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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-測试过程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#測试过程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>測试过程</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-測试过程-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关測试过程子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-測试过程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-0期临床试验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#0期临床试验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>0期临床试验</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-0期临床试验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-试验分期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#试验分期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>试验分期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-试验分期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关试验分期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-试验分期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ⅰ期临床试验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ⅰ期临床试验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ⅰ期临床试验</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ⅰ期临床试验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ⅱ期临床试验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ⅱ期临床试验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ⅱ期临床试验</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ⅱ期临床试验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ⅲ期临床试验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ⅲ期临床试验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ⅲ期临床试验</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ⅲ期临床试验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ⅳ期临床试验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ⅳ期临床试验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ⅳ期临床试验</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ⅳ期临床试验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-扩展阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#扩展阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>扩展阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-扩展阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">臨床試驗</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。42种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تجربة سريرية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجربة سريرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensayu_cl%C3%ADnicu" title="Ensayu clínicu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ensayu clínicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Клинично изпитване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клинично изпитване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="রোগীভিত্তিক পরীক্ষণ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোগীভিত্তিক পরীক্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaig_cl%C3%ADnic" title="Assaig clínic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assaig clínic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinick%C3%A1_studie" title="Klinická studie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klinická studie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinisk_unders%C3%B8gelse" title="Klinisk undersøgelse – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klinisk undersøgelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinische_Studie" title="Klinische Studie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klinische Studie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Clinical trial" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensayo_cl%C3%ADnico" title="Ensayo clínico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ensayo clínico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کارآزمایی بالینی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارآزمایی بالینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliininen_koe" title="Kliininen koe – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kliininen koe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essai_clinique" title="Essai clinique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essai clinique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaio_cl%C3%ADnico" title="Ensaio clínico – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ensaio clínico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ניסוי קליני – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסוי קליני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="नैदानिक परीक्षण – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नैदानिक परीक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji_klinis" title="Uji klinis – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uji klinis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_clinico" title="Studio clinico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Studio clinico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E9%A8%93" title="治験 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="治験" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EC%83%81%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98" title="임상시험 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="임상시험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinikinis_tyrimas" title="Klinikinis tyrimas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klinikinis tyrimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Клиничко испитување – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клиничко испитување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="चिकित्साशास्त्रीय संपरीक्षण – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिकित्साशास्त्रीय संपरीक्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujian_klinikal" title="Ujian klinikal – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ujian klinikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinisch_onderzoek" title="Klinisch onderzoek – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klinisch onderzoek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliniske_studier" title="Kliniske studier – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kliniske studier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperyment_kliniczny" title="Eksperyment kliniczny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksperyment kliniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaio_cl%C3%ADnico" title="Ensaio clínico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ensaio clínico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiu_clinic" title="Studiu clinic – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Studiu clinic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Клиническое исследование – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клиническое исследование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klini%C4%8Dko_ispitivanje" title="Kliničko ispitivanje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kliničko ispitivanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="සායනික අත්හදා බැලීම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සායනික අත්හදා බැලීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clinical trial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klini%C4%8Dno_presku%C5%A1anje" title="Klinično preskušanje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klinično preskušanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klini%C4%8Dko_ispitivanje" title="Kliničko ispitivanje – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kliničko ispitivanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinisk_pr%C3%B6vning" title="Klinisk prövning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klinisk prövning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="மருந்தியக்கச் சோதனை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருந்தியக்கச் சோதனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="การทดลองทางคลินิก – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทดลองทางคลินิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinik_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma" title="Klinik çalışma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klinik çalışma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Клінічне випробування – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клінічне випробування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_l%C3%A2m_s%C3%A0ng" title="Thử nghiệm lâm sàng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thử nghiệm lâm sàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2021年4月4日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%22">"臨床試驗"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="Talk:臨床試驗">討論頁</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-5bce6090" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:临床试验; zh-hk:臨床測試; zh-tw:臨床試驗"></div></div></div> <p><b>臨床試驗</b>（英語：<span lang="en">clinical trial</span>）是一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="臨床研究">临床研究</a>方法，指根據研究方案採用已上市藥物或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%85%B0%E5%8A%91" title="安慰劑">安慰劑</a>作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" title="對照組">對照組</a>，對<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物">藥物</a>或其他<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫學</a>治療在受試者身上進行比較測試的過程。在臨床試驗中，研究者要先決定所要測試的療法，例如藥物或裝置，再決定用哪種療法與它比較，以及需要找哪一類型的病人來作為測試對象。治療用藥物的話要證明它能有效延長病人的生命、減輕特定症狀或降低不良事件之發生以改善病人生活品質。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="測试过程"><span id=".E6.B8.AC.E8.AF.95.E8.BF.87.E7.A8.8B"></span>測试过程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：測试过程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在世界上的大部份国家将临床试验分为4到5期，并对每期临床试验的基本准则和技术要求作出的规定。<sup id="cite_ref-PMPH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMPH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5" title="临床研究阶段">临床研究阶段</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="0期临床试验"><span id="0.E6.9C.9F.E4.B8.B4.E5.BA.8A.E8.AF.95.E9.AA.8C"></span>0期临床试验</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：0期临床试验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>0期临床试验是研制者使用微剂量在少量健康受试者或者病人进行的单剂量或不超过7d的多剂量给药的研究。所谓微剂量，是指低于通过临床前<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毒理学">毒理学</a>研究获得的动物安全性数据而推导出的拟用于人体可能产生临床药理学作用剂量的1/100，同时，最大剂量不超过100ug的剂量。 <span class="anchor" id="1"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="试验分期"><span id=".E8.AF.95.E9.AA.8C.E5.88.86.E6.9C.9F"></span>试验分期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：试验分期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="临床研究分期">临床研究分期</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ⅰ期临床试验"><span id=".E2.85.A0.E6.9C.9F.E4.B8.B4.E5.BA.8A.E8.AF.95.E9.AA.8C"></span>Ⅰ期临床试验</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：Ⅰ期临床试验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ⅰ期临床试验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First-in-man study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%85%A0%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ⅰ期临床试验（页面不存在）">Ⅰ期临床试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-in-man_study" class="extiw" title="en:First-in-man study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First-in-man study</span></a></span>）</span></span>也称临床药理和毒理作用试验期。其是对已通过临床前安全性和有效性评价的新药在人体上验证其安全性。即是根据预先设计的计量，从初始安全剂量开始，逐渐加大，观察人体对该种新药的耐受程度，以确定人体可接受而又不会导致<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E5%89%AF%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒副反应（页面不存在）">毒副反应</a>发生的剂量大小。之后将进行多次给药试验，以确定适合于Ⅱ期临床试验所需的剂量和程序。同时，还必须进行人体的单剂量和多剂量的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="药动学">药动学</a>研究，以为Ⅱ期临床试验提供合适的治疗方案。Ⅰ期临床试验通常由健康的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="志愿者">志愿者</a>参与。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%99%8C%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="抗癌藥物">抗癌药物</a>开发研究中也允许少数患者参与初步实验。一般而言，Ⅰ期临床试验总共需要試驗10~80個病人。<sup id="cite_ref-PMPH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMPH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="2"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ⅱ期临床试验"><span id=".E2.85.A1.E6.9C.9F.E4.B8.B4.E5.BA.8A.E8.AF.95.E9.AA.8C"></span>Ⅱ期临床试验</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：Ⅱ期临床试验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ⅱ期临床试验" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q42824440"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%85%A1%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ⅱ期临床试验（页面不存在）">Ⅱ期临床试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42824440" class="extiw" title="d:Q42824440"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q42824440</span></a></span>）</span></span>也称临床治疗效果的初步探索试验。即是用较小总体的选定适应症的患者，对药物的疗效和安全性进行临床研究，其间将重点观察新药的治疗效果和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物不良反應">不良反应</a>。同时，还要对新药的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="药动学">药动学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6" title="生物利用度">生物利用度</a>方面进行研究，以确定患者与健康人的药动学差异。Ⅱ期临床试验的主要目的是为Ⅲ期临床试验做准备，以确定初步的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临床适应症（页面不存在）">临床适应症</a>和治疗方案。Ⅱ期临床试验总共需要試驗100-200個病人。對照組的病人愈多那便能更進一步找到非常見的副作用。<sup id="cite_ref-PMPH_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMPH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="3"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ⅲ期临床试验"><span id=".E2.85.A2.E6.9C.9F.E4.B8.B4.E5.BA.8A.E8.AF.95.E9.AA.8C"></span>Ⅲ期临床试验</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：Ⅲ期临床试验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E2%85%A2%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⅲ期临床试验">Ⅲ期临床试验</a>也称治疗的全面评价临床试验。即是在对已通过Ⅱ期临床试验确定了其疗效的新药，与现有已知活性的药物或无药理活性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%85%B0%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="安慰剂">安慰剂</a>进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="對照試驗">对照试验</a>。该期试验对于患者的选择非常严格，其还必须具有明确的疗效标准和安全性评价标准。新药在经过对照试验后，将对其疗效和長期安全性进行全面的评价，以判断其是否具有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="治疗学（页面不存在）">治疗学</a>和安全性特征，这决定着其是否能够批准上市销售。Ⅲ期临床试验总共需要試驗300－500個病人，最少要測試100次，否則統計學上會有誤差，对照組的數量則无具体规定。<sup id="cite_ref-PMPH_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMPH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="4"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ⅳ期临床试验"><span id=".E2.85.A3.E6.9C.9F.E4.B8.B4.E5.BA.8A.E8.AF.95.E9.AA.8C"></span>Ⅳ期临床试验</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：Ⅳ期临床试验"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ⅳ期临床试验" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q42825046"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%85%A3%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ⅳ期临床试验（页面不存在）">Ⅳ期临床试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42825046" class="extiw" title="d:Q42825046"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q42825046</span></a></span>）</span></span>也称藥物推出后的临床监察期。即是在新药推出后，通过大量调查藥物對病人的臨床效果及情況，监视新药有无效，如何最好地使用以及副作用的发生機會和程度。若疗效不理想或出现严重的副作用而且发生率较高，管制部門则會将那新药召回和退市。第4期臨床測試會一直進行，只要仍有很多人用這種藥物。<sup id="cite_ref-PMPH_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMPH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PMPH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMPH_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMPH_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMPH_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMPH_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMPH_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">李端殷明. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%AF%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6_(%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="药理学 (教材)（页面不存在）">药理学</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="人民卫生出版社">人民卫生出版社</a>. 6-7. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787117089050" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-117-08905-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="扩展阅读"><span id=".E6.89.A9.E5.B1.95.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>扩展阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：扩展阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK (2003). <i>Pharmacology</i> 5 ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0443071454" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-443-07145-4</a></li> <li>Finn R, (1999). <i>Cancer Clinical Trials: Experimental Treatments and How They Can Help You.</i>, Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1565925661" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56592-566-1</a></li> <li>Chow S-C and Liu JP (2004). <i>Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials : Concepts and Methodologies</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0471249858" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-24985-8</a></li> <li>Pocock SJ (2004), <i>Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach</i>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0471901555" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-90155-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Business/Biotechnology_and_Pharmaceuticals/Pharmaceuticals/Products_Evaluation/Clinical_Trials/">Clinical_Trials</a>”</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_research_studies" title="Template talk:Medical research studies"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Medical_research_studies" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Medical research studies"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物醫學研究：臨床研究設計_/_试验设计" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="医学研究">生物醫學研究</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="臨床研究">臨床研究</a>設計 / <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">试验设计</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">臨床試驗</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clinical trial protocol" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical trial protocol"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical trial protocol（页面不存在）">Trial protocols</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial_protocol" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical trial protocol"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical trial protocol</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Academic clinical trials" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Academic clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_clinical_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic clinical trials（页面不存在）">Academic clinical trials</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:Academic clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Academic clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clinical study design" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical study design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_study_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical study design（页面不存在）">Clinical study design</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_study_design" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical study design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical study design</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="對照實驗">對照實驗</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AF%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="循证医学">EBM I to II-1; A to B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="盲法试验">盲法</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放标签试验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open-label trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放标签试验（页面不存在）">开放标签试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-label_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Open-label trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open-label trial</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="观察性研究">觀察性研究</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AF%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="循证医学">EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cross-sectional study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cross-sectional study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-sectional_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-sectional study（页面不存在）">Cross-sectional study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" class="extiw" title="en:Cross-sectional study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cross-sectional study</span></a></span>）</span></span> vs. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="纵向研究">纵向研究</a>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ecological study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological study（页面不存在）">Ecological study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_study" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="队列研究">队列研究</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Retrospective cohort study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Retrospective cohort study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrospective_cohort_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrospective cohort study（页面不存在）">Retrospective</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study" class="extiw" title="en:Retrospective cohort study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Retrospective cohort study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="前瞻性研究">前瞻性研究</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nested case-control study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nested case-control study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nested_case-control_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nested case-control study（页面不存在）">Nested case-control study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_case-control_study" class="extiw" title="en:Nested case-control study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nested case-control study</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Case series" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Case series"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case series（页面不存在）">Case series</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_series" class="extiw" title="en:Case series"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Case series</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="案例研究">案例研究</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Case report" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Case report"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case report（页面不存在）">Case report</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_report" class="extiw" title="en:Case report"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Case report</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a>/<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流行病學研究法（页面不存在）">研究法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidemiological_methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidemiological methods（页面不存在）">occurrence</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" class="extiw" title="en:Epidemiological methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence</span></a></span>）</span></span>： <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="发病率">發病率</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AF%E7%A7%AF%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="累积发病率">累积发病率</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">期間</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>：</i> <i>絕對關係</i>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Absolute risk reduction" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute risk reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_risk_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute risk reduction（页面不存在）">Absolute risk reduction</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_risk_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute risk reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute risk reduction</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attributable risk" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attributable risk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributable_risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attributable risk（页面不存在）">Attributable risk</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="extiw" title="en:Attributable risk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attributable risk</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attributable risk percent" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attributable risk percent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributable_risk_percent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attributable risk percent（页面不存在）">Attributable risk percent</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk_percent" class="extiw" title="en:Attributable risk percent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attributable risk percent</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><i>相對關係</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Odds ratio" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Odds ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odds_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odds ratio（页面不存在）">Odds ratio</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Odds ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Odds ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E6%AF%94" title="风险比">风险比</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidemiological_methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidemiological methods（页面不存在）">其它</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" class="extiw" title="en:Epidemiological methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures</span></a></span>）</span></span>：</i> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="End point of clinical trials" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="End point of clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_point_of_clinical_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="End point of clinical trials（页面不存在）">End point of clinical trials</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_point_of_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:End point of clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">End point of clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%8A%9B" title="毒力">病毒性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="死亡率">死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">病發率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E7%8E%87" title="致死率">病死率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing（页面不存在）">Likelihood-ratios</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pre- and post-test probability" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre- and post-test probability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-_and_post-test_probability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre- and post-test probability（页面不存在）">Pre/post-test probability</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability" class="extiw" title="en:Pre- and post-test probability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre- and post-test probability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">試驗/測試類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="動物試驗">Animal testing</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Animal testing on non-human primates" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Animal testing on non-human primates"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal testing on non-human primates（页面不存在）">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" class="extiw" title="en:Animal testing on non-human primates"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Animal testing on non-human primates</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="First-in-man study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First-in-man study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First-in-man_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-in-man study（页面不存在）">First-in-man study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-in-man_study" class="extiw" title="en:First-in-man study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First-in-man study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Multicenter trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multicenter trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicenter_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multicenter trial（页面不存在）">Multicenter trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicenter_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Multicenter trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multicenter trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Seeding trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Seeding trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seeding_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seeding trial（页面不存在）">Seeding trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeding_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Seeding trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Seeding trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vaccine trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccine_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaccine trial（页面不存在）">Vaccine trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床試驗分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analysis of clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床試驗分析（页面不存在）">臨床試驗分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analysis of clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Risk–benefit ratio" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Risk–benefit ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risk–benefit ratio（页面不存在）">Risk–benefit ratio</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Risk–benefit ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Risk–benefit ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可再现性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproducibility"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%8E%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可再现性（页面不存在）">可再现性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility" class="extiw" title="en:Reproducibility"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproducibility</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" title="治療意向分析法">治療意向分析法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">對結果的解釋</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="选择性偏差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Selection bias"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="选择性偏差（页面不存在）">选择性偏差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias" class="extiw" title="en:Selection bias"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Selection bias</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%96%E5%AD%98%E8%80%85%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="倖存者偏差">倖存者偏差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%8D%E8%98%8A%E6%B6%B5%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" title="相關不蘊涵因果">相關不蘊涵因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C" title="零结果">零结果</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Category:临床研究">臨床研究分類</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床研究詞彙（页面不存在）">詞彙</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床研究主題列表（页面不存在）">主題列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=臨床試驗&oldid=84103582">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=臨床試驗&oldid=84103582</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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