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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role in Ottoman and Egyptian political system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Ottoman_and_Egyptian_political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honorific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_notable_pashas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_notable_pashas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of notable pashas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_notable_pashas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pasha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(Titel)" title="Pascha (Titel) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pascha (Titel)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="باشا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باشا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Paşa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="پاشا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاشا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF)" title="পাশা (পদবি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাশা (পদবি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Паша – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Паша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Паша (тытул) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паша (тытул)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Паша (тытул) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паша (тытул)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Паша – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paix%C3%A0" title="Paixà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paixà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(Titel)" title="Pascha (Titel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pascha (Titel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Πασάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πασάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baj%C3%A1" title="Bajá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bajá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Dao" title="Paŝao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŝao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="پاشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(titre)" title="Pacha (titre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pacha (titre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasja" title="Pasja – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pasja" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%C3%A1" title="Paxá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paxá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%83%A4" title="파샤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파샤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1" title="Փաշա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փաշա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="पाशा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाशा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Paşa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paşa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasja" title="Pasja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pasja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasci%C3%A0" title="Pascià – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pascià" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%90" title="פאשא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאשא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="ფაშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფაშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Паша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa" title="Bassa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bassa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1%C4%81" title="Pašā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pašā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasa" title="Pasa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pasa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Паша – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паша" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رتبة الباشويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رتبة الباشويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasja_(titel)" title="Pasja (titel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pasja (titel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3" title="パシャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パシャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasja" title="Pasja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pasja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posho" title="Posho – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Posho" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasza_(urz%C4%85d)" title="Pasza (urząd) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasza (urząd)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%C3%A1" title="Paxá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paxá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C8%99%C4%83" title="Pașă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pașă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Паша (титул) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паша (титул)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a_(Osmansk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a)" title="Paša (Osmanská ríša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paša (Osmanská ríša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="پاشا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاشا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Паша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1a" title="Paša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Pašša – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pašša" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha" title="Pascha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pascha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Паша – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Паша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Paşa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paşa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title for high-ranking military or political officials in the Ottoman Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pasha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pasha (disambiguation)">Pasha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paşa" redirects here. For the footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Cahit_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Cahit Paşa">Cahit Paşa</a>.</div> <p><b>Pasha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">پاشا</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">paşa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">باشا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">basha</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a high rank in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> political and military system, typically granted to <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">generals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dignitary" title="Dignitary">dignitaries</a>, and others. <i>Pasha</i> was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> and it was also used in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>pasha</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">pasha</i></span> (<i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pāşā</i></span></i>; also <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">basha</i></span> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bāşā</i></span>)).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to titles like <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> (<i>amīr</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> (sir), which were established in usage much earlier, the title <i>pasha</i> came into <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> usage right after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> (d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian Turkish rulers</a> of the same era.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">başa</i></span> still in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>, the Turkish <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">pasha</i></span> or <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">basha</i></span> was itself from Turkish <i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ba%C5%9F#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:baş">baş</a></i> / <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bash</i></span> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">باش</span></span> 'head, chief'), itself from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo-Latn">pati-</i></span> ('master', from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">poti</span></span></i>) and the root of the Persian word <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i></span>, <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاه</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Oxford Dictionaries, the Turkish word from which it was borrowed was formed as a result of the combination of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi language">Pahlavi</a> words <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal-Latn">pati-</i></span> 'lord', and <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal-Latn">shah</i></span> (<span lang="pal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AD%AC%F0%90%AD%AB%F0%90%AD%AA%F0%90%AD%A0#Pahlavi" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠">𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josef_W._Meri" title="Josef W. Meri">Josef W. Meri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jere_L._Bacharach" title="Jere L. Bacharach">Jere L. Bacharach</a>, the word is "more than likely derived from the Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></i></span>" (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پادشاه</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same view is held by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ostler" title="Nicholas Ostler">Nicholas Ostler</a>, who mentions that the word was formed as a shortening of the Persian word <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">padishah</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Deny" title="Jean Deny">Jean Deny</a> also attributed its origin to <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">padishah</i></span>, while repeating a suggestion by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Doerfer" title="Gerhard Doerfer">Gerhard Doerfer</a> that it was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">baskak</i></span> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bāsqāq</i></span>), meaning 'agent, tax collector'.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theories have posited a Turkish or Turkic origin of the word, claiming it derived from <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">başağa</i></span> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bāş āghā</i></span>), which denoted a 'principal elder brother' or 'prince's elder son' in the pre-Ottoman period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to etymologist <span title="Turkish-language text"><span lang="tr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sevan_Ni%C5%9Fanyan" title="Sevan Nişanyan">Sevan Nişanyan</a></span></span>, the word is derived from Turkish <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">beşe</i></span> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">بچّه</span></span> 'boy, prince'), which is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">bačče</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بچّه</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some earlier Turkish lexicographers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Vefik_Pasha" title="Ahmed Vefik Pasha">Ahmed Vefik Paşa</a> and Mehmed Salahi, argued it was most likely derived from Turkish <i><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">başa</i></span></i> or Turkish <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">beşe</i></span>, the latter meaning 'elder brother' and being a title given to some Ottoman provincial officials and <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with an initial <i>b</i>. The English forms <i>bashaw</i>, <i>bassaw</i>, <i>bucha</i>, etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">bassa</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the Ottoman presence in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the title became used frequently in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, though pronounced <i>basha</i> due to the absence of the /p/ sound in Arabic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_Ottoman_and_Egyptian_political_system">Role in Ottoman and Egyptian political system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in Ottoman and Egyptian political system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pasha" title="Special:EditPage/Pasha">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt under Muhammad Ali">Egypt under Muhammad Ali</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg/100px-Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg/150px-Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg/200px-Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>A pasha's <i><a href="/wiki/Tugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugh">tugh</a></i> with two horse tails</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Sultan</a> had the right to bestow the title of <i>Pasha</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Mary_Jane_Garnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Mary Jane Garnett">Lucy Mary Jane Garnett</a> wrote in the 1904 work <i>Turkish Life in Town and Country</i> that it was the sole "Turkish title which carries with it any definite rank and precedence".<sup id="cite_ref-Garnettp5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnettp5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was through this custom that the title (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈbæːʃæ]</a></span>) came to be used in Egypt, which was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517. The rise to power in Egypt in 1805 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanian</a> military commander, effectively established <a href="/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors">Egypt as a <i>de facto</i> independent state</a>, however, it still owed technical fealty to the Ottoman Sultan. Moreover, Muhammad Ali harboured ambitions of supplanting the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Osman Dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), and sought to style his Egyptian realm as a successor <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> to the Ottoman Empire. As such, he bore the title of <i>Pasha</i>, in addition to the official title of <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a>, and the self-declared title of <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a>. His successors to the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Dynasty">Egyptian and Sudanese throne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Sa'id</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il</a> also inherited these titles, with <i>Pasha</i>, and <i>Wāli</i> ceasing to be used in 1867, when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> officially recognised Isma'il as Khedive. </p><p>The title <i>Pasha</i> appears originally to have applied exclusively to military commanders and only high ranking family of the sultans, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was also part of the official style of the <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> (Grand Admiral of the Ottoman fleet). Pashas ranked above <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Aghas</a>, but below <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a>. </p><p>Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of horse tails (three, two, and one respectively; a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> tradition) or peacock tails that the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a>. </p><p>The following military ranks entitled the holder to the style Pasha (lower ranks were styled Bey or merely <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">Effendi</a>): </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Vizier-i-Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizier-i-Azam">Vizier-i-Azam</a> (Grand Vizier, the prime minister, but also often taking the field as Generalissimo instead of the Sultan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushir" title="Mushir">Mushir</a> (Field marshal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferik_(rank)" title="Ferik (rank)">Ferik</a> (army lieutenant-general or navy vice-admiral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">Liva</a> (major general or rear-admiral)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a> (chief black eunuch, the highest officer in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>; three tails, as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Baltadji" title="Baltadji">baltadji</a> corps of the halberdiers in the imperial army</li> <li>Constantinople's <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh ul-Islam">Shaikh ul-Islam</a>, the highest Muslim clergyman, of cabinet rank.</li></ul> <p>If a Pasha governed a provincial <a href="/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory (country subdivision)">territory</a>, it could be called a <i><a href="/wiki/Pashaluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashaluk">pashaluk</a></i> after his military title, besides the administrative term for the type of jurisdiction, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">vilayet/walayah</a></i>. Both <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey"><i>beylerbeys</i></a> (governors-general) and <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">valis/wālis</a> (the most common type of Governor) were entitled to the style of Pasha (typically with two tails). The word <i>pashalik</i> designated any <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> or other jurisdiction of a Pasha, such as the Pasha or Bashaw of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. </p><p>Ottoman and Egyptian authorities conferred the title upon both <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> without distinction. They also frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Ottoman Empire, or of the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egyptian Khedivate</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> in turn), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Hobart-Hampden" title="Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden">Hobart Pasha</a>. In an Egyptian context, the <a href="/wiki/Abaza_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaza Family">Abaza Family</a> is known as "the family of the pashas" for having produced the largest number of nobles holding this title under the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> and was noted in Egyptian media in 2014 as one of the main "families that rule Egypt" to this day,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daharchives.alhayat.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daharchives.alhayat.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "deeply rooted in Egyptian society and… in the history of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-bibalex1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibalex1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorific">Honorific</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honorific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an honorific, the title pasha was an aristocratic title and could be hereditary or non-hereditary, stipulated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Patent_of_nobility" title="Patent of nobility">patent of nobility</a>) issued by the Sultan carrying the <i><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a></i> (imperial seal). The title did not bestow rank or title to the wife nor was any religious leader elevated to the title. In contrast to western nobility titles, where the title normally is added before the given name, Ottoman titles followed the given name. In contacts with foreign emissaries and representatives, holders of the title Pasha were often referred to as "Your Excellency".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The sons of a Pasha were styled <b>Pashazada</b> or <b>Pashazade</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a> and (to a lesser extent) <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, it is used as an honorific closer to "Sir" than "Lord", especially by older people. Among Egyptians born since the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Revolution of 1952</a> and the abolition of aristocratic titles, it is considered a highly formal way of addressing one's male peers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is no longer an official title, high-ranking officers of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> are often referred to as "pashas" by the Turkish public and media. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Marine_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine nationale">French Navy</a>, "pasha" (<i>pacha</i> in French) is the nickname of the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding Officer">Commanding Officer</a>, similar to the term "skipper" in the Anglophone navies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_pashas">List of notable pashas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of notable pashas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_November_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mustafa_Kemal_November_1918.png/170px-Mustafa_Kemal_November_1918.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mustafa_Kemal_November_1918.png/255px-Mustafa_Kemal_November_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Mustafa_Kemal_November_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg/250px-ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg/330px-ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg/500px-ENPER_PASHA_WARMINISTER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg/170px-Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg/255px-Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg/340px-Al1-5235-6C52-7E70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Muhtar_Pasha" title="Ahmed Muhtar Pasha">Ahmed Muhtar Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg/170px-GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg/255px-GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/GhaziOsmanPasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Donizetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Giuseppe_Donizetti.jpg/250px-Giuseppe_Donizetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Giuseppe_Donizetti.jpg/255px-Giuseppe_Donizetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Giuseppe_Donizetti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Donizetti" title="Giuseppe Donizetti">Donizetti Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg/170px-Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg/255px-Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg/340px-Charles_Gordon_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Major-General Charles George Gordon CB Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg/250px-Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg/330px-Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg/340px-Aziz_Pasha_Abaza_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Pasha_Abaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziz Pasha Abaza">Aziz Pasha Abaza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg/170px-C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg/255px-C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pomeroy_Stone" title="Charles Pomeroy Stone">Stone Pasha</a> Ben Schauma Pasha </figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information</b> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The inclusion criterion is that the person held the rank of "pasha" in his society </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaza Family">Abaza Family</a>, Egyptian Pashas and <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ali Pasha (disambiguation)">Ali Pasha</a>, multiple people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Mubarak" title="Ali Pasha Mubarak">Ali Pasha Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Baker" title="Valentine Baker">Baker Pasha</a> (Valentine Baker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_(Ottoman_admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa (Ottoman admiral)">Barbarossa Khair ad-Din Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransford_Dodsworth_Bucknam" title="Ransford Dodsworth Bucknam">Bucknam Pasha</a> (Ransford Dodsworth Bucknam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Alexandre_de_Bonneval" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Alexandre de Bonneval">Ahmed Pasha</a> (Claude Alexandre de Bonneval)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigalazade_Yusuf_Sinan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha">Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"), also known as <i>Frenk Ibrahim Pasha</i> ("the Westerner"), <i>Makbul Ibrahim Pasha</i> ("the Favorite") and <i>Maktul Ibrahim Pasha</i> ("the Executed")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Naval</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> & Pasha of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Emam_family" title="El-Emam family">El-Emam family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha" title="Emin Pasha">Emin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essad_Pasha_Toptani" class="mw-redirect" title="Essad Pasha Toptani">Essad Pasha Toptani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhri_Pasha" title="Fakhri Pasha">Fakhri Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fekry_Pasha_Abaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fekry Pasha Abaza">Fekry Pasha Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Fuad_Pasha" title="Mehmed Fuad Pasha">Fuad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romolo_Gessi" title="Romolo Gessi">Gessi Pasha</a> (Romolo Gessi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Bagot_Glubb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Bagot Glubb">Glubb Pasha</a> (Sir John Bagot Glubb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Gordon Pasha</a> (Charles George Gordon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Guyon" title="Richard Guyon">Guyon Pasha</a>, (General Richard Guyon), also known as Kurshid Pasha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Abdoe%27r_Rahman_Alzahier" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier">Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagop_Kazazian_Pasha" title="Hagop Kazazian Pasha">Hagop Kazazian Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži Mustafa Pasha">Hajji Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Hobart-Hampden" title="Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden">Hobart Pasha</a> (Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha">Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha</a>, arms and algebra expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Refki_Pasha" title="Hussein Refki Pasha">Hussein Refki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Edhem_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Edhem Pasha">Ibrahim Edhem Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet Pasha</a> (İsmet İnönü)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Askari" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Askari">Jafar al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal Pasha">Jamal Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pasha (page does not exist)">John Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judar_Pasha" title="Judar Pasha">Judar Pasha</a>, Moroccan general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha">Kara Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(British_soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hicks (British soldier)">Hicks Pasha</a> (William Hicks), British Colonel, Hero of the Mahdist Wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagop_Kazazian_Pasha" title="Hagop Kazazian Pasha">Kazazian Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Kilic Ali Pasha</a></li> <li>Multiple members of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Köprülü family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha">Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Liman von Sanders Pasha</a> (Otto Liman von Sanders)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">Goltz Pasha</a> (Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz)</li> <li>Krayem Pasha Al Nahar, Jordan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Dramali_Pasha" title="Mahmud Dramali Pasha">Mahmud Dramali Pasha</a>, Ottoman general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Simaika" title="Marcus Simaika">Marcus Simaika Pasha</a>, was an Egyptian Coptic leader, politician, and founder of the Coptic Museum in Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Mehmet Esat Bülkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Pasha_Sokolovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Pasha Sokolovic">Mehmed Pasha Sokolović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_Meissner" title="Heinrich August Meissner">Meissner Pasha</a> (Heinrich August Meissner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Ignace_Melling" title="Antoine Ignace Melling">Melling Pasha</a> (Antoine Ignace Melling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Müezzinzade Ali Pasha</a>, Ottoman admiral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, viceroy of Egypt</li> <li>Mustafa Kemal Pasha, subsequently known as <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, founder of the post-Ottoman Turkish republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Reshid_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Reshid Pasha">Mustafa Reshid Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Pasha_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Pasha Mahfouz">Naguib Pasha Mahfouz</a>, is known as the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt and was a pioneer in obstetric fistula</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubar_Pasha" title="Nubar Pasha">Nubar Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Pasha_Latas" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Pasha Latas">Omar Pasha Latas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a></li> <li>Qassim Pasha Al Zuhair, Pasha of Albasrah and Kuwait<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu Bey, Pasha of Wallachia</a>, Brother of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_Tepes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III Tepes">Vlad III Tepes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet Bele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regep_Aga" class="mw-redirect" title="Regep Aga">Regep Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Pasha" title="Riyad Pasha">Riyad Pasha</a>, Egyptian statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Pasha">Russell Pasha</a>, British officer in the Egyptian police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha" title="Rüstem Pasha">Rüstem Pasha</a> the longest serving Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Mehmet_Sait_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Küçük Mehmet Sait Pasha">Said Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eerif_Pasha" title="Şerif Pasha">Şerif Pasha</a>, Kurdish nationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentot_Prawirodirdjo" title="Sentot Prawirodirdjo">Sentot Prawirodirdjo</a>, known as "Alibasah Sentot" or "Sentot Ali Pasha". <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> Muslim commander during <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinan Pasha">Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Slatin Pasha">Slatin Pasha</a> (Rudolf Carl von Slatin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pomeroy_Stone" title="Charles Pomeroy Stone">Stone Pasha</a> (Charles Pomeroy Stone)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulejman Pasha">Sulejman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Pasha_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahir Pasha (governor)">Tahir Pasha</a>, vali of Mosul 1910-12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_Bay" title="Tawfiq Bay">Tawfiq Bay</a> (Tevfik Pasha), Arab pan-Islamist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turhan_Pasha_P%C3%ABrmeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Turhan Pasha Përmeti">Turhan Pasha Përmeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusun_Pasha" title="Tusun Pasha">Tusun Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_%27Urabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed 'Urabi">Urabi Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vartan_Pasha" title="Vartan Pasha">Vartan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Vehib_Ka%C3%A7%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Vehib Kaçı">Wehib Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Williams,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars">Williams Pasha</a> (Sir William Williams), Canadian/British General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Felix_Woods" title="Henry Felix Woods">Woods Pasha</a> (Henry Felix Woods)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Wahba" title="Youssef Wahba">Youssef Wahba Pasha</a>, Egyptian Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Yusuf Murad Pasha</a> (Józef Bem), Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary, who served in the Ottoman Empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli, Pasha of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_family" title="Zulfikar family">Zulfikar family</a>, Egyptian Pashas and <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beys</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman titles">List of Ottoman titles and appellations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In older works it is sometimes anglicized as <i>bashaw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Gibbon. <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, Chapter 68, etal <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509185643/http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm">Archived</a> 2019-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTwain1869" class="citation book cs1">Twain, Mark (1869). <i>The Innocents Abroad</i>. pp. Chapter 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innocents+Abroad&rft.pages=Chapter+42&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span>"Pacha" used as spelling in this text</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenzakourGaadiQueffélec2000" class="citation book cs1">Benzakour, Fouzia; Gaadi, Driss; Queffélec, Ambroise (2000). <i>Le Français au Maroc: Lexique et contacts de langues</i>. De Boeck Supérieur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782801112601" title="Special:BookSources/9782801112601"><bdi>9782801112601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Fran%C3%A7ais+au+Maroc%3A+Lexique+et+contacts+de+langues&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782801112601&rft.aulast=Benzakour&rft.aufirst=Fouzia&rft.au=Gaadi%2C+Driss&rft.au=Queff%C3%A9lec%2C+Ambroise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelghazi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Belghazi, Taieb (2006). "Festivalization of Urban Space in Morocco". <i>Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10669920500515168">10.1080/10669920500515168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145764601">145764601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Critical+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Festivalization+of+Urban+Space+in+Morocco&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10669920500515168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145764601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Belghazi&rft.aufirst=Taieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006185836/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=pasha&searchmode=none">"pasha"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=pasha&searchmode=none">the original</a> on 6 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dpasha%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125228/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/pasha">"Pasha"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries (English)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/pasha">the original</a> on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%28English%29&rft.atitle=Pasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fpasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouquet2014" class="citation book cs1">Bouquet, Olivier (2014). "Paşa". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>. <q>The use of paşa (pāşā) as an Ottoman title emerged immediately after the reign of Osman I (ʿOthmān I, d. c. 724/1324), contrary to previous honorific designations used for upper dignitaries, such as emir (emīr), bey (beg), mirimiran (mīrimīrān), and vezir (vezīr, vizier). This is probably one of the reasons why its etymology has been a matter of debate. According to Jean Deny, it probably derived from padişah (pādishāh, emperor), with the possible influence of baskak (bāsqāq, agent, tax collector), as suggested by Gerhard Doerfer. Alternative theories claim that it is a modification of the word başağa (bāş āghā), which was used to designate a 'principal elder brother' or 'prince's elder son' in pre-Ottoman times. Some Turkish lexicographers, including Ahmed Vefik (Aḥmed Vefīḳ) Paşa and Mehmed Salahi (Meḥmed Salāhī), assert that it most likely originated from başa (bāşa) or beşe (elder brother), which was a title generally attributed to provincial notables and janissaries. This theory rests on a double hypothesis: 1) the first Ottoman honoured with the title was probably Alaeddin (ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn), the brother of Orhan (Orkhān, r. c. 724–63/1324–62), and 2) it was also conferred on his designated successors in the second half of the eighth/fourteenth century. In any case, two facts are indisputable. Some Anatolian emirs made use of this honorific distinction before the Ottomans, such as Aydınlı Umur (Umūr) Paşa (d. 748/1348). Moreover, outside of members of the Ottoman family circle, the first dignitaries awarded the title were the sultan's most prominent lieutenants, such as Çandarlı Kara Halil (Qara Khalīl, d. 789/1387), chief of the administration and commander of the army in the reign of Murad (Murād) I (r. 763–91/1362–89).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pa%C5%9Fa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=Bouquet&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTietze2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Tietze" title="Andreas Tietze">Tietze, Andreas</a> (2002). "başa". <i>Tarihi ve Etimolojik Türkiye Türkçesi Lugatı</i> (in Turkish). Simurg Kitapçılık. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-7172-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-7172-56-7"><bdi>978-975-7172-56-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ba%C5%9Fa&rft.btitle=Tarihi+ve+Etimolojik+T%C3%BCrkiye+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7esi+Lugat%C4%B1&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Simurg+Kitap%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-975-7172-56-7&rft.aulast=Tietze&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeriJere_L._Bacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W.; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: L–Z, index</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 814. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415966924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415966924"><bdi>978-0415966924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+L%E2%80%93Z%2C+index&rft.pages=814&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415966924&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft.au=Jere+L.+Bacharach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstler2010" class="citation book cs1">Ostler, Nicholas (2010). <i>The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel</i>. Penguin UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141922218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141922218"><bdi>978-0141922218</bdi></a>. <q>Even in Ottoman Turkish much military vocabulary is borrowed from Persian. The highest rank, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">paşa</i></span>, was a shortening of Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">padišāh</i></span> 'emperor'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Lingua+Franca%3A+English+Until+the+Return+of+Babel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0141922218&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:052_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeny1995" class="citation book cs1">Deny, Jean (1995). "Pas̲h̲a". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Vol. 8. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pas%CC%B2h%CC%B2a&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Deny&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNişanyan" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sevan_Ni%C5%9Fanyan" title="Sevan Nişanyan">Nişanyan, Sevan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120215826/http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=pa%C5%9Fa"><i>paşa</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=pa%C5%9Fa">the original</a> on 20 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=pa%C5%9Fa&rft.aulast=Ni%C5%9Fanyan&rft.aufirst=Sevan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisanyansozluk.com%2F%3Fk%3Dpa%25C5%259Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnettp5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnettp5_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Garnett" title="Lucy Garnett">Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane</a>. <i>Turkish Life in Town and Country</i>. <a href="/wiki/G.P._Putnam%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="G.P. Putnam's Sons">G.P. Putnam's Sons</a>, 1904. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5Q4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5">5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102082114/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5Q4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> 2024-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawabhnews.com/482311#.UzL6117RRaw.facebook">"عائلات تحكم مصر.. 1 ـ 'الأباظية' عائلة الباشوات"</a>. 26 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128033510/http://www.albawabhnews.com/482311#.UzL6117RRaw.facebook">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1..+1+%D9%80+%27%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%A9%27+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawabhnews.com%2F482311%23.UzL6117RRaw.facebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daharchives.alhayat.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daharchives.alhayat.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227192411/http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/1998/9/28/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%85-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%94%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9.html">"عرب أم شركس أم خليط منهما ؟. عائلات الأباظية في مصر تتكيف نموذجياً مع المتغيرات الاجتماعية والتقلبات السياسية"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/1998/9/28/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%85-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%94%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9.html">the original</a> on 2016-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rushdi+Abaza%2C+AlexCinema&rft.pub=www.bibalex.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibalex.org%2Falexcinema%2Factors%2FRushdi_Abaza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSayyid-Marsot1984" class="citation book cs1">Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (1984-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCz7N-GYKRcC&q=Abaza+Family%2C+Egypt&pg=PA123"><i>Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28968-9"><bdi>978-0-521-28968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+the+Reign+of+Muhammad+Ali&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28968-9&rft.aulast=Sayyid-Marsot&rft.aufirst=Afaf+Lutfi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCz7N-GYKRcC%26q%3DAbaza%2BFamily%252C%2BEgypt%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319020047/https://www.bing.com/search?q=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9+&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&sm=asprodmb&pq=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+&sc=0-15&sk=&cvid=C5A517F62A894ED59EA410D1280DDFF4&ghsh=0&ghacc=0&ghpl=">"عائلة الباشوات أباظة - Search"</a>. 2024-03-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9+&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&sm=asprodmb&pq=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+&sc=0-15&sk=&cvid=C5A517F62A894ED59EA410D1280DDFF4&ghsh=0&ghacc=0&ghpl=">the original</a> on 2024-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9+-+Search&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2B%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A9%2B%26qs%3Dn%26form%3DQBRE%26sp%3D-1%26lq%3D0%26sm%3Dasprodmb%26pq%3D%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2B%26sc%3D0-15%26sk%3D%26cvid%3DC5A517F62A894ED59EA410D1280DDFF4%26ghsh%3D0%26ghacc%3D0%26ghpl%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i> (Volume II). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 27 May 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521291666" title="Special:BookSources/0521291666">0521291666</a>, 9780521291668. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA386">386</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102082114/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA386#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 2024-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/patrimoine/traditions/vocabulaire-marine#voc">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060417/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/patrimoine/traditions/vocabulaire-marine">Archived</a> 2016-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-jazirah.com/culture/2013/11042013/almlf27.htm">"جريدة الدستور البصرية"</a>. <i>www.al-jazirah.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908025516/http://www.al-jazirah.com/culture/2013/11042013/almlf27.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-jazirah.com&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-jazirah.com%2Fculture%2F2013%2F11042013%2Falmlf27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pasha" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pasha">Pasha</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 883.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pasha&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=883&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APasha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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