh <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_United_States&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SS United States (halaman belum tersedia)">United States</a></i> pada tahun 1952 dengan masa berlayar 3 hari 10 jam 40 menit.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kapal samudra nyaman, tetapi bahan bakar dan stafnya memakan biaya yang besar. Masa kejayaan kapal penumpang lintas Atlantik berakhir seiring murahnya biaya penerbangan lintas benua. Pada tahun 1958, penerbangan rutin antara New York dan Paris dengan masa tempuh tujuh jam mengguncang industri kapal penumpang transatlantik. Kapal demi kapal dipensiunkan. Beberapa kapal diloakkan dan sisanya dijadikan kapal pesiar untuk industri pelancongan dan hotel mengapung.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, laut masih menjadi pilihan bagi <a href="/wiki/Pengungsi" title="Pengungsi">pengungsi</a> yang menaiki perahu taklayak. Mereka biasanya membayar <a href="/wiki/Penyelundupan_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyelundupan manusia">penyelundup</a> agar bisa berlayar. Ada yang mengungsi karena berlindung dari penindasan dan ada pula yang mengungsi karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migran_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Migran ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">mencari penghidupan layak</a> di luar negeri..<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rekreasi">Rekreasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Rekreasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rekreasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pelayaran" title="Pelayaran">Pelayaran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Memancing" title="Memancing">Memancing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Buzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Buzo.jpg/220px-Buzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Buzo.jpg/330px-Buzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Buzo.jpg/440px-Buzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Gambar seorang penyelam lengkap dengan masker selam, tabung oksigen, dan kaki katak</figcaption></figure> <p>Pemanfaatan laut untuk rekreasi dan wisata sudah dimulai pada abad ke-19, dan lalu menjadi industri yang besar pada abad ke-20.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terdapat berbagai macam aktivitas rekreasi di laut, seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balap_perahu_motor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balap perahu motor (halaman belum tersedia)">balap perahu motor</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Memancing" title="Memancing">memancing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> naik <a href="/wiki/Kapal_pesiar" title="Kapal pesiar">kapal pesiar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> serta kegiatan <a href="/wiki/Pariwisata_ekologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariwisata ekologi">pariwisata ekologi</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melihat_paus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Melihat paus (halaman belum tersedia)">melihat paus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengamati_burung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mengamati burung (halaman belum tersedia)">mengamati burung laut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak manusia yang senang bermain, berendam, atau bersantai di pantai. Namun, berendam di laut baru mulai menjadi kegiatan yang populer di Eropa pada abad ke-18 setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Buchan_(dokter)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Buchan (dokter) (halaman belum tersedia)">Dr. William Buchan</a> menganjurkannya demi kesehatan.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Selancar" title="Selancar">selancar</a> adalah olahraga menaiki sebilah papan untuk bermanuver di atas ombak. Olahraga laut lainnya meliputi <a href="/wiki/Selancar_layang" title="Selancar layang">selancar layang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Selancar_angin" title="Selancar angin">selancar angin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Ski_air" title="Ski air">ski air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Selam_bebas" title="Selam bebas">Selam bebas</a> merupakan olahraga yang mencoba mencapai kedalaman tanpa alat bantu pernapasan. <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_mutiara" title="Perburuan mutiara">Para pemburu mutiara</a> tradisional biasanya menyemiri kulit mereka dengan minyak, memasukkan kapas ke dalam telinga mereka, menjepit hidup mereka, dan lalu menyelam sedalam 12 m dengan keranjang untuk mengumpulkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiram_mutiara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiram mutiara (halaman belum tersedia)">tiram mutiara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mata manusia tidak cocok untuk digunakan di bawah air, tetapi penglihatan dapat ditunjang dengan memakai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masker_selam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Masker selam (halaman belum tersedia)">masker selam</a>. Alat-alat lainnya yang juga berguna untuk melakukan selam bebas adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaki_katak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaki katak (halaman belum tersedia)">kaki katak</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snorkel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Snorkel (halaman belum tersedia)">snorkel</a>. Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Alat_bantu_pernapasan_bawah_air" title="Alat bantu pernapasan bawah air">alat bantu pernapasan bawah air</a> memungkinkan penapasan di kedalaman selama berjam-jam.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, para penyelam dibatasi oleh menguatnya tekanan semakin dalam mereka menyelam, dan mereka harus menghindari <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_dekompresi" title="Penyakit dekompresi">penyakit dekompresi</a> saat kembali ke permukaan. Penyelam yang hanya ingin berekreasi disarankan untuk tetap berada di atas kedalaman 30 m, karena jika mereka menyelam lebih dalam dapat terserang <a href="/wiki/Narkosis_nitrogen" title="Narkosis nitrogen">narkosis nitrogen</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyelaman_laut_dalam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyelaman laut dalam (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyelaman yang lebih dalam</a> dari penyelaman rekreasional sendiri hanya dapat dilakukan dengan alat dan pelatihan khusus.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perdagangan">Perdagangan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perdagangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perkapalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkapalan">Perkapalan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan">Perdagangan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shipping_routes_red_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/220px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/330px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/440px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Peta yang menunjukkan kepadatan relatif pada rute perkapalan komersial di seluruh dunia</figcaption></figure> <p>Perdagangan laut sudah ada selama beberapa milenium. <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Ptolemaik" title="Dinasti Ptolemaik">Wangsa Ptolemaios</a> berdagang dengan India dengan menggunakan pelabuhan-pelabuhan di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Merah" title="Laut Merah">Laut Merah</a>, sementara pada milenium pertama SM orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-disambig" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenisia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fenisia">Fenisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bani_Israil" title="Bani Israil">Bani Israil</a>, dan India memperdagangkan barang-barang mewah seperti <a href="/wiki/Rempah-rempah" title="Rempah-rempah">rempah-rempah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, dan batu-batu mulia.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang-orang Fenisia dikenal sebagai pedagang yang ulung, dan pada masa <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Romawi" class="mw-disambig" title="Romawi">Romawi</a> perdagangan terus berkembang. Meskipun perdagangan di Eropa sempat mengalami kemunduran akibat runtuhnya <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a>, perdagangan masih berkembang di wilayah-wilayah lainnya seperti Afrika, Timur Tengah, India, Tiongkok, dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat ini, banyak barang yang diangkut lewat laut, khususnya lewat Samudra Atlantik dan di sekitaran <a href="/wiki/Lingkar_Pasifik" title="Lingkar Pasifik">Lingkar Pasifik</a>. Rute perdagangan besar melintasi <a href="/wiki/Pilar-Pilar_Herkules" title="Pilar-Pilar Herkules">Pilar-Pilar Herkules</a>, Laut Tengah, <a href="/wiki/Terusan_Suez" title="Terusan Suez">Terusan Suez</a>, Samudra Hindia, dan <a href="/wiki/Selat_Malaka" title="Selat Malaka">Selat Malaka</a>; banyak kapal dagang yang juga melewati <a href="/wiki/Selat_Inggris" title="Selat Inggris">Selat Inggris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jalur-jalur perkapalan dipakai oleh kapal-kapal muatan, yang memanfaatkan arus dan angin. Lebih dari 60% lalu lintas kapal kontainer dunia melewati dua puluh rute dagang utama.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Peningkatan pelelehan es di Artik sejak tahun 2007 juga membuat kapal-kapal dapat melewati <a href="/wiki/Perlintasan_Barat_Laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Perlintasan Barat Laut">Perlintasan Barat Laut</a> selama beberapa minggu pada musim panas, sehingga kapal-kapal ini dapat menghindari rute-rute lain yang lebih panjang (seperti rute lewat <a href="/wiki/Terusan_Panama" title="Terusan Panama">Terusan Panama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Secara keseluruhan, nilai barang yang diangkut lewat laut diperkirakan melebihi US$4 triliun setiap tahunnya.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat dua jenis muatan, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Bahan_curah" title="Bahan curah">muatan curah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kargo_breakbulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargo breakbulk">muatan <i>break bulk</i></a> atau muatan umum. <a href="/wiki/Komoditas" title="Komoditas">Komoditas</a>-komoditas dalam bentuk cair, bubuk, atau partikel diangkut dalam <a href="/wiki/Kapal_muatan_curah" title="Kapal muatan curah">kapal muatan curah</a> dan meliputi minyak, gandum, batubara, <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a>, logam bekas, pasir, dan kerikil. Muatan <i>break bulk</i> biasanya terdiri dari barang-barang jadi dan diangkut dalam kemasan-kemasan yang sering kali diletakkan di atas <a href="/wiki/Palet" title="Palet">palet</a>. Sebelum terjadinya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontainerisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontainerisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">kontainerisasi</a> pada era 1950-an, barang-barang dimuat, diangkut, dan dikeluarkan sedikit demi sedikit.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pemakaian <a href="/wiki/Kontainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontainer">kontainer</a> sangat meningkatkan efisiensi dan mengurangi biaya pengangkutan,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan kini kebanyakan muatan dipindahkan dengan menggunakan kontainer yang dapat dikunci dan berukuran standar yang diangkut di kapal-<a href="/wiki/Kapal_kontainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapal kontainer">kapal kontainer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauerbier_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauerbier-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sauerbier_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauerbier-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Pangan"></span><span id="pangan"></span><span id="Makanan"></span><span id="makanan"></span><span id="Makanan_laut"></span><span id="makanan_laut"></span><span id="perikanan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perikanan">Perikanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Perikanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perikanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Makanan_laut" title="Makanan laut">Makanan laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perikanan" title="Perikanan">Perikanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan">Budi daya perairan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Perburuan_paus" title="Perburuan paus">Perburuan paus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Negombo4(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/220px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/330px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/440px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2969" /></a><figcaption>Kapal nelayan di Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_Brixham_trawler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Brixham_trawler.jpg/220px-A_Brixham_trawler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Brixham_trawler.jpg/330px-A_Brixham_trawler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Brixham_trawler.jpg/440px-A_Brixham_trawler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kapal_Brixham" title="Kapal Brixham">Kapal-kapal pukat Brixham</a> pada abad ke-19</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chilean_purse_seine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chilean_purse_seine.jpg/220px-Chilean_purse_seine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chilean_purse_seine.jpg/330px-Chilean_purse_seine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chilean_purse_seine.jpg/440px-Chilean_purse_seine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Sekitar 400 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> ikan <a href="/wiki/Makerel" title="Makerel">makerel</a> sedang diangkat dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Pukat_cincin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukat cincin">pukat cincin</a> di perairan <a href="/wiki/Perikanan_di_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Perikanan di Peru">Peru</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ikan dan produk perikanan lainnya merupakan sumber protein dan nutrien-nutrien lainnya yang diperlukan demi keseimbangan nutrisi.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2009, 16,6% dari asupan protein hewani dan 6,5% dari asupan protein di seluruh dunia diperoleh dari ikan.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang besar ini, negara-negara pesisir memanfaatkan sumber daya laut di <a href="/wiki/Zona_ekonomi_eksklusif" title="Zona ekonomi eksklusif">zona ekonomi eksklusif</a>, tetapi kapal-kapal nelayan juga semakin banyak yang pergi menangkap ikan di perairan internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenFacts_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenFacts-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2011, jumlah produksi ikan dunia (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Akuakultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Akuakultur">akuakultur</a>) diperkirakan mencapai 154&#160;juta ton, kebanyakan untuk dikonsumsi oleh manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekitar 90 juta ton dari antaranya diperoleh dari penangkapan ikan di alam bebas, sementara sisanya berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan">budi daya perairan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kawasan yang paling produktif adalah Samudra Pasifik Barat Laut dengan jumlah tangkapan sebesar 20,9 juta ton (27% tangkapan laut global) pada tahun 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, pada tahun 2010, diperkirakan terdapat 4,36 juta kapal penangkap ikan di seluruh dunia, dan sektor perikanan juga menjadi mata pencaharian bagi 54,8 juta orang di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jika digabung dengan pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang terkait dengan perikanan, seperti pemrosesan, pemasaran, distribusi, pembuatan alat penangkap ikan, produksi es, pembangunan kapal, atau penelitian, diperkirakan perikanan secara keseluruhan menunjang kehidupan sekitar 660-820 juta orang atau 10-12% populasi dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa jenis <a href="/wiki/Kapal_penangkap_ikan" title="Kapal penangkap ikan">kapal penangkap ikan</a> modern adalah <a href="/wiki/Kapal_pukat" title="Kapal pukat">kapal pukat hela</a>, kapal <a href="/wiki/Pukat_tarik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukat tarik">pukat tarik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawai" title="Rawai">kapal rawai</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Kapal_pemrosesan_ikan" title="Kapal pemrosesan ikan">kapal pemrosesan ikan</a> yang dapat berada di lautan selama berminggu-minggu dan membekukan dan memroses banyak sekali ikan. Peralatan yang biasanya digunakan untuk menangkap ikan adalah <a href="/wiki/Pukat_cincin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukat cincin">pukat cincin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pukat" title="Pukat">pukat-pukat lainnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaring_insang" title="Jaring insang">jaring insang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rawai" title="Rawai">tali pancing panjang</a>. Sementara itu, jenis ikan yang paling sering ditangkap adalah <a href="/wiki/Haring" class="mw-redirect" title="Haring">haring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikan_kod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikan kod">kod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teri" title="Teri">teri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikan_sebelah" title="Ikan sebelah">ikan sebelah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Belanak">belanak</a>, cumi-cumi, dan <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-earthtimes_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthtimes-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, penangkapan ikan secara berlebihan telah menjadi permasalahan yang serius. Overeksploitasi tidak hanya berdampak terhadap ikan yang ditangkap, tetapi juga terhadap predator-predator besar.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers2003_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers2003-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hasil kajian Myers &amp; Worm yang diterbitkan di jurnal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> pada tahun 2003 menunjukkan bahwa perikanan yang terindustrialisasi umumnya mengurangi <a href="/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa">biomassa</a> komunitas sebesar 80% dalam kurun waktu 15 tahun setelah dimulainya eksploitasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers2003_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers2003-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Untuk menghindari overeksploitasi, banyak negara yang telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuota&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuota (halaman belum tersedia)">kuota</a> penangkapan di perairan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-earthtimes_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthtimes-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, upaya untuk memulihkan sektor perikanan dapat mengakibatkan penurunan hasil tangkapan dan keuntungan nelayan, sehingga banyak negara yang enggan mengambil tindakan yang tidak populer seperti ini.<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun begitu, hasil penelitian yang diterbitkan di jurnal <i>Nature</i> pada April 2018 menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara dapat memulihkan sektor perikanan mereka dengan mengganyang <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_ilegal" title="Penangkapan ikan ilegal">penangkapan ikan ilegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut hasil penelitian tersebut, semenjak <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Kelautan_dan_Perikanan" class="mw-disambig" title="Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan">Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan</a> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Indonesia">Republik Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Susi_Pudjiastuti" title="Susi Pudjiastuti">Susi Pudjiastuti</a> mengalakkan kebijakan yang agresif dalam memberantas kapal-kapal penangkap ikan ilegal, upaya tangkap berkurang sebesar 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, kebijakan ini juga berpotensi meningkatkan jumlah tangkapan sebesar 14% dan keuntungan sebesar 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dengan mengambil langkah semacam ini, ekonomi dan persediaan pangan setempat tidak perlu dikorbankan demi proses pemulihan.<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg/220px-F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg/330px-F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg/440px-F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk_havbrug.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Tempat budi daya <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> di perairan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestmanna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestmanna (halaman belum tersedia)">Vestmanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Faroe" title="Kepulauan Faroe">Kepulauan Faroe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sekitar 79 juta ton produk makanan dan non-makanan juga dihasilkan dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan">budi daya perairan</a> pada tahun 2010. Terdapat sekitar 600 spesies air yang dibudidayakan, termasuk produksi untuk memberi makan populasi di alam bebas. Hewan-hewan yang dibudidayakan termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikan_bersirip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikan bersirip (halaman belum tersedia)">ikan bersirip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krustasea" title="Krustasea">krustasea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teripang" title="Teripang">teripang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulu_babi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulu babi">bulu babi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ubur-ubur" title="Ubur-ubur">ubur-ubur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faofisheries_171-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keuntungan budi daya dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Marikultur" title="Marikultur">marikultur</a> adalah ketersediaan makanan berupa plankton, dan limbah dari proses budi daya juga tersingkirkan secara alami.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terdapat beberapa metode yang digunakan. Mata jaring terapung dapat digunakan untuk ikan bersirip di laut terbuka, sementara <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_ikan#Kandang" title="Budi daya ikan">kandang</a> dapat dipakai di perairan yang lebih terlindungi atau kolam yang dapat disegarkan dengan air setiap kali terjadi pasang naik. <a href="/wiki/Tambak_udang" title="Tambak udang">Udang</a> dapat dibudidayakan di kolam-kolam dangkal yang terhubung dengan laut terbuka.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tali rentang dapat dipasang di air untuk membudidayakan alga, <a href="/wiki/Tiram" title="Tiram">tiram</a>, dan kerang. Teripang dapat diternak di dasar perairan.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Program pengembangbiakkan di penangkaran juga telah membesarkan <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a> yang kemudian dilepaskan ke alam bebas, sehingga menambah tangkapan lobster di <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, terdapat paling tidak 145 spesies rumput laut yang dikonsumsi di seluruh dunia, dan beberapa telah lama dibudidayakan di Jepang dan negara-negara Asia lainnya; selain itu, terdapat pula potensi yang besar dalam mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Algakultur" title="Algakultur">algakultur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terkait dengan tumbuhan-tumbuhan berbunga di laut, tidak banyak yang dijadikan makanan, tetapi salah satu contohnya adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Salicornia_europaea" title="Salicornia europaea">Salicornia europaea</a></i> yang dapat dimakan mentah maupun matang.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu kesulitan terbesar dalam melakukan budi daya perairan adalah kecenderungan monokultur dan risiko dari penyebaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_dan_parasit_ikan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit dan parasit ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">penyakit</a>. Pada era 1990-an, wabah penyakit mengakibatkan kematian massal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapis_farrer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapis farrer (halaman belum tersedia)">kapis farrer</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udang_putih_tiongkok&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Udang putih tiongkok (halaman belum tersedia)">udang putih</a>, sehingga mereka harus digantikan oleh spesies yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, budi daya perairan juga dapat berdampak terhadap lingkungan; contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_udang" title="Budi daya udang">budi daya udang</a> menyebabkan kehancuran hutan-<a href="/wiki/Hutan_bakau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutan bakau">hutan bakau</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="hukum"></span><span id="Hukum_laut"></span><span id="hukum_laut"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum">Hukum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hukum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum laut (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png/400px-Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png/600px-Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png/800px-Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Peta <a href="/wiki/Zona_Ekonomi_Eksklusif" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif">Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif</a> di <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasifik" title="Samudra Pasifik">Samudra Pasifik</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum laut (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum laut</a> adalah bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Hukum_internasional" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional</a> yang mengatur isu-isu maritim. Pada tahun 1609, seorang ahli hukum yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> menulis sebuah risalah yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Liberum" title="Mare Liberum">Mare Liberum</a></i>. Risalah ini menyampaikan argumen-argumen yang mendukung <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_laut" title="Kebebasan laut">kebebasan laut</a>, yaitu konsep yang menyatakan bahwa laut bebas digunakan oleh semua dan tidak ada yang boleh melarang negara lain menggunakannya.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek" title="Cornelius van Bynkershoek">Cornelius van Bynkershoek</a> lalu mengembangkan gagasan yang menyatakan bahwa negara memiliki hak atas perairan yang terletak bersebelahan dengan wilayah pesisirnya.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurutnya, wilayah perairan suatu negara terbentang hingga sejauh mana meriam di daratan dapat menjangkau.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia1923_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia1923-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada masa ketika ia mengeluarkan pernyataan tersebut, jangkauan maksimal meriam di daratan adalah 3 mil laut (5.556 m),<sup id="cite_ref-columbia1923_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia1923-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sehingga negara-negara maritim pun mulai menetapkan <a href="/wiki/Batas_tiga_mil" title="Batas tiga mil">batas tiga mil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia1923_186-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia1923-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, klaim sepihak Presiden <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> atas <a href="/wiki/Minyak_dan_gas_lepas_pesisir_di_Teluk_Meksiko_AS" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyak dan gas lepas pesisir di Teluk Meksiko AS">cadangan minyak</a> di <a href="/wiki/Landas_benua" class="mw-redirect" title="Landas benua">landas benua</a> Amerika pada tahun 1945<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mengakhiri tatanan yang berlaku sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-unclosehistory_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unclosehistory-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kemudian, diadakan tiga putaran konferensi <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> tentang Hukum Laut yang merombak hukum maritim internasional, tetapi Amerika Serikat masih belum meratifikasi perjanjian yang dihasilkan oleh konferensi-konferensi tersebut. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_tentang_Hukum_Laut" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut">Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut</a> (<i>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</i>, disingkat UNCLOS) mulai berlaku pada tahun 1994, setelah <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> menjadi negara ke-60 yang me<a href="/wiki/Ratifikasi" title="Ratifikasi">ratifikasi</a> perjanjian tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-unclosehistory_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unclosehistory-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pasal 87(1) Konvensi tersebut menyatakan bahwa "<a href="/wiki/Perairan_internasional" title="Perairan internasional">laut lepas</a> terbuka untuk semua negara, baik negara pantai atau <a href="/wiki/Negara_terkurung_daratan" title="Negara terkurung daratan">terkurung daratan</a>", dan pasal ini juga berisi contoh-contoh kebebasan laut lepas yang meliputi <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_berlayar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebebasan berlayar">kebebasan berlayar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_penerbangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebebasan penerbangan">penerbangan</a>, pemasangan <a href="/wiki/Kabel_komunikasi_bawah_laut" title="Kabel komunikasi bawah laut">kabel bawah laut</a>, pembangunan pulau-pulau buatan, <a href="#Perikanan">perikanan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi">penelitian ilmiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konvensi ini memperluas <a href="/wiki/Laut_teritorial" title="Laut teritorial">laut teritorial</a> hingga jarak 12 <a href="/wiki/Mil_laut" title="Mil laut">mil laut</a> (22,2&#160;km) dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_pangkal_(laut)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis pangkal (laut) (halaman belum tersedia)">garis pangkal</a> yang umumnya merupakan (tetapi tidak selalu sama dengan) garis air rendah. "Perairan internal" sendiri terletak dari garis pangkal ke arah daratan dan sepenuhnya dikendalikan oleh negara pantai. Di sisi lain, "zona tambahan" terletak hingga sejauh 12 <a href="/wiki/Mil_laut" title="Mil laut">mil laut</a> dari laut teritorial, dan di sini negara dapat melakukan <a href="/wiki/Pengejaran_seketika" title="Pengejaran seketika">pengejaran seketika</a> terhadap kapal-kapal yang dinyatakan melanggar hukum bea cukai, perpajakan, imigrasi, atau polusi di laut teritorial. Selain itu, "<a href="/wiki/Zona_ekonomi_eksklusif" title="Zona ekonomi eksklusif">zona ekonomi eksklusif</a>" atau ZEE terletak sejauh 200 mil laut dari garis pangkal dan memberikan hak untuk mengeksploitasi kehidupan laut dan mineral kepada negara pantai. Sementara itu, dalam ranah hukum, "landas benua" dianggap sebagai dasar laut atau tanah di bawahnya "yang terletak di luar laut teritorialnya sepanjang kelanjutan alamiah wilayah daratannya hingga pinggiran luar tepi kontinen, atau hingga suatu jarak 200 mil laut dari garis pangkal darimana lebar laut teritorial diukur".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Negara pantai berhak untuk mengeksploitasi sumber daya alam di landas benua.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="Angkatan_laut"></span><span id="angkatan_laut"></span><span id="Perang_angkatan_laut"></span><span id="perang_angkatan_laut"></span><span id="Perang_laut"></span><span id="perang_laut"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang">Perang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Perang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/220px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/330px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/440px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah kapal <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Bizantium</a> menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Api_Yunani" title="Api Yunani">api Yunani</a> untuk menyerang kapal pemberontak pada abad ke-9</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang laut">Perang laut</a></div> <p>Kendali atas laut merupakan hal yang penting untuk menjaga keamanan suatu negara maritim, dan <a href="/wiki/Blokade" title="Blokade">blokade</a> terhadap pelabuhan dapat menghentikan pasokan makanan dan barang-barang lainnya. Pertempuran telah berkecamuk di lautan selama lebih dari 3.000 tahun. Sekitar tahun 1210 SM, Raja <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Het" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Het">Het</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a> berhasil mengalahkan dan membakar armada dari <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> modern).<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Salamis" title="Pertempuran Salamis">Pertempuran Salamis</a> pada tahun 480 SM, <a href="/wiki/Themistokles" title="Themistokles">Themistokles</a> mampu menjebak armada Persia yang jauh lebih besar jumlahnya di sebuah selat yang sempit, dan akhirnya berhasil menghancurkan 200 kapal Persia dengan mengorbankan 40 kapal Yunani.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu pertempuran laut lain yang terkenal berlangsung pada tahun 1805, ketika armada Inggris yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> berhasil mengalahkan kekuatan armada gabungan Prancis dan Spanyol dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Trafalgar" title="Pertempuran Trafalgar">Pertempuran Trafalgar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6292" data-file-height="4552" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan karya <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Claesz_van_Wieringen" title="Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen">Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen</a> yang menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Gibraltar_(1607)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Gibraltar (1607)">Pertempuran Gibraltar (1607)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/220px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/330px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/440px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6404" data-file-height="4543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serangan_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan Pearl Harbor">Serangan Pearl Harbor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan industri, kapal-kapal perang menjadi semakin mutakhir dengan daya tembak yang semakin besar. Pada tahun 1905, armada Jepang berhasil mengalahkan armada Rusia yang telah berkelana sejauh 18.000 mil laut (33.000&#160;km) dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Tsushima" title="Pertempuran Tsushima">Pertempuran Tsushima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1906, Britania Raya mulai menggunakan kapal <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> yang baru saja selesai dibangun. Kapal yang dikenal akan senapan-senapan raksasanya ini memicu <a href="/wiki/Perlombaan_senjata_laut_Inggris-Jerman" title="Perlombaan senjata laut Inggris-Jerman">perlombaan senjata laut yang sengit</a> di antara Britania Raya dengan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jerman" title="Kekaisaran Jerman">Kekaisaran Jerman</a>, dan kemudian negara-negara lain juga ikut membuat kapal <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a> mereka sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kapal semacam ini baru digunakan untuk berperang dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Jutland" title="Pertempuran Jutland">Pertempuran Jutland</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Pertama" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia Pertama">Perang Dunia Pertama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada masa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, kemenangan besar Britania dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Taranto" title="Pertempuran Taranto">Pertempuran Taranto</a> tahun 1940 menunjukkan pentingnya kekuatan udara di laut untuk mengalahkan kapal-kapal perang raksasa.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, pertempuran-pertempuran laut besar yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Teater Pasifik</a> (seperti <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Laut_Karang" title="Pertempuran Laut Karang">Pertempuran Laut Karang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Midway" title="Pertempuran Midway">Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Laut_Filipina" title="Pertempuran Laut Filipina">Laut Filipina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Teluk_Leyte" title="Pertempuran Teluk Leyte">Teluk Leyte</a>) didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Kapal_induk" title="Kapal induk">kapal-kapal induk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kapal selam mulai menjadi bagian yang penting dalam peperangan di laut setelah kapal-kapal selam Jerman yang dijuluki <a href="/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot">U-Boot</a> menenggelamkan hampir 5.000 kapal pedagang milik negara-negara Sekutu,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> termasuk kapal <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> yang menjadi faktor yang mendorong <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> bergabung dengan pihak Sekutu selama Perang Dunia I.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada masa Perang Dunia II, hampir 3.000 kapal Sekutu ditenggelamkan oleh U-Boot yang mencoba menghentikan pengiriman persediaan ke Britania,<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi Sekutu berhasil mematahkan blokade ini dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Atlantik" title="Pertempuran Atlantik">Pertempuran Atlantik</a> dan menenggelamkan 783 U-Boot.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Semenjak tahun 1960, beberapa negara telah memiliki armada <a href="/wiki/Kapal_selam_misil_balistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapal selam misil balistik">kapal selam misil balistik</a> bertenaga nuklir, yang dapat meluncurkan <a href="/wiki/Misil_balistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Misil balistik">misil balistik</a> ber<a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a> dari dasar laut. Beberapa kapal selam semacam ini melakukan patroli secara permanen.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perompakan">Perompakan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Perompakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perompakan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perompakan" title="Perompakan">Perompakan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Somali_Pirates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/300px-Somali_Pirates.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/450px-Somali_Pirates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/600px-Somali_Pirates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Para perompak Somalia dengan <a href="/wiki/Senapan_serbu" title="Senapan serbu">senapan serbu</a> <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granat_berpeluncur_roket" title="Granat berpeluncur roket">granat berpeluncur roket</a> <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pistol_semi_otomatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol semi otomatis">pistol semi otomatis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perompakan di laut sudah dilakukan sejak zaman dahulu kala, dan kemungkinan kegiatan semacam ini muncul bersamaan dengan dimulainya pengiriman barang lewat kapal.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selat-selat sempit yang dilalui oleh kapal-kapal dagang sering kali dimanfaatkan oleh para perompak yang mencari keuntungan.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada awal abad ke-21, perompakan masih menjadi masalah yang serius, dan pada tahun 2004 kegiatan pembajakan di laut diperkirakan mengakibatkan kerugian sebesar US$16&#160;miliar per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignaffairs.org_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.org-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contoh perairan yang masih menghadapi ancaman dari para perompak adalah <a href="/wiki/Perompakan_di_Selat_Malaka" title="Perompakan di Selat Malaka">Selat Malaka</a><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan pesisir <a href="/wiki/Perompakan_di_Somalia" title="Perompakan di Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imo_bajak_laut_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imo_bajak_laut-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Hukum_internasional" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional</a>, para perompak dianggap sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Hostis_humani_generis" title="Hostis humani generis">hostis humani generis</a></i> atau "musuh kemanusiaan".<sup id="cite_ref-bajakdiadili_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajakdiadili-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tindakan pembajakan di laut dipandang sebagai ancaman terhadap keamanan dunia, dan tindakan tersebut juga sering kali dilakukan di laut lepas yang berada di luar kendali negara berdaulat, sehingga tindakan perompakan pun masuk ke dalam cakupan <a href="/wiki/Yurisdiksi_universal" title="Yurisdiksi universal">yurisdiksi universal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bajakdiadili_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajakdiadili-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Maka dari itu, semua negara dapat mengambil tindakan untuk membasmi mereka, dan para pelaku perompakan dapat diseret ke meja hijau di pengadilan negara manapun.<sup id="cite_ref-bajakdiadili_212-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajakdiadili-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berdasarkan Pasal 101 UNCLOS, tindakan pembajakan di laut dapat didefinisikan sebagai "setiap tindakan kekerasan atau penahanan yang tidak sah, atau setiap tindakan memusnahkan, yang dilakukan untuk tujuan pribadi oleh awak kapal atau penumpang dari suatu kapal (...) swasta, dan ditujukan di laut lepas, terhadap kapal (...) lain atau terhadap orang atau barang yang ada di atas kapal (...) demikian, [atau] terhadap suatu kapal (...), orang, atau barang di suatu tempat di luar yurisdiksi negara manapun",<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sehingga tindakan pembajakan di laut tidak sama dengan peperangan di laut yang berlangsung di antara pihak-pihak yang diakui sebagai subjek hukum internasional.<sup id="cite_ref-bajakdiadili_212-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajakdiadili-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembangkit_listrik">Pembangkit listrik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Pembangkit listrik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembangkit listrik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi laut (halaman belum tersedia)">Energi laut</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_angin_lepas_pantai" title="Tenaga angin lepas pantai">Tenaga angin lepas pantai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/220px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/330px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/440px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga pasang surut">Pembangkit listrik tenaga pasang surut</a> pertama di dunia: <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_Listrik_Tenaga_Pasang_Surut_Rance" title="Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Pasang Surut Rance">Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Pasang Surut Rance</a> dengan panjang satu kilometer, yang menghasilkan sekitar 540 <a href="/wiki/GWh" class="mw-redirect" title="GWh">GWh</a> per tahun, sekitar 3% dari total konsumsi listrik di <a href="/wiki/Bretagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretagne">Bretagne</a> pada tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Di laut terdapat persediaan <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> yang amat besar dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Ombak" title="Ombak">ombak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasang laut">pasang laut</a>, perbedaan <a href="/wiki/Salinitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinitas">salinitas</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Konversi_energi_termal_lautan" title="Konversi energi termal lautan">perbedaan suhu samudra</a>, dan sumber-sumber energi ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membangkitkan listrik.<sup id="cite_ref-OES_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OES-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Energi laut yang ramah lingkungan meliputi <a href="/wiki/Energi_pasang_surut" title="Energi pasang surut">energi pasang surut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_arus_laut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga arus laut (halaman belum tersedia)">tenaga arus laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumber_energi_osmosis_air" title="Sumber energi osmosis air">tenaga osmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konversi_energi_termal_samudera" class="mw-redirect" title="Konversi energi termal samudera">tenaga panas samudra</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Energi_ombak" title="Energi ombak">tenaga ombak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OES_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OES-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenaga pasang surut menggunakan generator untuk menghasilkan listrik dari <a href="/wiki/Pasang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasang laut">pasang laut</a>, terkadang dengan menggunakan bendungan untuk menyimpan dan kemudian mengeluarkan air laut. <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_Listrik_Tenaga_Pasang_Surut_Rance" title="Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Pasang Surut Rance">Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Pasang Surut Rance</a> dengan panjang satu kilometer di dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Malo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="St Malo (halaman belum tersedia)">St Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bretagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretagne">Bretagne</a>, dibuka pada tahun 1967; pembangkit listrik tersebut menghasilkan sekitar 0,5 GW, tetapi tidak banyak yang mencoba mengikuti langkah membangun pembangkit listrik semacam ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.111–112)</sup></span> </p><p>Energi ombak yang besar dan sering kali berubah-ubah menjadikan tenaga ini sebagai tenaga dengan kemampuan merusak yang dahsyat, sehingga mesin ombak yang murah dan dapat diandalkan sulit untuk dikembangkan. Pembangkit listrik tenaga ombak dengan kapasitas 2 MW yang disebut "Osprey" dibangun di Skotlandia Utara pada tahun 1995, sekitar 300 meter di lepas pantai. Mesin tersebut kemudian rusak akibat ombak, dan lalu hancur akibat badai.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.112)</sup></span> Sementara itu, energi arus samudra dapat memenuhi kebutuhan energi daerah yang dekat dengan laut.<sup id="cite_ref-doi_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada dasarnya, energi tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Generator_arus_pasang_surut" title="Generator arus pasang surut">menggunakan turbin</a>; sistem turbin di dasar laut juga dapat dibuat, tetapi terbatas di kedalaman sekitar 40 m.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_angin_lepas_pantai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga angin lepas pantai">Energi angin lepas pantai</a> diperoleh dari pergerakan <a href="/wiki/Turbin_angin" title="Turbin angin">turbin angin</a> yang ditempatkan di laut; pembangkit listrik semacam ini memiliki keunggulan, karena kecepatan angin di laut lebih tinggi daripada di daratan, walaupun <a href="/wiki/Ladang_angin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladang angin">ladang angin</a> sebenarnya membutuhkan biaya yang lebih besar untuk dibangun di lepas pantai.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ladang angin lepas pantai pertama didirikan di Denmark pada tahun 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan kapasitas kincir angin di lepas pantai Eropa mencapai 3 GW pada 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Tillessen_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tillessen-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik" title="Pembangkit listrik">Pembangkit listrik</a> sering kali terletak di pesisir atau di samping muara agar laut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pembuang_panas" title="Pembuang panas">pembuang panas</a>. Pembuang panas yang lebih dingin akan membuat pembangkit listrik menjadi lebih efisien, yang sangat penting untuk pembangkit listrik yang mahal seperti <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_nuklir" title="Tenaga nuklir">pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industri_ekstraktif">Industri ekstraktif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Industri ekstraktif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Industri ekstraktif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pengeboran_lepas_pantai" title="Pengeboran lepas pantai">Pengeboran lepas pantai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penambangan_bawah_laut" title="Penambangan bawah laut">penambangan bawah laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Minerals_sediments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/200px-Minerals_sediments.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/300px-Minerals_sediments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/400px-Minerals_sediments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Endapan-endapan mineral di dasar laut</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Oil_platform_P-51_(Brazil).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Oil_platform_P-51_%28Brazil%29.jpg/200px-Oil_platform_P-51_%28Brazil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Oil_platform_P-51_%28Brazil%29.jpg/300px-Oil_platform_P-51_%28Brazil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Oil_platform_P-51_%28Brazil%29.jpg/400px-Oil_platform_P-51_%28Brazil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anjungan_lepas_pantai" title="Anjungan lepas pantai">Anjungan lepas pantai</a> di perairan <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Di dasar laut terdapat banyak cadangan mineral yang dapat dieksploitasi dengan melakukan pengerukan. Keunggulan pengerukan bila dibandingkan dengan penambangan di daratan adalah peralatannya yang dapat dibuat di <a href="/wiki/Galangan_kapal" title="Galangan kapal">galangan kapal</a> khusus serta biaya <a href="/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur">infrastruktur</a> yang lebih rendah. Namun, terdapat pula beberapa kerugian, yaitu masalah yang dipicu oleh ombak dan pasang laut, risiko akumulasi <a href="/wiki/Lanau" title="Lanau">lanau</a> akibat penggalian, serta bahan buangan dari kegiatan penambangan yang dapat terbawa oleh air. Terdapat pula risiko erosi wilayah pesisir dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/170px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/255px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/340px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Fasilitas <a href="/wiki/Desalinasi" title="Desalinasi">desalinasi</a> yang menggunakan proses <a href="/wiki/Osmosis_terbalik" title="Osmosis terbalik">osmosis terbalik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Endapan-endapan <a href="/wiki/Sulfida" title="Sulfida">sulfida</a> dalam jumlah yang besar di dasar laut dapat menjadi sumber <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>, dan logam-logam lainnya. Endapan-endapan tersebut terbentuk ketika air yang mengalami pemanasan secara <a href="/wiki/Geotermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotermal">geotermal</a> dikeluarkan dari <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">ventilasi hidrotermal</a> di laut dalam. <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">Bijih</a>-bijihnya bermutu tinggi, tetapi terlalu mahal untuk diambil.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penambangan berskala kecil di dasar laut sedang dikembangkan di lepas pantai <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a> dengan menggunakan teknik-teknik <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotik</a>, tetapi rintangannya sangat besar.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat cadangan minyak dan gas yang besar di bebatuan di bawah dasar laut. <a href="/wiki/Anjungan_lepas_pantai" title="Anjungan lepas pantai">Anjungan lepas pantai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Anjungan_pengeboran" title="Anjungan pengeboran">anjungan pengeboran</a> menyedot minyak atau gas dan menyimpannya untuk diangkut ke darat. Proses produksi minyak dan gas lepas pantai tidaklah mudah akibat lingkungan yang keras dan terpencil.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pengeboran minyak di laut memiliki dampak terhadap lingkungan. Hewan-hewan bisa salah arah akibat <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_seismik" title="Gelombang seismik">gelombang-gelombang seismik</a> yang digunakan untuk mencari cadangan minyak, dan hal ini mungkin mengakibatkan terdamparnya paus.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur beracun seperti <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a> dapat dikeluarkan selama produksi minyak. Infranstrukturnya juga bisa menyebabkan kerusakan dan minyaknya dapat mengalami kebocoran.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metana_klatrat" title="Metana klatrat">Metana klatrat</a> dalam jumlah yang besar dapat ditemui di dasar laut dan di sedimen lautan pada suhu sekitar 2&#160;°C, dan senyawa ini dianggap sebagai sumber energi potensial. Diperkirakan jumlahnya berkisar antara satu hingga lima juta kilometer kubik.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di dasar laut juga terdapat <a href="/wiki/Nodul_mangan" title="Nodul mangan">nodul mangan</a> yang terdiri dari lapisan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida">hidroksida</a>-hidroksida lainnya di sekeliling bagian inti. Di Samudra Pasifik, nodul mangan mungkin melapisi sekitar 30% dasar laut. Mineral ini mengalami <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_pengendapan" title="Reaksi pengendapan">reaksi pengendapan</a> dari air laut. Kemungkinan untuk mengambil sumber daya ini untuk memperoleh <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> sempat diselidiki pada era 1970-an, tetapi kemudian ditinggalkan karena terdapat sumber-sumber lain yang lebih mudah untuk dimanfaatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di tempat-tempat yang sesuai, <a href="/wiki/Berlian" title="Berlian">berlian</a> dikumpulkan dari dasar laut dengan menggunakan selang penghisap untuk membawa kerikil ke permukaan. Di <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, berlian-berlian sekarang lebih banyak dikumpulkan dari laut ketimbang melalui metode-metode konvensional di darat.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di laut terdapat banyak sekali mineral terlarut yang berharga.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mineral yang paling penting adalah <a href="/wiki/Garam" class="mw-redirect" title="Garam">garam</a> untuk keperluan rumah tangga dan industri, yang telah dikumpulkan dengan memanfaatkan penguapan di kolam-kolam dangkal semenjak zaman prasejarah. <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> (yang mengalami akumulasi setelah terbawa dari daratan) dapat diambil dari Laut Merah, dan di situ kandungan bromin tercatat sebesar 55.000 ppm (<i>parts per million</i> atau sepersejuta).<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Desalinasi" title="Desalinasi">Desalinasi</a> adalah teknik untuk mengeluarkan garam dari air laut untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Air_minum" title="Air minum">air tawar</a> yang layak untuk diminum atau untuk irigasi. Terdapat dua metode pengolahan utama, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distilasi_vakum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Distilasi vakum (halaman belum tersedia)">distilasi vakum</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Osmosis_terbalik" title="Osmosis terbalik">osmosis terbalik</a>, tetapi kedua metode ini membutuhkan energi yang besar. Desalinasi biasanya hanya dilakukan saat air tawar dari sumber lainnya sangat terbatas atau apabila energi berlimpah, seperti misalnya kelebihan panas yang ditimbulkan dari pembangkit listrik. <a href="/wiki/Air_garam" title="Air garam">Air garam</a> yang menjadi produk sampingan mengandung bahan-bahan beracun, sehingga dikembalikan ke laut.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span id="Polusi_laut"></span><span id="polusi_laut"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polusi">Polusi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Polusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Polusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Polusi_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi laut">Polusi laut</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:MercuryFoodChain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MercuryFoodChain.svg/350px-MercuryFoodChain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MercuryFoodChain.svg/525px-MercuryFoodChain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MercuryFoodChain.svg/700px-MercuryFoodChain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Dampak <a href="/wiki/Polusi_raksa_di_samudra" title="Polusi raksa di samudra">polusi raksa di samudra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> mengalami <a href="/wiki/Bioakumulasi" title="Bioakumulasi">bioakumulasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Raksa_pada_ikan" title="Raksa pada ikan">pada ikan</a> dan mencemari rantai makanan</figcaption></figure> <p>Banyak zat yang mencemari laut akibat kegiatan manusia. Produk-produk pembakaran terbawa oleh udara dan lalu mengendap di laut setelah terjadinya presipitasi. Limbah industri, pertanian, dan rumah tangga mengakibatkan masuknya <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pestisida" title="Pestisida">pestisida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifenil_terpoliklorinasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifenil terpoliklorinasi (halaman belum tersedia)">PCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disinfektan" title="Disinfektan">disinfektan</a>, produk pembersih, dan bahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_sintetik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia sintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">kimia sintetik</a> lainnya ke dalam laut. Zat-zat ini pun menumpuk di permukaan dan di sedimen laut, terutama di lumpur muara. Dampak dari limbah-limbah ini tidak diketahui secara pasti akibat banyaknya zat yang masuk dan kurangnya informasi tentang dampaknya secara biologis.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Logam-logam berat yang paling mengkhawatirkan adalah <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polusi_raksa_di_samudra" title="Polusi raksa di samudra">raksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">kadmium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>, yang dapat mengalami <a href="/wiki/Bioakumulasi" title="Bioakumulasi">bioakumulasi</a> pada invertebrata-invertebrata laut. Logam-logam berat ini kemudian akan mencemari rantai makanan.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg/200px-Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg/300px-Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg/400px-Litter_on_Singapore%27s_East_Coast_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Sampah di pesisir Singapura</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/200px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/300px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg/400px-Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7152" data-file-height="7116" /></a><figcaption>Citra dari satelit yang terlihat seperti lukisan <i><a href="/wiki/Malam_Berbintang" title="Malam Berbintang">Malam Berbintang</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, tetapi sebenarnya gambar ini menunjukkan peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Ledakan_populasi_alga" title="Ledakan populasi alga">ledakan populasi alga</a> di perairan di sekitaran <a href="/wiki/Gotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, sebuah pulau milik <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a>, yang disebabkan oleh kelebihan nutrien yang dibawa oleh arus di dasar ke permukaan yang disinari matahari</figcaption></figure> <p>Kebanyakan sampah plastik yang mengambang di lautan tidak dapat langsung <a href="/wiki/Biodegradasi" title="Biodegradasi">terurai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akibatnya, terdapat <a href="/wiki/Pulau_sampah_Pasifik_Besar" title="Pulau sampah Pasifik Besar">pulau sampah raksasa</a> yang kebanyakan terdiri dari sampah plastik di tengah girus Pasifik<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan di Samudra Atlantik.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Burung-burung laut seperti <a href="/wiki/Albatros" title="Albatros">albatros</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrel</a> dapat mengira sampah sebagai makanan, sehingga plastik pun akan mengalami akumulasi di dalam sistem pencernaan mereka. Penyu dan paus juga telah ditemukan dengan <a href="/wiki/Kantong_plastik" title="Kantong plastik">kantong plastik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Benang_pancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Benang pancing">benang pancing</a> di dalam perut mereka. Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Mikroplastik" title="Mikroplastik">mikroplastik</a> dapat tenggelam, sehingga mengancam <a href="/wiki/Hewan_penyaring" title="Hewan penyaring">hewan penyaring</a> di dasar laut.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kebanyakan polusi minyak di laut berasal dari kota dan industri.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Minyak dapat membahayakan hewan-hewan laut. Misalnya, minyak yang menutupi bulu burung-burung laut dapat mengurangi efek insulasi dan <a href="/wiki/Gaya_apung" title="Gaya apung">gaya apung</a> si burung, dan minyak juga dapat tertelan dan meracuni burung ketika mereka mencoba menjilati bulu-bulunya untuk menghilangkan minyak tersebut. <a href="/wiki/Mamalia_laut" title="Mamalia laut">Mamalia laut</a> tidak terlalu terkena dampak polusi minyak, tetapi dapat mengalami kedinginan akibat berkurangnya efek insulasi, dan mereka juga bisa buta, dehidrasi, atau keracunan. Invertebrata-invertebrata <a href="/wiki/Bentos" title="Bentos">bentik</a> juga dapat terkontaminasi ketika minyak tenggelam, sementara ikan akan keracunan dan rantai makanan pun terganggu. Dalam jangka pendek, tumpahan minyak dapat mengurangi populasi di alam bebas dan membuat ekosistem menjadi tidak seimbang, mengganggu rekreasi dan pariwisata, serta merusak mata pencaharian orang-orang yang bergantung pada laut.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun begitu, bakteri-bakteri di laut dapat menghilangkan minyak dari lautan. Di Teluk Meksiko, bakteri pemakan minyak sudah ada dan hanya perlu waktu beberapa hari untuk mengonsumsi tumpahan minyak.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pupuk" title="Pupuk">Pupuk</a> dari lahan pertanian telah menjadi sumber polusi yang besar di beberapa wilayah. <a href="/wiki/Air_limbah" title="Air limbah">Air limbah</a> yang masuk ke laut juga memiliki dampak yang serupa. Nutrien tambahan dari kedua limbah ini dapat mengakibatkan <a href="/wiki/Eutrofikasi" title="Eutrofikasi">eutrofikasi</a> atau pertumbuhan tanaman dan <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">alga</a> secara berlebihan. Hal ini dapat mengurangi kadar oksigen di air dan membunuh hewan-hewan laut. Peristiwa semacam ini telah menghasilkan zona-zona mati di Laut Baltik dan Teluk Meksiko.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Ledakan_populasi_alga" title="Ledakan populasi alga">ledakan populasi alga</a> disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sianobakteri" title="Sianobakteri">sianobakteri</a>, yang dapat meracuni <a href="/wiki/Kerang-kerangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerang-kerangan">kerang-kerangan</a> yang memakan organisme-organisme tersebut dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Hewan_penyaring" title="Hewan penyaring">menyaring</a>, sehingga juga akan membahayakan hewan-hewan lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Berang-berang_laut" title="Berang-berang laut">berang-berang laut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalGeographic_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographic-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fasilitas nuklir juga dapat mencemari laut. Laut Irlandia terkontaminasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Sesium-137" title="Sesium-137">sesium-137</a> yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-disambig" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a> dan berasal dari pabrik pemrosesan bahan bakar nuklir <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kecelakaan nuklir juga dapat mengakibatkan masuknya materi-materi radioaktif ke dalam laut, seperti yang terjadi selama bencana <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_Listrik_Tenaga_Nuklir_Fukushima_I" title="Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Fukushima I">Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Fukushima I</a> pada tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pembuangan limbah (termasuk minyak, cairan berbahaya, limbah, dan sampah) ke laut diatur oleh <a href="#Hukum">hukum internasional</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konvensi_tentang_Pencegahan_Polusi_Laut_melalui_Pembuangan_Limbah_dan_Materi-Materi_Lainnya" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvensi tentang Pencegahan Polusi Laut melalui Pembuangan Limbah dan Materi-Materi Lainnya">Konvensi London</a> (1972) adalah sebuah perjanjian internasional yang bertujuan mengendalikan pembuangan sampah dan limbah ke samudra, dan perjanjian tersebut telah diratifikasi oleh 89 negara pada tanggal 8 Juni 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, terdapat konvensi <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" class="mw-redirect" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a> yang dimaksudkan untuk meminimalisasi polusi yang diakibatkan oleh kapal-kapal di laut. Pada Mei 2013, 152 negara maritim telah meratifikasi MARPOL.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suku_laut_asli">Suku laut asli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Suku laut asli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Suku laut asli"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/330px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/440px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suku_Bajau" title="Suku Bajau">Suku Bajau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara_Maritim" title="Asia Tenggara Maritim">wilayah Maritim Asia Tenggara</a> terdapat beberapa masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Nomaden" title="Nomaden">nomaden</a> yang tinggal di perahu dan mencukupi hampir seluruh kebutuhan mereka dari sumber daya laut. <a href="/wiki/Suku_Moken" title="Suku Moken">Suku Moken</a> dapat dijumpai di pesisir <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> serta kepulauan di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Andaman" title="Laut Andaman">Laut Andaman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suku_Bajau" title="Suku Bajau">Suku Bajau</a> menempati wilayah pesisir <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Sulu" title="Kepulauan Sulu">Kepulauan Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> bagian utara, hingga <a href="/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku">Maluku</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Timor" class="mw-disambig" title="Timor">Timor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suku-suku laut nomaden ini merupakan <a href="/wiki/Selam_bebas" title="Selam bebas">penyelam bebas</a> yang handal dan mampu mencapai kedalaman 30 m, meskipun beberapa di antara mereka juga tinggal di daratan.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Arktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Arktika">Arktik</a>, suku-suku asli seperti <a href="/wiki/Suku_Chukchi" title="Suku Chukchi">suku Chukchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yupik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yupik (halaman belum tersedia)">Yupik</a> memburu mamalia-mamalia laut seperti anjing laut dan paus.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kepulauan_Selat_Torres" title="Orang Kepulauan Selat Torres">penduduk Kepulauan Selat Torres</a> di <a href="/wiki/Papua_Nugini" title="Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aborigin_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborigin Australia">Australia</a> menjalani kehidupan tradisional dengan berburu, memancing, berkebun, dan berdagang dengan suku-suku tetangga di daratan utama.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalam_budaya">Dalam budaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Dalam budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dalam budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:AssyrianWarship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/220px-AssyrianWarship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/330px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/440px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah ukiran <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Asiria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Asiria">Asiria</a> dari sekitar tahun 700 SM yang menggambarkan <a href="#Hewan">ikan dan kepiting</a> sedang berenang di sekitaran sebuah kapal <a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">bireme</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5886" data-file-height="3540" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gulf_Stream&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gulf Stream (halaman belum tersedia)">The Gulf Stream</a></i> (1899) karya <a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam kebudayaan manusia, laut telah ditafsirkan dengan sudut pandang yang saling berlawanan: laut dianggap kuat tetapi tenang, atau indah tetapi berbahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.10)</sup></span> Laut telah digambarkan dalam sastra, seni, puisi, film, drama, musik klasik, mitologi, dan agama.<sup id="cite_ref-Westerdahl_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerdahl-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kuno" title="Sejarah kuno">Bangsa-bangsa kuno</a> menciptakan personifikasi laut, dan meyakini bahwa laut dikendalikan oleh dewa/dewi. Laut juga dianggap sebagai tempat yang tidak bersahabat, dan juga sebagai tempat tinggal makhluk-makhluk besar seperti <a href="/wiki/Lewiatan" title="Lewiatan">Lewiatan</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skilla" title="Skilla">Skilla</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Yunani" title="Mitologi Yunani">mitologi Yunani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isonade" title="Isonade">Isonade</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Jepang" title="Mitologi Jepang">mitologi Jepang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraken&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraken (halaman belum tersedia)">kraken</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Nordik" title="Mitologi Nordik">mitologi Nordik</a> akhir.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laut, kehidupan di dalamnya, dan kapal-kapal telah digambarkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Seni_laut" title="Seni laut">seni rupa</a>, dari gambar-gambar sederhana di dinding pondok-pondok di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepulauan_Lamu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepulauan Lamu (halaman belum tersedia)">Lamu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Westerdahl_255-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerdahl-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hingga lukisan bentang laut karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. M. W. Turner (halaman belum tersedia)">Joseph Turner</a>. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Lukisan_Zaman_Keemasan_Belanda" title="Lukisan Zaman Keemasan Belanda">lukisan Zaman Keemasan Belanda</a>, seniman-seniman seperti <a href="/wiki/Jan_Porcellis" title="Jan Porcellis">Jan Porcellis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrick_Dubbels&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrick Dubbels (halaman belum tersedia)">Hendrick Dubbels</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Oude&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem van de Velde de Oude (halaman belum tersedia)">Willem van de Velde de Oude</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem van de Velde de Jonge (halaman belum tersedia)">anaknya</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludolf_Bakhuizen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludolf Bakhuizen (halaman belum tersedia)">Ludolf Bakhuizen</a> memuliakan laut dan angkatan laut <a href="/wiki/Republik_Belanda" title="Republik Belanda">Republik Belanda</a> pada puncak kejayaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-Slive_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slive-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seniman Jepang <a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a> juga membuat seni <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> yang menggambarkan laut, termasuk <i><a href="/wiki/Ombak_Besar_di_Kanagawa" title="Ombak Besar di Kanagawa">Ombak Besar di Kanagawa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_11-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>(hlm.8)</sup></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ombak_Besar_di_Kanagawa" title="Ombak Besar di Kanagawa">Ombak Besar di Kanagawa</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a> dari sekitar tahun 1829</figcaption></figure> <p>Musik juga telah diilhami oleh samudra, termasuk komponis yang tinggal atau bekerja di dekat pesisir dan melihat laut dari berbagai sudut pandang. <a href="/wiki/Yel-yel_laut" title="Yel-yel laut">Yel-yel laut</a> dinyanyikan oleh para marinir untuk meringankan tugas-tugas berat, dan semenjak itu langgam semacam ini telah meresap ke dalam komposisi musik, termasuk musik yang menggambarkan air yang tenang, ombak yang menghantam, dan badai di laut.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Musik klasik yang terkait dengan laut meliputi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder_(opera)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Der fliegende Holländer (opera) (halaman belum tersedia)">Der fliegende Holländer</a></i> karya <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a></i> (1903–05) karya <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songs_of_the_Sea_(Stanford)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Songs of the Sea (Stanford) (halaman belum tersedia)">Songs of the Sea</a></i> (1904) dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songs_of_the_Fleet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Songs of the Fleet (halaman belum tersedia)">Songs of the Fleet</a></i> (1910) karya <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_Pictures&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea Pictures (halaman belum tersedia)">Sea Pictures</a></i> (1899) karya <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Sea_Symphony&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Sea Symphony (halaman belum tersedia)">A Sea Symphony</a></i> (1903–1909) karya <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai sebuah simbol, laut telah menjadi tema dalam <a href="/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra">sastra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puisi" title="Puisi">puisi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mimpi" title="Mimpi">mimpi</a>. Terkadang laut digambarkan sebagai latar belakang yang tenang, tetapi tema-tema yang sering kali digunakan adalah badai, kapal karam, pertempuran, kesulitan, bencana, pupusnya harapan, atau kematian.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita">wiracaritanya</a> yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/Odisseia" title="Odisseia">Odisseia</a></i> menceritakan perjalanan sepuluh tahun seorang pahlawan Yunani yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Odisseus" title="Odisseus">Odisseus</a>, yang berjuang untuk pulang dan harus mengarungi lautan yang sangat berbahaya seusai perang yang digambarkan dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Laut juga sering kali menjadi tema dalam puisi-puisi <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a> karya penyair <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Edo" title="Zaman Edo">Zaman Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉)</a> (1644–1694).<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam sastra modern, novel-novel yang diilhami oleh laut telah ditulis oleh <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> (yang didasarkan pada pengalamannya sendiri di laut),<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam karya-karya <a href="/wiki/Psikiater" title="Psikiater">psikiater</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, laut melambangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketidaksadaran_kolektif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketidaksadaran kolektif (halaman belum tersedia)">ketidaksadaran kolektif</a> dan pribadi di dalam <a href="/wiki/Penafsiran_mimpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penafsiran mimpi">penafsiran mimpi</a>, sementara kedalaman laut merupakan simbol kedalaman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budi_tak-sadar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Budi tak-sadar (halaman belum tersedia)">budi tak-sadar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun asal mula kehidupan di Bumi masih diperdebatkan,<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ilmuwan dan penulis <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> di dalam buku <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Around_Us" title="The Sea Around Us">The Sea Around Us</a></i> yang ditulis pada tahun 1951 menulis bahwa, "Memang aneh bahwa laut, yang merupakan tempat asal manusia, kini terancam oleh aktivitas-aktivitas salah satu jenis kehidupan itu. Namun laut, walaupun berubah dengan cara yang beralamat buruk, akan tetap ada: ancaman itu adalah ancaman terhadap kehidupan itu sendiri".<sup id="cite_ref-winchester_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winchester-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catatan: ini adalah sebuah definisi umum yang secara konseptual ada pada sumber-sumber dari teknis, bahan ajar, hingga kamus (kamus menjadi standar penggunaan oleh orang pada umumnya). Baca lebih lanjut pada isi utama artikel dan catatan kaki lainnya mengenai arti lengkap dari istilah ini.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satu definisi menyatakan bahwa laut adalah bagian dari samudra, meskipun sekarang <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Hidrografi_Internasional" title="Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional">Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional</a> mendefinisikan batas-batas samudra dunia dengan menggunakan perairan yang tidak termasuk wilayah laut<sup id="cite_ref-ihorg_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihorg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sehingga pada dasarnya definisi ditentukan hanya dari kebiasaan tanpa mematok ketentuan khusus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Definisi yang digunakan dalam bahan ajar, dengan mempertimbangkan antara pengertian teknis dan sehari-hari, umumnya menyatakan bahwa "laut" adalah istilah untuk perairan asin yang "terkunci daratan", dengan pengecualian kemudian harus dibuat untuk laut yang dibatasi oleh arus samudra seperti <a href="/wiki/Laut_Sargasso" title="Laut Sargasso">Laut Sargasso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGSencycl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGSencycl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karleskint09_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karleskint09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Definisi ketiga menyatakan bahwa laut harus memiliki bagian dasar yang terbentuk dari <a href="#Cekungan">kerak samudra</a>. Definisi ini dapat meliputi <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> yang sebagiannya merupakan samudra pada zaman dahulu.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konvensi UNCLOS tidak mencakup <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> yang sebagai gantinya disebut "danau internasional" dalam ranah <a href="/wiki/Hukum_internasional" title="Hukum internasional">hukum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelitian terhadap mineral <a href="/wiki/Ringwoodit" title="Ringwoodit">ringwoodit</a> hidrat yang timbul dari <a href="/wiki/Letusan_gunung_berapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Letusan gunung berapi">letusan gunung berapi</a> menunjukkan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_transisi_mantel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona transisi mantel (halaman belum tersedia)">zona transisi</a> antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantel_bawah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantel bawah (halaman belum tersedia)">mantel Bumi bagian bawah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mantel_atas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantel atas">atas</a> mengandung air yang jumlahnya setara<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hingga tiga kali lipat<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dari seluruh air di samudra di permukaan. Eksperimen yang mereka ulang kondisi mantel Bumi bawah juga menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak air yang dapat ditemukan yang jumlahnya dapat mencapai lima kali lipat dari yang terdapat di samudra-samudra dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebagai gambaran untuk mengetahui seberapa besar perubahan ini, jika pH plasma darah manusia meningkat dari kadar normal sebesar 7,4 menjadi di atas 7,8, atau turun hingga di bawah 6,8, kematian akan terjadi.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laut&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span>&#160;Arti kata <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/segara">segara</a></i> dalam situs web <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a> oleh <i><a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengembangan_dan_Pembinaan_Bahasa" title="Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa">Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pendidikan,_Kebudayaan,_Riset,_dan_Teknologi_Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia">Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGSencycl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGSencycl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGSencycl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">National Geographic (2011-09-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/sea/">"Sea"</a>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sea&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic&amp;rft.date=2011-09-27&amp;rft.au=National+Geographic&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fsea%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karleskint09-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karleskint09_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karleskint09_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Karleskint, G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&amp;pg=PA47"><i>Introduction to Marine Biology</i></a>. Boston: Cengage Learning. hlm.&#160;47. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780495561972" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780495561972">9780495561972</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Marine+Biology&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pages=47&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780495561972&amp;rft.au=Karleskint%2C+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0JkKOFIj5pgC%26pg%3DPA47&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bishop, T.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html">"Then and Now: The HMS <i>Challenger</i> Expedition and the 'Mountains in the Sea' Expedition"</a>. <i>Ocean Explorer</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ocean+Explorer&amp;rft.atitle=Then+and+Now%3A+The+HMS+Challenger+Expedition+and+the+%27Mountains+in+the+Sea%27+Expedition&amp;rft.au=Bishop%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fexplorations%2F03mountains%2Fbackground%2Fchallenger%2Fchallenger.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ihorg-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ihorg_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ihorg_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Organisasi Hidrografi Internasional (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf"><i>Limits of Oceans and Seas (Special Publication №28)</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (edisi ke-ke-3). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas+%28Special+Publication+%E2%84%9628%29&amp;rft.edition=ke-3&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.au=Organisasi+Hidrografi+Internasional&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho.int%2Fiho_pubs%2Fstandard%2FS-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 1st ed. "sea, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reddyornot-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reddyornot_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reddyornot_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reddyornot_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2NC3JmKI7mYC&amp;lpg=PA112"><i>Descriptive Physical Oceanography</i></a>. Leiden: A.A. Balkema. hlm.&#160;112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/90-5410-706-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/90-5410-706-5">90-5410-706-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Descriptive+Physical+Oceanography&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pages=112&amp;rft.pub=A.A.+Balkema&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=90-5410-706-5&amp;rft.aulast=Reddy&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+P.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2NC3JmKI7mYC%26lpg%3DPA112&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sea">"Sea"</a>. Merriam-webster.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 Maret</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sea&amp;rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsea&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oceanservice.noaa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oceanservice.noaa_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">NOS Staff (2014-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html">"What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?"</a>. <i>Ocean Facts</i>. National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Oceans&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0198606877&amp;rft.au=Stow%2C+Dorrik+A.V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0198606877&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">American Society of Civil Engineers (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPVxSDzVRP0C&amp;pg=PA365"><i>The Glossary of the Mapping Sciences</i></a>. ASCE Publication. hlm.&#160;365. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7844-7570-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7844-7570-9">0-7844-7570-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Glossary+of+the+Mapping+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=365&amp;rft.pub=ASCE+Publication&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-7844-7570-9&amp;rft.au=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPVxSDzVRP0C%26pg%3DPA365&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Conforti, B. 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Martinus Nijhoff. hlm.&#160;237. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-15027-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-04-15027-0">978-90-04-15027-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Italian+Yearbook+of+International+Law+Vol.+14&amp;rft.pages=237&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-15027-0&amp;rft.aulast=Conforti&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtLcin2NyJQgC%26pg%3DPA237&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vukas, B. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.atitle=Sea+ice&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Martin+O.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F939404%2Fsea-ice&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell,_F.S.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell, F.S. (halaman belum tersedia)">Russell, F.S.</a> (1928) <i>The Seas</i>. hlm. 225–27. Frederick Warne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smhi.se/en/theme/oxygen-in-the-sea-1.11274">"Oxygen in the Sea"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shaffer, G. .; Olsen, S. M.; Pedersen, J. O. P. (2009). "Long-term ocean oxygen depletion in response to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels". <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 105–09. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatGe...2..105S">2009NatGe...2..105S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo420">10.1038/ngeo420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&amp;rft.atitle=Long-term+ocean+oxygen+depletion+in+response+to+carbon+dioxide+emissions+from+fossil+fuels&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=105-09&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo420&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NatGe...2..105S&amp;rft.aulast=Shaffer&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+.&amp;rft.au=Olsen%2C+S.+M.&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+J.+O.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ahrens, C. Donald; Jackson, Peter Lawrence; Jackson, Christine E. J.; Jackson, Christine E. O. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jvnQiFG3dPkC&amp;pg=PA283"><i>Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment</i></a>. Cengage Learning. hlm.&#160;283. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-17-650039-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-17-650039-1">0-17-650039-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Weather%2C+Climate%2C+and+the+Environment&amp;rft.pages=283&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=0-17-650039-1&amp;rft.aulast=Ahrens&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Donald&amp;rft.au=Jackson%2C+Peter+Lawrence&amp;rft.au=Jackson%2C+Christine+E.+J.&amp;rft.au=Jackson%2C+Christine+E.+O.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjvnQiFG3dPkC%26pg%3DPA283&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAAcurrent-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAAcurrent_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson08.html">"Ocean Currents"</a>. <i>Ocean Explorer</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ocean+Explorer&amp;rft.atitle=Ocean+Currents&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fedu%2Flearning%2Fplayer%2Flesson08.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pope, Vicky (2 Februari 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6320515.stm">"Models 'key to climate forecasts<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Models+%27key+to+climate+forecasts%27&amp;rft.date=2007-02-02&amp;rft.au=Pope%2C+Vicky&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F6320515.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cushman-Roisin, Benoit; Beckers, Jean-Marie (2011). <i>Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-088759-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-088759-0">978-0-12-088759-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics%3A+Physical+and+Numerical+Aspects&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-088759-0&amp;rft.au=Cushman-Roisin%2C+Benoit&amp;rft.au=Beckers%2C+Jean-Marie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wunsch, C. (2002). "What Is the Thermohaline Circulation?". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5596): 1179–81. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1079329">10.1126/science.1079329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424356">12424356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Thermohaline+Circulation%3F&amp;rft.volume=298&amp;rft.issue=5596&amp;rft.pages=1179-81&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1079329&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12424356&amp;rft.aulast=Wunsch&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usoceansafety.com/safety/popup/lscurrent.asp">"Long-shore currents"</a>. Orange County Lifeguards. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Long-shore+currents&amp;rft.pub=Orange+County+Lifeguards&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usoceansafety.com%2Fsafety%2Fpopup%2Flscurrent.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/ripcurrents/characteristics/">"Rip current characteristics"</a>. <i>Rip currents</i>. University of Delaware Sea Grant College Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rip+currents&amp;rft.atitle=Rip+current+characteristics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceoe.udel.edu%2Fripcurrents%2Fcharacteristics%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oceanservice-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oceanservice_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oceanservice_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oceanservice_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/">"Tides and Water Levels"</a>. <i>NOAA Oceans and Coasts</i>. NOAA Ocean Service Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NOAA+Oceans+and+Coasts&amp;rft.atitle=Tides+and+Water+Levels&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Feducation%2Ftutorial_tides%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/marine_water/features/Tides/amplitude.htm">"Tidal amplitudes"</a>. University of Guelph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tidal+amplitudes&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Guelph&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arctic.uoguelph.ca%2Fcpe%2Fenvironments%2Fmarine_water%2Ffeatures%2FTides%2Famplitude.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAAtides-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAAtides_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAAtides_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson10.html">"Tides"</a>. <i>Ocean Explorer</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ocean+Explorer&amp;rft.atitle=Tides&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fedu%2Flearning%2Fplayer%2Flesson10.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuripusStraits-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EuripusStraits_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untuk penjelasannya, lihat <cite class="citation journal">Eginitis, D. (1929). "The problem of the tide of Euripus". <i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i>. <b>236</b> (19–20): 321–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929AN....236..321E">1929AN....236..321E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.19292361904">10.1002/asna.19292361904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&amp;rft.atitle=The+problem+of+the+tide+of+Euripus&amp;rft.volume=236&amp;rft.issue=19%E2%80%9320&amp;rft.pages=321-28&amp;rft.date=1929&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.19292361904&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929AN....236..321E&amp;rft.aulast=Eginitis&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Lihat pula komentar tentang penjelasan ini dalam <cite class="citation journal">Lagrange, E. (1930). "Les marées de l'Euripe". <i>Ciel et Terre (Bulletin of the Société Belge d'Astronomie)</i> (dalam bahasa French). <b>46</b>: 66–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930C&amp;T....46...66L">1930C&#38;T....46...66L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ciel+et+Terre+%28Bulletin+of+the+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Belge+d%27Astronomie%29&amp;rft.atitle=Les+mar%C3%A9es+de+l%27Euripe&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.pages=66-69&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1930C%26T....46...66L&amp;rft.au=Lagrange%2C+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cline, Isaac M. (4 Februari 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6TVwj5GFQ?url=http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/cline2.html">"Galveston Storm of 1900"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/cline2.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Galveston+Storm+of+1900&amp;rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft.date=2004-02-04&amp;rft.au=Cline%2C+Isaac+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.noaa.gov%2Fstories_tales%2Fcline2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson09.html">"Ocean waves"</a>. <i>Ocean Explorer</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ocean+Explorer&amp;rft.atitle=Ocean+waves&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fedu%2Flearning%2Fplayer%2Flesson09.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Young, I. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windgeneratedoce00youn"><i>Wind Generated Ocean Waves</i></a>. Elsevier. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windgeneratedoce00youn/page/n101">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-08-043317-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-08-043317-0">0-08-043317-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Wind+Generated+Ocean+Waves&amp;rft.pages=83&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-08-043317-0&amp;rft.aulast=Young&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindgeneratedoce00youn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrgarrison-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mrgarrison_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrgarrison_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrison, Tom (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVgKAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA204"><i>Essentials of Oceanography</i></a>. Edisi ke-6. hlm. 204 ff. Brooks/Cole, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belmont,_California&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Belmont, California (halaman belum tersedia)">Belmont</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0321814053" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0321814053">0321814053</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Meteorological Library and Archive (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/b/7/Fact_sheet_No._6.pdf">"Fact Sheet 6—The Beaufort Scale"</a>. Met Office (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon,_England&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Devon, England (halaman belum tersedia)">Devon</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holliday, N. P.; Yelland, M. J.; Pascal, R.; Swail, V. R.; Taylor, P. K.; Griffiths, C. R.; Kent, E. (2006). "Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded?". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>33</b> (5): L05613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..33.5613H">2006GeoRL..33.5613H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL025238">10.1029/2005GL025238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Were+extreme+waves+in+the+Rockall+Trough+the+largest+ever+recorded%3F&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=L05613&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL025238&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..33.5613H&amp;rft.aulast=Holliday&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+P.&amp;rft.au=Yelland%2C+M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Pascal%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Swail%2C+V.+R.&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+P.+K.&amp;rft.au=Griffiths%2C+C.+R.&amp;rft.au=Kent%2C+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Anne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA462573">"Observed Statistics of Extreme Waves"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131805/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA462573">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-04-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. 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Hodder &amp; Stoughton. hlm.&#160;280–91. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-340-04944-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-340-04944-0">978-0-340-04944-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Physical+Geography&amp;rft.pages=280-91&amp;rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-340-04944-0&amp;rft.aulast=Monkhouse&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whittow, John B. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000whit_b9d8"><i>The Penguin Dictionary of Physical Geography</i></a>. Penguin Books. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000whit_b9d8/page/29">29</a>, 80, 246. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-14-051094-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-14-051094-2">978-0-14-051094-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Physical+Geography&amp;rft.pages=29%2C+80%2C+246&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-051094-2&amp;rft.aulast=Whittow&amp;rft.aufirst=John+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguindictionar0000whit_b9d8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20904885">"Thames Barrier engineer says second defence needed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 Januari 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Thames+Barrier+engineer+says+second+defence+needed&amp;rft.date=2013-01-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-20904885&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Plant, G.W.; Covil, C.S; Hughes, R.A. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-959109-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-959109-1">978-0-19-959109-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/730413873">730413873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ocean+Acidification&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F730413873&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-959109-1&amp;rft.au=Gattuso%2C+J.-P.&amp;rft.au=Hansson%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yjNFxkALjIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutAntarctica-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AboutAntarctica_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AboutAntarctica_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/climate-change/ocean-acidification-and-the-southern-ocean">"Ocean acidification"</a>. 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CoralScience.org. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/climate-a-ecology-16/cold-water-reefs">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cold-water+reefs&amp;rft.pub=CoralScience.org&amp;rft.date=2008%2F2009&amp;rft.au=Neulinger%2C+Sven&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coralscience.org%2Fmain%2Farticles%2Fclimate-a-ecology-16%2Fcold-water-reefs&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NalGeo-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NalGeo_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Roach, John (7 Juni 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0607_040607_phytoplankton.html">"Source of Half Earth's Oxygen Gets Little Credit"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wong, Zhiqiang Che, Wen-Der Liang, Yih Yang and Kon-Kee Liu. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i> Volume 30, Issue 13, Juli 2003. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017141">10.1029/2003GL017141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yool, A.; Tyrrell, T. (2003). "Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean's silicon cycle". <i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</i>. <b>17</b> (4): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GBioC..17.1103Y">2003GBioC..17.1103Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GB002018">10.1029/2002GB002018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Biogeochemical+Cycles&amp;rft.atitle=Role+of+diatoms+in+regulating+the+ocean%27s+silicon+cycle&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=n%2Fa&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GB002018&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GBioC..17.1103Y&amp;rft.aulast=Yool&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Tyrrell%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Van Der Heide, T.; Van Nes, E. 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Island Press. hlm.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59726-897-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59726-897-4">978-1-59726-897-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Living+Ocean%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Marine+Biodiversity&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=Island+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59726-897-4&amp;rft.aulast=Thorne-Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Boyce&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZM7MEk7f4Q4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thorne-Miller, Boyce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ZM7MEk7f4Q4C&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity</i></a>. Island Press. hlm.&#160;88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59726-897-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59726-897-4">978-1-59726-897-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Living+Ocean%3A+Understanding+and+Protecting+Marine+Biodiversity&amp;rft.pages=88&amp;rft.pub=Island+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59726-897-4&amp;rft.aulast=Thorne-Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Boyce&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZM7MEk7f4Q4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kingsford, Michael John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365256/marine-ecosystem/70721/Plankton">"Marine ecosystem: Plankton"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica online Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+online+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.atitle=Marine+ecosystem%3A+Plankton&amp;rft.au=Kingsford%2C+Michael+John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F365256%2Fmarine-ecosystem%2F70721%2FPlankton&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walrond, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/oceanic-fish/page-1">"Oceanic Fish"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. New Zealand Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&amp;rft.atitle=Oceanic+Fish&amp;rft.au=Walrond%2C+Carl&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Foceanic-fish%2Fpage-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=kkRKJCofvXMC&amp;pg=PA316"><i>Marine Ecological Processes: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences</i></a>. Academic Press. hlm.&#160;316. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-375724-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-375724-1">978-0-12-375724-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marine+Ecological+Processes%3A+A+Derivative+of+the+Encyclopedia+of+Ocean+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=316&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-375724-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkkRKJCofvXMC%26pg%3DPA316&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/habitat/invasive_species_index.cfm">"Invasive species"</a>. <i>Water: Habitat Protection</i>. Environmental Protection Agency. 6 Maret 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Water%3A+Habitat+Protection&amp;rft.atitle=Invasive+species&amp;rft.date=2012-03-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Ftype%2Foceb%2Fhabitat%2Finvasive_species_index.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sedberry, G. R.; Musick, J. A. (1978). "Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the USA". <i>Marine Biology</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 357–75. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00390900">10.1007/BF00390900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Feeding+strategies+of+some+demersal+fishes+of+the+continental+slope+and+rise+off+the+Mid-Atlantic+Coast+of+the+USA&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=357-75&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00390900&amp;rft.aulast=Sedberry&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+R.&amp;rft.au=Musick%2C+J.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems, National Research Council (1995). "Waiting for a whale: human hunting and deep-sea biodiversity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/4923/chapter/3#6"><i>Understanding Marine Biodiversity</i></a>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-309-17641-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-309-17641-5">978-0-309-17641-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Waiting+for+a+whale%3A+human+hunting+and+deep-sea+biodiversity&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+Marine+Biodiversity&amp;rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-309-17641-5&amp;rft.aulast=Committee+on+Biological+Diversity+in+Marine+Systems&amp;rft.aufirst=National+Research+Council&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F4923%2Fchapter%2F3%236&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matrilineality2003-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matrilineality2003_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hage, P.; Marck, J. (2003). "Matrilineality and the Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y Chromosomes". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>44</b>: S121. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F379272">10.1086/379272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&amp;rft.atitle=Matrilineality+and+the+Melanesian+Origin+of+Polynesian+Y+Chromosomes&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.pages=S121&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F379272&amp;rft.aulast=Hage&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Marck%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belwood1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belwood1_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bellwood, Peter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polynesiansprehi00unse"><i>The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polynesiansprehi00unse/page/45">45</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0500274509" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0500274509">0500274509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Polynesians+%E2%80%93+Prehistory+of+an+Island+People&amp;rft.pages=45-65&amp;rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=0500274509&amp;rft.aulast=Bellwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolynesiansprehi00unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Liesl (15 Februari 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/polynesia-genius-navigators.html">"Polynesia's Genius Navigators"</a>. NOVA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Polynesia%27s+Genius+Navigators&amp;rft.pub=NOVA&amp;rft.date=2000-02-15&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C+Liesl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fancient%2Fpolynesia-genius-navigators.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kayser,_M._2006_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kayser, M.; Brauer, S; Cordaux, R; Casto, A; Lao, O; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Moyse-Faurie, C; Rutledge, R. B.; Schiefenhoevel, W; Gil, D; Lin, A. A.; Underhill, P. A.; Oefner, P. J.; Trent, R. J.; Stoneking, M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53ca9138e4b09ce5b336e6a8/t/53d3ba34e4b0dc5a2065db41/1406384692136/KayserStonekingMBE2006.pdf">"Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>23</b> (11): 2234–44. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl093">10.1093/molbev/msl093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16923821">16923821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Melanesian+and+Asian+Origins+of+Polynesians%3A+MtDNA+and+Y+Chromosome+Gradients+Across+the+Pacific&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2234-44&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl093&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16923821&amp;rft.aulast=Kayser&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Brauer%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Cordaux%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Casto%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lao%2C+O&amp;rft.au=Zhivotovsky%2C+L.+A.&amp;rft.au=Moyse-Faurie%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Rutledge%2C+R.+B.&amp;rft.au=Schiefenhoevel%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Gil%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Lin%2C+A.+A.&amp;rft.au=Underhill%2C+P.+A.&amp;rft.au=Oefner%2C+P.+J.&amp;rft.au=Trent%2C+R.+J.&amp;rft.au=Stoneking%2C+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F53ca9138e4b09ce5b336e6a8%2Ft%2F53d3ba34e4b0dc5a2065db41%2F1406384692136%2FKayserStonekingMBE2006.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723003850/http://www.marinersmuseum.org/education/ancient-world-egypt">"The Ancient World – Egypt"</a>. Mariners' Museum. 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinersmuseum.org/education/ancient-world-egypt">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Maret</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World+%E2%80%93+Egypt&amp;rft.pub=Mariners%27+Museum&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinersmuseum.org%2Feducation%2Fancient-world-egypt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greer, Thomas H.; Lewis, Gavin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DR4MKjXY_MMC&amp;pg=PA63"><i>A Brief History Of The Western World</i></a>. Thomson Wadsworth. hlm.&#160;63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-534-64236-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-534-64236-5">978-0-534-64236-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+Of+The+Western+World&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-534-64236-5&amp;rft.au=Greer%2C+Thomas+H.%3B+Lewis%2C+Gavin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDR4MKjXY_MMC%26pg%3DPA63&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harden, Donald (1962). <i>The Phoenicians</i>, p. 168. Penguin (Harmondsworth).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warmington, Brian H. (1960) <i>Carthage</i>, hlm. 79. Penguin (Harmondsworth).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221190109/www.rgo.ru/2010/08/zacepilis-za-morzhovec/">"Зацепились за Моржовец"</a> (dalam bahasa Russian). Русское географическое общество. 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgo.ru/2010/08/zacepilis-za-morzhovec/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Council of Marine Industry Associations. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+voice+of+the+recreational+marine+industry+worldwide&amp;rft.pub=International+Council+of+Marine+Industry+Associations&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomia.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yachtingmagazine.com/">"Yachting"</a>. YachtingMagazine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Yachting&amp;rft.pub=YachtingMagazine.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yachtingmagazine.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aas, Øystein, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalchallenges00aaso"><i>Global Challenges in Recreational Fisheries</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalchallenges00aaso/page/n16">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-470-69814-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-470-69814-4">0-470-69814-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Challenges+in+Recreational+Fisheries&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-69814-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalchallenges00aaso&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dowling, Ross Kingston, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruiseshiptouris00dowl_722"><i>Cruise Ship Tourism</i></a>. CABI. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruiseshiptouris00dowl_722/page/n24">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84593-049-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84593-049-5">1-84593-049-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cruise+Ship+Tourism&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=1-84593-049-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcruiseshiptouris00dowl_722&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cater, Carl; Cater, Erlet (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marineecotourism00cate"><i>Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea</i></a>. CABI. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marineecotourism00cate/page/n17">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84593-260-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84593-260-9">1-84593-260-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marine+Ecotourism%3A+Between+the+Devil+and+the+Deep+Blue+Sea&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=1-84593-260-9&amp;rft.aulast=Cater&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl&amp;rft.au=Cater%2C+Erlet&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarineecotourism00cate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medclick.co.uk/content/article/157/Health-Benefits-of-Sea-Bathing">"Health Benefits of Sea Bathing"</a>. MedClick.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Health+Benefits+of+Sea+Bathing&amp;rft.pub=MedClick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medclick.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F157%2FHealth-Benefits-of-Sea-Bathing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nickel, C.; Zernial, O.; Musahl, V.; Hansen, U.; Zantop, T.; Petersen, W. 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Cambridge University Press. hlm.&#160;88–104. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-26931-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-26931-5">978-0-521-26931-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Trade+in+World+History&amp;rft.pages=88-104&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-26931-5&amp;rft.aulast=Curtin&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DR4IiYFhliv4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Btrade%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DRoman%2520Empire%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Halpern, B. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micheli.stanford.edu/pdf/30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf">"A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5865): 948–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319..948H">2008Sci...319..948H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1149345">10.1126/science.1149345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276889">18276889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=A+Global+Map+of+Human+Impact+on+Marine+Ecosystems&amp;rft.volume=319&amp;rft.issue=5865&amp;rft.pages=948-52&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18276889&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1149345&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319..948H&amp;rft.aulast=Halpern&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+S.&amp;rft.au=Walbridge%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Selkoe%2C+K.+A.&amp;rft.au=Kappel%2C+C.+V.&amp;rft.au=Micheli%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=d%27Agrosa%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Bruno%2C+J.+F.&amp;rft.au=Casey%2C+K.+S.&amp;rft.au=Ebert%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+H.+E.&amp;rft.au=Fujita%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Heinemann%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Lenihan%2C+H.+S.&amp;rft.au=Madin%2C+E.+M.+P.&amp;rft.au=Perry%2C+M.+T.&amp;rft.au=Selig%2C+E.+R.&amp;rft.au=Spalding%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Steneck%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Watson%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicheli.stanford.edu%2Fpdf%2F30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6TVxR8V1s?url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/trade-routes">"Trade routes"</a>. World Shipping Council. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/trade-routes">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trade+routes&amp;rft.pub=World+Shipping+Council&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldshipping.org%2Fabout-the-industry%2Fglobal-trade%2Ftrade-routes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Roach, John (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2007/09/070917-northwest-passage.html">"Arctic Melt Opens Northwest Passage"</a>. National Geographic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Arctic+Melt+Opens+Northwest+Passage&amp;rft.pub=National+Geographic&amp;rft.date=2007-09-17&amp;rft.au=Roach%2C+John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F070917-northwest-passage.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6TVxSNk7r?url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade">"Global trade"</a>. World Shipping Council. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+trade&amp;rft.pub=World+Shipping+Council&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldshipping.org%2Fabout-the-industry%2Fglobal-trade&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Chief_of_Staff&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Chief of Staff (halaman belum tersedia)">Joint Chief of Staff</a> (31 Agustus 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604203854/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA439918&amp;Location=U2&amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">"Bulk cargo"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms</i>. Washington DC: Department of Defense. hlm.&#160;73. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA439918&amp;Location=U2&amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Department+of+Defense+Dictionary+of+Military+and+Associated+Terms&amp;rft.atitle=Bulk+cargo&amp;rft.pages=73&amp;rft.date=2005-08-31&amp;rft.au=Joint+Chief+of+Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA439918%26Location%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reed Business Information (22 Mei 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJa21Dy8XxwC&amp;lpg=PA10">"Fork lift trucks aboard"</a>. News and Comments. <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>4</b> (79): 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Fork+lift+trucks+aboard&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=79&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.date=1958-05-22&amp;rft.au=Reed+Business+Information&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJa21Dy8XxwC%26lpg%3DPA10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauerbier-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauerbier_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauerbier_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sauerbier, Charles L.; Meurn, Robert J. (2004). <i>Marine Cargo Operations: a guide to stowage</i>. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. hlm.&#160;1–16. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87033-550-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87033-550-2">0-87033-550-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marine+Cargo+Operations%3A+a+guide+to+stowage&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Md&amp;rft.pages=1-16&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-87033-550-2&amp;rft.au=Sauerbier%2C+Charles+L.&amp;rft.au=Meurn%2C+Robert+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faofisheries-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faofisheries_171-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e.pdf"><i>The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2012. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-92-5-107225-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-92-5-107225-7">978-92-5-107225-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2012&amp;rft.pub=FAO+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+Department&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-5-107225-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F016%2Fi2727e%2Fi2727e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenFacts-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreenFacts_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenfacts.org/en/fisheries/">"Fisheries: Latest data"</a>. GreenFacts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fisheries%3A+Latest+data&amp;rft.pub=GreenFacts&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenfacts.org%2Fen%2Ffisheries%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earthtimes-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earthtimes_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earthtimes_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Evans, Michael (3 Juni 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/fishing/">"Fishing"</a>. <i>The Earth Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities". <i>Nature</i>. <b>423</b> (6937): 280–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..280M">2003Natur.423..280M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01610">10.1038/nature01610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748640">12748640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Rapid+worldwide+depletion+of+predatory+fish+communities&amp;rft.volume=423&amp;rft.issue=6937&amp;rft.pages=280-83&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12748640&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01610&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.423..280M&amp;rft.aulast=Myers&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Worm%2C+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-susipudjiastuti-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_175-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cabral, Reniel B.; et al. (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0499-1.epdf?shared_access_token=0f0Asv4Lo7P6CA7kwiwIP9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PRh-MpU0vTRaPU4XNu_ty6PpXG9KvG-Nn5n_Og1NcloOQZWPlc45hInonEKvs7oFWh37E9A0Ns-snQqo465Ak9N_l9CjVYu2-NCC3vwIW8LDyBgncd8v0lb7O2vcTR2B0%3D">"Rapid and lasting gains from solving illegal fishing"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</i>. <b>2</b>: 650–658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Rapid+and+lasting+gains+from+solving+illegal+fishing&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=650-658&amp;rft.date=2018-04&amp;rft.aulast=Cabral&amp;rft.aufirst=Reniel+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-018-0499-1.epdf%3Fshared_access_token%3D0f0Asv4Lo7P6CA7kwiwIP9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PRh-MpU0vTRaPU4XNu_ty6PpXG9KvG-Nn5n_Og1NcloOQZWPlc45hInonEKvs7oFWh37E9A0Ns-snQqo465Ak9N_l9CjVYu2-NCC3vwIW8LDyBgncd8v0lb7O2vcTR2B0%253D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Soto, D. (ed.) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1092e/i1092e00.htm"><i>Integrated mariculture</i></a>. <i>Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 529</i>. FAO. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-92-5-106387-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-92-5-106387-3">978-92-5-106387-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Integrated+mariculture&amp;rft.pub=FAO&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-5-106387-3&amp;rft.au=Soto%2C+D.+%28ed.%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F012%2Fi1092e%2Fi1092e00.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201223644/http://www.shrimpnews.com/About.html">"About shrimp farming"</a>. Shrimp News International. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrimpnews.com/About.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+shrimp+farming&amp;rft.pub=Shrimp+News+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrimpnews.com%2FAbout.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfishcenter.org/featured/sea-cucumber-ranching-improves-livelihoods">"Sea cucumber ranching improves livelihoods"</a>. WorldFish<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sea+cucumber+ranching+improves+livelihoods&amp;rft.pub=WorldFish&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfishcenter.org%2Ffeatured%2Fsea-cucumber-ranching-improves-livelihoods&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Anderson, Genny (15 Juni 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/06future/lobsterfarm.htm">"Lobster mariculture"</a>. <i>Marine Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Lobster+mariculture&amp;rft.date=2009-06-15&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+Genny&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinebio.net%2Fmarinescience%2F06future%2Flobsterfarm.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Winterman, Denise (30 Juli 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18813075">"Future foods: What will we be eating in 20 years' time?"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Future+foods%3A+What+will+we+be+eating+in+20+years%27+time%3F&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2012-07-30&amp;rft.au=Winterman%2C+Denise&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18813075&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/content/knowhow/glossary/samphire/">"Samphire"</a>. BBC: Good Food<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Samphire&amp;rft.pub=BBC%3A+Good+Food&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com%2Fcontent%2Fknowhow%2Fglossary%2Fsamphire%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-in-china/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overview-of-chinas-aquaculture">An Overview of China's Aquaculture</a>", hlm. 6. Netherlands Business Support Office (Dalian), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Black, K. D. (2001). "Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of". Dalam Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaocea00stee"><i>Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences</i></a>. Academic Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaocea00stee/page/n1709">1578</a>–84. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Frwos.2001.0487">10.1006/rwos.2001.0487</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780122274305" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780122274305">9780122274305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Mariculture%2C+Environmental%2C+Economic+and+Social+Impacts+of&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ocean+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=1578-84&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Frwos.2001.0487&amp;rft.isbn=9780122274305&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaocea00stee&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotius,_Hugo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grotius, Hugo (halaman belum tersedia)">Grotius, Hugo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Liberum" title="Mare Liberum">Mare Liberum</a></i>. 1609. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Latin" lang="Latin">(Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lihat <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Bynkershoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Bynkershoek">Bynkershoek, Cornelius</a> (1702). <i>De dominio maris</i>. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Latin" lang="Latin">(Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia1923-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbia1923_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia1923_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia1923_186-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"The Three-Mile Limit as a Rule of International Law". <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. Columbia Law Review Association. <b>23</b> (5): 472–476. 1923. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1112336">10.2307/1112336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1112336">1112336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&amp;rft.atitle=The+Three-Mile+Limit+as+a+Rule+of+International+Law&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=472-476&amp;rft.date=1923&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1112336&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1112336&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Truman, Harry (28 September 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cil.nus.edu.sg/rp/il/pdf/1945%20US%20Presidential%20Proclamation%20No.%202667-pdf.pdf">Presidential Proclamation No. 2667: Policy of the United States with Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil of the Sea Bed and the Continental Shelf</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>). Diambil dari situs National University of Singapore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unclosehistory-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unclosehistory_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unclosehistory_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm">"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)"</a>. <i>Oceans &amp; Law of the Sea</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantor_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_untuk_Urusan_Hukum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantor Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Urusan Hukum (halaman belum tersedia)">Kantor Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Urusan Hukum</a>. (New York), 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_tentang_Hukum_Laut" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut">Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut</a> (1982), §87(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_tentang_Hukum_Laut" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut">Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut</a> (1982), §76(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa_tentang_Hukum_Laut" title="Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut">Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut</a> (1982), §77(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD&#39;AmatoSalimbeti2011" class="citation book">D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.at/books?id=iDyVCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Suppiluliuma+II+cypriot&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=kPc9S0rl8w&amp;sig=smXmjx-qzGW0V_GQz1Ib7v_7JeM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwju-9rOoP_dAhWBXiwKHZmvBXUQ6AEwCXoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Suppiluliuma%20II%20cypriot&amp;f=false"><i>Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC</i></a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Company. hlm.&#160;24. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84908-195-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84908-195-5">978-1-84908-195-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Greek+Warrior+1600%E2%80%931100+BC&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pages=24&amp;rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84908-195-5&amp;rft.aulast=D%27Amato&amp;rft.aufirst=Raphaelo&amp;rft.au=Salimbeti%2C+Andrea&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.at%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyVCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24%26lpg%3DPA24%26dq%3DSuppiluliuma%2BII%2Bcypriot%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DkPc9S0rl8w%26sig%3DsmXmjx-qzGW0V_GQz1Ib7v_7JeM%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwju-9rOoP_dAhWBXiwKHZmvBXUQ6AEwCXoECAEQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSuppiluliuma%2520II%2520cypriot%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsalamisn00stra"><i>The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece—and Western Civilization</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsalamisn00stra/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7432-4450-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7432-4450-8">0-7432-4450-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Salamis%3A+The+Naval+Encounter+That+Saved+Greece%E2%80%94and+Western+Civilization&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-7432-4450-8&amp;rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofsalamisn00stra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Hook, Christa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarnelsons00frem"><i>Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarnelsons00frem/page/n3">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84176-892-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84176-892-8">1-84176-892-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Trafalgar+1805%3A+Nelson%27s+Crowning+Victory&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=1-84176-892-8&amp;rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory&amp;rft.au=Hook%2C+Christa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgarnelsons00frem&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&amp;pg=PA459"><i>Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. hlm.&#160;459. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-85109-732-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-85109-732-5">1-85109-732-5</a>. <q>The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Military+communications%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+21st+century&amp;rft.pages=459&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=1-85109-732-5&amp;rft.aulast=Sterling&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBC2nY1rp5MC%26pg%3DPA459&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclipseofbiggun0000unse"><i>The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship, 1906–45</i></a>. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclipseofbiggun0000unse/page/n21">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-85177-607-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-85177-607-8">0-85177-607-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Eclipse+of+the+Big+Gun%3A+The+Warship%2C+1906%E2%80%9345&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.series=Conway%27s+History+of+the+Ship&amp;rft.pages=18&amp;rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0-85177-607-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feclipseofbiggun0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, John (1998). <i>Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting</i>, hlm. 2. Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55821-759-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55821-759-2">1-55821-759-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Simpson, Michael (2004). <i>A life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A Twentieth-century Naval Leader</i>. Routledge. hlm.&#160;74. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7146-5197-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7146-5197-2">978-0-7146-5197-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+life+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet+Andrew+Cunningham%3A+A+Twentieth-century+Naval+Leader&amp;rft.pages=74&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5197-2&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C+Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme4000000croc"><i>Don't Tread on Me: A 400-Year History of America at War</i></a>. Three Rivers Press (Crown Forum). hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme4000000croc/page/294">294</a>–297, 322, 326–327. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4000-5364-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4000-5364-3">978-1-4000-5364-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me%3A+A+400-Year+History+of+America+at+War&amp;rft.pages=294-297%2C+322%2C+326-327&amp;rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press+%28Crown+Forum%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5364-3&amp;rft.au=Crocker+III%2C+H.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme4000000croc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas, Evan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seaofthunderfour0000evan"><i>Sea of Thunder</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seaofthunderfour0000evan/page/3">3</a>–4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7432-5222-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7432-5222-5">0-7432-5222-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sea+of+Thunder&amp;rft.pages=3-4&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=0-7432-5222-5&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Evan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseaofthunderfour0000evan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/history/wwi/part6.htm">"Finale"</a>. Uboat.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Finale&amp;rft.pub=Uboat.net&amp;rft.au=Helgason%2C+Gu%C3%B0mundur&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fhistory%2Fwwi%2Fpart6.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Preston, Diana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wilfulmurdersink0000pres"><i>Wilful Murder: The Sinking of the Lusitania</i></a>. Black Swan. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wilfulmurdersink0000pres/page/497">497</a>–503. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-552-99886-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-552-99886-4">978-0-552-99886-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Wilful+Murder%3A+The+Sinking+of+the+Lusitania&amp;rft.pages=497-503&amp;rft.pub=Black+Swan&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-552-99886-4&amp;rft.au=Preston%2C+Diana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilfulmurdersink0000pres&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc"><i>Don't Tread on Me</i></a>. New York: Crown Forum. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4000-5363-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4000-5363-6">978-1-4000-5363-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=310&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Forum&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6&amp;rft.aulast=Crocker+III&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bennett, William J (2007). <i>America: The Last Best Hope, Volume 2: From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914–1989</i>. Nelson Current. hlm.&#160;301. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59555-057-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59555-057-6">978-1-59555-057-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=America%3A+The+Last+Best+Hope%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+a+World+at+War+to+the+Triumph+of+Freedom+1914%E2%80%931989&amp;rft.pages=301&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Current&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59555-057-6&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+William+J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4805768.stm">"Q&amp;A: Trident replacement"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Trident+replacement&amp;rft.date=2010-09-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4805768.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.submarinehistory.com/FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html">"Submarines of the Cold War"</a>. California Center for Military History<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dover Publications. hlm.&#160;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Piracy&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=Dover+Publications&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.aulast=Gosse&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pennell, C. R. (2001). "The Geography of Piracy: Northern Morocco in the Mod-Nineteenth Century". Dalam Pennell, C. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uB7ODGowJ3AC"><i>Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader</i></a>. NYU Press. hlm.&#160;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8147-6678-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8147-6678-1">978-0-8147-6678-1</a>. <q>Sea raiders [...] were most active where the maritime environment gave them most opportunity. Narrow straits which funneled shipping into places where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambush&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambush (halaman belum tersedia)">ambush</a> was easy, and escape less chancy, called the pirates into certain areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Piracy%3A+Northern+Morocco+in+the+Mod-Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.btitle=Bandits+at+Sea%3A+A+Pirates+Reader&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=NYU+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6678-1&amp;rft.aulast=Pennell&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuB7ODGowJ3AC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignaffairs.org-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foreignaffairs.org_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214040613/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html">"Foreign Affairs – Terrorism Goes to Sea"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Oktober</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Worrying+rise+in+piracy+attacks+around+Malacca+Strait&amp;rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft.date=2014-07-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fworrying-rise-in-piracy-attacks-around-malacca-strait%2Fa-17780275&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imo_bajak_laut-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imo_bajak_laut_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/blast/mainframe.asp?topic_id=362">"Piracy and armed robbery against ships"</a>. International Maritime Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.th-nuernberg.de/fileadmin/Fachbereiche/bw/studienschwerpunkte/international_business/Master/CAIFD/SeminarPapers/Wind_Offshore_France_Seminar_Paper.pdf">Offshore Wind Energy in France</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OES-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OES_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OES_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505152449/http://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/ocean_energy/">"Ocean Energy"</a>. Ocean Energy Systems. 2011. 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(1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025326X73901859">"Distribution of caesium-137 in British coastal waters"</a>. <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin</i>. <b>4</b> (8): 118–122. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0025-326X%2873%2990185-9">10.1016/0025-326X(73)90185-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Distribution+of+caesium-137+in+British+coastal+waters&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=118-122&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0025-326X%2873%2990185-9&amp;rft.au=Jefferies%2C+D.+F.%3B+Preston%2C+A.%3B+Steele%2C+A.+K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F0025326X73901859&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tsumunea, Daisuke; Tsubonoa, Takaki; Aoyamab, Michio; Hirosec, Katsumi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265931X11002463">"Distribution of oceanic 137–Cs from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant simulated numerically by a regional ocean model"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Radioactivity</i>. <b>111</b>: 100–108. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2011.10.007">10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071362">22071362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Radioactivity&amp;rft.atitle=Distribution+of+oceanic+137%E2%80%93Cs+from+the+Fukushima+Dai-ichi+Nuclear+Power+Plant+simulated+numerically+by+a+regional+ocean+model&amp;rft.volume=111&amp;rft.pages=100-108&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2011.10.007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22071362&amp;rft.au=Tsumunea%2C+Daisuke%3B+Tsubonoa%2C+Takaki%3B+Aoyamab%2C+Michio%3B+Hirosec%2C+Katsumi&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0265931X11002463&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106060429/http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialProgrammesAndInitiatives/Pages/London-Convention-and-Protocol.aspx">"London Convention and Protocol"</a>. International Maritime Organization. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialProgrammesAndInitiatives/Pages/London-Convention-and-Protocol.aspx">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=London+Convention+and+Protocol&amp;rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2FOurWork%2FEnvironment%2FSpecialProgrammesAndInitiatives%2FPages%2FLondon-Convention-and-Protocol.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919054227/http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx">"International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)"</a>. International Maritime Organization. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-%28marpol%29.aspx">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=International+Convention+for+the+Prevention+of+Pollution+from+Ships+%28MARPOL+73%2F78%29&amp;rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fabout%2Fconventions%2Flistofconventions%2Fpages%2Finternational-convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-%2528marpol%2529.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/surin7.htm">"Environmental, social and cultural settings of the Surin Islands"</a>. <i>Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands</i>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Development+in+Coastal+Regions+and+Small+Islands&amp;rft.atitle=Environmental%2C+social+and+cultural+settings+of+the+Surin+Islands&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fcsi%2Fpub%2Fpapers2%2Fsurin7.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-Asia/Samal-Orientation.html">"Samal – Orientation"</a>. <i>Countries and Their Cultures</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Countries+and+Their+Cultures&amp;rft.atitle=Samal+%E2%80%93+Orientation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2FEast-Southeast-Asia%2FSamal-Orientation.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Langenheim, Johnny (18 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/18/last-sea-nomads">"The last of the sea nomads"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=The+last+of+the+sea+nomads&amp;rft.date=2010-09-18&amp;rft.au=Langenheim%2C+Johnny&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fsep%2F18%2Flast-sea-nomads&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ivanoff, Jacques (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2005/04/sea-gypsies/ivanoff-text">"Sea Gypsies of Myanmar"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.atitle=Sea+Gypsies+of+Myanmar&amp;rft.date=2005-04-01&amp;rft.au=Ivanoff%2C+Jacques&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2005%2F04%2Fsea-gypsies%2Fivanoff-text&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hovelsrud, G. 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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Traditional+Owners+of+the+Great+Barrier+Reef&amp;rft.pub=Great+Barrier+Reef+Marine+Park+Authority&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbrmpa.gov.au%2Four-partners%2Ftraditional-owners%2Ftraditional-owners-of-the-great-barrier-reef&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westerdahl-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westerdahl_255-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westerdahl_255-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Westerdahl, C. (1994). "Maritime cultures and ship types: Brief comments on the significance of maritime archaeology". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 265–270. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1994.tb00471.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00471.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&amp;rft.atitle=Maritime+cultures+and+ship+types%3A+Brief+comments+on+the+significance+of+maritime+archaeology&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=265-270&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1994.tb00471.x&amp;rft.aulast=Westerdahl&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkitab.sabda.org/?Ayub%2041%3A1-34&amp;version=tb">Ayub 41:1–34</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kerenyi, C. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich"><i>The Gods of the Greeks</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich/page/37">37</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-500-27048-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-500-27048-1">0-500-27048-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Greeks&amp;rft.pages=37-40&amp;rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=0-500-27048-1&amp;rft.au=Kerenyi%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofgreeks00kerrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shunsen, Takehara (1841). <i>Ehon Hyaku Monogatari (絵本百物語, "Picture Book of a Hundred Stories")</i> (dalam bahasa Japanese). Kyoto: Ryûsuiken.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ehon+Hyaku+Monogatari+%28%E7%B5%B5%E6%9C%AC%E7%99%BE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E%2C+%22Picture+Book+of+a+Hundred+Stories%22%29&amp;rft.place=Kyoto&amp;rft.pub=Ry%C3%BBsuiken&amp;rft.date=1841&amp;rft.au=Shunsen%2C+Takehara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pontoppidan, Erich (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwoOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA327"><i>The Naturalist's Library, Volume 8: The Kraken</i></a>. W. H. Lizars. hlm.&#160;327–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Naturalist%27s+Library%2C+Volume+8%3A+The+Kraken&amp;rft.pages=327-36&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Lizars&amp;rft.date=1839&amp;rft.au=Pontoppidan%2C+Erich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwoOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slive-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slive_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Slive, Seymour (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchpainting1600000sliv"><i>Dutch Painting, 1600–1800</i></a>. 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Springer. hlm.&#160;4–8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-90-277-1906-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-90-277-1906-5">978-90-277-1906-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Poetics+of+the+Elements+in+the+Human+Condition%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+The+Sea%3A+From+Elemental+Stirrings+to+the+Symbolic+Inspiration%2C+Language%2C+and+Life-Significance+in+Literary+Interpretation+and+Theory&amp;rft.pages=4-8&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-277-1906-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DULciOFv9dDEC%26pg%3DPR11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ALaut" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wagner, Richard (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511142319/http://users.belgacom.net/wagnerlibrary/prose/wagauto.htm">"An Autobiographical Sketch"</a>. 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"Debussy and Nature". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_Companions_to_Music&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge Companions to Music (halaman belum tersedia)">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. 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