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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-日本的巨变、企图与备战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本的巨变、企图与备战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>日本的巨变、企图与备战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本的巨变、企图与备战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朝鲜局势" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朝鲜局势"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>朝鲜局势</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朝鲜局势-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中国的因应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国的因应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>中国的因应</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国的因应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-战争过程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战争过程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>战争过程</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-战争过程-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关战争过程子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-战争过程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-前奏与爆发" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#前奏与爆发"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>前奏与爆发</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-前奏与爆发-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-东学党起义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#东学党起义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>东学党起义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-东学党起义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丰岛海战与高升号事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丰岛海战与高升号事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>丰岛海战与高升号事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丰岛海战与高升号事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成欢之战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成欢之战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>成欢之战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成欢之战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-双方宣战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#双方宣战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>双方宣战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-双方宣战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结果及影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结果及影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>结果及影响</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-结果及影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关结果及影响子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-结果及影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-马关条约" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#马关条约"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>马关条约</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-马关条约-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对清朝的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对清朝的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>对清朝的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对清朝的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对日本的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对日本的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>对日本的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对日本的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对台灣的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对台灣的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>对台灣的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对台灣的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对朝鲜王朝的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对朝鲜王朝的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>对朝鲜王朝的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对朝鲜王朝的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-战争分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战争分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>战争分析</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-战争分析-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关战争分析子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-战争分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-战前军备" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战前军备"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>战前军备</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-战前军备-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中国（清朝）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国（清朝）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>中国（清朝）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国（清朝）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海军战事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海军战事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>海军战事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海军战事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-陆军战事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陆军战事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>陆军战事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陆军战事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后续事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后续事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>后续事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后续事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-战争罪行" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战争罪行"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>战争罪行</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-战争罪行-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">甲午战争</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。73种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Chinees-Japannese_Oorlog" title="Eerste Chinees-Japannese Oorlog – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste Chinees-Japannese Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="الحرب اليابانية الصينية الأولى – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب اليابانية الصينية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_guerra_sino-xaponesa" title="Primer guerra sino-xaponesa – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer guerra sino-xaponesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya%E2%80%93%C3%87in_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si_(1894%E2%80%931895)" title="Yaponiya–Çin müharibəsi (1894–1895) – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya–Çin müharibəsi (1894–1895)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B9%DB%B4%E2%80%94%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B9%DB%B5)" title="چین-ژاپون ساواشی (۱۸۹۴—۱۸۹۵) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین-ژاپون ساواشی (۱۸۹۴—۱۸۹۵)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая япона-кітайская вайна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая япона-кітайская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1894_%E2%80%93_1895)" title="Китайско-японска война (1894 – 1895) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайско-японска война (1894 – 1895)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রথম চীন-জাপান যুদ্ধ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম চীন-জাপান যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Sino-japonesa" title="Primera Guerra Sino-japonesa – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera Guerra Sino-japonesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86" title="یەکەم جەنگی چین و ژاپۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکەم جەنگی چین و ژاپۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsko-japonsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="První čínsko-japonská válka – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První čínsko-japonská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._kinesisk-japanske_krig" title="1. kinesisk-japanske krig – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1. kinesisk-japanske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Japanisch-Chinesischer_Krieg" title="Erster Japanisch-Chinesischer Krieg – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Japanisch-Chinesischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8A%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Α΄ Σινοϊαπωνικός Πόλεμος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Α΄ Σινοϊαπωνικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First Sino-Japanese War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_%C4%89ina-japana_milito" title="Unua ĉina-japana milito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua ĉina-japana milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_sino-japonesa" title="Primera guerra sino-japonesa – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra sino-japonesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_Hiina-Jaapani_s%C3%B5da" title="Esimene Hiina-Jaapani sõda – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimene Hiina-Jaapani sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_Txina-Japonia_Gerra" title="Lehen Txina-Japonia Gerra – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen Txina-Japonia Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="نخستین جنگ چین و ژاپن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخستین جنگ چین و ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan%E2%80%93Japanin_sota_(1894%E2%80%931895)" title="Kiinan–Japanin sota (1894–1895) – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan–Japanin sota (1894–1895)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_sino-japonaise" title="Première guerre sino-japonaise – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre sino-japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarst_Jaapaans-Schiinees_Krich" title="Iarst Jaapaans-Schiinees Krich – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iarst Jaapaans-Schiinees Krich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="甲午戰爭 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="甲午戰爭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת סין–יפן הראשונה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת סין–יפן הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रथम चीन-जापान युद्ध – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रथम चीन-जापान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_kinesko-japanski_rat" title="Prvi kinesko-japanski rat – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi kinesko-japanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%C5%91_k%C3%ADnai%E2%80%93jap%C3%A1n_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első kínai–japán háború – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Első kínai–japán háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1-%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(1894-1895)" title="Ճապոնա-չինական պատերազմ (1894-1895) – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնա-չինական պատերազմ (1894-1895)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tiongkok%E2%80%93Jepang_Pertama" title="Perang Tiongkok–Jepang Pertama – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Tiongkok–Jepang Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_sino-giapponese" title="Prima guerra sino-giapponese – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra sino-giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="日清戦争 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日清戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(1894-1895)" title="ჩინეთ-იაპონიის ომი (1894-1895) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთ-იაპონიის ომი (1894-1895)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B_(1894-1895)" title="Жапон-Қытай соғысы (1894-1895) – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапон-Қытай соғысы (1894-1895)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="청일 전쟁 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청일 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primum_Bellum_Sino-Iaponense" title="Primum Bellum Sino-Iaponense – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Primum Bellum Sino-Iaponense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_jonguo-nion_un" title="Gera jonguo-nion un – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gera jonguo-nion un" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmasis_Kinijos%E2%80%93Japonijos_karas" title="Pirmasis Kinijos–Japonijos karas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirmasis Kinijos–Japonijos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_%C4%B6%C4%ABnas%E2%80%94Jap%C4%81nas_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais Ķīnas—Japānas karš – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais Ķīnas—Japānas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прва кинеско-јапонска војна – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прва кинеско-јапонска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хятад-Японы нэгдүгээр дайн – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад-Японы нэгдүгээр дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिले चीन–जपान युद्ध – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिले चीन–जपान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_China-Jepun_Pertama" title="Perang China-Jepun Pertama – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang China-Jepun Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ပထမတရုတ်ဂျပန်စစ်ပွဲ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပထမတရုတ်ဂျပန်စစ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="चीन-जापान युद्ध – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चीन-जापान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Chinees-Japanse_Oorlog" title="Eerste Chinees-Japanse Oorlog – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Chinees-Japanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_kinesisk-japanske_krig" title="Første kinesisk-japanske krig – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Første kinesisk-japanske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Sinojaponesa" title="Premiera Guèrra Sinojaponesa – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Premiera Guèrra Sinojaponesa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਪਹਿਲਾ ਚੀਨ-ਜਾਪਾਨ ਯੁੱਧ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਹਿਲਾ ਚੀਨ-ਜਾਪਾਨ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_chi%C5%84sko-japo%C5%84ska_(1894%E2%80%931895)" title="Wojna chińsko-japońska (1894–1895) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna chińsko-japońska (1894–1895)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پہلی چین جاپان لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی چین جاپان لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د چین اوجاپان لومړۍ جګړه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چین اوجاپان لومړۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Sino-Japonesa" title="Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Sino-Japonez" title="Primul Război Sino-Japonez – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Război Sino-Japonez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1894%E2%80%941895)" title="Японо-китайская война (1894—1895) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японо-китайская война (1894—1895)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_japansko-kineski_rat" title="Prvi japansko-kineski rat – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi japansko-kineski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Sino-Japanese War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsko-japonsk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Prvá čínsko-japonská vojna – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá čínsko-japonská vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_kitajsko-japonska_vojna" title="Prva kitajsko-japonska vojna – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva kitajsko-japonska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_Sino-Japoneze" title="Lufta e Parë Sino-Japoneze – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë Sino-Japoneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Први кинеско-јапански рат – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први кинеско-јапански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kinesisk-japanska_kriget" title="Första kinesisk-japanska kriget – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första kinesisk-japanska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(1894-1895)" title="முதலாம் சீன சப்பானியப் போர் (1894-1895) – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் சீன சப்பானியப் போர் (1894-1895)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E2%80%93%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามจีน–ญี่ปุ่นครั้งที่หนึ่ง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามจีน–ญี่ปุ่นครั้งที่หนึ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_%C3%87in-Japon_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Birinci Çin-Japon Savaşı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birinci Çin-Japon Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Беренче япон-кытай сугышы – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Беренче япон-кытай сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Японсько-цінська війна – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японсько-цінська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی چین جاپانی جنگ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلی چین جاپانی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Nh%E1%BA%ADt%E2%80%93Thanh" title="Chiến tranh Nhật–Thanh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Nhật–Thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="甲午战争 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="甲午战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="甲午之役 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="甲午之役" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap-ng%C3%B3%CD%98_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Kap-ngó͘ Chiàn-cheng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kap-ngó͘ Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="甲午戰爭 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="甲午戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178687#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .mw-stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:721px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;font-size:100%">甲午战争</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:361px;max-width:361px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:359px;max-width:359px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:466px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Sino-Japanese_War_-_Chinese_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/First_Sino-Japanese_War_-_Chinese_version.jpg/357px-First_Sino-Japanese_War_-_Chinese_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="357" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/First_Sino-Japanese_War_-_Chinese_version.jpg/536px-First_Sino-Japanese_War_-_Chinese_version.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/16126.d.1%2834%29-Japanese_victory_at_the_Battle_of_Asan.jpg/357px-16126.d.1%2834%29-Japanese_victory_at_the_Battle_of_Asan.jpg" decoding="async" width="357" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/16126.d.1%2834%29-Japanese_victory_at_the_Battle_of_Asan.jpg/536px-16126.d.1%2834%29-Japanese_victory_at_the_Battle_of_Asan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/16126.d.1%2834%29-Japanese_victory_at_the_Battle_of_Asan.jpg/714px-16126.d.1%2834%29-Japanese_victory_at_the_Battle_of_Asan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1070" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div>从上到下: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;">甲午战争形势图<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="黄海海战 (1894年)">黃海海戰</a>照片<br />日本绘制的牙山战役情景 </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>1894年7月25日－1895年4月17日</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="辽东半岛">辽东半岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="山东">山东</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="威海">威海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7" title="黄海">黄海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="澎湖">澎湖</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> <p>日本勝利<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，中国（清朝）慘敗<sup id="cite_ref-#2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>签订《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋水师">北洋水师</a>覆滅</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">东学党起义</a>鎭压</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="洋務運動">洋務改革</a>徹底失敗<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>清朝正式撤出朝鮮半島，並喪失遼東半島（后赎回）、澎湖列島和台灣領土主權<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-“lowmi”_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“lowmi”-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>清朝國威銳減<sup id="cite_ref-#3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，列強加強瓜分中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B%E7%AF%84%E5%9C%8D" title="勢力範圍">勢力範圍</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>日本國際地位得以提升，並與西方列強一同加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國">瓜分中國</a>的行列。</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">领土变更</th><td> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮國</a>從清朝獨立，建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓帝國">大韓帝國</a>，1910年，日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5" title="日韓合併">吞併朝鮮半島</a>。<br />清朝割讓<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="遼東半島">遼東半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="澎湖">澎湖</a>給日本，後在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">列強交涉</a>下把遼東半島歸還清朝。</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>）</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">大日本帝国</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒皇帝">光緒皇帝</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%9D%A4%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="刘坤一">刘坤一</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86" title="宋庆">宋庆</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%9D%E8%B4%B5" title="左宝贵">左寶貴</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E9%98%BF" title="依克唐阿">依克唐阿</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%86_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="長順 (清朝官員)">长顺</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺">×</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A5%E8%9F%BE" title="劉步蟾">劉步蟾</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺">×</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%9B%BE" title="林泰曾">林泰曾</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺">×</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E4%B8%96%E6%98%8C" title="邓世昌">邓世昌</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%87" title="林永昇">林永昇</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8B" title="山縣有朋">山縣有朋</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%8E%89%E6%BA%90%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" title="兒玉源太郎">兒玉源太郎</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E6%B4%A5%E9%81%93%E8%B2%AB" title="野津道貫">野津道贯</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="大山岩">大山岩</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/22px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/33px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/44px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%90%E4%BA%A8" title="伊东祐亨">伊東祐亨</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/22px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/33px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/44px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%82%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" title="桂太郎">桂太郎</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/22px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/33px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/44px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E4%B8%8A%E6%93%8D%E5%85%AD" title="川上操六">川上操六</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/22px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/33px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/44px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%84%89%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%AB%E9%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="東鄉平八郎">東鄉平八郎</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">兵力</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> 約250,000人<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="钦差大臣">钦差大臣</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%9D%A4%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="刘坤一">刘坤一</a>统一指挥<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%89%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="奉軍">奉军</a>、吉林<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E8%BE%B9%E5%86%9B" title="靖边军">靖边军</a>、黑龙江<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%87%E8%BE%B9%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镇边军（页面不存在）">镇边军</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%85%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="毅军">毅军</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a>各营，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E9%98%BF" title="依克唐阿">依克唐阿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%86_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="長順 (清朝官員)">长顺</a>守<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="盛京">盛京</a>方向，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86" title="宋庆">宋庆</a>守<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B3" title="山海关">山海关</a>方向<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝"><img alt="清朝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%9D%A3" title="提督">提督</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋水师">北洋水师</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 240,616人<br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%86%9B_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B)" class="mw-redirect" title="第1军 (日本陆军)">陆军第1军</a><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B)" class="mw-redirect" title="第2军 (日本陆军)">陆军第2军</a><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/22px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/33px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/44px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="聯合艦隊">聯合艦隊</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">伤亡与损失</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> 11,864人阵亡<br />21,840人伤亡<br />除<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮遠號">镇远</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="濟遠號">济远</a>等舰艇被俘获，北洋水师几乎被全歼<br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 1,132人阵亡<br />285人伤残<br />11,894人病死<br />3,758人受伤<br />被清军处死间谍若干名<br 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href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9_(1895%E5%B9%B4)" title="澎湖之役 (1895年)">澎湖之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="日本帝国扩张" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:315px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="明治">明治时代</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E5%A4%84%E5%88%86" title="琉球处分">琉球 (1872–1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="牡丹社事件">斯卡羅 (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="江華島事件">江華島 (1875)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">甲午战争 (1894–1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭">台湾 (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%8E%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="八国联军侵华战争">八国联军远征 (1899–1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="厦门事件">厦门 (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争 (1904–1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="关东州 (日本)">旅顺、大连 (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5" title="日韓合併">朝鲜半岛 (1910)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3" title="大正">大正时代</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="青島戰役">青岛 (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89" title="西伯利亚干涉">西伯利亚 (1918–1922)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和">昭和时代</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="九一八事變">满洲 (1931–1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="一二八事變">上海 (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%97%A5%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="蘇日邊界衝突">苏联 (1932–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中国抗日战争">中国 (1937–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="緬甸戰役">緬甸 (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" title="日軍入侵法屬印度支那">法属印度支那 (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BF%9D%E8%A1%9B%E6%88%B0" title="香港保衛戰">香港 (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="新加坡戰役">新加坡 (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="第二次世界大战期间的泰国">泰国 (1941-1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="太平洋战争">太平洋 (1941-1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>甲午战争</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Songhwan_improved.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">朝鲜语名稱</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ko-hang">청일전쟁 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字">汉字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ko-hani">淸日戰爭 </span></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">日语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">汉字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ja"> 日清戦争 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%AD%97%E9%AB%94" title="舊字體">舊字體</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja" style="font-feature-settings: 'trad' 1;-webkit-font-feature-settings: 'trad' 1; font-size: 1rem;">日清戰爭</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字">日语罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja-latn"> Nisshin sensō </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tbody></table> <p><b>中日甲午戰爭</b>，又稱<b>甲午戰爭</b>或<b>第一次中日戰爭</b>，是指公元<a href="/wiki/1894%E5%B9%B4" title="1894年">1894年</a>7月至<a href="/wiki/1895%E5%B9%B4" title="1895年">1895年</a>4月間中国（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>）與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a>之間的爆发的一場大規模海陸聯合戰爭。戰爭由日本策動，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%AD%B8%E9%BB%A8%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="東學黨起義">東學黨起義</a>為導火線，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="豐島海戰">豐島海戰</a>為爆發標誌，之後由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="清朝政府">清朝政府</a>對日宣戰。戰爭中的陸戰主戰場位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="遼東半島">遼東半島</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="胶东半岛">胶东半島</a>，海軍的主戰場位於中國<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="黃海">黃海</a>。開戰前中日雙方都進行了不同程度的西化，清朝主要採購西洋戰艦和炮彈，當時西方也多看好中國，而日本則以國產戰艦和速射炮為主，配置更為靈活。最終清朝戰敗，於1895年與日本簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬關條約">馬關條約</a>》，對日割地賠款，放棄藩屬國並開放經貿資源。由於1894年是中國舊曆的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88" title="甲午">甲午</a>年，故這場戰爭在華被稱為甲午戰爭。 </p><p>戰後，日本的大獲全勝使其初步躋身世界列強行列，西方列強始以平等態度對待日本。從中國獲得的巨額戰爭賠款極大加速了日本的發展，並推動了其<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>的壯大，日本繼續擴軍備戰，於十年後<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">再次戰勝</a>亞洲地區的另一強國——<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄國</a>，正式成為世界強權之一。而清朝的國際聲望則一落千丈，被徹底視為“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E7%97%85%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="東亞病夫">東亞病夫</a>”；台灣和澎湖列島被割讓給日本，琉球群島也不再被聲索；清朝的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="洋務運動">洋務運動</a>及其影響下產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="北洋海军">北洋海軍</a>宣告失敗，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>等人為首的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="洋務派">洋務派</a>失勢；國內民眾群情激憤，社會矛盾激化，激發了統治階層和知識分子的救國熱情，導致了後續<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌变法">维新变法运动</a>的發生。清王朝的統治因戰爭失敗而受到強力衝擊，其衰亡過程加速，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A" title="兴中会">反清革命勢力</a>開始行動，西方列強也紛紛在華劃分勢力範圍。 </p><p>此戰對東亞外交格局產生深遠影響。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>正式脫離中國的藩屬國地位，以中國為中心的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8C%E5%B0%81%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="册封体制">册封体制</a>解體，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮國</a>逐漸淪為日本的傀儡，直至被<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5" title="日韓合併">彻底吞併</a>。中國東北地區（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="滿洲">滿洲</a>）也成為了日俄兩國不斷爭鬥、控制的地區，中國在此的主權始遭到侵蝕。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>也從此開始了與中國大陸在政治、文化等方面的異化與分離，其影響至今依然存在。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>戰爭爆發的年份是1894年（清<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒">光緒</a>二十年），按照中國傳統的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%94%AF" title="干支">干支</a>紀年為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88" title="甲午">甲午</a>年，故中文稱甲午战争。</li> <li>國際社會以中立原則命名，通稱<b>第一次中日战争</b>（英語：<span lang="en">First Sino-Japanese War</span>；法語：<span lang="fr">Première guerre sino-japonaise</span>），以與<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>期間的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中國抗日戰爭">中國抗日戰爭</a>（又称第二次中日战争）區別。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朝鲜王朝">朝鲜王朝</a>戰前為清朝<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="藩屬國">藩屬國</a>，故韓文稱<b>清日戰爭</b>（韓語：<span lang="ko">청일 전쟁</span>）。</li> <li>日文以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a>為主視角，故稱<b>日清戰爭</b>（日语：<span lang="ja">日清戦争</span>）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史背景"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>历史背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日本的巨变、企图与备战"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.A8.E5.8F.98.E3.80.81.E4.BC.81.E5.9B.BE.E4.B8.8E.E5.A4.87.E6.88.98"></span>日本的巨变、企图与备战</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：日本的巨变、企图与备战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%93%E6%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="中日天津会议专条">中日天津会议专条</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="長崎事件">長崎事件</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="东学农民革命">东学农民革命</a></div> <p>19世纪50年代，仍处于封建<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" title="幕府">幕府</a>统治下的日本遭受了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%88%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黑船事件">来自美国的叩关</a>，被迫开放国门，進入全球貿易体系。面对外敌入侵的境况，幕府统治开始动摇，并在一系列的斗争交战后被推翻。1867年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>即位，从幕府将军手中接管了国家政权，随之主导发动了影响深远的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a>，在经济、政治、教育、军事等方面效仿西方进行了大刀阔斧的改革。经过一段时间的经营，日本国力大增，现代化进展飞速，军事实力也迅速膨胀。碍于岛国的种种局限，日本开始筹谋面向大陆的领土扩张，地理上距离日本最近的中国大陆、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="朝鲜半岛">朝鲜半岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="琉球群岛">琉球群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾岛">台湾岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%9B" title="库页岛">库页岛</a>和俄国的东亚地区等地随之进入日本视野，“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E9%9F%A9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="征韩论">征韩论</a>”等主张开始发挥影响。 </p><p>自日本古代<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%8A%9F%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="神功皇后">神功皇后</a>征韩的传说以来，“征韩论”即为日本的一种政治主张。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B7%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" title="江户幕府">江户幕府</a>时期国学进一步将其发展，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%95%E6%9C%AB" title="幕末">幕末</a>尊王派如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%88%B6%E5%AD%B8" title="水戶學">水户派</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%94%B0%E6%9D%BE%E9%98%B4" title="吉田松阴">吉田松阴</a>等都提出这一主张。作为吉田的学生，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%88%B7%E5%AD%9D%E5%85%81" class="mw-redirect" title="木户孝允">木户孝允</a>亦在1868年12月向朝臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E5%80%89%E5%85%B7%E8%A6%96" title="岩倉具視">岩仓具视</a>提出这一观点。随后日本内战<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="戊辰戰爭">戊辰战争</a>爆发，征韩论暂时搁置。战后<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a>开始，武士阶级统治被废除造成国内社会危机，征韩论被以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%A1%E9%9A%86%E7%9B%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西乡隆盛">西乡隆盛</a>为首的士族守旧派再次提出，但遭到主張<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞細亞主義">亞細亞主義</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%85%E4%BF%9D%E5%88%A9%E9%80%9A" title="大久保利通">大久保利通</a>反對。1873年，出访欧美的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E5%80%89%E4%BD%BF%E7%AF%80%E5%9C%98" title="岩倉使節團">岩仓使节团</a>归国，认为日本远落后于世界，征韩为时尚早，并发动“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E9%9F%93%E8%AB%96%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="征韓論政變">征韩论政变</a>”驱逐中央政府的征韩派，继续推动维新。1874年造成大规模的旧武士暴动“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%B3%80%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="佐賀之亂">佐贺之乱</a>”。然归国派并未否定征韩论，日本因<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="牡丹社事件">牡丹社事件</a>入侵台湾，大久保利通主持《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%93%E7%BA%A6" title="北京专约">中日北京專條</a>》談判，在天津與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>會談時，提出「日本、清國、朝鮮等東洋國家團結」<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>日本在1875年利用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E6%89%AC%E5%8F%B7%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="云扬号事件">雲揚號事件</a>与朝鲜签订《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="江華島條約">江华岛条约</a>》。西鄉隆盛在1877年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西南战争">西南战争</a>戰敗自殺。大久保利通于1878年遇刺，标志着日本激进的维新运动开始冷却；征韩派的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9E%A3%E9%80%80%E5%8A%A9" title="板垣退助">板垣退助</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E8%97%A4%E8%B1%A1%E4%BA%8C%E9%83%8E" title="后藤象二郎">后藤象二郎</a>发动的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="自由民权运动">自由民权运动</a>亦有发展。征韩论因此再度热议，逐渐成为当时日本东亚政策的重要内容。 </p><p>1887年，日本参谋部制定《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E8%AE%A8%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%BD%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="征讨清国策">征讨清国策</a>》，计划武力攻占北京和长江中下游，将山东半岛到台湾的沿海地区及岛屿划归日本版图，肢解中国其他地方为几个小国，附属于日本，提出“以五年为期作为准备，抓住时机，准备进攻”，对中国进行一场“国运相赌”的战争<sup id="cite_ref-郑师渠_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-郑师渠-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1890年4月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A0%96%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%AE%E5%A8%81%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="有栖川宮威仁親王">有栖川宫威仁亲王</a>在其赴海外考察军事的复命书中，强调在海军力量上，日本相对于清国而言处于劣势，认为日本是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%9B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="岛国">岛国</a>，在防御上应优先充实整顿海军，而不是优先扩充陆军。他说: “察邻邦支那之现状，常有征讨日本之论者。近时清国日益扩充海军，已经造出远胜于我国之军舰，且其军舰之数量，已达我二倍之多。”其后，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>认同其论述，专注发展海军规模和力量，旨在一举击溃清军。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1892年，日本提前完成了自1885年开始的10年扩军计划，建立了一支以中国为假想敌的近代陆军和海军，陆军常备兵63000人，预备兵23万人，海军排水量72,000吨，包括各种军舰31艘，鱼雷艇24艘。1890年和1892年日本举行两次大规模海陆军联合演习，并派遣间谍潜入朝鲜和中国。1890年，日本<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="內閣總理大臣">内阁总理大臣</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8E%BF%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="山县有朋">山县有朋</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="帝國議會 (日本)">国会</a>施政演说中，称朝鲜、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中国东北">中国东北</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>是日本的“利益线”，是与日本“安危密切相关的地区”，宣称保卫利益线上“国家独立自卫之道”<sup id="cite_ref-郑师渠_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-郑师渠-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朝鲜局势"><span id=".E6.9C.9D.E9.B2.9C.E5.B1.80.E5.8A.BF"></span>朝鲜局势</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：朝鲜局势"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>朝鲜方面，1863年底，朝鮮国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%93%B2%E5%AE%97" title="朝鮮哲宗">哲宗</a>逝世，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%B4%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%90%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="神贞王后">神贞王后</a>立宗室興宣君<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%A2%E5%90%9B" title="兴宣大院君">李昰應</a>之子李命福即位，改名李熙，是為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" title="朝鮮高宗">高宗</a>。當時高宗還年幼，奉生父李昰應為興宣大院君，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%94%BF" title="攝政">攝政</a>。1873年，大院君下台，立场与日本对立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="明成皇后">王妃闵氏</a>掌政。 </p><p>1875年，日本軍艦“雲揚號”停泊在朝鮮<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6" title="江華島">江華島</a>沿海附近號稱進行海域測量，卻在傍晚以補充淡水為由，未經向朝鲜政府申请，也未提前通知朝鮮守軍，企圖靠岸上陸。江華島砲台守軍發砲攻擊。日艦“雲揚號”全力反擊，摧毀江華島砲台並攻陷<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="永宗">永宗</a>城，此即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="江華島事件">江華島事件</a>，被認為是朝鮮的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%88%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黑船事件">黑船事件</a>。1876年2月，日本與朝鲜在江華島簽訂不平等的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%8E%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="江华条约">江華條約</a>》（又稱《丙子修好條約》、《日朝修好條約》），朝鲜给与日本贸易特权并互相承認為自主獨立的国家。此條約在朝鲜造成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%9A" title="事大党">保守黨</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8C%96%E5%85%9A" title="开化党">维新派</a>的斗争。保守党想维持「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="事大主義">事大交小</a>」传统的外交方式，维新派想因此脱离與中國的册封关系，与<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="歐美">歐美</a>结交来发展朝鲜。但中國仍控制着朝鮮朝廷保守的官员与贵族。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png/249px-Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png/374px-Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png/498px-Une-Partie-De-Peche-Rus-Jpn-Qing-Dispute-Korea-Feb-15-1887.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>1887年的一幅法国讽刺漫画，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E4%BF%84" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="沙俄">沙俄</a>争钓一条身上标注“朝鲜”的鱼。</figcaption></figure> <p>關於此事件的來龍去脈，羅惇融在《中日兵事本末》書中，詳細記載：「光緒元年秋，日本以兵艦突入朝鮮江華島，毀其砲台，焚永宗城，殺朝鮮兵，掠軍械以去。復以兵艦駐釜山，要盟。方副島種而之來議也，乘間語總署，朝鮮是否我屬國，若為屬國，則由我主朝鮮通商事。總署答以朝鮮雖我<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="從屬國">藩屬</a>，而內政外交，聽其自主，我朝向不與聞……至是，日本以兵脅朝鮮，而遣開拓使<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%85%E9%9A%86" title="黑田清隆">黑田清隆</a>為全權大臣，議官<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E9%A6%A8" title="井上馨">井上馨</a>副之，赴朝鮮議約。二年春，約定認朝鮮為獨立自主國，互派使臣，並開<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="仁川">仁川</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="元山">元山</a>兩埠通商，日艦得隨時測量朝鮮海岸，中國視之漠然也。」<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1882年，朝鮮發生新舊黨爭。朝鮮自江華島事件後，國內維新派組<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8C%96%E5%85%9A" title="开化党">開化黨</a>，是為新黨；舊黨則以大院君李昰應為首。因<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="明成皇后">王妃閔氏</a>一族與李昰應不睦，李昰應遂唆使<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E5%8D%88%E5%85%B5%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="壬午兵變">兵變</a>，焚日本使館，殺日本<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%89" title="中尉">中尉</a>堀本禮造。日本因而出兵朝鮮，清朝攝政<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>亦派兵朝鮮。敉平叛亂後，中國與日本皆駐軍漢城。清朝將領<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%95%B7%E6%85%B6" title="吳長慶">吳長慶</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="袁世凱">袁世凱</a>將昰應逮捕，囚禁于中國<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="保定">保定</a>，1885年获释。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中国的因应"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E5.9B.A0.E5.BA.94"></span>中国的因应</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：中国的因应"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1884年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中法戰爭">中法戰爭</a>正酣之際，日本密令其駐朝鮮公使<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E6%B7%BB%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E" title="竹添進一郎">竹添進一郎</a>策劃朝鲜维新派開化黨人發動政變。竹添進一郎對<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%8E%89%E5%9D%87" title="金玉均">金玉均</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E8%8B%B1%E6%A4%8D" title="洪英植">洪英植</a>等開化黨首鼓动「中法開戰，中國將亡，貴國有志於改革之士，不可失此機……」，還主動幫開化黨制定政變計畫。12月4日洪英植等開化黨人发动<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="甲申政變">甲申政變</a>，在王宫放火，引日军入宫。在朝鲜大臣奔向清軍軍營，「匍匐轅門，撫告哀衷」請求援助下，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a>率领二千名清軍進入漢城，擊敗日軍後攻入王宮，救出朝鮮高宗。高宗獲救後，立即下令將擒獲的洪英植等七人處死，並追捕朴永孝等人。 </p><p>事件過後，1885年，中日兩國代表<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="天津">天津</a>簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%B0%88%E6%A2%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="中日天津會議專條">中日天津條約</a>》，中日兩國均自朝鮮撤兵，並約定：「將來朝鮮如有事，中日兩國或一國要派兵，應先行文知會；及其事定，仍即撤回，不再留防。」 </p><p>1886年，清水師數艘軍艦完工，便假借保養之名，到日本<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E5%8E%BF" title="长崎县">長崎</a>軍港塗油。當時日本完全沒有和「定遠」、「鎮遠」同級的鐵甲艦，清軍上岸後，又發生了清軍與當地警察械鬥的「<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="長崎事件">長崎事件</a>」。此事件造成日本反中情緒，也使日本加緊建設海軍，包含雇用法國海軍工程師<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%B3%E6%98%93" title="白劳易">白勞易</a>設計針對「定遠」、「鎮遠」大型鐵甲艦的艦艇。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="战争过程"><span id=".E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E8.BF.87.E7.A8.8B"></span>战争过程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：战争过程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="前奏与爆发"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E5.A5.8F.E4.B8.8E.E7.88.86.E5.8F.91"></span>前奏与爆发</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：前奏与爆发"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="东学党起义"><span id=".E4.B8.9C.E5.AD.A6.E5.85.9A.E8.B5.B7.E4.B9.89"></span>东学党起义</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：东学党起义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">东学党起义</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="东学党">东学党</a>，也称“东学道”，是19世纪前期朝鲜民间为了抵抗反制渗入国内的西方宗教所形成的意识形态团体。其教义简明，又具有忠君护国的色彩，故而逐渐聚拢了大量信徒，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%86%E5%B0%9A%E9%81%93" title="庆尚道">庆尚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%BE%85%E9%81%93" title="全羅道">全罗</a>二道的活动尤甚。至1880年代，东学党不仅有了可观的势力，而且形成了完备的内部组织体系，和政府也逐渐开始争夺影响力，因而被朝鲜当局视为逆党，数十年间不断贬抑和镇压。自1892年末始，因不满政府对天主教解除了种种限制，但却对来自本土的东学党仍行禁止的做法，朝鲜各地的东学党信徒开始不断集会情愿、向当局上书陈情，请求放开党禁，但均被拒绝。虽未达到目的，东学党在此间仍博得了不小的影响力。当局此后继续搜捕东学党教徒，甚至采用欺骗手段诱捕，使教徒与政府的对立矛盾更趋尖锐。 </p><p>1894年初，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%BE%85%E9%81%93" title="全羅道">全罗道</a>古阜发生一桩涉及水利工程和粮食的官员腐败事件后，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="东学党">東學黨</a>代表人物<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%AB%E6%BA%96" title="全琫準">全<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81921555">.mw-parser-output ruby>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby>rtc{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output ruby.larger{font-size:300%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rtc{font-size:.3em}.mw-parser-output ruby.larger>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.larger>rtc{font-size:.25em}</style><ruby><rb>琫</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>běng</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>準</a>聚眾號召起義，史稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">东学党起义</a>。起义發檄征討日寇、肃清贪赃枉法之徒。在初战告捷后，起义迅速扩大声势，战斗力骤增，声势浩大。起义军纪律严明，不犯平民，因而得到了百姓的拥护，这使朝鲜当局十分恐慌。当年5月底，全罗道府全州陷落，朝鲜通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>使臣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a>经<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B8%BF%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="李鸿章">李鸿章</a>向清朝政府求救，希望清朝派兵入朝，帮助镇压起义。然而，朝鲜此时有着一个顾虑，因为根据<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%93%E6%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="中日天津会议专条">中日两国先前的约定</a>，中国若出兵朝鲜，须知会<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">日本</a>，如果真的请清朝派兵来朝，日本也可能以此为由向朝鲜进军，同时引进中日两国军队，后果将复杂难以预料。清朝也有着同样的顾虑，日本国力经数十年的维新已今非昔比，且素怀野心，清朝实力相形见绌且军备久未更新升级。如若触发与日本的战争，胜率有限，承平不久的国家也将遭受不小的冲击。 </p><p>不出中朝所料，此时的日本密切关注着朝鲜的局势，寻求着与清朝龃龉开战的机会。在清兵登陆朝鲜前夕，日本派出外交官与袁世凯进行了接触，双方此时都意图探得对方的底细。在会谈时，日方称“政府必无他意”，如果要出兵，将不超过百余人，且仅保护使馆，此外除了在朝商务利益无其它打算。袁世凯出于和日本外交官的私交，未加多虑，完全采信了日本的说法。与此同时，清朝总理衙门与日本驻北京的临时公使进行了接触，得到的答复与袁世凯获得的消息基本一致。于是，清朝政府在忽视日本潜藏的险恶用心的情况下批准了出兵。清朝派遣叶志超、聂士成等人领兵，前后分三批馳赴朝鮮，兵力2400余人，登陸駐屯於<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82" title="牙山市">牙山</a>，北洋海军数艘军舰也护航并停泊于仁川沿岸。得知中日两国出兵，全琫准及其领导的东学党自知无力抵抗，遂与当局议和并撤出了全州，起义基本平定。 </p><p>事实上，日本正是寄望于清军在朝鲜的登陆为自己提供大规模出兵的理由，即维持双方军事上的均势，因而放出不实讯息引诱中方派兵赴朝。眼见清朝落入圈套，日本随即展开行动。6月5日，日本成立了战时大本营，同日<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>下令将驻扎在广岛的第五师团进行动员，准备秘密开赴朝鲜。6月9日起，日本数艘军舰陆续到达丰岛及仁川外海面。至6月中旬，日军在朝已部署陆军4000人和8艘海军军舰，超过了中国在此的兵力数量。 </p><p>眼见日方反常动作，中朝两国均感警觉与惊慌。6月13日，朝鲜政府致信<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a>，请求清兵撤离以避免日本进一步的军事行动，清政府旋即同意，并向日本建议双方同时撤军，但日本则提出“日中共同改革朝鲜内政”的无端请求，遭到清政府的拒绝。此后，日本改为单方面向朝鲜施压，要求朝鲜“改革内政”，脱离宗主朝貢体系，成为独立国家，否则就要动用武力，局势骤然升温。 </p><p>7月20日，日本向朝鲜当局发出最后通牒，要求其3日内解除与清朝的一切关联。3日期限到达后，7月23日凌晨，日军攻占了朝鲜王宫，推翻王妃<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="明成皇后">闵妃</a>集团，逼迫国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜高宗">高宗</a>将国家大权转交给<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%A2%E5%90%9B" title="兴宣大院君">兴宣大院君</a>，并成立了以<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%BC%98%E9%9B%86_(%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE)" title="金弘集 (朝鮮)">金弘集</a>为首的亲日内阁。日本唆使金弘集内阁废除与清政府的一切条约，并委托日本驱出清军<sup id="cite_ref-传记_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-传记-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>30-31</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-大事_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大事-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>490-491</span></sup>，至此，日本的企图充分暴露。惊觉事態不妙的清朝被迫匆忙应对，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋大臣">北洋大臣</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a>急調總兵<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%B1%9D%E8%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="衛汝貴">衛汝貴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%9D%A3" title="提督">提督</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%89%E5%B4%91" title="馬玉崑">馬玉崑</a>率軍火速自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%9C%E6%B2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="大东沟">大東溝</a>登陸，進駐<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="平壤">平壤</a>；另調<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋陆军">北洋陸軍</a>十餘營分梯次渡海馳援朝鮮。7月23日，北洋水师<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="濟遠">濟遠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%99%E5%8F%B7%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" title="广乙号防护巡洋舰">廣乙</a>兩艦抵達朝鲜<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="牙山">牙山</a>，掩護運送清軍的運兵船在牙山登陸。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="丰岛海战与高升号事件"><span id=".E4.B8.B0.E5.B2.9B.E6.B5.B7.E6.88.98.E4.B8.8E.E9.AB.98.E5.8D.87.E5.8F.B7.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>丰岛海战与高升号事件</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：丰岛海战与高升号事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1894年7月25日拂曉，清軍济远、广乙兩艦自牙山返航，于当日7時20分在朝鮮豐島海面遭遇<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日本联合舰队">日本聯合艦隊</a>第一游擊隊的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%87%8E%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="吉野號防護巡洋艦">吉野</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E9%80%9F%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="浪速號防護巡洋艦">浪速</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E6%B4%A5%E6%B4%B2%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="秋津洲號防護巡洋艦">秋津洲</a>等三艦。日軍發砲攻擊<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="濟遠">濟遠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%99%E5%8F%B7%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" title="广乙号防护巡洋舰">廣乙</a>（日方称济远先开火），打响了甲午战争的首轮战斗。經過一番激烈砲戰後，廣乙舰企圖逼近日艦發射<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%9B%B7" title="魚雷">魚雷</a>，但在日軍秋津洲、浪速二舰壓倒性的火力打擊下受到重創，船身傾斜，人員傷亡慘重，因而無力再戰。 </p><p>此時載有第二波増援朝鮮清軍1200餘人、並懸掛英國國旗的英國<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%87" class="mw-disambig" title="高升">高陞</a>號商輪和滿載軍械的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="操江艦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chinese gunboat Tsao-kiang"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8D%E6%B1%9F%E8%89%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="操江艦（页面不存在）">操江艦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_gunboat_Tsao-kiang" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese gunboat Tsao-kiang"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chinese gunboat Tsao-kiang</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>先後駛來，日艦浪速及秋津洲改追高昇及操江。廣乙舰於是向海岸方向退出戰鬥，最後在朝鮮十八島附近擱淺，縱火自沉。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="濟遠">濟遠</a>舰則懸掛白旗，然後更掛上日本軍旗，向西棄二艦而走，日艦吉野在後追擊，濟遠以尾炮向吉野還擊，後得脫。 </p><p>9時15分，日艦浪速發出信號，勒令高陞號停船，英籍船長被迫停駛。浪速派代表乘小艇登船檢查，詢問船長：「高陞號隨浪速走，同意嗎？」，英國船長回答：「如果您如此命令，我沒有別的辦法，只有在抗議下服從」。人員回母艦後，浪速掛起信號旗命令高陞號起錨，隨其前進。船上清軍拒不投降，接管了高陞號，並禁止英人離船，英籍船長要求浪速再派代表前來。小艇接近高陞號，船長與日方交涉要求駛回<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大連">大連</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="旅順">旅順</a>，但日方未做回覆。正在雙方僵持不下的時刻，日軍掛出旗號，要求船上洋員離船，但是清兵禁止放下小艇，英船長用信號告訴浪速此狀況並請其再派小艇來，浪速拒絕。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献：<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%8D%E6%97%A5%E5%AE%A3%E6%88%B0%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="s:光緒二十年對日宣戰詔書">光緒二十年對日宣戰詔書</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">日語<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中相关的原始文献：<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em"><b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/ja:%E6%B8%85%E5%9B%BD%E3%83%8B%E5%AF%BE%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E5%AE%A3%E6%88%A6%E3%83%8E%E8%A9%94%E5%8B%85?uselang=zh">日本對中國宣戰詔勅</a></b></span></div></div> </div> <p>隨後，浪速舰開動并繞行高陞號一周，下午1時，浪速号突然向高升号發射了一枚<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%9B%B7" title="魚雷">魚雷</a>，但未擊中，随后又用艦砲向高陞号轟擊了十数发炮弹，致使高陞號开始緩緩下沉，船上的清兵尽数落水，但仍以<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="步槍">步槍</a>迎敵向敵艦開火。随后，浪速派出小艇營救起英籍船長、大副及另一名英國水手，过路的商船法艦獅子號（<span lang="fr"><i>Le Lion</i></span>）救上43人，德艦鼬號（<span lang="de"><i>Iltis</i></span>）救上150人，英艦鼠海豚號（<span lang="en"><i>Porpoise</i></span>）救起87人，而德國籍北洋水師教習<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E7%BA%B3%E6%A0%B9" title="汉纳根">漢納根</a>则游回岸上，其餘八百餘名清兵與中外船員就此葬身大海。下午2時，清軍操江艦被日舰秋津洲追上并俘虜，此即“高升号事件”。此次战役使英国社会为之震动，但对日本行径暗中默许甚至支持<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的英国官方最后作出击沉高陞號符合<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">国际法</a>结论而不谴责日本<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="成欢之战"><span id=".E6.88.90.E6.AC.A2.E4.B9.8B.E6.88.98"></span>成欢之战</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：成欢之战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%AD%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="成歡之戰">成歡之戰</a></div> <p>7月28日夜，日本陸軍進攻牙山清軍，發生激戰，清軍不支，退向平壤。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="双方宣战"><span id=".E5.8F.8C.E6.96.B9.E5.AE.A3.E6.88.98"></span>双方宣战</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：双方宣战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>8月1日（阴历七月初一），清朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%92%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光緒帝">光緒帝</a>下宣戰之詔。由於日軍割斷漢城至平壤的電線，光緒帝在宣戰時尚未知嘵成歡戰事的正式消息，詔文特別強調日本不守國際法擊沉高陞號，盼能引起各國的共鳴。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此时相当多的西方人认为清朝将会获胜。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有西方评论一度认为：战争的结束将是中国在世界各地的崛起，同时中国将永远向西方文明和贸易开放。中国将通过这场战争认识到它伟大而尚未开发的力量。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>當時大眾媒體不若現代發達，日本仍透過許多畫報、版畫等等的方式描寫戰況，並可觀察記錄者的意識，例如不同從軍記者或繪者出版之圖像<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84318674">@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-div{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-div mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="padding: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1); text-align: center; font-size: 95%; color: inherit;"> <div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color collapsible-title" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; color: var(--color-emphasized,#000); width: 100%; position: relative; ;">《光緒二十年對日宣戰詔書》（1894年8月1日）<span style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 3px;"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder"></span></span> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><br /> </p><center>上諭</center><p><br /> </p><center>（光緒二十年七月初一日）</center><p><br /> </p><p>光緒二十年七月初一日內閣奉上諭。朝鮮為我大清藩屬，二百餘年，歲修職貢，為中外所共知。近十數年，該國時多內亂，朝廷字小為懷，疊次派兵前往戡定，並派員駐紮該國都城，隨時保護。本年四月間，朝鮮又有土匪變亂，該國王請兵援勦，情詞迫切，當即諭令李鴻章撥兵赴援，甫抵牙山，匪徒星散。乃倭人無故派兵，突入漢城，嗣又增兵萬餘，迫令朝鮮更改國政，種種要挾，難以理喻。我朝撫綏藩服，其國內政事向令自理，日本與朝鮮立約，係屬與國，更無以重兵欺壓強令革政之理。各國公論，皆以日本師出無名，不合情理，勸令撤兵，和平商辦。乃竟悍然不顧，迄無成說，反更陸續添兵，朝鮮百姓及中國商民，日加驚擾，是以添兵前往保護。詎行至中途，突有倭船多隻，乘我不備，在牙山口外海面，開砲轟擊，傷我運船。變詐情形，殊非意料所及。該國不遵條約，不守公法，任意鴟張，專行詭計，釁開自彼，公論昭然。用特布告天下，俾曉然於朝廷辦理此事，實已仁至義盡，而倭人渝盟肇釁，無理已極，勢難再予姑容。著李鴻章嚴飭派出各軍，迅速進勦，厚集雄師，陸續進發，以拯韓民於塗炭。並著沿江沿海各將軍督撫及統兵大臣，整飭戎行，遇有倭人輪船駛入各口，即行迎頭痛擊，悉數殲除，毋得稍有退縮，致干罪戾。將此通諭知之，欽此。 </p> </blockquote> </div></div> <p>同日，日本天皇下诏正式向清朝宣战。至此，中日战争正式爆发。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84318674"><div class="hidden-div mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="padding: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1); text-align: center; font-size: 95%; color: inherit;"> <div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color collapsible-title" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; color: var(--color-emphasized,#000); width: 100%; position: relative; ;">《对清国宣战诏书》（1894年8月1日）<span style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 3px;"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder"></span></span> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>保全天佑践万世一系之帝祚大日本帝国皇帝示汝忠实勇武之有众：朕兹对清国宣战，百僚有司，宜体朕意，海陆对清交战，努力以达国家之目的。苟不违反国际公法，即宜各本权能，尽一切之手段，必期万无遗漏。惟朕即位以来，于兹二十有余年，求文明之化于平和之治。知交邻失和之不可，努力使各有司常笃友邦之谊。幸列国之交际，逐年益加亲善。讵料清国之于朝鲜事件，对我出于殊违邻交有失信义之举。朝鲜乃帝国首先启发使就与列国为伍之独立国，而清国每称朝鲜为属邦，干涉其内政。于其内乱，借口于拯救属邦，而出兵于朝鲜。朕依明治十五年条约，出兵备变，更使朝鲜永免祸乱，得保将来治安，欲以维持东洋全局之平和，先告清国，以协同从事，清国反设辞拒绝。帝国于是劝朝鲜以厘革其秕政，内坚治安之基，外全独立国之权义。朝鲜虽已允诺，清国始终暗中百计妨碍，种种托辞，缓其时机，以整饬其水陆之后备，一旦告成，即欲以武力达其欲望。更派大兵于韩土，要击我舰于韩海，狂妄已极。清国之计，惟在使朝鲜治安之基无所归。查朝鲜因帝国率先使之与诸独立国为伍而获得之地位，与为此表示之条约，均置诸不顾，以损害帝国之权利利益，使东洋平和永无保障。就其所为而熟揣之，其计谋所在，实可谓自始即牺牲平和以遂其非望。事既至此，朕虽始终与平和相始终，以宣扬帝国之光荣于中外，亦不得不公然宣战，赖汝有众之忠实勇武，而期速克平和于永远，以全帝国之光荣。 </p><p><br /><br /> 御名御璽 <br /><br /> 明治二十七年八月一日 <br /><br /> 内閣総理大臣伯爵伊藤博文<br /> 逓信大臣伯爵黒田清隆<br /> 海軍大臣伯爵西郷従道<br /> 内務大臣伯爵井上馨<br /> 陸軍大臣伯爵大山巌<br /> 農商務大臣子爵榎本武揚<br /> 外務大臣陸奥宗光<br /> 大蔵大臣渡辺国武<br /> 文部大臣井上毅<br /> 司法大臣芳川顕正<br /> </p> </blockquote> </div></div> <p>甲午戰爭始於1894年7月25日的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="豐島海戰">豐島海戰</a>，7月29日<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%AD%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="成歡之戰">成歡之戰</a>，至8月1日<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>對日本<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%88%B0" title="宣戰">宣戰</a>和日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>發布<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%88%B0" title="宣戰">宣戰</a>詔書，1895年4月17日以簽署《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬關條約">馬關條約</a>》而告结束。戰爭持續近9個月，依據戰場轉換及雙方作戰態勢變化，大致分為三階段。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E9.9A.8E.E6.AE.B5.EF.BC.881894.7-1894.9.EF.BC.89"></span>第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：第一階段（1894.7-1894.9）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="豐島海戰">豐島海戰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%AD%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="成歡之戰">成歡之戰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="平壤之戰 (1894年)">平壤之戰 (1894年)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="黄海海战 (1894年)">黄海海战 (1894年)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Huanghai_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>1894年<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="黄海海战 (1894年)">黃海海戰</a>圖</figcaption></figure> <p>第一階段，從1894年7月25日到9月17日。戰爭分陸戰與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="海战">海戰</a>雙向進行，陸戰主要是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="平壤之戰 (1894年)">平壤之戰</a>，海戰主要是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="黃海海戰 (1894年)">黃海海戰</a>。黃海海戰是雙方海軍主力在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="黃海">黃海</a>北部海域進行的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="战役">戰役</a>規模的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="海战">海戰</a>。亦稱<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午海战">甲午海戰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E6%BA%9D%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="大東溝海戰">大東溝海戰</a>。此役<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>失利，自此退入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛">威海衛</a>，又执行李鸿章避战保船的命令，使黃海<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%AC%8A" title="制海權">制海權</a>落入<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日本联合舰队">日本聯合艦隊</a>之手，對甲午戰爭的後期戰局具有決定性影響。 </p><p>陸面戰鬥在三個戰場同時展開：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E6%B1%9F" title="大同江">大同江</a>南岸戰場、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E9%96%80_(%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E5%B8%82)" title="玄武門 (平壤市)">玄武門</a>外戰場、城西南戰場。當時駐守平壤的清軍9,500餘人，日軍有16,000多人，雙方戰力相差甚遠。日軍第九混成旅團首先向大同江南岸清軍發起進攻，太原鎮總兵<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%89%E5%B4%91" title="馬玉崑">馬玉崑</a>奮勇抗擊，日軍無功而返。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg/220px-Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg/330px-Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg/440px-Chinese_vessel_sinking_SinoJap_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>法國Le Petit雜誌：法國砲艦Le Lion号救援沉沒的高升号清軍人員（1894年7月25日）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg/220px-Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg/330px-Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg/440px-Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea_by_Korechika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>日本<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="聯合艦隊">聯合艦隊</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="黃海">黃海</a>擊潰清朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%B9%AA" title="浮世繪">浮世繪</a>畫師<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%B8%85%E8%A6%AA" title="小林清親">小林清親</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%89%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="井上吉次郎（页面不存在）">井上吉次郎</a>繪）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg/220px-Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg/330px-Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg/440px-Sino_Japanese_war_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>日軍在攻擊清軍</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Pyongyang_by_Mizuno_To.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>日軍攻克平壤清軍</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png/220px-Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png/330px-Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png/440px-Korean_soldiers_and_Chinese_captives_in_First_Sino-Japanese_War.png 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>朝鮮士兵和清朝士兵俘虜</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg/220px-Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg/330px-Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg/440px-Japanese_soldiers_of_the_Sino_Japanese_War_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>甲午戰爭中的日軍士兵，1895年</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg/220px-Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg/330px-Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg/440px-Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>日本士兵斬首清朝士兵的插圖</figcaption></figure> <p>同時9月17日（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86" title="農曆">農曆</a>八月十八日）海軍<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="聯合艦隊">聯合艦隊</a>進入<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="黃海">黃海</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%A8%E7%B6%A0%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鴨綠江">鴨綠江</a>出海口以西約50公里處大鹿島附近（今<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%AF%A7%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="遼寧省">遼寧省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B8%AF%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="東港市">東港市</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%B1%B1%E9%95%87_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B8%AF%E5%B8%82)" title="孤山镇 (东港市)">孤山鎮</a>外海）合擊<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" title="海军舰队">艦隊</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allan1898_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan1898-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Office1920_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office1920-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0_(1866%E5%B9%B4)" title="利薩海戰 (1866年)">1866年利薩海戰</a>後的首次大規模<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%94%B2%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵甲艦">鐵甲艦</a>海戰。售出軍艦給中日雙方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>及當時各軍事大國極為關注此場海戰。 </p><p>海戰在中午時分開始，雙方皆在11時15分和11時30分發現敵方。由於清軍戰艦是從朝鮮運兵回來，加上未装舷侧速射炮，侧面火力贫弱，而定远级的主炮都排在前方，所以艦隊以橫陣接敵，日艦則是尋戰而來，由坪井航三率第一游击队的吉野等四艘快速巡洋舰为前锋，伊東祐亨带领的本队慢速六舰在后成單縱阵。12時清軍下令變陣，排成尖峰形。13時開始炮擊：時間不久，艦隊中央成凹陷形。面對清軍鐵甲艦攻勢，日艦被迫後退。 </p><p>此時日艦包抄清軍右側，由於日艦較快加上清軍指揮不當，右側<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" title="海军舰队">艦隊</a>被殲滅；<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E8%89%A6" title="旗艦">旗艦</a>也被炮擊，炮震力導致正在持雙筒<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="望遠鏡">望遠鏡</a>觀看海面戰局的丁汝昌從二樓高炸飛摔落甲板，左手臂骨摔斷重傷。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="定遠號">定遠號</a>艦長接手指揮，下令全部艦隻集中重炮攻擊日本旗艦<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="松島號">松岛號</a>，14時<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="松島號">松岛號</a>包括艦長室在內中彈，但因為炮彈火藥不足，沒有爆炸（艦隊司令<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%90%E4%BA%A8" title="伊东祐亨">伊東祐亨</a>回憶），日艦後退，伊東中將司令且即更換<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E8%89%A6" title="旗艦">旗艦</a>。當松島號由友艦拖回日本時，全艦千瘡百孔卻未沉沒，日軍對此感到不可思議。 </p><p>战斗中，致远舰冲出队列，试图撞击日舰吉野号，卻傷勢過重而沉沒，管带<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E4%B8%96%E6%98%8C" title="邓世昌">邓世昌</a>落水后拒绝救援，以身殉国（致远252人中245阵亡）。16時清軍左側艦艇中彈，背靠荒島，一邊滅火一邊攻擊日艦。滅火成功，日艦在沒有優勢下撤退。另一方面，日艦所有火炮皆無法擊穿<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="定遠號">定遠號</a>等清軍鐵甲艦，清左側艦隊回救運送重炮彈予兩艦，因此反而日艦多被重炮所傷。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%90%E4%BA%A8" title="伊东祐亨">伊東祐亨</a>認為暫時無法擊沉定、鎮兩艦，下令撤退。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德蒙·裴利曼特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edmund Fremantle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E8%A3%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德蒙·裴利曼特（页面不存在）">裴利曼特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Fremantle" class="extiw" title="en:Edmund Fremantle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edmund Fremantle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>說：“日軍不能全掃乎華軍者，則以有巍巍鐵甲艦兩大艘也。”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>伊东的旗舰松岛号由于损坏严重，升起不再履行旗舰职务的旗号，日舰纷纷回护松岛，反失去全歼北洋水师的机会。李鴻章的奏摺說<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="靖遠">靖遠</a>升旗召集各艦追擊，17時30分日艦遠去，清軍下令停止追擊。馬幼垣指出，清軍損失更重，彈藥將盡，速度又慢，追擊不合邏輯，而且<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E8%8A%AC" title="马吉芬">马吉芬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%A8%82%E7%88%BE" title="戴樂爾">戴樂爾</a>的回憶錄都沒有提到追擊，唯一支持的史料只有李的奏摺。<sup id="cite_ref-馬幼垣_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馬幼垣-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>此<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E6%BA%9D%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="大東溝海戰">大東溝海戰</a>清軍傷亡600餘人，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="經遠">經遠</a>管帶<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%87" title="林永昇">林永昇</a>戰死，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="經遠">經遠</a>沉沒，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠號防護巡洋艦">致遠</a>管帶<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E4%B8%96%E6%98%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧世昌">鄧世昌</a>與艦同沉殉國；日軍傷亡亦達300餘人，济远和广甲逃离战场，济远管带<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%AF%E8%AC%99" title="方伯謙">方伯谦</a>因此被处决，虽是罪有应得，但广甲舰长吳敬榮由於隸屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%88" title="广东水师">廣東水師</a>，僅以革職論處。 </p><p>激戰5小時後，北洋艦隊損失巡洋艦5艘，包括經遠、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠號防護巡洋艦">致遠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%8B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="超勇">超勇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="揚威">揚威</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%94%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="廣甲">廣甲</a>，受傷4艘，但成功完成護航運載清<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%8A%98%E5%82%B3" title="劉銘傳">劉銘傳</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a>12營<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="陸軍">陸軍</a>登陸鴨綠江岸。日艦僅傷5艘，先行撤離戰場。戰後<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋艦隊">北洋艦隊</a>未敢主動出擊，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日本联合舰队">日本联合舰队</a>达到控制<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7" title="黄海">黄海</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%AC%8A" title="制海權">制海权</a>的目的。 </p><p>9月15日，日军分三路总攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="平壤">平壤</a>，战斗至为激烈，高州鎮總兵<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%9D%E8%B4%B5" title="左宝贵">左寶貴</a>中炮阵亡，隨後<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E9%96%80_(%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E5%B8%82)" title="玄武門 (平壤市)">玄武门</a>失守，<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%BF%97%E8%B6%85" title="葉志超">葉志超</a>下令撤退，六日內狂洩五百餘里，透露清陸軍內部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="湘軍">湘軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a>嚴重對立；26日清軍直抵<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%AD%E7%BB%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="鸭绿江">鸭绿江</a>以北。朝鮮全境為日本所控。9月23日李上折要求提取從1888年起打著海軍名義籌備，實際一直被中央扣在手裡生息以建<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="頤和園">頤和園</a>的260萬兩銀，獲得150萬兩緊急軍費<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-颜军_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-颜军-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.BA.8C.E9.9A.8E.E6.AE.B5.EF.BC.881894.9-1894.11.EF.BC.89"></span>第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：第二階段（1894.9-1894.11）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%80%A3%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="九連城之戰">九連城之戰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="旅顺口之战">旅顺口之战</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="旅順大屠殺">旅順大屠殺</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg/220px-%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg/330px-%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg/440px-%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>日军攻占<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺">旅顺</a>后，在海军公所合影</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg/220px-Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg/330px-Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg/440px-Port_Arthur_Massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>一份西方報紙登載日軍执行<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="旅順大屠殺">旅顺大屠杀</a>殘害中國人的素描。<sup id="cite_ref-White1895_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1895-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>第二階段，從1894年9月17日到11月22日。戰場位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="遼東半島">遼東半島</a>，以陸戰為主。10月25日，日軍在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%A8%E7%B6%A0%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鴨綠江">鴨綠江</a>上搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E6%A9%8B" title="浮橋">浮橋</a>搶渡成功，向<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="虎山">虎山</a>清軍陣地發起進攻。清軍守將馬金敘、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B6%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="聶士成">聶士成</a>被迫撤出陣地。日軍攻陷<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="虎山">虎山</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8B" title="山縣有朋">山縣有朋</a>即將第一軍司令部移於<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="虎山">虎山</a>。鸭绿江防线决战刚要打响前<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B8%9D" title="光绪帝">光绪帝</a>拿问<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="平壤之戰">平壤之战</a>逃跑主将<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%B1%9D%E8%B4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="卫汝贵">卫汝贵</a>。圣旨到，造成清军全军崩溃。26日，日軍佔領了九連城和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E7%B8%A3_(%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%81)" class="mw-redirect" title="安東縣 (奉天省)">安東縣</a>（今丹東），同日日軍在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E6%B2%B3" title="庄河">庄河</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD%E5%8F%A3%E9%95%87_(%E9%9D%96%E5%AE%87%E5%8E%BF)" title="花园口镇 (靖宇县)">花園口</a>登陸，11月9日，攻佔<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="金州">金州</a>，10日陷<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E6%B9%BE" title="大连湾">大連灣</a>，至此清軍在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%A8%E7%B6%A0%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鴨綠江">鴨綠江</a>防線全線崩潰。11月21日<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="旅順">旅順</a>陷落。李鴻章曾經提出“若水师至力不能支时，不如出海拚战，即战不胜，或能留铁舰等退往烟台。”但是受到丁汝昌的堅決反對，從而使得北洋水師繼續困守在港內。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>旅顺口的防御工事，经营10余年，耗费白银数千万两，驻守兵力达14700人，日军仅用不到一天时间，付出426人的伤亡，就拿下这座重兵把守的要塞，清军则付出3600多人的伤亡。 </p><p>与此同时，日军出于战事的受挫和对清朝官兵的报复泄愤，在旅顺制造了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺大屠杀">规模巨大的屠杀民众事件</a>，使得国际社会大为惊骇，日本国内统治集团和社会亦有声音表示震惊和反对。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E9.9A.8E.E6.AE.B5.EF.BC.881894.11-1895.4.EF.BC.89"></span>第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：第三階段（1894.11-1895.4）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="威海衛之戰">威海衛之戰</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%8D%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五复海城（页面不存在）">五复海城</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="营口之战">营口之战</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B0%E5%BA%84%E5%86%B3%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="田庄决战（页面不存在）">田庄决战</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg/220px-Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg/330px-Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg/440px-Weihaiwei_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11633" data-file-height="5868" /></a><figcaption>《威海卫陷落北洋舰队提督丁汝昌降伏图》（实为北洋水师管带<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%8E%AE%E5%86%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="薩鎮冰">薩鎮冰</a>献降），右田年英绘</figcaption></figure> <p>第三階段，從1894年11月22日到1895年4月17日，有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="威海衛之戰">威海衛之戰</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遼東之戰（页面不存在）">遼東之戰</a>。12月24日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="鎮遠號戰艦">鎮遠</a>退入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛">威海衛</a>時<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="觸礁" data-lang-code="yue" data-lang-name="粵语" data-foreign-title="觸礁"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A6%E7%A4%81" title="触礁">觸礁</a></span></span>，經搶修才不至下沉，但已不可再出深海作戰，管帶<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%9B%BE" title="林泰曾">林泰曾</a>引咎自盡。1895年1月20日，日本第二軍共兩萬五千人，在日艦掩護下開始在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%AE%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="榮成">榮成</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%8D%E9%AC%9A%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龍鬚島（页面不存在）">龍鬚島</a>登陸。30日，日軍集中兵力進攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛">威海衛</a>南岸炮台。營官<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%A8%E5%AE%B6%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="周家恩（页面不存在）">周家恩</a>殉職，炮台被日軍攻佔。2月3日日軍攻陷<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛">威海衛</a>城，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%85%AC%E5%B2%9B" title="刘公岛">劉公島</a>成為孤島，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日本联合舰队">日本聯合艦隊</a>司令<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%90%E4%BA%A8" title="伊东祐亨">伊東祐亨</a>曾致書<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>勸降。9日，日军少将<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大寺安纯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ōdera Yasuzumi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大寺安纯（页面不存在）">大寺安纯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cdera_Yasuzumi" class="extiw" title="en:Ōdera Yasuzumi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ōdera Yasuzumi</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>被大砲击毙，是日軍在甲午戰爭中軍階最高的殉職將領。10日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="定遠號">定遠號</a>彈藥告罄，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A5%E8%9F%BE" title="劉步蟾">劉步蟾</a>下令將艦炸沉，隨後<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A5%E8%9F%BE" title="劉步蟾">劉步蟾</a>生吞<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片">鴉片</a>自殺。12日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>亦自殺。威海衛水陸營務處候選道牛昶眪寫下降書，由廣丙艦管帶<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E7%92%A7%E5%85%89" title="程璧光">程璧光</a>乘船交付伊東中將<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，17日，日軍在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%85%AC%E5%B2%9B" title="刘公岛">劉公島</a>登陸，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="濟遠">濟遠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%99%E5%8F%B7%E9%98%B2%E6%8A%A4%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" title="广丙号防护巡洋舰">廣丙</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%AE%E4%B8%AD%E8%99%9F%E7%A0%B2%E8%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎮中號砲艇（页面不存在）">鎮中</a>、<a href="/wiki/Epsilon%E7%B4%9A%E7%A0%B2%E8%89%87" title="Epsilon級砲艇">鎮東</a>等10艦為日軍所俘，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋艦隊">北洋艦隊</a>全軍覆沒。隨後<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%8E%AE%E5%86%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="薩鎮冰">薩鎮冰</a>駕駛<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%BF%9F%E8%89%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康濟艦（页面不存在）">康濟艦</a>並載著<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>等六人靈柩離開<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%85%AC%E5%B2%9B" title="刘公岛">劉公島</a>。北線日軍与清军<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="满洲">满洲</a>部队主力进行的战役有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%8D%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五复海城（页面不存在）">五复海城</a>，与湘军、淮军、毅军进行的战役有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牛庄之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Yingkou"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E5%BA%84%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛庄之战（页面不存在）">牛庄之战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yingkou" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Yingkou"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Yingkou</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（又名“佯攻辽阳，实取牛庄”之战）。日军佯攻辽阳，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B8%9D" title="光绪帝">光绪帝</a>中计，亲自下令围攻海城的清军主力救援辽阳，结果日军迅速调动进攻清军交通枢纽牛庄，围歼孤立在牛庄<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a>主力。最终双方主力爆发<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%94%B0%E5%BA%84%E5%8F%B0%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="甲午战争田庄台遗址">田庄台决战</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86" title="宋庆">宋庆</a>在清军主力被围歼前下令撤退。清廷被迫议和。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liugongdao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Liugongdao.jpg/220px-Liugongdao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Liugongdao.jpg/330px-Liugongdao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Liugongdao.jpg/440px-Liugongdao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>威海<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%85%AC%E5%B2%9B" title="刘公岛">刘公岛</a>上的甲午海战纪念馆</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="结果及影响"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.9C.E5.8F.8A.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>结果及影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：结果及影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="马关条约"><span id=".E9.A9.AC.E5.85.B3.E6.9D.A1.E7.BA.A6"></span>马关条约</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：马关条约"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E8%BF%98%E8%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="三国干涉还辽">三国干涉还辽</a></div> <p>1895年4月17日，清朝與日本簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬關條約">馬關條約</a>》，标志着甲午战争的结束。条约的主要内容有五点： </p> <ol><li>中国向日本赔款白银两亿两。</li> <li>中国割让辽东半岛、台湾岛和澎湖列岛给日本。</li> <li>中国开放沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州为通商口岸。</li> <li>中国允许日本在中国的通商口岸投资办厂。</li> <li>中国彻底放弃对朝鲜的宗主权，承认朝鲜独立。</li></ol> <p>自<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争">第一次鸦片战争</a>后开始崩溃的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A1%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="中华朝贡体系">中华朝贡体系</a>，在签订<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a>后，几乎彻底崩解。此战的结果不仅对当时的东亚局势做成深远的影响，甚至影响中日韩这三个国家于近现代的发展。 </p><p>然而，由于日本对辽东半岛的索求与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄国</a>在此地的扩张计划有所冲突，俄国便联合同样对华存有利益图谋的法国和德国向日本施加了外交和军事上的压力，致使日本放弃了占领的辽东半岛。日本趁机又向清朝勒索了三千万两白银的“赎辽费”。此事件在历史上称之为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E8%BF%98%E8%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="三国干涉还辽">三国干涉还辽</a>”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对清朝的影响"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>对清朝的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：对清朝的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg/220px-%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg/330px-%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg/440px-%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%94%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%BC%81%E7%BF%81%E5%B3%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>日本軍隊登陸<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="澎湖群島">澎湖群島</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>自<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次鴉片戰爭">鴉片戰爭</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="英法聯軍之役">英法聯軍之役</a>為十五年，自英法聯軍之役至日軍初次侵台為十五年，自日軍初次侵台，中經<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%98%89%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="馬嘉理事件">馬嘉理事件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="伊犁條約">伊犂交涉</a>以至中法戰爭約九年，自中法戰爭至中日戰爭亦為九年，其間中國多少尚可喘息苟延。<b>中日戰後，情勢急轉直下，外來的兇猛壓力，跟蹤而至，片刻未弛，直可謂危急存亡之秋</b>。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%BB%B7%E4%BB%A5" title="郭廷以">郭廷以</a><sup id="cite_ref-#3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>清朝由于戰敗，只得向日本求和停战，最终簽下丧权辱国的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="馬關條約">馬關條約</a>》。《马关条约》是自<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争">第一次鸦片战争</a>后签订的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="南京条约">南京条约</a>》来对清政府危害極大的不平等条约。条约签订后，清政府喪失澎湖列島與台灣及其附屬島嶼的主權，還須承擔巨額賠款；而其中允许外國企業於境內投資设厂的條款，亦對當時正在茁壯的中國棉紡織工業產生嚴重威脅。此外，條約衍生出的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a>事件也開啟了西方諸國<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國">瓜分中國</a>之端。1896年，俄國以迫日還遼有功，與清政府簽署《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="中俄密約">中俄密約</a>》。後來，密約泄露，列強爭相在中国划分<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B%E7%AF%84%E5%9C%8D" title="勢力範圍">勢力範圍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="租界">租界</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="租借地">租借地</a>。俄國在1898年租下旅順與大連兩港口；德國強占并租借<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="膠州灣">膠州灣</a>；法国则租借<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E6%B9%BE" title="广州湾">广州湾</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>清军在甲午战争中的失败（北洋水师的覆灭）标誌着其國際地位一落千丈，再次成為列強鯨吞蠶食的對象。同时，甲午战争也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">洋务运动</a>失败的标志，此役後中國在國際地位上急轉直下，而日本則躋身為列強之一。馬關條約之條款剝削中國，激起中國知識分子對國情的反思，清政府内部的改革派对自身弱点有更深认识，促使後來政治制度的改革，即1898年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E8%AE%8A%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="戊戌變法">戊戌變法</a>，百日維新之先聲。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>吾中国四万万人，无贵无贱，当今日在覆屋之下，漏舟之中；如笼中之鸟，牢中之囚；为奴隶，为牛马，为犬羊，听人驱使，听人宰割。此四千年中二十朝未有之奇变。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——康有為<sup id="cite_ref-#4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>日本海军在1895年甲午战争的胜利，基本上完全摧毁清政府的军事力量，严重地削弱经济实力，使中国元气大伤，日本也为了取得战争胜利及保持住胜利的成果，在中国内部制造混乱，对革命党人提供了大量的秘密资助，所以客观地说，日本海军的这次胜利为后来孙中山及其他革命团体领导的革命创造胜利的先决条件。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>自此役後，清朝外交政策的焦點都在平復其結果，而日本外交政策的焦點則是確認其結果。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——潘恩（S. C. M. Paine）<sup id="cite_ref-#2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对日本的影响"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>对日本的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：对日本的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>甲午戰爭是日本從“被壓迫國”向“壓迫國”過渡的轉折點，因此在日本近代史上是一次劃時代的戰爭，具有和第二次世界大戰相匹敌的意義。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——藤村道生<sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>与清朝开战前，日本国内朝野上下曾经对与中国开战感到緊張和困惑。甚至连<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>本人也曾经对是否与中国开战感到躊躇。但于战胜清朝后，随着不停的捷报与多次举办战勝祝賀会，国内的舆论风向便开始有所改变，「帝國萬歲」等赞扬天皇的口号成为一时间的流行语。日本国内为了纪念这次战胜，也在国内多处树立纪念碑。同时在战斗期间，受到社会整体风气影响，青少年的日常娱乐和玩乐也几乎完全与战斗有关，甚至出现小孩子往中国人丢小石头的事情。 </p><p>同时，新闻媒体也以大幅报道这次战争为契机，在日本国内得到前所未有的普及。在当时，各家报社为了及时得到第一手的消息，纷纷往战场派遣随军记者，使国民首次透过新闻媒体得知战斗的最新情况。反之，那些没有对战斗进行跟踪报道的报社，也在这次战争后走向没落。各家媒体在报道有关战争的新闻时，经常使用把无名士兵「英雄」化的报道手法（忠勇美談），以及以激烈的文字描述战况等，都在一定程度上吸引大量新的读者群，也让日本人首次意识到新闻和媒体这两种现代化的吸收资讯渠道。但是同时，媒体的报道只集中在报道片面的内容，使读者的价值观受到单一化的影响。例如说，当时的报纸与杂志便以这次战争为例，不断地提出「日本文化比中国文化先进」等民族优越论的观念，对日后一段长时间日本人对中国人的看法产生严重的影响。 </p><p>以甲午战争为契机，日本在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a>后第一次经历大规模的對外戰爭，对日本成为近代意义上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="民族国家">民族国家</a>有着十分重要的影响。战争过程中，国家机关不断重复地强调「国民」的义务和贡献，使得日本人开始意识到自己作为国家国民的一部分，应该不分地位地去支持军队，也是所谓的战争的「統合作用」。在这个統合过程中，作为军队统帅的明治天皇有着十分积极的作用。他与开战时把大本营转移到廣島的举动，使日本国民强烈地感受到御驾亲征的威严。反之，战胜消息經過渲染，则对日本人觀念造成极大的影响，也是从当时开始，日本国内开始产生蔑視中国的情绪，并一直延至后代。同时以此为契机，日本国内开始有人提倡脱离<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="汉字文化圈">汉字文化圈</a>，也同时为了日后的海外拓张，确立日语标准化教育的普及。同時，日本一直對俄國干預遼東半島一事存有芥蒂，大力鼓吹發展軍事工業，期待有打擊俄國的機會。 </p><p>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="大日本帝國憲法">大日本帝国憲法</a>的发布（1889年）、撤除部分不平等条约（1894年透过<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%8B%B1%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="日英通商航海条约">日英通商航海条約</a>取消<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%BA%8B%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%AC%8A" title="領事裁判權">領事裁判权</a>）、中日甲午战争（1894 - 95年）这三个事件为契机，日本的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A5%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="脫亞入歐">脱亚入欧</a>论初步取得成效。同时，作为日本近代史上第一场获胜的战争，不论对日本国内还是对当时的欧美列强都有巨大的象征意义。在日后的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a>结束后，欧美列强为了表示认同日本的国际地位，把日本设置在海外的外交代表機構纷纷升格为大使馆。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对台灣的影响"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E5.8F.B0.E7.81.A3.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>对台灣的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：对台灣的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="台灣日治時期">臺灣因此被日本統治長達五十年</a>，使得該地與其他華人社群在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="集體記憶">歷史記憶</a>對日本觀感不同<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 例如，在<a href="/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="1990年代臺灣">1990年代</a>對臺灣中學生的研究中，有許多學生把本戰爭排在心目中歷史事件的第一位。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对朝鲜王朝的影响"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E6.9C.9D.E9.B2.9C.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>对朝鲜王朝的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：对朝鲜王朝的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>朝鲜独立后，仍然一直受日本与俄罗斯帝国控制，本来于甲午战争前已经相互斗争的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8C%96%E5%85%9A" title="开化党">开化党</a>（亲日独立派）与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%9A" title="事大党">事大党</a>（亲中派），在甲午战争後由开化党攬權。战后，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">东学党起义</a>被彻底镇压。一度失势的事大党，于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E8%BF%98%E8%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="三国干涉还辽">三国干涉还辽</a>后，由高宗王妃<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="明成皇后">闵氏</a>主导的亲俄派再度掌权，直到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="乙未事变">乙未事变</a>闵妃被暗杀为止。闵妃被日本暗杀后，1895年日本以此為契機另立新王后來掩蓋，計劃成立「大朝鮮帝國」。結果因俄、美、英三國公使堅決反對而沒有實行。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜高宗">朝鲜高宗</a>倒向俄罗斯，并于1897年10月成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大韩帝国">大韩帝国</a>正式称帝，追尊闵妃为明成皇后。 </p><p>1894年，日本江户末期至明治早期政治家<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9C%E6%B5%B7%E8%88%9F" title="胜海舟">胜海舟</a>作诗《偶感》，定格甲午战争对于朝鲜之影响：“邻国交兵日，其军更无名，可怜雏林肉，割以与鲁英。”其中「雛林」指朝鮮古國<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="新羅">新羅</a>的首都<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E6%9E%97_(%E6%85%B6%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82)" title="雞林 (慶州市)">雞林</a>（現<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" title="慶州市">慶州</a>），暗喻朝鮮；「魯」是當時俄羅斯的日語音譯（<span lang="ja">魯西亜</span>）的簡稱。在得知<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>自杀后，胜海舟向报社投稿撰文祭奠，认为日本盲目追随欧美走殖民扩张的道路十分愚蠢，中国是一个大国，不应该成为受轻视的竞争对手，而应该成为日本对抗欧美的伙伴。胜海舟还预见到了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E8%BF%98%E8%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="三国干涉还辽">三国干涉还辽</a>时日本被国际围堵的窘境。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="战争分析"><span id=".E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>战争分析</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：战争分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="战前军备"><span id=".E6.88.98.E5.89.8D.E5.86.9B.E5.A4.87"></span>战前军备</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：战前军备"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中国（清朝）"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD.EF.BC.88.E6.B8.85.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.89"></span>中国（清朝）</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：中国（清朝）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseTing-yuen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ChineseTing-yuen.jpg/220px-ChineseTing-yuen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ChineseTing-yuen.jpg/330px-ChineseTing-yuen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ChineseTing-yuen.jpg/440px-ChineseTing-yuen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5844" data-file-height="4478" /></a><figcaption>清朝旗艦定遠</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen-yuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chen-yuan.jpg/220px-Chen-yuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chen-yuan.jpg/330px-Chen-yuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chen-yuan.jpg/440px-Chen-yuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>鎮遠艦</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg/235px-Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg/353px-Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg/470px-Emperor_Guangxu_in_Ordinary_Clothes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>光緒皇帝</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>自1888年正式建军后，配置有<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%94%B2%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵甲艦">铁甲艦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="定遠號戰艦">定遠</a>號及<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="鎮遠號戰艦">鎮遠</a>號，各有12寸巨炮4門，航速分別為14.5<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="節 (單位)">節</a>及15.4節。 </p><p>然而之后到甲午战争之前6年没有再添置铁甲艦。在此期间，重修<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%90%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%AD" title="颐和园">颐和园</a>花费約八百万两白银。1889年光绪皇帝大婚，花费白银540万两，即三艘半定遠级铁甲艦的费用。<sup id="cite_ref-颜军_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-颜军-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1891年户部尚书<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%90%8C%E9%BE%A2" title="翁同龢">翁同龢</a>奏准暂停南北海军购买外洋枪炮船只3年。因此在开战时的北洋海军已经没有多少“大舰巨炮”优势可言，1894年中日火力对比分別是：口徑20厘米以上火炮31門對15門，20厘米以下火炮230門對140門，速射机关炮244門對294門，鱼雷管39支對43支，船艦航速11.48節對12.84節，装甲巡洋舰3艘對1艘，防护巡洋舰3艘對8艘。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>李鸿章在1879年10月27日的奏折中说：“中国即不为穷兵海外计，但期战守可恃，藩篱可固，亦必有铁甲船数只游弋大洋，始足以遮护南北各口。”由此可见，防御是建立北洋水师的关键动因。巨资订购的“定远”、“镇远”这两艘战舰的设计与制造，凸显装甲、吨位和重炮的优势，这也与李鸿章立足防御的建队思想密切关联。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_(Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_%28Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum%29.jpg/500px-Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_%28Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_%28Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum%29.jpg/750px-Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_%28Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_%28Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum%29.jpg/1000px-Gev%C3%A4r_m-1867_Sverige_%28Carl_Gustafs_Stads_Gev%C3%A4rsfaktori_-_Arm%C3%A9museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>清军在战争中使用的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷明頓M1867步槍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Remington M1867"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E6%98%8E%E9%A0%93M1867%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷明頓M1867步槍（页面不存在）">雷明頓M1867步槍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_M1867" class="extiw" title="en:Remington M1867"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Remington M1867</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>1894年5月下旬李鸿章校阅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>，奏称：“北洋各舰及广东三船沿途行驶操演，船阵整齐变化，雁行鱼贯，操纵自如……以鱼雷六艇试演袭营阵法，攻守多方，备极奇奥。”“於驶行之际，击穹远之靶，发速中多。经远一船，发十六炮，中至十五。广东三船，中靶亦在七成以上。”“夜间合操，水师全军万炮并发，起止如一。英、法、俄、日本各国，均以兵船来观，称为节制精严。”<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>戰爭前夕，北洋艦隊<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E8%88%B9%E5%9D%9E" title="大沽船坞">大沽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛">威海衛</a>（今山東威海）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="旅順">旅順</a>（今屬遼宁大連）三大基地建成<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-孙占元2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙占元2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>觀察員看完<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>操演後上書海軍部，也認為北洋艦隊戰力不容小覷。後期因李鴻章解雇當時訓練海軍的英國人<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%A8%81%E7%90%86" title="琅威理">琅威理</a>，引致<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>軍紀出現問題，“有某西人偶登其船，见海军提督正与巡兵团同坐斗<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86" title="麻将">竹牌</a>也。” </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg/500px-Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg/750px-Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg/1000px-Martini-Henry_m1871_-_England_-_AM.032017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>清军在战争中使用的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC-%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="馬提尼-亨利步槍">馬提尼-亨利步槍</a>Mk I型步枪</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>提督<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>本<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" title="陆军">陸將</a>，且<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江淮人（页面不存在）">淮人</a>，孤寄群<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="福建人">閩人</a>之上，遂為閩黨所制，威令不行。琅威理去，操練盡弛。自左右翼總兵以下，爭挈眷陸居，軍士去船而嬉。每北洋封凍，海軍歲例巡南洋，率淫賭於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a>，識者早憂之。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E9%8C%AB%E5%85%89" title="姚錫光">姚錫光</a>，〈東方兵事紀錄〉<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>1888年原本預訂購入300箱炮，後因為軍費不足，北洋海军只購入3發炮，“從前撥定北洋經費號稱二百萬兩，近年停解者多，歲僅收五六十萬。”<sup id="cite_ref-auto_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>英國遠東艦隊司令<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="裴利曼特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edmund Fremantle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裴利曼特（页面不存在）">裴利曼特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Fremantle" class="extiw" title="en:Edmund Fremantle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edmund Fremantle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>評論說：“中國水雷船排列海边，无人掌管，外则铁锈堆积，内则秽污狼藉，业已无可驶用。”<sup id="cite_ref-auto_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>北洋海军将领大多数是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%88%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="福建船政學堂">福建船政学堂</a>驾驶班早期毕业生，由于早期办学水平不足，他们在船政学堂仅接受简单的英文、算法、驾驶、测算、枪炮操法培训。1877年春，清政府在福建船政学堂第一、二届毕业生中选出12人的海军留学生，打算送入<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%A8%81%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="格林威治皇家海军学院">格林威治皇家海军学院</a>进行培训。但其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A5%E8%9F%BE" title="劉步蟾">刘步蟾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%9B%BE" title="林泰曾">林泰曾</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%8B%E8%B6%85%E8%8B%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒋超英（页面不存在）">蒋超英</a>三人到英国后仅上舰实习就结束训练。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%8B%8B" title="黄建勋">黄建勋</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E9%A2%96%E5%90%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林颖启（页面不存在）">林颖启</a>、江懋祉三人未通过入学考试，仅参与了上舰实习，只有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%A4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="严复">严复</a>等六人入校。而留学生监督官<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%87%A4%E8%8B%9E" title="李凤苞">李凤苞</a>向朝廷禀报，成绩排名却是“甲等：刘步蟾、林泰曾、严复、蒋超英；乙等：<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E9%95%87%E5%86%B0" title="萨镇冰">萨镇冰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%AF%E8%AC%99" title="方伯謙">方伯谦</a>、何心川、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%A5%96%E7%8F%AA" title="叶祖珪">叶祖珪</a>；丙等：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B0%B8%E5%8D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="林永升">林永升</a>、馬震東、黃元昊、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%BB%BA%E5%8B%8B" title="黄建勋">黄建勋</a>。”刘步蟾、林泰曾日后成为北洋海军的主要将领。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 进入北洋水师后，以刘步蟾为首的北洋“<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%B0%91%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="闽东民系">福州帮</a>”管带群体，将对北洋水师严加训练的英国教官<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%A8%81%E7%90%86" title="琅威理">琅威理</a>挤兑走。而在战争之中，光绪帝又给李鸿章施压、对军事行动胡乱指挥。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matsushima(Bertin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Matsushima%28Bertin%29.jpg/220px-Matsushima%28Bertin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Matsushima%28Bertin%29.jpg/330px-Matsushima%28Bertin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Matsushima%28Bertin%29.jpg/440px-Matsushima%28Bertin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>日本旗艦松島</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>東洋蕞爾小邦而能歲增鐵艦，聞所製造專與華局比較，我鐵艦行十五海浬，彼則行十六海浬。定、鎮大礮口徑三十零半生特（釐米），彼松島等四艦則配二十四特大炮並放快炮，處處俱勝我一籌。現在英訂購之頭等鐵甲船，又是何項新式。蓋以全國之力專注於海軍，故能如此，其國未可量也！</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——李鴻章<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>1882年，日本海军还只是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%9B%B7%E8%89%87" title="魚雷艇">鱼雷艇</a>和二千吨以下的近海<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%94%B2%E8%88%B0" title="铁甲舰">铁甲舰</a>为主，无大型铁甲<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" title="巡洋舰">巡洋舰</a>。 </p><p>1885年，日本提出十年的扩军计划，意图超过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>。在扩张政策的指引下，日本加快陆海军的军备步伐。为了对付北洋水师的重型铁甲舰，日本高薪聘请法国海军部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%B3%E6%98%93" title="白劳易">白劳易</a>担任日本海军省顾问、海军工厂总监督官，专门负责建造在火力和速度上足以对付“镇远”和“定远”的“三景舰”（“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="松島號防護巡洋艦">松岛</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="嚴島號防護巡洋艦">严岛</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="橋立號防護巡洋艦">桥立</a>”），同时重金向英国阿姆斯特朗兵工厂订购快速巡洋舰。依据藤村道生在《日清战争》中的记述，日本海军为了弥补大炮的不足，建造小型快速的巡洋舰，并安装刚刚可以应用的小型<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="速射炮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quick-firing gun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9F%E5%B0%84%E7%82%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="速射炮（页面不存在）">速射炮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-firing_gun" class="extiw" title="en:Quick-firing gun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quick-firing gun</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。这种小型速射炮虽然是12厘米至15厘米粗细的中口径炮，但其发射速度却为原来大炮的8倍，在同一时间内发射出大量炮弹，如果快速使敌舰接近中口径炮的射程以内，便可完全削弱敌舰的战斗力。较之中方，日军的决策者认识到速射炮将成为击伤敌舰、击杀敌舰官兵的主力舰炮，并将其大量装备于日本海军的舰船上，这一战略预判在随后的海战中得到丰厚的回报。 </p><p>1886年，法国海军工程师<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%B3%E6%98%93" title="白劳易">白劳易</a>受雇建造4700吨级大型铁甲<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" title="巡洋舰">巡洋舰</a>「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="松島號防護巡洋艦">松島號防護巡洋艦</a>」和「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="嚴島號防護巡洋艦">嚴島號防護巡洋艦</a>」。 </p><p>1890年时，清朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>总排水量为27,000吨，而日本海军总排水量在17,000吨以上。日本以国家财政收入的60%来发展海、陆军，当时日本政府年度财政收入僅八千万日元。1893年起，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a>决定每年从自己宫廷经费中撥出三十万日圓，再從官員薪水裡取十分之一，補充造船费用。1890年時服役、排水量2,100噸的巡洋艦「平遠」是北洋水師最後配備的新造艦，而在1892年服役並編入廣東水師的「廣丙」（1,000噸）排水量低於日本海军在1891年（明治24年）服役的6艘巡洋艦「松島」、「嚴島」、「橋立」、「千代田」、「秋津洲」、「吉野」，而此6艘排水量都已高於「平遠」的2,100噸，其中四艘更達4,200噸。到了1894年甲午战争时，日本海军舰队总排水量为72,000吨，多數有配置<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="速射炮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quick-firing gun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9F%E5%B0%84%E7%82%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="速射炮（页面不存在）">速射炮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-firing_gun" class="extiw" title="en:Quick-firing gun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quick-firing gun</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的新式舰艇。 </p><p>戰前日本實際動員兵力達240,616人，其中174,017人有參戰經驗，海軍擁有軍艦32艘、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%9B%B7%E8%89%87" title="魚雷艇">魚雷艇</a>24艘，排水量72,000吨，超越<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a>。日本對清廷改革後的實力仍有顧忌，對於北洋水師不敢輕敵，1880年日本参谋本部长<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8E%BF%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="山县有朋">山县有朋</a>的調查報告中指出，清国平时可征兵425万，战时可达850万人之多，“邻邦之兵备愈强，则本邦之兵备亦更不可懈”。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献：<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E8%AF%9A%E5%BF%A0%E5%91%8A%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81%E4%B9%8B%E8%B1%AA%E6%9D%B0" class="extiw" title="s:开诚忠告十八省之豪杰">开诚忠告十八省之豪杰</a></b></div></div> </div> <p>1894年10月，日本發佈由日本中原通<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%96%B9%E5%B0%8F%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E" title="宗方小太郎">宗方小太郎</a>撰写的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E8%AA%A0%E5%BF%A0%E5%91%8A%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%9C%81%E4%B9%8B%E8%B1%AA%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="開誠忠告十八省之豪傑">開誠忠告十八省之豪傑</a>》檄文，利用清帝國的满汉民族矛盾，号召漢人反抗清政府，也有清军俘虏追崇日軍<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。文中提到：“……<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%97%8F" title="满族">满清氏</a>元（原）塞外之一蛮族，既非受命之德，又无功于中国，乘<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">朱明</a>之衰运，暴力劫夺，伪定一时，机变百出，巧操天下……虽然，我国之所惩伐在满清朝廷，不在贵国人民也；……夫贵国民族之与我<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="大和民族">日本民族</a>同种、同文、同伦理，有偕荣之谊，不有与仇之情也。……故船载粮食、兵器，约期赴肋。时不可失，机不复来。古人不言耶：天与不取，反受其咎。卿等速起。勿为明祖所笑！” </p><p>不过，日本国内同期仍存在反对中日战争的声音。自1884年<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="甲申政变">甲申政变</a>起，日本主战派开始崛起，面对国内狂热的开战主张，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%88%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%83" title="興亞會">兴亚会</a>主要成员<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9C%E6%B5%B7%E8%88%9F" title="胜海舟">胜海舟</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宮島誠一郎" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="宮島誠一郎"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%AE%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%A0%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宮島誠一郎（页面不存在）">宮島誠一郎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%A0%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:宮島誠一郎"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">宮島誠一郎</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="渡边洪基" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="渡辺洪基"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A1%E8%BE%B9%E6%B4%AA%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渡边洪基（页面不存在）">渡边洪基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A1%E8%BE%BA%E6%B4%AA%E5%9F%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:渡辺洪基"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">渡辺洪基</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>在内都坚持反战主张。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg/220px-First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg/330px-First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg/440px-First_Sino-Japanese_War_Keio_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>1895年（明治28年）<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="威海衛海戰">威海衛海战</a>战勝祝賀<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%86%E5%BA%94%E4%B9%89%E5%A1%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="庆应义塾大学">慶應義塾大学</a>炬火行列大運動会（灯笼游行）</figcaption></figure> <p>日本在甲午战争之前已经完成全国范围内的普及教育，使得每一位应征入伍的士兵都具有中级以上的文化水平。明治政府以法国、美国为榜样，建立完善的教育体制，政府将全国分为八大学区，各设大学一所。每个大学区分32个中学区，每区设中学一所。每个中学区分229个小学区，各设小学一所。平均600人就有一所小学。在教育体制改革的同时，改革教学内容，着重灌输西方近代文化思想和传授理论科学知识。中学就开有算术、地理、外国语、博物、地质学、天文学等课程。大学开设力学、文学、法学、医学等方面的课程。相对于中国海军留学生不到三年的留学期限，日本留学生获得十年甚至更长的时间，他们可以有更多的时间进行理论科学研究，这就为他们今后的发展打下坚实的理论基础。可以肯定的是，经过这样完备的教育体制培养出来的日本官兵，比中国洋务教育培养的人才具有更深厚的科学知识底蕴和军事素养。甲午海战惨败的原因固然是多方面的，但中日两国将领军事素养上的差异是决定这场海战失误的关键性因素之一。 </p><p>对比中國大量外购装备，日本的军械生产已经开始走向成熟。这也导致清军在作战时弹药制式的不一致（日军自制枪械口径一致）。而面对原材料如铁矿的短缺，日本采用自行改进的意大利黃金式火炮技术，解决材料短缺问题。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海军战事"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E5.86.9B.E6.88.98.E4.BA.8B"></span>海军战事</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：海军战事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>丰岛海战和黄海海战两次遭遇日本联合舰队，北洋舰队被击沉多艘大型舰艇，但未能击沉一艘日舰，福龙号仅有的一次鱼雷攻击也未收战果。据传是丁汝昌“只识<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%93%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="弓馬">弓马</a>”，一干管带也全用错炮弹，不用海战时的开花爆破弹，用穿甲弹甚至训练弹。 </p><p>北洋海军的炮弹主要有开花弹（榴弹）和实心弹（穿甲弹）。开花弹产自天津机器局，仍使用黑火药填充。发射后，黑火药燃烧后产生的残渣会附着在膛线，还有大量白烟，需要重新清洁膛线及等待白烟散去才能再次开火。实心弹（穿甲弹）不使用火药，只用重力攻击敌方。而日军早已使用化学品黄火药制作的炮弹。而且天津机器局制作的炮弹质量粗糙，大小不一，铁质差。<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sdasf1234_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdasf1234-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>丰岛海战中，日本吉野号被一枚济远舰150毫米口径火炮击中右舷，击毁舢板数只，穿透钢甲，击坏发电机，坠入机舱的防护钢板上，然后又转入机舱里。可是由于弹头里面未装炸药，所以击中而不爆炸，使吉野侥幸免于报废。黄海海战中，北洋海军发射的炮弹有的弹药中“实有泥沙”，有的引信中“仅实煤灰，故弹中敌船而不能裂”。当时在镇远舰上协助作战的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E8%8A%AC" title="马吉芬">馬吉芬</a>认为，“吉野”号能逃脱，是因为所中炮弹只是固体弹头的穿甲弹。<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>据统计，在定远和镇远发射的197枚12英寸（305毫米）口径炮弹中，半数是固体弹头的穿甲弹，而不是爆破弹头的开花弹。<sup id="cite_ref-sdasf1234_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdasf1234-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在直隶候补道<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%85" title="徐建寅">徐建寅</a>的《上督办军务处查验北洋海军禀》之后附有《北洋海军各员优劣单》、《北洋海军各船大炮及存船各种弹子数目清折》、《北洋海军存库备用各种大炮弹子数目清折》中统计，参加过黄海大战的定远、镇远、靖远、来远、济远、广丙7舰的存舰存库炮弹，仅开花爆破弹一项即达3,431枚。其中，供305毫米口径炮使用的炮弹有403枚，210毫米口径炮弹952枚，150毫米口径炮弹1,237枚，120毫米口径炮弹362枚，6英寸口径炮弹477枚。黄海海战后，又拨给北洋海军360枚开花弹，其中305毫米口径炮弹160枚，210、150毫米口径炮弹各100枚。在3,431枚开花弹中，有3,071枚早在黄海海战前就已拨给北洋海军。苏小东《甲午年徐建寅奉旨查验北洋海军考察》猜测：“至于这批开花弹为什么没有用于黄海海战，惟一的解释就是它们当时根本不在舰上，而是一直被存放在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺">旅顺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="威海">威海</a>基地的弹药库里。由此可见，造成北洋海军在黄海海战中弹药不足的责任不在机器局，也不在军械局，而在北洋海军提督<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a>身上。”在中日双方开战后，丁汝昌执行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B8%BF%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="李鸿章">李鸿章</a>“保船制敌”的方针，消极避战，“仍心存侥幸，出海护航时竟然连弹药都没有带足，致使北洋海军在弹药不足的情况下与日本舰队进行一场长达5个小时的海上会战，结果极大地影响了战斗力的发挥，也加重了损失的程度”。<sup id="cite_ref-sdasf1234_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdasf1234-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>北洋水师与联合舰队进攻火力对比之下，北洋水师艦速略逊一筹，但噸位、火力、裝甲、重炮均占优势，如果炮弹配備到位必然可重创日舰。海战结束后，定远号、镇远号的护甲无一处被击穿。就平均船速而言，北洋水师较慢，为15.5节，联合舰队的本队15.6节也不快，但包括吉野号在内的第一游击編隊为19.4节，大大高于北洋水师。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9A%E5%85%B6%E7%AB%A0" title="戚其章">戚其章</a>認為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="中國艦隊">中國艦隊</a>的英國人司令<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德蒙·佛萊曼特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edmund Fremantle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E8%90%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德蒙·佛萊曼特（页面不存在）">埃德蒙·佛萊曼特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Fremantle" class="extiw" title="en:Edmund Fremantle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edmund Fremantle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="上將">上將</a>說的“是役也，無論員兵素質、艦速或火炮射速、新式艦，實以日本艦隊為優”是正確的。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>清军舰炮威力虽大，但射速慢、操作不便、命中精度低，日本火炮射速快、操作便捷、命中精度高，两者相较，日本舰队在相同时间内的射弹量和命中率都要高于北洋舰队。 </p><p>此外，北洋海军各主力舰都设有鱼雷管3-4具，但是，在黄海海战中，對聯合艦隊未曾實施鱼雷攻击，只有福龍號對西京丸號攻擊未成。各舰炮弹数量未带足，海战时炮弹在五个小时内用尽。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th> </th> <th nowrap="">軍艦（炮艦）總數</th> <th>30厘米重炮</th> <th>20-30厘米大炮</th> <th>15-20厘米輕炮</th> <th>15厘米速射炮</th> <th>艦艇排水量 </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋艦隊">北洋艦隊</a> </td> <td>12</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>149</td> <td>0</td> <td>3.5萬噸 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日本联合舰队">日本联合艦隊</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>3</td> <td>8</td> <td>160</td> <td>97</td> <td>4.1萬噸 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="陆军战事"><span id=".E9.99.86.E5.86.9B.E6.88.98.E4.BA.8B"></span>陆军战事</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：陆军战事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清军配备大量的德式武器，但标准并不统一，一旦一个武器对应的子弹用完，则无法使用其他武器的子弹。清军的弹药消耗数量也很大而且很不合理。如清军出发前往朝鲜，每支枪配有子弹150发，每炮配有炮弹50颗；后又从国内运送炮弹子弹，但仅击毙日军180人。日军人均仅消耗子弹8发。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cad1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cad1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 两国的陆上军事技术对抗体现在依据地利构筑的传统要塞防御系统与连发枪、榴霰弹、野战火炮组成的现代火力系统之间的对抗。应当指出，自19世纪80年代以来，清军在旅顺口和威海卫两地修建工事，构筑炮台，其工程之繁浩，构造之雄伟，耗费之巨大，堪称中国工程史的里程碑。然而，甲午战争的实践表明，两大要塞，一经日本军队的密集火力攻击便立即崩溃，旅顺口要塞不到一日即告陷落，而威海卫也仅仅坚守了一周时间。究其原因，根源在于清军使用低技术水平的防御系统来对抗高技术水平的攻击系统，在野战火炮大规模应用后，地理因素对于防御的作用日益弱化，建立有效的防御系统比建立同一水平的攻击系统具有更大的难度，需要投入更多的财力，因而也就更不容易成功。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>清军的编制极为简单，日军则已有工兵与辎重兵的区别。清军士兵普遍训练不足，只会喊一声就往前衝，不考虑利用地形地物，从不用跪射、卧射等射擊姿勢，一律站着射击，开炮前还要先摇动大旗。<sup id="cite_ref-cad1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cad1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>甲午战争中，日军因战斗陣亡人数仅为964人，1,658人死于疾病，25人死于<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自杀">自杀</a>。但日军在条约签署后进入臺湾的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭">乙未戰爭</a>，面对以<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%8E%E6%9E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="猎枪">猎枪</a>、土製<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A0%B2" title="大砲">大砲</a>为武器的民兵時死伤人数达4,600人以上。<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="后续事件"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E7.BB.AD.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>后续事件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：后续事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="乙未广州起义">乙未广州起义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌变法">戊戌变法</a></div> <p>甲午战争后期，身处海外的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="孙中山">孙中山</a>开始革命尝试。1895年2月抵达<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英屬香港">英屬香港</a>后，孙中山开始在日本商人<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B1%8B%E5%BA%84%E5%90%89" class="mw-redirect" title="梅屋庄吉">梅屋庄吉</a>帮助下，与<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%A7%90%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%B8%BD%E9%A0%98%E4%BA%8B%E9%A4%A8" title="日本駐香港總領事館">日本驻香港领事馆</a>领事<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D%E6%81%92%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中川恒次郎（页面不存在）">中川恒次郎</a>联络，请求武器及资金援助，并与同侪策划在广州起义。 </p><p>曾在北洋海軍擔任過學堂教習、軍艦大副等官職，參加過甲午大東溝海戰的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="美國人">美國人</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E8%8A%AC" title="马吉芬">馬吉芬</a>（<span lang="en">Philo Norton McGiffin</span>，1860-1897，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國海軍學院">美國海軍學院</a>毕业）在1894年末因為大東溝海戰中的戰傷歸國。由於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>社會輿論和當時的西方輿論一樣，分辨不太清甲午戰爭爆發的原委，只看到最後的結果，因此他在美國報刊上撰文並各處演講，將他所親見親歷的北洋海軍的戰鬥情況介紹給大眾，但被輿論當作瘋子、狂人，認為是他頭部的戰傷使得他精神錯亂。1897年2月12日，馬吉芬自殺，留下“神啊，憂傷痛悔的心，你必不輕看（此句出自聖經詩篇51:17）”的臨終懺悔詞，穿著一身北洋海軍軍服，盛殮在鋪蓋著<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%BE%8D%E6%97%97" title="黃龍旗">黃龍旗</a>的棺柩中下葬<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="战争罪行"><span id=".E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E7.BD.AA.E8.A1.8C"></span>战争罪行</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：战争罪行"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="日军战争罪行">日军战争罪行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺大屠杀">旅顺大屠杀</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%BF%A0%E5%A2%93" title="万忠墓">万忠墓</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg/220px-Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg/330px-Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg/440px-Kamei_Koreaki_Burying_enemy_dead_Port_Arthur_1894-95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>日本摄影师<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="龟井兹明" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="亀井茲明"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%9F%E4%BA%95%E5%85%B9%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龟井兹明（页面不存在）">龟井兹明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%80%E4%BA%95%E8%8C%B2%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:亀井茲明"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">亀井茲明</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>拍摄日军于旅顺埋葬遇害者尸体</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg/220px-L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg/330px-L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg/440px-L%C3%BCshunkou-MassacreMemorial02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺大屠杀">旅顺大屠杀</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%BF%A0%E5%A2%93" title="万忠墓">万忠墓</a>纪念馆</figcaption></figure> <p>战争期间，日军攻陷<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺">旅顺</a>，执行<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="旅顺大屠杀">旅顺大屠杀</a>。根据英国战地记者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维利尔斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederic Villiers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维利尔斯（页面不存在）">维利尔斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Villiers" class="extiw" title="en:Frederic Villiers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederic Villiers</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的報導，短短四天市內就有兩萬人遇害（此數字包含戰死之士兵，戰前旅順人口僅六千人，清廷增兵後，含兵卒在內人口方為兩萬人），只有埋屍的36名華人倖免於難，而這36人的帽子上還寫著「此人不可殺戮」的標記<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A0%B1" title="紐約世界報">紐約世界報</a>》記者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·克里曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Creelman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·克里曼（页面不存在）">詹姆斯·克里曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Creelman" class="extiw" title="en:James Creelman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Creelman</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>写道：“我經過各街，到處見屍體均殘毀如野獸所嚙。被殺之店舖生意人，堆積疊在道旁，眼中之淚，傷痕之血，都已冰結成塊。甚至有知靈性之犬狗，見主人屍首之僵硬，不禁悲鳴于側，其慘可知矣……”<sup id="cite_ref-Creelman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creelman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-#1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">藤村道生，日清戰爭, 頁1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. C. M. Paine，The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, pp. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#3_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#3_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#3_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">郭廷以，近代中國史綱, 頁275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2004_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李恩涵. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cA8OBkr-JmMC&pg=PA78">近代中國外交史事新研</a>. 臺灣商務印書館. 2004年: 78. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-05-1891-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-05-1891-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-05-1891-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%81%A9%E6%B6%B5&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E7%A0%94&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-05-1891-7&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcA8OBkr-JmMC%26pg%3DPA78&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dallcdr&s=id=%22G0094922010%22.&searchmode=basic#XXXX1">中日馬關條約談判之研究</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924040128/http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dallcdr&s=id=%22G0094922010%22.&searchmode=basic#XXXX1">存档</a>于2016-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E8%AB%87%E5%88%A4%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgs32%2Fgsweb.cgi%3Fo%3Ddallcdr%26s%3Did%3D%2522G0094922010%2522.%26searchmode%3Dbasic%23XXXX1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">陸奧宗光，《甲午戰爭外交密錄》，陳鵬仁譯（台北：海峽學術，2005年5月），頁127、133、135、139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">沈雲龍主編，《光緒條約》，（台北：文海，民52），頁1101-1118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-“lowmi”-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-“lowmi”_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=B73275F3D7E4D908">中華民國中日馬關條約原文</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819033432/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=B73275F3D7E4D908">存档</a>于2020-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%A6%AC%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E5%8E%9F%E6%96%87&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.gov.tw%2Fcp.aspx%3Fn%3DB73275F3D7E4D908&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#4_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#4_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">刊載《國聞報》光緒二十四年四月初十、十一日,繼刊同年五月二十一日《知新報》第五十八冊, 初刊題稱全二月二十七日保國會演說。湯志鈞 ·《康有為傳》， 1997 臺灣商務印書館,Reformers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">丁石孙; 许嘉璐; 叶至善; 等. 人民教育出版社 , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.pep.com.cn/gzls/js/tbjx/kb/jsys/bx1/201008/t20100830_832769.htm">甲午中日战争和八国联军侵华</a>. 北京. 2007-01: 59 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-107-20230-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-107-20230-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-107-20230-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718180755/http://old.pep.com.cn/gzls/js/tbjx/kb/jsys/bx1/201008/t20100830_832769.htm">存档</a>于2020-07-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E4%B8%81%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%99&rft.au=%E5%8F%B6%E8%87%B3%E5%96%84&rft.au=%E7%AD%89&rft.au=%E8%AE%B8%E5%98%89%E7%92%90&rft.btitle=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%92%8C%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%8E&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-107-20230-8&rft.pages=59&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.pep.com.cn%2Fgzls%2Fjs%2Ftbjx%2Fkb%2Fjsys%2Fbx1%2F201008%2Ft20100830_832769.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.culture.tw/Object.aspx?SYSUID=11&RNO=MjAxOS4wMTUuMDI0Mw==">興亞画刊</a>. 文化部典藏網. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-02-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224175318/https://collections.culture.tw/Object.aspx?SYSUID=11&RNO=MjAxOS4wMTUuMDI0Mw==">存档</a>于2024-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E8%88%88%E4%BA%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%88%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8%E5%85%B8%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.culture.tw%2FObject.aspx%3FSYSUID%3D11%26RNO%3DMjAxOS4wMTUuMDI0Mw%3D%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">薄培林. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansai-u.ac.jp/Tozaiken/publication/asset/bulletin/42/133haku.pdf">略論李鴻章早期對日外交中的“聯日”思想</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 関西大学東西学術研究所紀要. 2009年4月, <b>第42輯　</b>: 147–148 [平成21年4月] <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-02-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224222314/https://www.kansai-u.ac.jp/Tozaiken/publication/asset/bulletin/42/133haku.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2024-02-24）. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansai-u.ac.jp/Tozaiken/publication/bulletin.html">简明摘要</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E7%95%A5%E8%AB%96%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%B0%8D%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E8%81%AF%E6%97%A5%E2%80%9D%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&rft.au=%E8%96%84%E5%9F%B9%E6%9E%97&rft.date=2009-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.pages=147-148&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC42%E8%BC%AF%E3%80%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansai-u.ac.jp%2FTozaiken%2Fpublication%2Fasset%2Fbulletin%2F42%2F133haku.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-郑师渠-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-郑师渠_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-郑师渠_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%91%E5%B8%88%E6%B8%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="郑师渠（页面不存在）">郑师渠</a>. 中国近代史. 北京师范大学出版社. 2007: 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E9%83%91%E5%B8%88%E6%B8%A0&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasuoka, Akio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lz5LAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">明治前期日中关系史研究</a>，第19頁，載於<a href="/wiki/Google%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8" title="Google圖書">Google圖書</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%85%B5%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB" class="extiw" title="s:zh:中日兵事本末">中日兵事本末</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3Azh%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%85%B5%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB%7C-%7BR%7C%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E5%85%B5%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-传记-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-传记_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">陈显泗; 杨昭全. 《朝鲜近代农民革命领袖全琫準》. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1985年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E6%98%AD%E5%85%A8&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E6%98%BE%E6%B3%97&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96%E5%85%A8%E7%90%AB%E6%BA%96%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-大事-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-大事_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">朱庭光主编. 《外国历史大事集*近代部分*第三分册》. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社. 2017年3月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5161-9653-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5161-9653-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5161-9653-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E5%BA%AD%E5%85%89+%E4%B8%BB%E7%BC%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E9%9B%86%2A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%2A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%88%86%E5%86%8C%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2017-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5161-9653-3&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">英国冀望由日本抵抗沙皇俄国在东北亚地区的扩张。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine, S.C.M., Richard The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895</span> </li> <li 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<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/textbooks/175/ch10_main.htm">Chapter Ten: Geo-Political Conflict from the First Sino-Japanese War to the Washington Conference, 1894-1921</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805225519/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/textbooks/175/ch10_main.htm">存档</a>于2012-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=Chapter+Ten%3A+Geo-Political+Conflict+from+the+First+Sino-Japanese+War+to+the+Washington+Conference%2C+1894-1921&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.psu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fg%2Fj%2Fgjs4%2Ftextbooks%2F175%2Fch10_main.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sunk by Japanese. San Franciso Chronicle (United States). 1894年7月29日.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=Sunk+by+Japanese&rft.date=1894-07-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Franciso+Chronicle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">國立臺灣歷史博物館. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.nmth.gov.tw/nmth/zh-TW/Item/Detail/ce6bf0a0-65e6-48e0-b5a8-260d19523a90">斯土斯民-臺灣的故事：帝國陸軍平壤大激戰之圖</a>. 斯土斯民展品列表 - 斯土斯民-臺灣的故事. 國立臺灣歷史博物館. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129142607/http://the.nmth.gov.tw/nmth/zh-TW/Item/Detail/ce6bf0a0-65e6-48e0-b5a8-260d19523a90">存档</a>于2018-01-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%BF%80%E6%88%B0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%96&rft.au=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%B1%95%E5%93%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8+-+%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.nmth.gov.tw%2Fnmth%2Fzh-TW%2FItem%2FDetail%2Fce6bf0a0-65e6-48e0-b5a8-260d19523a90&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">國立臺灣歷史博物館. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.nmth.gov.tw/nmth/zh-TW/Item/Detail/1c40fb1f-93b8-4ebc-9058-a090dea2aad7">斯土斯民-臺灣的故事：日清海戰之圖</a>. 斯土斯民展品列表 - 斯土斯民-臺灣的故事. 國立臺灣歷史博物館. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141512/http://the.nmth.gov.tw/nmth/zh-TW/Item/Detail/1c40fb1f-93b8-4ebc-9058-a090dea2aad7">存档</a>于2018-01-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%96&rft.au=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%B1%95%E5%93%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8+-+%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%91-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.nmth.gov.tw%2Fnmth%2Fzh-TW%2FItem%2FDetail%2F1c40fb1f-93b8-4ebc-9058-a090dea2aad7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/170835/177318/177321/11280443.html">周桓：大孤山之子</a>. 党史频道--人民网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074622/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/170835/177318/177321/11280443.html">存档</a>于2019-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E5%91%A8%E6%A1%93%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A4%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93--%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F170835%2F177318%2F177321%2F11280443.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan1898-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allan1898_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6lFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27"><span></span><i>Under the Dragon Flag: My Experiences in the Chino-Japanese War</i><span></span></a>. W. 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Hydrographic Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XF4vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50">Asiatic Pilot: Coast of China, Yalu river to Hong Kong entrance</a> <b>III</b>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1920: 50 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011340/https://books.google.com/books?id=XF4vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50">存档</a>于2021-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=United+States.+Hydrographic+Office&rft.btitle=Asiatic+Pilot%3A+Coast+of+China%2C+Yalu+river+to+Hong+Kong+entrance&rft.date=1920&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXF4vAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><中日戰爭>卷七P550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馬幼垣-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馬幼垣_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">馬幼垣. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_1999/vol2/iss1/8">北洋海軍「平遠」艦考釋</a>. 《嶺南學報》. 2000, (新第二期): 232–233 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301220329/https://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_1999/vol2/iss1/8/">存档</a>于2019-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E3%80%8C%E5%B9%B3%E9%81%A0%E3%80%8D%E8%89%A6%E8%80%83%E9%87%8B&rft.au=%E9%A6%AC%E5%B9%BC%E5%9E%A3&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=%E6%96%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=232-233&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.ln.edu.hk%2Fljcs_1999%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">廖宗麟. 〈建頤和園並未挪用「海軍巨款」〉. 《學術研究》. 1985年, (第3期).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E5%BB%BA%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92%E4%B8%A6%E6%9C%AA%E6%8C%AA%E7%94%A8%E3%80%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%B7%A8%E6%AC%BE%E3%80%8D%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E5%BB%96%E5%AE%97%E9%BA%9F&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC3%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-颜军-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-颜军_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-颜军_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">颜军. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301011340/http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=12226">颐和园史事研究综述</a>. 北京市頤和園管理處; 中國人民大學清史研究所 (编). 《頤和園史事研究百年文選》. 中國建築工業出版社. 2016年12月 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-09</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787112200153" title="Special:网络书源/9787112200153"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787112200153</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iqh.net.cn/info.asp?column_id=12226">原始内容</a>存档于2019-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E9%A2%90%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%AD%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BB%BC%E8%BF%B0&rft.au=%E9%A2%9C%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A0%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%92%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%87%E9%81%B8%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2016-12&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9787112200153&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqh.net.cn%2Finfo.asp%3Fcolumn_id%3D12226&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White1895-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White1895_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Trumbull White. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c0NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA583"><span></span><i>The War in the East: Japan, China, and Corea. A Complete History of the War</i><span></span></a>. P. W. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhwh.gov.cn/home/content/detail/id/299.html">【国家重点文保单位】北洋水师大沽船坞遗址</a>. 中共天津市滨海新区委员会宣传部. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819033520/http://www.bhwh.gov.cn/home/content/detail/id/299.html">存档</a>于2020-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E6%96%87%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%91%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E8%88%B9%E5%9D%9E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E9%83%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhwh.gov.cn%2Fhome%2Fcontent%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F299.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-孙占元2004-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-孙占元2004_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">孙占元. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6-UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">《甲午战争的和战之争》</a>. 天津古籍出版社. 2004-09-01: 13 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80696-090-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80696-090-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-80696-090-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819033541/https://books.google.com/books?id=J6-UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">存档</a>于2020-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E5%AD%99%E5%8D%A0%E5%85%83&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%9A%84%E5%92%8C%E6%88%98%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80696-090-5&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6-UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">姚錫光，東方兵事紀錄（戴頁63，楊家駱主編《中日戰爭文獻彙編》，台北:鼎文書局，1973）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_49-0"><sup><b>49.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_49-1"><sup><b>49.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《李鴻章全集》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">金一南. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518175140/http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/8221/51756/34950/34964/3986888.html">從軍風看命運北洋水師：一支開炮前即被葬送的艦隊（2）</a>. 人民網. 2005年12月29日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2019年5月18日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/8221/51756/34950/34964/3986888.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019年5月18日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E5%BE%9E%E8%BB%8D%E9%A2%A8%E7%9C%8B%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B+%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E6%94%AF%E9%96%8B%E7%82%AE%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%B3%E8%A2%AB%E8%91%AC%E9%80%81%E7%9A%84%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%97&rft.date=2005-12-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitary.people.com.cn%2FBIG5%2F8221%2F51756%2F34950%2F34964%2F3986888.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d198.html">北洋海军将领的素质有多烂？</a>. 腾讯网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140721025115/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d198.html">存档</a>于2014-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%B0%86%E9%A2%86%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A0%E8%B4%A8%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E7%83%82%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Flegacyintouch%2Fd198.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d200.html">没有任何人能够指挥北洋舰队</a>. 腾讯网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723111237/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d200.html">存档</a>于2014-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%BB%E4%BD%95%E4%BA%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%A4%9F%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0%E9%98%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Flegacyintouch%2Fd200.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">于式枚稿，李鴻章核改《李文忠公尺牘》，頁708</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/200807/0714_7180_650724_3.shtml">甲午戰爭時有中國人視日軍為“王師”</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140728173027/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/200807/0714_7180_650724_3.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）凤凰网历史，2008年7月14日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF黒木2005" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%92%E6%9C%A8%E5%BD%AC%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黒木彬文（页面不存在）">黒木彬文</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006263301">興亜会のアジア主義</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 法政研究 (<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="九州大学">九州大学</a>). 2005-03-09, <b>71</b> (4): 615–655 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0387-2882"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0387-2882</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504072212/https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006263301">存档</a>于2021-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E8%88%88%E4%BA%9C%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rft.au=%E9%BB%92%E6%9C%A8%E5%BD%AC%E6%96%87&rft.date=2005-03-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0387-2882&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E6%94%BF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=615-655&rft.volume=71&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110006263301&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d204.html">日本军工业如何远远甩开中国</a>. 腾讯网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724131245/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d204.html">存档</a>于2014-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%BF%9C%E8%BF%9C%E7%94%A9%E5%BC%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Flegacyintouch%2Fd204.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawlinson-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson_57-0"><sup><b>57.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson_57-1"><sup><b>57.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John Lang Rawlinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQlsnQEACAAJ"><span></span><i>China's Struggle for Naval Development, 1839-1895</i><span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1967: 184 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-674-86365-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-674-86365-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-674-86365-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301011340/https://books.google.com/books?id=iQlsnQEACAAJ">存档</a>于2019-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=John+Lang+Rawlinson&rft.btitle=China%27s+Struggle+for+Naval+Development%2C+1839-1895&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-86365-1&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQlsnQEACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdasf1234-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdasf1234_58-0"><sup><b>58.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdasf1234_58-1"><sup><b>58.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdasf1234_58-2"><sup><b>58.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/280746243_717847">北洋海军惨败与炮弹不足无关</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140721101611/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d199.html">存档</a>于2014-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E6%83%A8%E8%B4%A5%E4%B8%8E%E7%82%AE%E5%BC%B9%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E6%97%A0%E5%85%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F280746243_717847&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">戚其章. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OksNAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=實以日本艦隊為優">《晚清海軍興衰史》</a>. 人民出版社. 1998年: 416頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-11</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-01-002648-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-01-002648-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-01-002648-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502063201/https://books.google.com/books?id=OksNAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E5%AF%A6%E4%BB%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A%E7%82%BA%E5%84%AA">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%88%9A%E5%85%B6%E7%AB%A0&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E8%88%88%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-01-002648-0&rft.pages=416%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOksNAAAAIAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3D%E5%AF%A6%E4%BB%A5%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A%E7%82%BA%E5%84%AA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">戚其章. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OksNAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=魚雷">《晚清海軍興衰史》</a>. 人民出版社. 1998年: 421頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-11</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-01-002648-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-01-002648-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-01-002648-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502095038/https://books.google.com/books?id=OksNAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E9%AD%9A%E9%9B%B7">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%88%9A%E5%85%B6%E7%AB%A0&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%99%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E8%88%88%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-01-002648-0&rft.pages=421%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOksNAAAAIAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3D%E9%AD%9A%E9%9B%B7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d196.html">日军击溃大清陆军用了几颗子弹</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720061510/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d196.html">存档</a>于2014-07-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BB%E6%BA%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E5%87%A0%E9%A2%97%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Flegacyintouch%2Fd196.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cad1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cad1_62-0"><sup><b>62.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cad1_62-1"><sup><b>62.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d197.html">清、日陆军武器差距有多大？</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719021812/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d197.html">存档</a>于2014-07-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E3%80%81%E6%97%A5%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E5%B7%AE%E8%B7%9D%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Flegacyintouch%2Fd197.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">馬建光. 從攻防不對稱律審視甲午戰爭. 國際安全評論 (社會科學文獻出版社). 2016-08, (第二輯). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787509795477" title="Special:网络书源/9787509795477"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787509795477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E5%BE%9E%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8D%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%BE%8B%E5%AF%A9%E8%A6%96%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E5%85%89&rft.date=2016-08&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=9787509795477&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%BC%AF&rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d203.html?ADUIN=2361094570&ADSESSION=1406074133&ADTAG=CLIENT.QQ.5305_.0&ADPUBNO=26306">中、日士兵平均体重差多少斤</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083941/http://view.news.qq.com/original/legacyintouch/d203.html?ADUIN=2361094570&ADSESSION=1406074133&ADTAG=CLIENT.QQ.5305_.0&ADPUBNO=26306">存档</a>于2015-02-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E3%80%81%E6%97%A5%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E4%BD%93%E9%87%8D%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E6%96%A4&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.news.qq.com%2Foriginal%2Flegacyintouch%2Fd203.html%3FADUIN%3D2361094570%26ADSESSION%3D1406074133%26ADTAG%3DCLIENT.QQ.5305_.0%26ADPUBNO%3D26306&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">陳悦. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5Nzk5NzAzMQ==&mid=202835405&idx=1&sn=e3207b588e84d663e5945bb906cd89d0#rd">西方人眼中的甲午战争</a>. 2014-04-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011417/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5Nzk5NzAzMQ%3D%3D&mid=202835405&idx=1&sn=e3207b588e84d663e5945bb906cd89d0#rd">存档</a>于2021-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E6%82%A6&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%BC%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%3F__biz%3DMzA5Nzk5NzAzMQ%3D%3D%26mid%3D202835405%26idx%3D1%26sn%3De3207b588e84d663e5945bb906cd89d0%23rd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Villiers" class="extiw" title="en:Frederic Villiers">Villiers, Frederic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079630665&view=1up&seq=342"><i>The Truth About Port Arthur</i></a>. The North American Review. Vol. 160 no. 460 (University of Northern Iowa). 1895年3月: 第330頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25103490"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 25103490</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215162726/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079630665&view=1up&seq=342">存档</a>于2021-02-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Port+Arthur&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.aulast=Villiers&rft.date=1895-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=460&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC330%E9%A0%81&rft.volume=160&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25103490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924079630665%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D342&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creelman-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Creelman_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1894-12-20/ed-1/seq-3/"><i>EXTRA. 2 O'CLOCK. - PORT ARTHUR MASSACRE. Two Thousand Men, Women and Children Butchered in the Streets. CARNIVAL OF SLAUGHTER. Japanese Soldiers Laughed at the Misery of Helpless Children and Women. GEN. OYAMA'S INDIFFERENCE. The Town Sacked from End to End and the Storekeepers Shot and Sabred.</i></a>. New York World. 1894-12-20: 第1,3頁 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-06-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303134129/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1894-12-20/ed-1/seq-3/">存档</a>于2021-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=EXTRA.+2+O%27CLOCK.+-+PORT+ARTHUR+MASSACRE.+Two+Thousand+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+Butchered+in+the+Streets.+CARNIVAL+OF+SLAUGHTER.+Japanese+Soldiers+Laughed+at+the+Misery+of+Helpless+Children+and+Women.+GEN.+OYAMA%27S+INDIFFERENCE.+The+Town+Sacked+from+End+to+End+and+the+Storekeepers+Shot+and+Sabred.&rft.date=1894-12-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+World&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC1%2C3%E9%A0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030193%2F1894-12-20%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>著述清单或汇编</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">戚其章. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cssn.cn/jsx/jszk_jsx/jsls_jsx/201403/t20140309_1023115.shtml">中日甲午战争史研究的世纪回顾</a>. 历史研究 (北京: 中国社会科学院). 2000年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0459-1909"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0459-1909</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819033739/http://www.cssn.cn/jsx/jszk_jsx/jsls_jsx/201403/t20140309_1023115.shtml">存档</a>于2020-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE&rft.au=%E6%88%9A%E5%85%B6%E7%AB%A0&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0459-1909&rft.jtitle=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cssn.cn%2Fjsx%2Fjszk_jsx%2Fjsls_jsx%2F201403%2Ft20140309_1023115.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>，提供各方著述，并带介绍与点评</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">林亨芬. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.his.ntnu.edu.tw/files/publish/816_40a70c5d.pdf">近四十年來有關「甲午戰後清韓關係史」的研究回顧</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 歷史教育 (臺北: 國立臺灣師範大學). 2011年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718181043/http://www.his.ntnu.edu.tw/files/publish/816_40a70c5d.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-07-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E8%BF%91%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E3%80%8C%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E5%BE%8C%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%93%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%A7&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E4%BA%A8%E8%8A%AC&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.his.ntnu.edu.tw%2Ffiles%2Fpublish%2F816_40a70c5d.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>中方战争著述</dt></dl> <ul><li>姚锡光著《东方兵事纪略》5卷（1897年刊本）</li> <li>洪弃生著《台湾战纪》2卷（1907年印本）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A0%E4%BB%B2%E7%A5%90" title="池仲祐">池仲祐</a>著《海军实记》（1926年刊本）</li> <li>王芸生著《六十年来中国与日本》</li> <li>王信忠著《中日甲午战争之外交背景》</li> <li>石泉，《甲午前後之晚清政局》（北京：生活·讀書·新知三聯書店，1997年</li> <li>张荫麟著《甲午中国海军战迹考》</li> <li>《中国近代史资料丛刊·中日战争》7册（新知识出版社，1956年）</li> <li>《中国海关与中日战争》（科学出版社，1958）</li> <li>姜鳴，《龍旗飄揚的艦隊：中國近代海軍興衰史（甲午增補本）》（北京：生活·讀書·新知三聯書店，2014年）</li></ul> <dl><dt>中方有关此战涉及的国际法及外交方面著作</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">廖敏淑. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/retrieve/125421/85-98.pdf">《中日修好條規》與甲午戰爭——以修約交涉為中心</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 抗日戰爭研究 (北京: 中国社会科学院近代史研究所). 2014年, (4): 1–14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811074237/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw//retrieve/125421/85-98.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2017-08-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%BD%E6%A2%9D%E8%A6%8F%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E4%BF%AE%E7%B4%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%B6%89%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.au=%E5%BB%96%E6%95%8F%E6%B7%91&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=1-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fretrieve%2F125421%2F85-98.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>中方资料汇编类文献</dt></dl> <ul><li>陈耀卿编《时事新编》6卷（1895年刊本）</li> <li>思恢复主编《中倭战守始末记》4卷（1895年刊本）</li> <li>佚名编《谏止中东和议奏疏》4卷（香港书局，1895）</li> <li>鲁阳生（孔广德）编《普天忠愤集》14卷（1895年石印本）</li> <li>王炳耀编《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UsrAAAAYAAJ">中日战辑</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200819033751/https://books.google.com/books?id=-UsrAAAAYAAJ">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）》6卷（上海书局，1896）</li> <li>蔡尔康编《中东战纪本末》14卷（上海广学会，1896）</li> <li>阿英（钱杏邨）《甲午中日战争文学集》（中华书局，1948初版，1958再版）</li></ul> <dl><dt>中方亲身经历类文献</dt></dl> <ul><li>冤海述闻客著《冤海述闻》（1895年刊本）</li> <li>易顺鼎著《盾墨拾余》14卷（1896年刊本）</li> <li>许寅辉著《客韩笔记》（1906年长沙刻本）</li></ul> <dl><dt>日方战史著作</dt></dl> <ul><li>川崎紫山著《日清陆战史》（东京春阳堂，1896）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>平田胜马著《黄海大海战》（东京博文馆，1896）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>川崎三郎著《日清战史》（东京博文馆，1897）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>日本参谋本部编《明治二十七八年日清战史》（东京印刷株式会社，1904）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>日本海军军令部编《明治二十七八年海战史》（东京春阳堂，1905）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>田保桥洁著《〈天津条约〉以后中日开战以前近代日华鲜关系之研究》<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>信夫清三郎著《日清战争——从政治外交方面的观察》<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>林子候，《甲午戰爭前日本之內政與備戰》（嘉義：大人物書店，2001年）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>日方有关此战涉及的国际法及外交方面著作</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%B3%80%E9%95%B7%E9%9B%84" title="有賀長雄">有賀長雄</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PEJAAAAIAAJ"><span></span><i>La guerre sino-japonaise au point de vue du droit international</i><span></span> [《日清戰爭國際法論》]</a>. Paris: A. Pedone. 1896年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011611/https://books.google.com/books?id=6PEJAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%9C%89%E8%B3%80%E9%95%B7%E9%9B%84&rft.btitle=La+guerre+sino-japonaise+au+point+de+vue+du+droit+international&rft.date=1896&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Pedone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PEJAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%B4%BA%E9%95%BF%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="有贺长雄">有贺长雄</a>著《日清战役国际法论》（东京忠爱社，1896）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>高桥作卫著《日清战争时期的国际法事件论》（<i>Cases on International Law During The China-Japanese War</i>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="剑桥大学出版社">Cambridge University Press</a>,1899）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li>高桥作卫著《战时国际法先例论》（东京清水书店，1904）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>高桥作卫著《英船高升号之击沉》（东京清水书店，1910）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>关善次著《日清战役外交始末》（东京中野书店，1900）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>巽来治郎著《日清战役外交史》（东京专门学校出版部，1902）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>衣斐钵吉著《归还辽东的由来及真相》（东京外交时报社，1915）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li>田保橋潔,《日清戰役外交史之研究》(東京:刀江書院,1951年) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>洋員亲身经历类文献</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">James Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6lFAAAAIAAJ"><span></span><i>Under the Dragon Flag: My Experiences in the Chino-Japanese War</i><span></span></a>. London: W. Heinemann. 1898年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011617/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6lFAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=James+Allan&rft.btitle=Under+the+Dragon+Flag%3A+My+Experiences+in+the+Chino-Japanese+War&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6lFAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 該書中譯本有：<cite class="citation book">詹姆斯·艾伦. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_7UoQEACAAJ">《在龍旗下——中日戰爭目擊記》</a>. 费青/费孝通译. 上海人民出版社. 2014年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-208-12493-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-208-12493-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-208-12493-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011622/https://books.google.com/books?id=v_7UoQEACAAJ">存档</a>于2021-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%A8%E9%BE%8D%E6%97%97%E4%B8%8B%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E7%9B%AE%E6%93%8A%E8%A8%98%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-208-12493-6&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_7UoQEACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E8%8A%AC" title="马吉芬">马吉芬</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221163003/http://navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1894YaluBattle.htm">Detailed account of the naval Battle of the Yalu River</a></i> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E8%8A%AC" title="马吉芬">马吉芬</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7glcjIh6qUC&pg=PA585"><i>The Battle of the Yalu</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211215011627/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7glcjIh6qUC&pg=PA585">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%A8%82%E7%88%BE" title="戴樂爾">William Ferdinand Tyler</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13785/"><span></span><i>Pulling Strings in China</i><span></span></a>. Constable & Company, Limited. 1929年 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=William+Ferdinand+Tyler&rft.btitle=Pulling+Strings+in+China&rft.date=1929&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.13785%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 該書中譯本有二：泰莱著，张荫麟译《甲午中日海战见闻记》，刊于《东方杂志》28卷4期，1931年。<cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%A8%82%E7%88%BE" title="戴樂爾">戴樂爾</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOxStwAACAAJ">我在中国海军三十年 (1889-1920): 戴樂爾回忆录</a>. 張黎源譯. 文匯出版社. 2011年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5496-0214-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5496-0214-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5496-0214-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305140124/https://books.google.com/books?id=NOxStwAACAAJ">存档</a>于2019-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E6%A8%82%E7%88%BE&rft.btitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4+%281889-1920%29%3A+%E6%88%B4%E6%A8%82%E7%88%BE%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E5%BD%95&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5496-0214-8&rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%AF%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOxStwAACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>欧洲国家有关此战论著</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Captain N. W. H. Du Boulay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7MwAQAAMAAJ"><span></span><i>An Epitome of the Chino-Japanese War, 1894-95</i><span></span> [《中日战争简述》]</a>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1896年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215013617/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7MwAQAAMAAJ">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=Captain+N.+W.+H.+Du+Boulay&rft.btitle=An+Epitome+of+the+Chino-Japanese+War%2C+1894-95&rft.date=1896&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7MwAQAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Zenone Volpicelli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023145257/"><span></span><i>The China-Japan war compiled from Japanese, Chinese and foreign sources</i><span></span></a>. London: S. Low, Marston and Company Limited. 1896年 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=Zenone+Volpicelli&rft.btitle=The+China-Japan+war+compiled+from+Japanese%2C+Chinese+and+foreign+sources&rft.date=1896&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.+Low%2C+Marston+and+Company+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023145257%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 中譯本<cite class="citation book">（意）弗拉基米爾. 甲午戰爭：一個意大利人的記述. 由孔祥文翻译. 商務印書館. 2018-05-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100123525" title="Special:网络书源/9787100123525"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787100123525</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%EF%BC%88%E6%84%8F%EF%BC%89%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE&rft.btitle=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%98%E8%BF%B0&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100123525&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">M. Boulfray. <span></span><i>Les Deux sièges de Port-Arthur, 1894-1904</i><span></span> [《旅顺口的两次被围: 1894-1904》]. Paris: Lavauzelle. 1907年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000WQJ1FC"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B000WQJ1FC</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=M.+Boulfray&rft.btitle=Les+Deux+si%C3%A8ges+de+Port-Arthur%2C+1894-1904&rft.date=1907&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lavauzelle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Auguste Gérard" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Auguste Gérard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_G%C3%A9rard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Gérard（页面不存在）">Auguste Gérard</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_G%C3%A9rard" class="extiw" title="fr:Auguste Gérard"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Auguste Gérard</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGxCAAAAIAAJ"><span></span><i>Ma mission en Chine (1893-1897)</i><span></span></a>. Paris: Plon-Nourrit et cie. 1918 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011704/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGxCAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Auguste+G%C3%A9rard%22+data-lang-code%3D%22fr%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Auguste+G%C3%A9rard%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EAuguste+G%C3%A9rard%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EAuguste+G%C3%A9rard%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-paren%22%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Ma+mission+en+Chine+%281893-1897%29&rft.date=1918&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon-Nourrit+et+cie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGxCAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 該書中譯本有：<cite class="citation book">A. 施阿兰. 《使华记 1893-1897》. 商务印书馆. 1989年. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00AZBNJL6"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B00AZBNJL6</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=A.+%E6%96%BD%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%BF%E5%8D%8E%E8%AE%B0+1893-1897%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" title="马克斯·冯·巴兰德">马克斯·冯·巴兰德</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924005991124;view=1up;seq=7"><span></span><i>Drei Jahre ostasiatischer Politik, 1894-1897</i><span></span> [《1894-1897年三年的東亞政策》]</a>. Stuttgart: Strecher & Moser. 1897年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011724/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924005991124;view=1up;seq=7">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=Drei+Jahre+ostasiatischer+Politik%2C+1894-1897&rft.date=1897&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Strecher+%26+Moser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924005991124%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Amedeo Alberti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t26b0rm95;view=1up;seq=9"><span></span><i>La Guerra Cino-Giapponese, 1894-95</i><span></span> [《甲午中日战争》]</a>. Napoli, Italy: Melfi & Joele. 1904年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215011725/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft26b0rm95;view=1up;seq=9">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到意大利语网页">（意大利语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=Amedeo+Alberti&rft.btitle=La+Guerra+Cino-Giapponese%2C+1894-95&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Napoli%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Melfi+%26+Joele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft26b0rm95%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>美国有关此战海战方面论著</dt></dl> <ul><li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國海軍學會會刊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proceedings (magazine)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%83%E5%88%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國海軍學會會刊（页面不存在）">美國海軍學會會刊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="en:Proceedings (magazine)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proceedings (magazine)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》1895年21卷第3期曾以《鸭绿江之役》（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1895-07/honorably-mentioned-1895-battle-yalu">Honorably Mentioned, 1895: The Battle of the Yalu</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190224175009/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1895-07/honorably-mentioned-1895-battle-yalu">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））为题刊载美国海军军官Frank Marble之评论文章<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="世纪 (雜誌)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Century Magazine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世纪 (雜誌)（页面不存在）">世纪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" class="extiw" title="en:The Century Magazine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Century Magazine</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》雜誌1895年8月<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B3%BD%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾弗雷德·賽耶·馬漢">阿爾弗雷德·賽耶·馬漢</a>的《鸭绿江之战的教训》（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7glcjIh6qUC&pg=PA629"><i>Lessons from the Yalu Fight</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211215011724/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7glcjIh6qUC&pg=PA629">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>美国有关此战外交方面论著</dt></dl> <ul><li>美国政府发表《美国外交文件（1894）》（Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1894,Washington,1896）收录有关此战之外交文件多篇</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%94%B0%E8%B4%9D" title="查尔斯·田贝">查尔斯·田贝</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmwKAQAAIAAJ"><span></span><i>China and Her People: Being the Observations, Reminiscences, and Conclusions of an American Diplomat</i><span></span> [《中国及其人民——一位美国外交人员的观察、回忆与结论》]</a>. Boston: L. C. Page & company. 1906年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215013631/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmwKAQAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2021-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%94%B0%E8%B4%9D&rft.btitle=China+and+Her+People%3A+Being+the+Observations%2C+Reminiscences%2C+and+Conclusions+of+an+American+Diplomat&rft.date=1906&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=L.+C.+Page+%26+company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmwKAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约翰·W·福斯特">科士達</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100162362"><span></span><i>Diplomatic Memoirs</i><span></span> [《外交回忆录》]</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819033856/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100162362">存档</a>于2020-08-19） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.au=%E7%A7%91%E5%A3%AB%E9%81%94&rft.btitle=Diplomatic+Memoirs&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F100162362&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>对战争论著的研究或质疑</dt></dl> <ul><li>戚其章：《〈冤海述闻〉研究》，王仲荦主编《历史论丛》5辑，齐鲁书社，1985年</li> <li>中塚明著《修正历史的伪造》（东京高文研株式会社，1997）质疑日方战史著作对日本在战争中行为的美化。<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">戚其章. 英人泰莱《甲午中日海战见闻记》质疑——兼与董蔡时同志商榷. 《近代史研究》 (北京: 中国社会科学院). 1982年, (第4期): 164–179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1001-6708"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1001-6708</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.atitle=%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%B0%E8%8E%B1%E3%80%8A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98%E8%A7%81%E9%97%BB%E8%AE%B0%E3%80%8B%E8%B4%A8%E7%96%91%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%BC%E4%B8%8E%E8%91%A3%E8%94%A1%E6%97%B6%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97%E5%95%86%E6%A6%B7&rft.au=%E6%88%9A%E5%85%B6%E7%AB%A0&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1001-6708&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC4%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=164-179&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Sino-Japanese_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First Sino-Japanese War"><span style="font-weight:bold;">甲午战争</span></a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>王刚：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cssn.cn/zgs/zgs_zgjds/201710/t20171005_3660210_4.shtml">甲午战争中的督办军务处</a>〉（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200819033859/http://www.cssn.cn/zgs/zgs_zgjds/201710/t20171005_3660210_4.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>馬幼垣：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2014/0218/c372329-24394805.html">甲午海戰中日軍力對比</a>〉（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200718181205/http://history.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2014/0218/c372329-24394805.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>黃克武：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crrs.org/w/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/s85-all.pdf">從「海防」到「海權」──甲午戰爭一百二十週年的省思</a>〉（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200718181213/http://crrs.org/w/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/s85-all.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>程映虹︰〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126223946/http://ncn.org/view.php?id=74846">從"版畫事件"到《中國向西行進》——濮德培和中国当代民族主义</a>〉</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation AV media"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttUy8Al3ErE">甲午海戰：如果大清贏了甲午戰爭，日本會怎樣？</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AVI)</span> (youtube). 思維實驗室. 2020-09-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-09-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110041217/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttUy8Al3ErE">存档</a>于2022-11-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&rft.btitle=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0%EF%BC%9A%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E8%B4%8F%E4%BA%86%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%83%E6%80%8E%E6%A8%A3%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DttUy8Al3ErE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/32px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/48px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/64px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:中国">中国主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:朝鲜半岛">朝鲜半岛主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:辽宁（页面不存在）">辽宁主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shandong_prfc_map.png/32px-Shandong_prfc_map.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shandong_prfc_map.png/48px-Shandong_prfc_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shandong_prfc_map.png/64px-Shandong_prfc_map.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" title="Portal:山东">山东主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/17px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/26px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/35px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:台湾">台湾主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bluetank.png/32px-Bluetank.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bluetank.png/48px-Bluetank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bluetank.png/64px-Bluetank.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:军事">军事主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史">历史主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="世界戰爭列表">世界戰爭列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣民主國">台灣民主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭">乙未戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E5%A4%A7%E7%A0%B2" title="阿姆斯特朗大砲">阿姆斯特朗大砲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%97%A3%E5%90%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="譚嗣同">譚嗣同</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="旅順大屠殺">旅顺大屠杀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="洋務運動">洋務運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="黄海海战 (1894年)">黄海海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="甲午战争（1894年－1895年）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Template:甲午战争"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Template talk:甲午战争"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:甲午战争"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="甲午战争（1894年－1895年）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">甲午战争</a>（1894年－1895年）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">中國洋务运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B0" title="明治维新">明治维新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="江華島事件">江華島事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%8E%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="江华条约">江华条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E5%8D%88%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="壬午兵变">壬午兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="济物浦条约">济物浦条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="甲申政变">甲申政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%92%A4%E5%85%B5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="中日朝鲜撤兵条约">中日天津会议专条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%9F%8E%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="汉城条约">汉城条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="巨文島事件">巨文島事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="长崎事件">长崎事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%8E%89%E5%9D%87%E6%9A%97%E6%9D%80%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="金玉均暗杀事件">金玉均暗杀事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">东学党起义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">战事</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="豐島海戰">豐島海戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%AD%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="成歡之戰">成歡之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="平壤之戰 (1894年)">平壤之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98_(1894%E5%B9%B4)" title="黄海海战 (1894年)">黄海海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%80%A3%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="九連城之戰">九連城之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A1%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="旅顺口之战">旅顺口之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="旅順大屠殺">旅順大屠殺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="威海衛之戰">威海衛之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="营口之战">营口之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%94%B0%E5%BA%84%E5%8F%B0%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="甲午战争田庄台遗址">田庄台之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9_(1895%E5%B9%B4)" title="澎湖之役 (1895年)">澎湖之役</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要舰艇</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="聯合艦隊">聯合艦隊</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="松島號防護巡洋艦">松島號防護巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%B3%B6%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="嚴島號防護巡洋艦">嚴島號防護巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%87%8E%E8%99%9F%E9%98%B2%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="吉野號防護巡洋艦">吉野號防護巡洋艦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋艦隊</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="定遠號戰艦">定遠號戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="鎮遠號戰艦">鎮遠號戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="經遠級巡洋艦">經遠級巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="經遠級巡洋艦">来远</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠級巡洋艦">致遠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠級巡洋艦">靖远</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0%E8%89%A6" title="濟遠艦">濟遠艦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">大日本帝国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="明治天皇">明治天皇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E5%A5%A7%E5%AE%97%E5%85%89" title="陸奧宗光">陸奧宗光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%90%E4%BA%A8" title="伊东祐亨">伊东祐亨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%8B" title="山縣有朋">山縣有朋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%96" title="大山巖">大山巖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">大清帝国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B8%9D" title="光绪帝">光绪帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B4%BB%E7%AB%A0" title="李鴻章">李鴻章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C" title="丁汝昌">丁汝昌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯">袁世凯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%9B%BE" title="林泰曾">林泰曾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A5%E8%9F%BE" title="劉步蟾">劉步蟾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">后续</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%9B%B4%E5%BC%A0" title="甲午更张">甲午更张</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">马关条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%8D%97%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="遼南條約">遼南條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%A6%E4%B8%8A%E4%B9%A6" title="公车上书">公车上书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="乙未事变">乙未事变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="臺灣民主國">臺灣民主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭">乙未戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="乙未廣州起義">乙未廣州起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="乙未改革">乙未改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E9%A4%A8%E6%92%AD%E9%81%B7" title="俄館播遷">俄館播遷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">中俄密约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓帝國">大韩帝国建立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5" title="日韓合併">日韓合併</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="朝鮮日治時期">朝鮮日治時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="台灣日治時期">台灣日治時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="台灣抗日運動">台灣抗日運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌变法">戊戌变法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%97%A4%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%87" title="伊藤博文">伊藤博文遇刺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">纪念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="中国甲午战争博物馆">中国甲午战争博物馆</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1871至1914年期间的列強外交" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="Template:大國外交"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="Template talk:大國外交"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:大國外交"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1871至1914年期间的列強外交" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1871至1914年期间的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">列強</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列强</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">英國</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德國</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法國</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄羅斯</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hybrid_flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy_and_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Hybrid_flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy_and_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hybrid_flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy_and_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Hybrid_flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy_and_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hybrid_flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy_and_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary.svg/45px-Hybrid_flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy_and_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941946%E5%B9%B4)" title="義大利王國 (1861年—1946年)">意大利</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">日本</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">军事同盟</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三國同盟">三國同盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德奧同盟">德奧同盟</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="三國協約">三國協約</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%84%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="法俄同盟">法俄同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="英法協約">英法協約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E4%BF%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="英俄條約">英俄條約</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%97%A5%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="英日同盟">英日同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三帝同盟">三帝同盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三帝同盟">第二次三帝同盟</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="八國聯軍">八國聯軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="巴爾幹同盟">巴爾幹同盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">趋势</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲列強均衡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European balance of power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%88%97%E5%BC%B7%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲列強均衡（页面不存在）">歐洲列強均衡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_balance_of_power" class="extiw" title="en:European balance of power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European balance of power</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="鄂圖曼帝國的衰落">鄂圖曼帝國的衰落</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%9D%B1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="近東問題">近東問題</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鄂圖曼地國的民族主義興起" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄂圖曼地國的民族主義興起（页面不存在）">民族主義擴散</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鄂圖曼公債" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ottoman public debt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%82%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄂圖曼公債（页面不存在）">公債問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" class="extiw" title="en:Ottoman public debt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ottoman public debt</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%87" title="法德世仇">法德世仇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="復仇主義">復仇主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96" title="不列颠治世">不列顛治世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新帝国主义">新帝国主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="瓜分非洲">瓜分非洲</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及槓桿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Egyptian Lever"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%A7%93%E6%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及槓桿（页面不存在）">埃及槓桿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" class="extiw" title="en:Egyptian Lever"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Egyptian Lever</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="亞洲殖民">亞洲殖民</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88" title="大博弈">大博弈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國">瓜分中國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%88%B6%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="門戶開放政策">門戶開放政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="明治">明治時期</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛斯拉夫主義">泛斯拉夫主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大修復" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Great Rapprochement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大修復（页面不存在）">大修復</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" class="extiw" title="en:Great Rapprochement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Great Rapprochement</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛日耳曼主義">泛日耳曼主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第二次工业革命">第二次工業革命</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍備工業" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Industrial warfare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍備工業（页面不存在）">軍備工業</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_warfare" class="extiw" title="en:Industrial warfare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Industrial warfare</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">條約及協定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="維也納會議">維也納會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="凡爾賽條約 (1871年)">凡爾賽條約 (1871年)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">法蘭克福條約</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="1878年柏林條約">柏林條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="再保險條約">再保險條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="地中海協定">地中海協定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1898%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1898年)">巴黎條約</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比約克條約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Treaty of Björkö"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比約克條約（页面不存在）">比約克條約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" class="extiw" title="en:Treaty of Björkö"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Treaty of Björkö</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%82%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E-%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E8%84%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="桂太郎-塔夫脱密约">桂太郎-塔夫脱密约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="海牙公约">海牙公约</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬騰斯條款" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Martens Clause"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%B0%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬騰斯條款（页面不存在）">馬騰斯條款</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martens_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Martens Clause"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Martens Clause</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%B7%B3%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="乙巳條約">乙巳條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%A9%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="日韩合并条约">日韩合并条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%86%88%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="拉冈尼基协定">拉冈尼基协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%B4%84" title="1917年法俄密約">1917年法俄密約</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="摩達維亞和瓦拉幾亞統一" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E9%81%94%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%BE%E4%BA%9E%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩達維亞和瓦拉幾亞統一（页面不存在）">羅馬尼亞建國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" class="extiw" title="en:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="意大利統一">意大利統一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="1878年柏林會議">柏林會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="柏林西非會議">柏林西非會議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="王冠城-土倫海軍拜會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%86%A0%E5%9F%8E-%E5%9C%9F%E5%80%AB%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E6%8B%9C%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王冠城-土倫海軍拜會（页面不存在）">王冠城-土倫海軍拜會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" class="extiw" title="en:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="世界政策">世界政策</a></li> <li>海軍軍備競賽 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%A0%E8%89%A6%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="英德海軍造艦競賽">英德</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%95%8F%E8%88%B0" title="无畏舰">无畏舰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国海军法">德國海軍法</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧義鐵甲艦競賽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%A9%E9%90%B5%E7%94%B2%E8%89%A6%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧義鐵甲艦競賽（页面不存在）">奧義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" class="extiw" title="en:Austro-Italian ironclad arms race"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Austro-Italian ironclad arms race</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BB%8D%E8%BE%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="法绍达事件">法绍达事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="夏威夷領地">合併夏威夷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动">义和团运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="委内瑞拉债务危机">委內瑞拉海軍封鎖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="阿拉斯加邊界爭議">阿拉斯加邊界爭議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="第一次摩洛哥危機">第一次摩洛哥危機</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="阿爾赫西拉斯會議">阿爾赫西拉斯會議</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="第二次摩洛哥危機">第二次摩洛哥危機</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="非斯条约">非斯条约</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="波斯尼亚危机">波斯尼亚危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="七月危機">七月危機</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">戰爭</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1877%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941878%E5%B9%B4)" title="俄土戰爭 (1877年—1878年)">俄土戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9F%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="英埃战争">英埃战争</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">甲午战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="美西战争">美西战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="香蕉戰爭">香蕉戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%8F%B2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="美菲战争">美菲战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役">八国联军之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次布尔战争">布爾戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="義土戰爭">意土战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="巴尔干战争">巴尔干战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次巴尔干战争">第一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次巴尔干战争">第二次</a></li></ul></li> <li>阿爾巴尼亞叛亂 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1910年阿爾巴尼亞叛亂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Albanian revolt of 1910"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910年阿爾巴尼亞叛亂（页面不存在）">第一次</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" class="extiw" title="en:Albanian revolt of 1910"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Albanian revolt of 1910</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1911年阿爾巴尼亞叛亂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Albanian revolt of 1911"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911年阿爾巴尼亞叛亂（页面不存在）">第二次</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="extiw" title="en:Albanian revolt of 1911"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Albanian revolt of 1911</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A1912%E5%B9%B4%E6%80%BB%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="阿尔巴尼亚1912年总起义">第三次</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_清朝歷史" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:清朝歷史事件"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template talk:清朝歷史事件"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:清朝歷史事件"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_清朝歷史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">清朝歷史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="建州女真">建州女真</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%BB%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战">努尔哈赤统一建州女真之战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8B%92%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="古勒山之战">古勒山之战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%8E" title="費阿拉城">建造费阿拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E8%B5%AB" title="葉赫">击败叶赫部</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1862%E2%80%931889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="三角黄龙旗"><img alt="三角黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="黄龙旗"><img alt="黄龙旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">吞并海西女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="野人女真">征服野人女真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">创制八旗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91)" title="天命 (后金)">天命</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91" title="后金">後金建國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清朝开国战争">立國戰事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%A8" title="七大恨">七大恨誓师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AB%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="撫清之戰">抚清之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="薩爾滸之戰">薩爾滸之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E8%BF%9C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="宁远之战">宁远之战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%81%E6%8E%88%E7%94%B0" title="计丁授田">计丁授田</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA" title="天聪">天聪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92" title="四大贝勒">四大贝勒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%96%84" title="代善">代善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%95%8F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="阿敏 (清朝)">阿敏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="莽古爾泰">莽古爾泰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5" title="皇太極">皇太極</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%81%AA%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="天聪新政">天聪新政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丁卯戰爭"><span style="color:green;">入侵朝鲜</span></a></li> <li>三王归顺 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7" title="孔有德">孔有德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%AF%E5%96%9C" title="尚可喜">尚可喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E" title="耿仲明">耿仲明</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%85%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%A1%9E" title="清兵入塞">清兵入塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%87%91%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="后金征服察哈尔">征服察哈尔</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2" title="理藩院">蒙古衙門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%9B%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清代蒙古盟部旗列表">编设盟旗</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7" title="崇德">崇德</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81#建立大清" class="mw-redirect" title="皇太极">皇太极称帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="議政王大臣會議">議政王大臣會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%AD%90%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="丙子戰爭"><span style="color:green;">再侵朝鲜</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%91%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="丁丑下城">丁丑下城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E9%8C%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="松錦之戰">松錦之戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E6%B2%BB" title="顺治">顺治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E8%A2%9E" title="多爾袞">多爾袞攝政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%89%87%E7%9F%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="一片石之战">清軍入關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5" title="扬州十日">扬州十日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%A0" title="嘉定三屠">嘉定三屠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%98%B4%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5" title="江阴八十一日">江阴八十一日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E8%9C%80" title="屠蜀">屠蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AF%85%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%AB" title="庚寅之劫">庚寅之劫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%9F_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="綠營 (清朝)">綠營</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%B5%B7%E6%A1%88" title="通海案">通海案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%8A%E6%94%BF" title="清初六大弊政">清初六大弊政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0" title="圈地">圈地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%83%E9%AB%AE%E6%98%93%E6%9C%8D" title="剃髮易服">剃发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%85" title="投充">投充</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%83%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" title="逃人法">逃人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%A2%9D%E9%82%8A" title="柳條邊">禁关</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%AB%E6%B8%85%E5%88%9D%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="明末清初屠殺事件">屠城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%8B%E4%BE%8B" title="大清律例">大清律例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B4%87%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="首崇满洲">首崇满洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="滿城">滿城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%95%86" title="皇商">皇商</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%8F%AF%E6%A1%88" title="函可案">函可案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%8D%B7%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D" title="清荷聯軍">清荷聯軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%BB%A8%E7%88%AD" title="南北黨爭">南北黨爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%B4%E6%A1%88" title="丁酉科場案">丁酉科場案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AD%E5%BA%99%E6%A1%88" title="哭庙案">哭庙案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%BC%82%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="丁未漂人事件">丁未漂人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%BE%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="康乾盛世">康雍乾盛世</a></li> <li>四大臣辅政 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="索尼 (清朝)">索尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8F%E5%BF%85%E9%9A%86" title="遏必隆">遏必隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%8C%E6%8B%9C" title="鳌拜">鳌拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88" title="蘇克薩哈">蘇克薩哈</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%8F%E9%8A%B7%E6%A1%88" title="江南奏銷案">江南奏銷案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%8E%86%E7%8B%B1" title="康熙历狱">康熙历狱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="雅克萨战役"><span style="color:green;">雅克萨战役</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%A5%9A%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="尼布楚條約">《尼布楚條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E5%9B%A2" title="东正教北京传道团">俄罗斯馆</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%8D%84" title="文字獄">文字獄</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%BB%B7%E9%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%88" title="莊廷鑨明史案">莊廷鑨明史案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%A1%88" title="南山案">南山案</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩之乱">三藩之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="南書房">南書房</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E7%95%8C%E4%BB%A4" title="遷界令">遷界令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="澎湖海战">施琅攻台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%9B%9F" title="多倫諾爾會盟">多倫諾爾會盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%AD%E5%B8%83%E9%80%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="烏蘭布通之戰"><span style="color:green;">烏蘭布通之戰</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="昭莫多之战"><span style="color:green;">昭莫多之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B0%94%E5%96%80%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="喀尔喀蒙古族">喀尔喀蒙古</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="康熙帝南巡">康熙帝南巡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">康熙</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="康熙字典">《康熙字典》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="清朝征服西藏"><span style="color:green;">驱准保藏</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BC%E4%BB%AA%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="中国礼仪之争">礼仪之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%84" title="弟子规">《弟子规》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="朱一貴事件">朱一貴之乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%BA%E5%AB%A1" title="九子夺嫡">九子夺嫡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝">世宗改制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%8D%9C%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%B4%A5%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="清朝平定罗卜藏丹津之乱">羅卜藏丹津之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="和通泊之战"><span style="color:green;">和通泊之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%BE%E5%AF%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="光显寺之战"><span style="color:green;">光显寺之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E5%BD%92%E6%B5%81" title="改土归流">改土归流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B4%84" title="恰克圖界約">《恰克圖界約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%97%E7%BE%A1%E6%AD%B8%E5%85%AC" title="耗羡歸公">火耗歸公</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%A9%9F%E8%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="軍機處">軍機處</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%A4%E4%B8%81%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%B0" title="攤丁入地">攤丁入地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%85%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%93%E5%B7%AE%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%AE" title="官绅一体当差纳粮">官绅一体当差纳粮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%91%BA" title="密摺">密摺制度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%AE%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="骨宗事件">骨宗事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B2%99%E9%80%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="水沙連之役">水沙連之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B2%E8%A5%BF%E7%A4%BE%E6%8A%97%E6%B8%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="大甲西社抗清事件">大甲西社抗清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">古州苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="八旗生计">八旗生计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BA%E6%97%97" title="汉军出旗">汉军出旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="大小金川之役">大小金川之役</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="大金川之戰">大金川之戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B7%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="第二次金川之戰">第二次金川之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92" title="珠爾默特那木札勒">珠爾默特那木札勒之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1" title="乾隆帝南巡">乾隆帝南巡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%A6%81" title="海禁">鎖國政策</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E4%BB%BB%E8%BE%89" title="洪任辉"><span style="color:green;">洪任辉事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86" title="一口通商">一口通商</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="準噶爾之役"><span style="color:green;">準噶爾之役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="大小和卓之亂">大小和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%BC%85%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="清缅战争"><span style="color:green;">清缅战争</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="四庫全書">《四庫全書》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E9%A9%9B%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="撤驛之變">撤驛之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%AF%E6%A1%88" title="字贯案">字贯案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E5%86%92%E8%B3%91%E6%A1%88" title="甘肅冒賑案">甘肅冒賑案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇四十三起義">蘇四十三起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%88%BD%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="林爽文事件">林爽文起义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E9%97%A8" title="洪门">天地會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%A4%E5%98%89%E8%8E%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" title="篤嘉莊之戰">篤嘉莊之戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="清軍入越戰爭"><span style="color:green;">清軍入越戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="廓爾喀之役"><span style="color:green;">廓爾喀侵藏戰爭</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">《西藏善後章程》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">《欽定藏內善後章程》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%A8%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9F" title="十全武功">十全武功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E7%BD%AA%E9%8A%80" title="議罪銀">議罪銀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%9B%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98" title="馬戛爾尼使團">馬戛爾尼使團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89_(1795%E2%80%931806%E5%B9%B4)" title="苗民起义 (1795–1806年)">乾嘉苗亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%BA%86" title="嘉庆">嘉庆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%A5%9A%E6%95%99%E4%B9%B1" title="川楚教乱">川楚教乱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白蓮教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">嘉庆</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%BE%B7_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="陳德 (清朝)">神武门遇刺案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%91" title="尤里·亚历山德罗夫·戈洛夫金">戈洛夫金使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A0%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8" title="英国图占澳门"><span style="color:green;">英国图占澳门</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%9C%E6%A1%88" title="黄亚胜案"><span style="color:green;">黄亚胜案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B8%E9%85%89%E4%B9%8B%E5%8F%98" title="癸酉之变">癸酉之变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="天理教 (中国)">天理教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9C%E7%89%99%E5%A2%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="孜牙墩事件">孜牙墩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E4%BD%BF%E5%9B%A2" title="阿美士德使团">阿美士德使团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%85%B6%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B0%E4%B8%9F%E5%A4%B1%E6%A1%88" title="嘉慶兵部大印丟失案">兵部大印丟失案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="張格爾之亂">張格爾之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%81%93%E4%B8%AD%E8%A1%B0" title="嘉道中衰">嘉道中衰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%85%89" title="道光">道光</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%8D%91" title="律勞卑"><span style="color:green;">律勞卑事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第一次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%AD%E5%96%9C%E6%A1%88" title="林維喜案">林維喜案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="穿鼻之战"><span style="color:green;">穿鼻之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E9%94%80%E7%83%9F" title="虎门销烟">虎门销烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%BC%BB%E8%8D%89%E7%B4%84" title="穿鼻草約">《穿鼻草約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第一次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第一次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="第二次定海之战"><span style="color:green;">第二次定海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1841%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇海之战 (1841年)"><span style="color:green;">镇海之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E6%B5%A6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="乍浦之战"><span style="color:green;">乍浦之战</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%B7%9E%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="吴淞战役"><span style="color:green;">吴淞战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E6%B1%9F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1842%E5%B9%B4)" title="镇江之战 (1842年)"><span style="color:green;">镇江之战</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="不平等条约">不平等条约</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="广州和约">广州和约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="南京条约">南京条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E5%BB%88%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="望廈條約">望廈條約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9F%94%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="黄埔条约">黄埔条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%94%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英五口通商章程">五口通商章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%97%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="虎门条约">虎门条约</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="森巴戰爭"><span style="color:green;">西藏森巴戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="七和卓之亂">七和卓之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="太平天国">太平天国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0" title="咸丰">咸丰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AC%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="天京之變">天京之變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%BB%E5%86%9B" title="捻军">捻军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B4%AA%E5%85%B5%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="广东洪兵起义">广东洪兵起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%80%E4%BC%9A" title="小刀会">小刀会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%83" title="团练">团练武装</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E8%BB%8D" title="淮軍">淮軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%8B%87" title="楚勇">楚军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="苗民起义">苗民起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E5%9B%BD" title="大成国">大成国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大洪国">大洪国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1855%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941856%E5%B9%B4)" title="廓藏戰爭 (1855年—1856年)"><span style="color:green;">廓藏戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塔城贸易圈事件"><span style="color:green;">塔城贸易圈事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%AE%9D%E9%92%9E%E6%A1%88" title="户部宝钞案">户部宝钞案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E5%8D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%9C%BA%E6%A1%88" title="戊午科场案">戊午科场案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%98" title="云南回变">云南回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%A6%E7%90%BF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="璦琿條約">《璦琿條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争"><span style="color:green;">第二次鸦片战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%96" title="马赖"><span style="color:green;">廣西教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%85%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="亞羅號事件"><span style="color:green;">亞羅號事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="廣州城戰役"><span style="color:green;">廣州城戰役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E5%8F%A3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="大沽口战役"><span style="color:green;">大沽口战役</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%98%8E%E5%9B%AD" title="圆明园">火烧圆明园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="天津条约">《天津條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="北京条约">《北京條約》</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%81%93" title="咸丰黄河大改道">咸丰黄河大改道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%85%89%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="辛酉政变">辛酉政变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="顧命八大臣">顧命八大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%AE%AE%E8%81%BD%E6%94%BF" title="兩宮聽政">兩宮聽政</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB" title="同治">同治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B4" title="同光中兴">同光中兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">洋务运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%BD%AE%E6%98%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="戴潮春事件">戴潮春事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治陕甘回乱">陕甘回变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B1%B1%E7%A0%8D%E7%AB%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="圣山砍竹事件">圣山砍竹事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%BB%A9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="秦家滩事件">秦家滩事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0" title="左宗棠">左宗棠入陕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B" title="马家军">马家军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%9B%9E%E4%B9%B1" title="同治新疆回乱">新疆回变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%98%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="海防与塞防之争">海防与塞防之争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9F%E8%85%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="樟腦戰爭"><span style="color:green;">樟腦戰爭</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="天津教案"><span style="color:green;">天津教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1870年长江洪水">庚午洪灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%A1%88" title="刺馬案">刺馬案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%99%E7%BE%8E%E5%B9%BC%E7%AB%A5" title="中国留美幼童">中国留美幼童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5" title="申报">《申報》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E4%B9%83%E6%AD%A6%E8%88%87%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E6%A1%88" title="楊乃武與小白菜案">楊乃武與小白菜案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光绪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%98%89%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="馬嘉理事件"><span style="color:green;">馬嘉理事件</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="烟台条约">烟台条约</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0%E6%94%B6%E5%A4%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="左宗棠收复新疆">左宗棠收复新疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="伊犁危機"><span style="color:green;">伊犁危機</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后專政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃新疆省">新疆置省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="清朝新式海軍">新式海军</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中法战争"><span style="color:green;">中法战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="交趾支那遠征"><span style="color:green;">交趾支那遠征</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6" title="中法新约">《中法新約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81" title="福建臺灣省">臺灣建省</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="长崎事件"><span style="color:green;">长崎事件</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="1887年黄河决口">郑州河决</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:green;">甲午战争</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马关条约">《馬關條約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E9%82%84%E9%81%BC" title="三國干涉還遼">三國干涉還遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%AF%86%E7%BA%A6" title="中俄密约">《中俄密約》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中国通商银行">通商银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭"><span style="color:green;">乙未割讓台灣</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="臺灣民主國">臺灣民主國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%AD%E4%BC%9A" title="兴中会">兴中会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="乙未廣州起義">乙未廣州起義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BB%8D" title="新軍">新軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AD%A6%E5%86%9B" title="定武军">定武军</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="瓜分中國"><span style="color:green;">瓜分风潮</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%88%B6%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="門戶開放">门户开放</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B7%9E%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88" title="曹州教案"><span style="color:green;">曹州教案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E6%88%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%B3%95" title="戊戌变法">戊戌变法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%BB%BA%E5%82%A8" title="己亥建储">己亥建储</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动"><span style="color:green;">庚子国变</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役"><span style="color:green;">八国联军</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%92%E4%BF%9D" title="東南互保">東南互保</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%84%E9%9A%BE" title="庚子俄难"><span style="color:green;">庚子俄难</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: gold;">光绪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%B8%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="辛丑条约">《辛丑條約》</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E8%B5%94%E6%AC%BE" title="庚子赔款">庚子赔款</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF" title="清末新政">清末新政</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">廢科舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%BD%BF%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="出使各国考察政治大臣">五大臣出使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%BB%8D" title="北洋軍">北洋新軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="交通銀行">交通銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="立憲運動">立憲運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="资政院">资政院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E8%AD%B0%E5%B1%80" title="諮議局">諮議局</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="英國侵藏戰爭"><span style="color:green;">英國侵藏</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約"><span style="color:green;">《中英續訂藏印條約》</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="巴塘事变"><span 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title="川軍入藏">川軍入藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="慶親王內閣">皇族內閣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="保路运动">保路运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="武昌起义">武昌起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A6%E5%B7%9E%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="滦州兵变">滦州兵变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="外蒙古独立">外蒙古独立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941913%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民國臨時政府 (1912年—1913年)">中華民國臨時政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E7%A4%BE%E5%85%9A" title="宗社党">宗社党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%A4%E5%84%AA%E5%BE%85%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6" title="清室優待條件">《清室優待條件》</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%9D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="宣統帝退位詔書">清帝退位</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="遜清皇室小朝廷">遜清皇室小朝廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%8B%8B%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="张勋复辟">张勋复辟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="甲子政变">甲子政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="逊清皇室流亡小朝廷">流亡小朝廷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B2" title="專門史">專門史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝历史">历史</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="清朝政治">政治</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B" title="清军">军事</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="清朝外交">外交</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="清朝经济">经济</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝文化（页面不存在）">文化</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清朝科技（页面不存在）">科技</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="清朝君主列表">君主</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="清朝行政区划">區劃</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>【说明：<span style="color:green;">绿色</span>为与外國人有关冲突事件】<div style="background-color:#8B2323;font-weight:bold;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国历史年表"><span style="color:white">中國歷史事件</span></a></div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%96%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:中國傳疑時代歷史事件">傳疑時代</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:夏朝歷史事件">夏朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:商朝歷史事件">商朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:西周歷史事件">西周</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ 東周（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:春秋歷史事件">春秋</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:戰國歷史事件">戰國</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:秦朝歷史事件">秦朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:漢朝歷史事件">漢朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:三國歷史事件">三國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%89%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:晉朝歷史事件">晉朝</a>／<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五胡十六國歷史事件">十六國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:南北朝歷史事件">南北朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:隋朝歷史事件">隋朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:唐朝歷史事件">唐朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:五代十國歷史事件">五代十國</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:宋朝歷史事件">宋朝</a>／<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%BC%E9%87%91%E5%A4%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:遼金夏歷史事件">遼金夏</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:元朝歷史事件">元朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Template:明朝歷史事件">明朝</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <b>清朝</b> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BF%91%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:日本近現代軍事衝突"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="日本近現代軍事衝突（1868年以來）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">日本近現代軍事衝突（1868年以來）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">國內</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="戊辰戰爭">戊辰戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%91%E9%A8%B7%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蓑騷動（页面不存在）">蓑騷動</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%82%8C%E8%BC%94%E9%A8%B7%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="悌輔騷動（页面不存在）">悌輔騷動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="筑前竹槍一揆" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="筑前竹槍一揆"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%B9%E6%A7%8D%E4%B8%80%E6%8F%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="筑前竹槍一揆（页面不存在）">筑前竹槍一揆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%91%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%B9%E6%A7%8D%E4%B8%80%E6%8F%86" class="extiw" title="ja:筑前竹槍一揆"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">筑前竹槍一揆</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%B3%80%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="佐賀之亂">佐賀之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%A2%A8%E9%80%A3%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="神風連之亂">神風連之亂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="秋月之亂" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="秋月の乱"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8B%E6%9C%88%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秋月之亂（页面不存在）">秋月之亂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E6%9C%88%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:秋月の乱"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">秋月の乱</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="萩之亂">萩之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="伊勢暴動">伊勢暴動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="西南戰爭">西南戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A9%E7%88%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="秩父事件">秩父事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%AD%AF%E9%96%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="太魯閣戰爭">太魯閣戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918%E5%B9%B4%E7%B1%B3%E9%AA%9A%E5%8A%A8" title="1918年米骚动">米騷動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="霧社事件">霧社事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="五一五事件">五一五事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="二二六事件">二二六事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AB%E5%9F%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="宫城事件">宫城事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%B1%9F%E9%A8%B7%E6%93%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="松江騷擾事件">松江騷擾事件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">國際</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="牡丹社事件">牡丹社事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8F%AF%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="江華島事件">江華島事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E5%8D%88%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%98" title="壬午兵变">壬午事変</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="甲申政变">甲申政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="东学党起义">干涉東學黨起義</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">日清戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="乙未戰爭">乙未戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役">八国联军之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="日俄战争">日俄战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="青島戰役">青島戰役</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="日本干涉西伯利亚">西伯利亞出兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="宽城子事件">寬城子事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E8%A1%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="廟街事件">尼港事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="間島出兵" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="間島出兵"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%93%E5%B3%B6%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="間島出兵（页面不存在）">間島出兵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%93%E5%B3%B6%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="ja:間島出兵"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">間島出兵</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長沙事件（页面不存在）">長沙事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(1927%E5%B9%B4)" title="南京事件 (1927年)">南京事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="汉口事件">漢口事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="山東出兵" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="山東出兵"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山東出兵（页面不存在）">山東出兵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="ja:山東出兵"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">山東出兵</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%89%E6%85%98%E6%A1%88" title="五三慘案">濟南事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="中村事件">中村事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="九一八事變">滿洲事變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%C2%B7%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A" title="一·二八事變">一·二八事變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%AE%9D%E5%B1%B1%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="万宝山事件">万宝山事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%A1%B6%E5%B1%B1%E6%83%A8%E6%A1%88" title="平顶山惨案">平頂山事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中国抗日战争">中日戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%97%A5%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="蘇日邊界衝突">日蘇邊界衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" title="日軍入侵法屬印度支那">入侵法屬印度支那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="太平洋战争">太平洋战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="蘇日戰爭">日蘇戰爭</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941946%E5%B9%B4)" title="越南戰爭 (1945年—1946年)">支配行動</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E6%8E%83%E6%B5%B7%E9%9A%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本特別掃海隊（页面不存在）">朝鮮戰爭海上掃雷行動</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旅行號事件（页面不存在）">旅行號事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BB%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E%E8%88%B9%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="能登半島沿海不明船事件">能登半島沿海不明船事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B2%9B%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="奄美大岛海战">奄美大島海戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="Template:江戶時代軍事衝突">←江戶時代</a>）| <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本戰爭列表">日本戰爭列表</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%9B" title="日本军">日本军</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="自衛隊">自衛隊</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="洋务运动" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="Template:洋务运动"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:洋务运动（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:洋务运动"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="洋务运动" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%8A%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="洋务运动">洋务运动</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要思想</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%93%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%A8" title="中体西用">中体西用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%B7%E9%95%BF%E6%8A%80%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%B7" title="师夷长技以制夷">师夷长技以制夷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次鸦片战争">第一次鸦片战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="太平天国">太平天国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争">第二次鸦片战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中法战争">中法战争</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">甲午战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%BA%90_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="魏源 (清朝)">魏源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%95%E4%9C%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="奕䜣">奕䜣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%9B%BD%E8%97%A9" title="曾国藩">曾国藩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B8%BF%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="李鸿章">李鸿章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%A3%A0" title="左宗棠">左宗棠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E4%B9%8B%E6%B4%9E" title="张之洞">张之洞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%97%B3" title="容闳">容闳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%BB%B7%E6%9E%A2" title="唐廷枢">唐廷枢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%9D%A4%E4%B8%80" title="劉坤一">劉坤一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E8%91%86%E6%A5%A8" title="沈葆楨">沈葆楨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%8E%9A" title="崇厚">崇厚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工业</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">军用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%B1%80" title="北洋机器局">天津机器制造局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="天津电报局">天津电报局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%BD%E8%88%B9%E5%9D%9E" title="大沽船坞">大沽船坞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%88%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%B1%80" title="福州船政局">福州船政局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%99%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="金陵机器制造局">金陵机器制造局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E9%98%B3%E5%85%B5%E5%B7%A5%E5%8E%82" title="汉阳兵工厂">汉阳兵工厂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%86%E5%86%85%E5%86%9B%E6%A2%B0%E6%89%80" title="安庆内军械所">安慶內軍械所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%80" title="兰州制造局">西安机器局</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">民用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="江南制造总局">江南制造总局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B9%B3%E7%9F%BF%E5%8A%A1%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="开平矿务局">开平矿务局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BB%87%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80" title="机器织布局">上海机器织布局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%88%B9%E6%8B%9B%E5%95%86%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="轮船招商局">轮船招商局</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">军事</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">新式陆军</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="淮军">淮军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%86%9B" title="湘军">湘军</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="北洋水師">北洋水師</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="定遠號戰艦">定遠號戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%81%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" title="鎮遠號戰艦">鎮遠號戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="經遠">经远</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E9%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="來遠">来远</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E9%81%A0%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%89%A6" title="致遠級巡洋艦">致遠級巡洋艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E8%BF%9C%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="靖远号">靖远号</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E9%81%A0%E8%89%A6" title="濟遠艦">濟遠艦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他水師</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%88%B9%E6%94%BF%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="福建船政水師">福建船政水师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%88" title="广东水师">广东水师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%AB" title="南洋水師">南洋水師</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">翻译学堂</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E5%90%8C%E6%96%87%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="京师同文馆">京师同文馆</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工艺学堂</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="北洋西医学堂">北洋西医学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="北洋军医学堂">北洋军医学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="北洋电报学堂">北洋电报学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="北洋工艺学堂">北洋工艺学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A5%B3%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="北洋女师范学堂">北洋女师范学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%B7%A1%E8%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="北洋巡警学堂">北洋巡警学堂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">军事学堂</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="天津水师学堂">天津水师学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%82" title="天津武备学堂">天津武备学堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%82" title="船政學堂">船政學堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%8B%A4%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="聯勤測量學校">京師陸軍測繪學堂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">高等教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="北洋大学">北洋大学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8_(%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7)" title="南洋大學 (上海)">南洋大学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">派遣留学生</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%95%99%E7%BE%8E%E5%B9%BC%E7%AB%A5" title="中国留美幼童">中国留美幼童</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178687#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerra chino-japonesa, 1894-1895"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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